Lebenseinkommen – Entwicklung des Einkommens im Lebensverlauf
Das im Verlauf des Erwerbslebens erzielbare Einkommen ist oft ein Entscheidungskriterium bei der Frage "Studium oder Berufsausbildung". Lohnt sich ein Studium oder kann mit einer Berufsausbildung langfristig ein höheres Einkommen erzielt werden? Wie entwickelt sich das Lebenseinkommen im inter- und intragenerationalen Vergleich? Sind Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern zu beobachten? Welchen Einfluss haben Phasen der Arbeitslosigkeit auf das Lebenseinkommen?
Die Infoplattform widmet sich den theoretischen Grundlagen und empirischen Studien zum Thema.
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Accounting: eine methodisch-empirische Bestandsaufnahme und konzeptionelle Annäherung (2011)
Schneider, Julia; Beblo, Miriam; Maier, Friederike;Zitatform
Schneider, Julia, Miriam Beblo & Friederike Maier (2011): Gender Accounting. Eine methodisch-empirische Bestandsaufnahme und konzeptionelle Annäherung. (Discussion papers des Harriet Taylor Mill-Instituts für Ökonomie und Geschlechterforschung der Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin 15), Berlin, 38 S.
Abstract
"Diese Studie unternimmt eine methodisch-empirische Bestandsaufnahme zur geleisteten (bezahlten und unbezahlten) Arbeit von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland und ihren empfangenen Sozialleistungen. Daraus werden Vorschläge für ein Forschungsdesign 'Gender Accounting' entwickelt, welches die Bilanzierung eines durchschnittlichen Frauen- und Männerlebens erlaubt. Ziel dieser Bilanzierung ist es, Ansatzpunkte für sozialpolitische Maßnahmen unter Berücksichtigung von Geschlechterunterschieden zu identifizieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Shaping earnings mobility: policy and institutional factors (2011)
Sologon, Denisa Maria; O'Donoghue, Cathal;Zitatform
Sologon, Denisa Maria & Cathal O'Donoghue (2011): Shaping earnings mobility. Policy and institutional factors. In: European Journal of Comparative Economics, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 175-202.
Abstract
"This paper explores the role of labour market policy and institutional factors in explaining cross-national differences in earnings mobility across Europe in the 1990s using the European Community Household Panel and OECD data on institutional variables. More regulation in both labour and product markets emerge as sources of labour market rigidity, being positively associated with earnings immobility and exacerbating the adverse effects of macro-economic shocks on earnings mobility. Unionization is found to promote earnings mobility, effect, however, counteracted in periods with adverse macroeconomic shocks. Corporatism is found to promote mobility and to counteract the adverse effects of macroeconomic shocks on earnings mobility. The generosity of the unemployment benefit is found to limit the adverse effects of macroeconomic shocks on earnings mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Life-cycle variations in the association between current and lifetime earnings: evidence for German natives and guest workers (2010)
Brenner, Jan;Zitatform
Brenner, Jan (2010): Life-cycle variations in the association between current and lifetime earnings. Evidence for German natives and guest workers. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 392-406. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2009.03.006
Abstract
"In many economic models a central variable of interest is lifetime or permanent income which is not observed in survey data sets and typically proxied by annual income information. To assess the quality of such approximations, we use a unique source of lifetime earnings -- the German pension system -- and focus on two important issues that have been largely ignored in the existing literature. The first is how to deal with zero income observations in the analysis of women. The second is whether these approximations differ between natives and guest workers. For female earners, we find that estimates of the associations between current and lifetime income are highly sensitive to the treatment of zero earnings. The reason turns out to be the highly cyclical nature of the labor supply behavior of mothers. Furthermore, immigrants' income proxies are prone to significantly larger attenuation biases over the entire life-cycle. This result is explained by the larger share of annual income variance attributable to the transitory income component for immigrants. Averaging income over up to 15 years alleviates the attenuation bias as well as the difference in biases between natives and guest workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Redistribution in Switzerland: Social cohesion or simple smoothing of lifetime incomes? (2010)
Engler, Monika;Zitatform
Engler, Monika (2010): Redistribution in Switzerland: Social cohesion or simple smoothing of lifetime incomes? (Universität St. Gallen Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung. Discussion paper 2010-02), St. Gallen, 36 S.
