Männer schrauben, Frauen pflegen – Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation in Deutschland
Die geschlechtsspezifische berufliche Spaltung des Arbeitsmarktes verändert sich seit Jahren kaum. Noch immer scheinen gesellschaftliche Rollenmodelle und Geschlechterstereotype die Berufswahl zu bestimmen und können auch auf Seiten der Unternehmen die Personalauswahl beeinflussen. Sowohl wegen der damit einhergehenden Lohnungleichheiten als auch angesichts des veränderten Fachkräftebedarfs werden vermehrt Strategien diskutiert, "Frauenberufe" und "Männerberufe" für das jeweils andere Geschlecht attraktiver zu machen.
Diese Infoplattform stellt eine Auswahl aktueller wissenschaftlicher Beiträge zum Thema zusammen.
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Literaturhinweis
DIW Berlin: Technological Progress, Occupational Structure, and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market (2024)
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Bachmann, Ronald & Myrielle Gonschor (2024): DIW Berlin: Technological Progress, Occupational Structure, and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1207), Berlin, 52 S.
Abstract
"We analyze if technological progress and the change in the occupational structure have improved women’s position in the labour market. We show that women increasingly work in non-routine manual and in interactive occupations. However, the observed narrowing of the gender wage gap is entirely driven by declining gender wag gaps within, rather than between, occupations. A decomposition exercise reveals that while explained factors have become more important contributors to the gender wage gap, the importance of unexplained factors factors has strongly declined. Therefore, unequal treatment based on unobservables, i.e. discrimination, is likely to have declined over time. Finally, technological change as measured by job tasks plays an ambiguous role. Institutional factors, and in particular part-time employment, are still a major driver of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anhaltende berufliche Geschlechtersegregation: In Ost wie West arbeiten Frauen und Männer häufig in unterschiedlichen Berufen (2024)
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Bächmann, Ann-Christin, Corinna Kleinert & Brigitte Schels (2024): Anhaltende berufliche Geschlechtersegregation: In Ost wie West arbeiten Frauen und Männer häufig in unterschiedlichen Berufen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 03/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2403
Abstract
"Trotz einer Annäherung der Arbeitsmärkte zeichnen sich Ost- und Westdeutschland bis heute durch markante Unterschiede in der Branchenstruktur sowie in der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen aus. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchen die Autorinnen, ob und wie sich auch die berufliche Trennung von Frauen und Männern unterscheidet. Der Kurzbericht zeigt: Auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt besteht die ausgeprägte berufliche Geschlechtersegregation fort – in Ost- wie in Westdeutschland. Im Untersuchungszeitraum zwischen 2012 und 2019 ist das Ausmaß der beruflichen Trennung von Frauen und Männern nur leicht zurückgegangen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Stereotyping in the Labor Market: A Descriptive Analysis of Almost One Million Job Ads across 710 Occupations and Occupational Positions (2024)
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Damelang, Andreas, Ann-Katrin Rückel & Michael Stops (2024): Gender Stereotyping in the Labor Market: A Descriptive Analysis of Almost One Million Job Ads across 710 Occupations and Occupational Positions. (LASER discussion papers 153), Erlangen, 21 S.
Abstract
"This study presents patterns of gender stereotyping in job ads in the German labor market. Using a large dataset of job ads from the "BA-Jobbörse", one of the largest online job portals in Germany, we apply a machine learning algorithm to identify the explicitly verbalized job descriptions. We then use a dictionary of agentic (male-associated) and communal (female-associated) signal words to measure gender stereotyping in the job descriptions. We collect information for 710 different occupations. Our first result shows that more jobs are female-stereotyped than male-stereotyped. We then take the example of two occupational groups that reveal clear differences in tasks contents and are highly relevant regarding important megatrends like digitalization and the demographic change: one the one hand, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and, on the other hand, Health and Social Services occupations. Additionally, we investigate the hierarchical aspect of occupational gender segregation. We distinguish jobs according to their required skill level and whether or not they are supervisory and leadership positions. In contrast to our first result, we find within STEM occupations as well as in supervisory and leadership positions that the majority of jobs is male-stereotyped. Our findings indicate a positive association between gender stereotyping and occupational gender segregation, suggesting that gender stereotyping in job ads might contribute to the underrepresentation of women in certain occupations and occupational positions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Role (in-)congruity and the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender pay gap at top executive level (2024)
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Diederich, Sarah, Anja Iseke, Kerstin Pull & Martin Schneider (2024): Role (in-)congruity and the Catch 22 for female executives: how stereotyping contributes to the gender pay gap at top executive level. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 35, H. 7, S. 1283-1311. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2023.2273331
Abstract
"We examine to what extent the gender pay gap at top executive level is linked to gender stereotypes, i.e. to societal beliefs about the attributes women and men possess and the roles they ought to perform. We theorize that, even at the highest hierarchical level of an organization, executive functions are gender stereotyped: some (such as IT) are considered typically ‘masculine’, while others (such as human resources) are considered typically ‘feminine’. We argue gender stereotyping at the executive level to be related to pay such that masculine functions are paid more than feminine ones. Referring to role congruity theory, we further argue that women are paid better when they hold less masculine and therefore more role congruous functions. We find supportive evidence for both predictions when studying large European companies across the years 2014 to 2018. Pay data for 353 executives were linked to results of a survey in which participants were asked to rate the masculinity of the areas of responsibility of different executive functions. We find an empirical pattern that reflects a Catch 22 situation in which women executives appear unable to increase their pay by switching to more masculine functions that are, on average, better paid." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender compositions of occupations and firms jointly shape switches from gender-atypical towards more gender-typical positions (2024)
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Hamjediers, Maik & Eileen Peters (2024): Gender compositions of occupations and firms jointly shape switches from gender-atypical towards more gender-typical positions. In: European Societies, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 1170-1194. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2290254
Abstract
"Research on sex segregation in the labor market has repeatedly found that women and men are more likely to exit from occupations and firms in which they are the numerical minority and subsequently seek positions that are more represented by their gender. However, this research looked at mobility either across occupations or across firms, leaving unclear how the simultaneous exposure to gender compositions of occupations and firms shapes attrition from gender-atypical positions. We draw on linked employer-employee register data from the German social security insurance system (SIEED, 2012-2018) to highlight that some occupations can be found in firms with various gender compositions, indicating that gender compositions of occupations and firms do not always align and thereby may independently affect mobility. Conditional relative risk ratios for mobility between gender-typed occupations and firms reveal substantial switches from gender-atypical towards more gender-typical positions. This gendered labor market mobility is most pronounced for men across occupations. For women, gender compositions of firms drive not only mobility across firms but also switches out of gender-atypical occupations. Our findings underscore that gender compositions of occupations and firms jointly shape attrition from gender-atypical positions, which ultimately perpetuates labor market segregation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIEED7518.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Women at Work: Pathways from Gender Stereotypes to Gender Bias and Discrimination (2024)