Abstract
"Using the example of Switzerland, this paper examines the extent to which the state and the social security institutions change the income distribution. Two sets of questions are examined: (1) Who benefits from the public services, and who bears the public costs? (2) To what extent does an annual redistribution involve redistribution (a) across households with different lifetime income, and (b) across different phases of life within the same households? Budget incidence analyses and pseudo panel procedures allow to compare annual and lifetime household incomes that arise before and after transfers. The results suggest that public interventions induce substantial redistribution, which is due primarily, however, to income-smoothing transfers within households and not to redistribution across households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Estimating the intergenerational persistence of lifetime earnings with life course matching: evidence from the PSID (2010)
Gouskova, Elena; Chiteji, Ngina; Stafford, Frank;Zitatform
Gouskova, Elena, Ngina Chiteji & Frank Stafford (2010): Estimating the intergenerational persistence of lifetime earnings with life course matching. Evidence from the PSID. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 592-597. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2009.04.009
Abstract
"Why do estimates of the intergenerational persistence in earnings vary so much for the United States? Recent research suggests that lifecycle bias may be a major factor [Grawe, N., Lifecycle bias in estimates of intergenerational earnings persistence. Labour Economics 2006, 13:551 - 570; Haider, S., and Solon, G., Life-cycle variation in the association between current and lifetime earnings. American Economic Review 2006, 96(4):1308 - 1320.]. In this paper we estimate the intergenerational correlation in lifetime earnings by using sons' and fathers' earnings at similar ages in order to account for lifecycle bias. Our estimate based on earnings measured at 35 - 44 for both fathers and sons is similar to that for the age range 45 - 54." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
On the persistence of income shocks over the life cycle: evidence and implication (2010)
Zitatform
Karahan, Fatih & Serdar Ozkan (2010): On the persistence of income shocks over the life cycle. Evidence and implication. (PIER working paper 10-012), Philadelphia, PA, 55 S.
Abstract
"How does the persistence of earnings change over the life cycle? Do workers at different ages face the same variance of idiosyncratic shocks? This paper proposes a novel specification for residual earnings that allows for a lifetime profile in the persistence and variance of labor income shocks. We show that the statistical model is identified and estimate it using PSID data. We strongly reject the hypothesis of a flat life-cycle profile for persistence and variance of persistent shocks, but not for the variance of transitory shocks. Shocks to earnings are only moderately persistent (around 0:75) for young individuals. Persistence rises with age up to unity until midway in life. On the other hand, the variance of persistent shocks exhibits a U-shaped profile over the life cycle (with a minimum of 0:01 and a maximum of 0:045). Our estimate of persistence, for most of the working life, is substantially lower than typical estimates in the literature. We investigate the implications of these profiles for consumption-savings behavior with a standard life-cycle model. The welfare cost of idiosyncratic risk implied by the age-dependent income process is 32% lower compared to an AR(1) process without age profiles. This is mostly due to a higher degree of consumption insurance for young workers, for whom persistence is moderate. We conclude that the welfare cost of idiosyncratic risk will be overstated if one does not account for the age profiles in the persistence and variance of shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The long-term impact of job displacement in Germany during the 1982 recession on earnings, income, and employment (2010)
Zitatform
Schmieder, Johannes F., Till von Wachter & Stefan Bender (2010): The long-term impact of job displacement in Germany during the 1982 recession on earnings, income, and employment. (IAB-Discussion Paper 01/2010), Nürnberg, 28 S.