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Heilman, Madeline E., Suzette Caleo & Francesca Manzi (2024): Women at Work: Pathways from Gender Stereotypes to Gender Bias and Discrimination. In: Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 165-192. DOI:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-034105
Abstract
"Despite important advances, gender-based discrimination continues to hinder women's career progress. This review examines the role that gender stereotypes play in promoting gender bias and discrimination. After reviewing what is known about the content of gender stereotypes and examining both their descriptive and prescriptive aspects, we discuss two pathways through which stereotypes result in discrepant work outcomes for women and men. First, we consider how the characterization of women as communal but not agentic conflicts with the perceived demands of many male gender-typed jobs and fields, thus promoting perceptions of women's lack of competence in those areas. Second, we consider how norms about how women should and should not behave cause women to incur penalties when they exhibit counter-stereotypical attributes and behaviors at work. Our review further focuses on the conditions that foster or undercut gender bias and discrimination and uses this knowledge as a foundation for proposing strategies to promote more egalitarian organizational processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Wage Gap: Skills, Sorting, and Returns (2024)
Humphries, John Eric; Veramendi, Gregory F.; Joensen, Juanna Schrøter;Zitatform
Humphries, John Eric, Juanna Schrøter Joensen & Gregory F. Veramendi (2024): The Gender Wage Gap: Skills, Sorting, and Returns. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 114, S. 259-264. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20241026
Abstract
"There is a large gender wage gap among college graduates. This gender gap could be partially driven by differences in college major and prior skills. We use Swedish register data to study how much of the gender gap can be explained by differences in majors, skills, and skill prices. College majors explain 60 percent of the gender wage gap, but large gaps remain within majors. We find that within-major wage gaps are driven by neither differences in multidimensional skills nor returns to these skills. In fact, women are positively selected in terms of college preparation and skills in almost every major." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Composition and the Symbolic Value of Occupations: New Evidence of a U-shaped Relationship between Gender and Occupational Prestige Based on German Microdata (2024)
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Krüger, Sabine, Christian Ebner & Daniela Rohrbach-Schmidt (2024): Gender Composition and the Symbolic Value of Occupations. New Evidence of a U-shaped Relationship between Gender and Occupational Prestige Based on German Microdata. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 242-261. DOI:10.1177/09500170221117415
Abstract
"Occupational prestige is an important yet understudied factor in gender labour market inequality. This study examines the relationship between the gender composition of occupations and the prestige of those occupations, and investigates whether men and women differ in their evaluations. A multilevel analysis based on German microdata generated two key findings. First, occupations that are predominantly male or female tend to be rated as more prestigious than mixed-gender occupations when controlling for pay and educational requirements, suggesting a segregation premium in the symbolic valuation of work in Germany. Second, there is no evidence of a gendered in-group bias in Germany; both men and women consider gender-segregated occupations to be more prestigious, with no preference for occupations dominated by their own gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
To STEM or not to STEM: A cross-national analysis of gender and tertiary graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math, 1998–2018 (2024)
Lee, Seungah S.; Wotipka, Christine Min; Song, Jieun; Ramirez, Francisco O.;Zitatform
Lee, Seungah S., Christine Min Wotipka, Francisco O. Ramirez & Jieun Song (2024): To STEM or not to STEM: A cross-national analysis of gender and tertiary graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math, 1998–2018. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology. DOI:10.1177/00207152241243343
Abstract
"The comparative literature on gender and higher education has increasingly focused on differences in access to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). We contribute to this literature through a cross-national analysis of STEM graduates by gender between 1998 and 2018 across 90 countries. Many earlier studies emphasize the positive influence of a global liberal culture on women. More recent scholarship contends that women may be steered away from attaining a STEM degree in more liberal and individualistic societies. Our study shows a lower percentage of women graduates in STEM in countries that are more liberal. However, we find that the opposite is the case for men. Our findings are consistent with the idea that individuals in more liberal cultural contexts are more likely to make degree decisions based on individual preferences that are influenced by gendered societal norms. Both women and men are more likely to “indulge in their gendered selves” in these cultural contexts. Our findings are inconsistent with the idea that liberal modernity influences men and women in STEM in a gender-neutral mode." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Winners and losers from occupational segregation across Europe: the role of gender and migration status (2024)