Abstract
"Wir zeigen, dass Arbeiter in stabilen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, die während der Massenentlassungen aufgrund der im Jahr 1982 vorherrschenden Rezession in Deutschland ihren Arbeitsplatz verlieren, anhaltende Gehaltsverluste in Höhe von 10-15% über einen Zeitraum von 15 Jahren hinnehmen müssen. Diese Schätzungen werden anhand vergleichbarer Daten und einer ähnlichen Methode wie bei Studien für die Vereinigten Staaten erzielt. Aufgrund der Vorteile der deutschen Daten können wir zeigen, dass während in den ersten 10 Jahren der Rückgang und Wiederanstieg der Arbeitszeit eine Rolle für die Einkommensverluste spielen, langfristig der Lohnverlust den wichtigsten Erklärungsfaktor darstellt. Wir zeigen auch, dass selbst das großzügige deutsche System der Arbeitslosenversicherung lediglich einen kleinen Anteil des gesamten Einkommensverlustes ersetzen kann. Diese Ergebnisse deuten an, dass Arbeitsplatzverluste zu großen und andauernden Rückgängen für das Einkommen führen, selbst in Arbeitsmärkten mit strengeren sozialen Sicherheitsnetzen und geringerer Einkommensungleichheit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Does the color of the collar matter?: employment and earnings after plant closure (2010)
Zitatform
Schwerdt, Guido, Andrea Ichino, Oliver Ruf, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Josef Zweimüller (2010): Does the color of the collar matter? Employment and earnings after plant closure. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 108, H. 2, S. 137-140. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2010.04.014
Abstract
"We investigate whether the costs of job displacement differ between blue and white collar workers. In the short-run earnings and employment losses are substantial for both groups but stronger for white collars. In the long run, there are only weak effects for blue collar workers but strong and persistent effects for white collars." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Langfristige Konsequenzen von Erwerbsunterbrechungen auf das Lebenseinkommen: bildungs- und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede (2010)
Zitatform
Strauss, Susanne & Andreas Ebert (2010): Langfristige Konsequenzen von Erwerbsunterbrechungen auf das Lebenseinkommen. Bildungs- und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede. In: Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (Hrsg.) (2010): Gesundheit, Migration und Einkommensungleichheit : Bericht vom siebten Workshop des Forschungsdatenzentrums der Rentenversicherung (FDZ-RV) am 18. und 19. Juni 2010 im Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) (DRV-Schriften, 55/2010), S. 209-231.
Abstract
"Im Folgenden werden zunächst die theoretischen Überlegungen dargestellt, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Bildung und Lebenseinkommen erläutern. Im Anschluss werden verschiedene Bereiche der bisherigen Empirie dargestellt, die sich auf Einkommenseinbußen aufgrund verschiedener Formen von Erwerbsunterbrechungen (Arbeitslosigkeit, familienbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen, krankheitsbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen) beziehen. Dabei werden jeweils Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen sowie zwischen Bildungsgruppen kurz beleuchtet. Im darauf folgenden Abschnitt wird der Datensatz, der unseren eigenen empirischen Analysen zugrunde liegt, dargestellt und auf dessen Vor- und Nachteile eingegangen. Schließlich stellen wir unsere Ergebnisse dar und diskutieren sie vor dem Hintergrund der bisherigen Forschung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Life-cycle variations in the association between current and lifetime earnings: evidence for German natives and guest workers (2009)
Brenner, Jan;Zitatform
Brenner, Jan (2009): Life-cycle variations in the association between current and lifetime earnings. Evidence for German natives and guest workers. (Ruhr economic papers 95), Duisburg u.a., 60 S.
Abstract
"In vielen ökonomischen Modellen ist das Lebens- bzw. permanente Einkommen von besonderem Interesse. Da dieses aber in Umfragedatensätzen nicht enthalten ist, wird es etwa durch das Jahreseinkommen angenähert. Um dieses Vorgehen zu verbessern, wird hier auf Daten des deutschen Rentensystems zurückgegriffen. Der Vergleich des laufenden mit dem lebenslangen Einkommen von Frauen zeigt eine hohe Sensitivität gegenüber Phasen ohne Einkommen. Das Einkommen von Zuwanderern ist starken Schwankungen unterworfen, die sich bei einer Betrachtung über 15 Jahre ausgleichen und die Unterschiede zu heimischen Arbeitskräften verringern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women and retirement pensions: a research review (2009)
Zitatform
Jefferson, Therese (2009): Women and retirement pensions. A research review. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 115-145. DOI:10.1080/13545700903153963
Abstract
"The links between women's caring work and access to economic resources are particularly critical in the context of widespread public policy debates about retirement and pensions, many of which neglect care as a key issue for analysis. However, among feminist economists it is widely recognized that women's patterns of care provision have adverse implications for their access to economic resources in later life. The feminist economics literature examines many of the interactions between women's caring roles and their access to resources, particularly women's capacity to access economic resources through publicly mandated or regulated pension schemes. This article reviews research that places women's patterns of work and care at the center of analyses of retirement pension policy in an effort to provide a summary of research on gender and pensions policy and to contrast the extent to which differing institutional and policy frameworks accommodate women's caring roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Equalizing or disequalizing lifetime earnings differentials?: earnings mobility in the EU: 1994-2001 (2009)
Sologon, Denisa Maria; O'Donoghueannn, Cathal;Zitatform
Sologon, Denisa Maria & Cathal O'Donoghueannn (2009): Equalizing or disequalizing lifetime earnings differentials? Earnings mobility in the EU: 1994-2001. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 251), Berlin, 66 S.