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Palencia-Esteban, Amaia & Coral Del Río (2024): Winners and losers from occupational segregation across Europe: the role of gender and migration status. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 12, H. 1, S. 21-41. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnad029
Abstract
"Using measures rooted in welfare economics, this article quantifies the economic consequences arising from occupational segregation by gender and migration status in twelve European countries. We also identify the most inclusive European labor markets by building counterfactual distributions. In particular, we remove cross-country differences in immigrants’ origin, years of residence, and education, thus determining the contribution that these variables make to the geographical disparities. Our results reveal that the economic consequences of segregation are negative for most foreign workers, especially for immigrant women in Italy, Spain, Germany, and Slovenia. Portugal emerges as a reference point because immigrant workers have a better position compared to other countries, which does not seem to arise from their basic individual characteristics. Our analysis highlights the importance of policy actions aimed at improving the occupational sorting of immigrant workers, such as investing in skills development, avoiding occupational downgrading, and incorporating a gender perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Role of Sex Segregation in the Gender Wage Gap Among University Graduates in Germany (2024)
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Ransmayr, Juliane & Doris Weichselbaumer (2024): The Role of Sex Segregation in the Gender Wage Gap Among University Graduates in Germany. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 244, H. 1-2, S. 37-81. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2022-0018
Abstract
"In this paper we examine the gender wage gap among university graduates in Germany from 1997 to 2013 based on the DZHW (the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies) Absolventenpanel. We focus in particular on the effect of female presence in a subject or occupation on wage inequality. Earlier research has shown not only that female-dominated university subjects or occupations pay less, but also that men face a higher wage penalty than women when they graduated in a female-dominated subject and experience a lower penalty for working in a female-dominated occupation. For the five waves considered, we confirm the very strong negative association between female presence in a subject or occupation and wages. However, no consistent pattern emerges with regard to whether men’s or women’s wages suffer larger penalties. There is also no time trend observable with regard to the wage penalty that is associated with female-dominated fields. We further show that significant gender wage gaps exist within fields of studies, especially in male-dominated fields like engineering and natural science." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered wage returns to changes in non-routine job tasks: Evidence from Germany (2024)
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Wicht, Alexandra, Nora Müller & Reinhard Pollak (2024): Gendered wage returns to changes in non-routine job tasks: Evidence from Germany. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 93. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100963
Abstract
"The labor market exhibits persistent occupational segregation by gender, with women and men performing distinct job tasks within their occupations. Prior research suggests that non-routine job tasks generally lead to higher wages, especially in digitally advancing contexts. However, these findings are largely based on crosssectional data and neglect gender as a relevant dimension of inequality. We analyze three-wave panel data over nine years from the German National Educational Panel Study to explore the relationship between changes in non-routine job tasks and wages by gender. Given the constrained wage-setting opportunities within German firms, we further examine whether the association between task changes and wages differs for employees with and without job changes, both within and across occupational segments. Our fixed-effect regression analyses reveal gender-specific associations between changes in non-routine job tasks and wage increases. Men benefit from performing more complex and autonomous tasks, with additional gains when an inter-segmental job change accompanies the increase in complex job tasks. Conversely, women do not see wage benefits from enhancements in either complex or autonomous job tasks. These findings underscore the gendered patterns of wage increases associated with advancements in non-routine job tasks, with men profiting intra-individually from shifts towards more non-routine job tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are Parents an Obstacle to Gender-Atypical Occupational Choices? (2024)
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Wolter, Stefan C. & Thea Zöllner (2024): Are Parents an Obstacle to Gender-Atypical Occupational Choices? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16955), Bonn, 18 S.
Abstract