Abstract
"Do EU citizens have an increased opportunity to improve their position in the distribution of lifetime earnings? To what extent does earnings mobility work to equalize/disequalize longerterm earnings relative to cross-sectional inequality and how does it differ across the EU? Our basic assumption is that mobility measured over a horizon of 8 years is a good proxy for lifetime mobility. We used the Shorrocks (1978) and the Fields (2008) index. Moreover, we explored the impact of differentials attrition on the two indices. The Fields index is affected to a larger extent by differential attrition than the Shorrocks index, but the overall conclusions are not altered. Based on the Shorrocks (1978) index men across EU have an increasing mobility in the distribution of lifetime earnings as they advance in their career. Based on the Fields index (2008) the equalizing impact of mobility increases over the lifetime in all countries, except Portugal, where it turns negative for long horizons. Thus, Portugal is the only country where mobility acts as a disequalizer of lifetime differentials. The highest lifetime mobility is recorded in Denmark, followed by UK, Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Netherlands, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, and the lowest, Portugal. The highest mobility as equalizer of longer term inequality is recorded in Ireland and Denmark, followed by France and Belgium with similar values, then UK, Greece, Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 4642 -
Literaturhinweis
Fairness of public pensions and old-age poverty (2008)
Breyer, Friedrich; Hupfeld, Stefan;Zitatform
Breyer, Friedrich & Stefan Hupfeld (2008): Fairness of public pensions and old-age poverty. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 817), Berlin, 21 S.
Abstract
"In several OECD countries, public pay-as-you-go financed pension systems have undergone major reforms in which future retirement benefit promises have been scaled down. A consequence of these reforms is that especially in countries with a tight tax-benefit linkage, the retirement benefit claims of low-income workers might not even exceed the minimum income guarantee which the government provides the aged. Recently, some German politicians have criticized this likely development because it was unjust that persons who have paid contributions over a long working life end up with no higher benefits than people who have never worked or paid any contributions. However, the government defended the current retirement benefit formula with the argument that every Euro paid as contributions had exactly the same value in generating future retirement benefits. But this logic has been questioned recently, e.g. by Breyer and Hupfeld (2007), since the value of a contributed Euro depends on the life expectancy of the individual, which is positively correlated with annual income. In that earlier paper, we introduced the concept of 'distributive neutrality', which takes income-group-specific differences in life expectancy into account. The present paper estimates the relationship between annual earnings and life expectancy of German retirees empirically and shows how the formula that links benefits to contributions would have to be modified to achieve distributive neutrality. We compare the new formula to the benefit formulas in other OECD countries and analyze a data set provided by the German Pension Insurance Office on a large cohort of pensioners to find out how the old-age poverty rate would be affected by the proposed change of the benefit formula. Finally, we discuss other possible effects of a change in the benefit formula, especially on the labour supply of different earnings groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Intra- und intergenerationale Umverteilungseffekte in der bundesdeutschen Alterssicherung auf Basis humankapitaltheoretischer Überlegungen (2008)
Zitatform
Pfeiffer, Friedhelm & Karsten Reuß (2008): Intra- und intergenerationale Umverteilungseffekte in der bundesdeutschen Alterssicherung auf Basis humankapitaltheoretischer Überlegungen. (ZEW discussion paper 2008-010), Mannheim, 36 S.
Abstract
"In der Studie möchten wir ausgewählte Aspekte von intra- und intergenerationalen Umverteilungseffekten im System der bundesdeutschen Alterssicherung auf der Basis der Humankapitalheorie mit Simulationsmethoden analysieren. Falls es das Ziel der Politik ist, die Ungleichheit des Lebenseinkommens in einer Generation zu verringern, sind aus Kosten-Nutzen-Überlegungen bis zum Alter von 18 Jahren kompensierende Bildungsinvestitionen, im Alter danach finanzielle Transferleistungen die bessere Wahl. Bildungsinvestitionen im Vorschulalter lassen aufgrund des Fähigkeitenmultiplikators der Kindheit die größten Erträge, gemessen am Lebenseinkommen, erwarten. In der intergenerationalen Dimension könnten nach unseren Berechnungen von im Jahre 2008 eingeführten steuerfinanzierten Bildungsinvestitionen im Vorschulalter bereits die Geburtsjahrgänge ab 1975 in Form einer Zunahme ihres Lebenseinkommens profitieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The intergenerational persistence of lifetime earnings (2007)
Hendricks, Lutz;Zitatform
Hendricks, Lutz (2007): The intergenerational persistence of lifetime earnings. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 125-144. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2005.11.009
Abstract
"This paper proposes a new method for estimating the intergenerational persistence of lifetime earnings from data that contain only short sections of individual earnings histories. The approach infers lifetime earnings persistence from the persistence of short earnings averages together with information about the stochastic process governing individual earnings. I find that lifetime earnings are substantially more persistent than previous estimates based on short panel data suggest. About 54% of lifetime earnings differences between fathers persist into their sons' generation. This persistence estimate exceeds previous estimates based on five-year earnings averages by one third. These findings are robust against alternative assumptions about the data generating process for earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job displacement risk and the cost of business cycles (2007)
Zitatform
Krebs, Tom (2007): Job displacement risk and the cost of business cycles. In: The American economic review, Jg. 97, H. 3, S. 664-686.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the welfare costs of business cycles when workers face uninsurable job displacement risk. The paper uses a simple macroeconomic model with incomplete markets to show that cyclical variations in the long-term earnings losses of displaced workers can generate arbitrarily large cost of business cycles even if the variance of individual income changes is constant over the cycle. In addition to the theoretical analysis, this paper conducts a quantitative study of the cost of business cycles using empirical evidence on the long-term earnings losses of US workers. The quantitative analysis shows that realistic variations in job displacement risk generate sizable costs of business cycles, even though a second-moment analysis would suggest negligible costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should old-age benefits be earnings-tested? (2007)
Zitatform
Määttänen, Niku & Panu Poutvaara (2007): Should old-age benefits be earnings-tested? (IZA discussion paper 2616), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"We study the welfare effects of earnings testing flat-rate old-age benefits in a quantitative overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic labor income risk. In our model economy, even a moderate earnings testing reduces individuals' expected lifetime utility, whenever other taxes are taken into account. Moreover, it also lowers the realized lifetime utilities of those at the bottom of the lifetime utility distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Comparing annual and lifetime earnings: distributions and wage premiums for a cohort of Swedish men (2007)
Sandgren, Sofia;Zitatform
Sandgren, Sofia (2007): Comparing annual and lifetime earnings. Distributions and wage premiums for a cohort of Swedish men. In: Journal of Income Distribution, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 26-50.
Abstract
"In this paper I use the Malmö Longitudinal Data set and calculate actual lifetime earnings for the 1928 cohort of Malmö men. I compare distributions of, and the educational wage premiums for, annual and lifetime earnings. The distribution of lifetime earnings is found to be less than the average annual distribution, but not for each separate annual estimate. When comparing annual and lifetime wage premiums, the significance for the lower levels of education tend to disappear. The annual wage premiums seem to be overestimated compared to the lifetime premiums, except for academic studies which are under-estimated annually." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The incomes of families with children: a cross-national comparison (2007)
Zitatform
Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Jane Waldfogel (2007): The incomes of families with children. A cross-national comparison. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 299-318. DOI:10.1177/0958928707082474
Abstract
"Using data on seven countries, we estimate trajectories in family incomes for families with and without children following several stylized life-courses. Focusing mainly on women with a medium level of education, we find, in general, that gaps in family income are smallest in the Nordic countries, intermediate in the Anglo-American countries, and largest in the continental European countries. Our findings are similar to patterns observed in the literature on family gaps in women's earnings and suggest that differences in earnings and labour market participation between women with different family histories are the major driver in the gaps in gross and disposable incomes that we observe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lifetime earnings and life expactancy (2006)
Gaudecker, Hans-Martin; Scholz, Rembrandt D.;Zitatform
Gaudecker, Hans-Martin & Rembrandt D. Scholz (2006): Lifetime earnings and life expactancy. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 102), Mannheim, 36 S.
Abstract
"We estimate remaining life expectancy at age 65 using a very large sample of male German pensioners. Our analysis is entirely nonparametric. Furthermore, the data enable us to compare life expectancy in eastern and western Germany conditional an a measure of socio-economic status. Our findings show a lower bound of almost fifty percent (six years) an the difference in remaining life expectancy between the lowest and the highest socio-economic group considered. Within groups, we find similar values for East and West. Our analysis contributes to the literature in several aspects. First, Germany is clearly underrepresented in differential mortality studies. Second, we are able to use a novel measure of lifetime earnings as a proxy for socio-economic status that remains valid for retired people. Third, the comparison of eastern and western Germany may provide some interesting insights for transformation countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))