"Despite numerous measures intended to enhance gender equality, gender-specific study and career choices remain a persistent concern for policymakers and academics globally. We contribute to the literature on gendered career choices by focusing on explicitly stated parental preferences for their children's occupations, using a large-scale randomized survey experiment with adults (N=5940) in Switzerland. The focus on parents (and hypothetical parents) is motivated by the observation that adolescents consistently mention their parents as the single most important factor influencing their career choices. The surveyed adults are presented with a realistic choice situation, in which their hypothetical daughter or son has been proposed two different training occupations. The pair of occupations presented to the adults is drawn from a random sample of 105 pairs of occupations, and the respondents are not informed about the gender distribution of the two occupations. Results show that adults are gender-neutral when advising a daughter but have a pronounced preference for male-dominated occupations when advising sons. Preferences are almost identical for parents and non-parents and across age cohorts of adults." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It is (still) a men’s world: Frauen und Männer im Handwerk (2024)
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Wydra-Somaggio, Gabriele (2024): It is (still) a men’s world: Frauen und Männer im Handwerk. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 73, H. 1, S. 29-36., 2023-10-14. DOI:10.3790/sfo.73.1.29
Abstract
"Im Handwerk wird der Fachkräftebedarf in den nächsten Jahren weiter hoch bleiben, weil es eine wichtige Rolle bei der Umsetzung von klimapolitischen Maßnahmen spielt. Zudem treten bedingt durch den demografischen Wandel geburtenstarke Jahrgänge aus dem Arbeitsmarkt. Zur Deckung des Fachkräftebedarfs spielt die Berufsausbildung im Handwerk eine wichtige Rolle. Mit einem Anteil von 28% aller Auszubildenden leistet es einen überdurchschnittlich hohen Ausbildungsbeitrag. Im Vergleich dazu arbeiten knapp 13% aller in der Gesamtwirtschaft sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten im Handwerk (Böhme et al. 2023). Allerdings ist das Handwerk mehr als andere Ausbildungsbereiche stark männerdominiert. Nur knapp 17% der Auszubildenden sind Frauen (ZDH 2023). Darüber hinaus absolvieren Frauen ihre Ausbildung in deutlich anderen Berufen als Männer: 29% der Männer lernen einen Maschinen- und Fahrzeugtechnikberuf, 37% der Frauen einen nichtmedizinischen Gesundheitsberuf (insbesondere Friseurberufe). Wenngleich das Handwerk nach wie vor stark geschlechtlich segmentiert ist, steigt der Anteil der Frauen in Bereichen, die bislang vorwiegend von Männern erlernt werden, wie bspw. Kraftfahrzeugmechatronik, Elektronik oder Augenoptik. Diese Entwicklung ist in mehrfacher Hinsicht wünschenswert, da gerade männerdominierte Berufe aufgrund der Klimawende einen erhöhten Bedarf haben (Malin/Köppen 2023). Zudem zeigen Studien, dass in männerdominierten Berufen weniger in Teilzeit gearbeitet wird und sie günstigere Berufsperspektiven bieten (Althaber/Leuze 2020; Haverkamp et al. 2015). Schließlich werden männerdominierte Berufe höher als frauendominierte Berufe entlohnt (u. a. Zucco 2019). Zum Beispiel liegt das Durchschnittsgehalt in Friseurberufen deutlich unter dem in Maurerberufen. Aufgrund der hohen Nachfrage dürften sich Beschäftigungsaussichten und Verdienste im Handwerk weiter verbessern, auch für Frauen. Hat sich der Anteil der Frauen im Handwerk erhöht? Wie haben sich die Beschäftigungsaussichten von Frauen und Männern entwickelt?" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Skills and occupational sex segregation in Europe (2023)
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Almstedt Valldor, Amanda & Karin Halldén (2023): Skills and occupational sex segregation in Europe. In: M. Tåhlin (Hrsg.) (2023): A Research Agenda for Skills and Inequality, S. 65-83. DOI:10.4337/9781800378469.00011
Abstract
"This chapter examines levels and trends in the average rate of occupational sex segregation within Europe between 2000 and 2020. The aim is to map out average segregating and integrating forces in total and across nine major occupational groups. We use data from the EU Labour Force Survey and apply the Mutual Information (MI) index to decompose the changes in occupational sex segregation into “pure” (margin free) changes, marginal changes in gender composition of labour supply and occupational composition, as well as emerging and disappearing occupations. Consistent with previous research we find that the average level of occupational sex segregation has decreased in Europe over time. Nevertheless, occupational sex segregation still remains substantive. The average decline seemed mainly to be due a decrease in “pure” (margins-free) segregation, implying that there are fundamental societal forces moving towards a more gender balanced distribution of women and men across European labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why do they leave? Examining dropout behaviour in gender-atypical vocational education and training in Germany (2023)
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Beckmann, Janina (2023): Why do they leave? Examining dropout behaviour in gender-atypical vocational education and training in Germany. In: Journal of vocational education and training, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2023.2211546
Abstract
"Germany’s VET system is highly gender-segregated and marked by high dropout rates. This article investigates the dropout behaviour of apprentices in gender-atypical training occupations. First, we investigate whether gender-atypical apprentices drop out at a higher rate than their majority peers. Second, we examine differences in the self-reported reasons for dropping out among gender-typical and gender-atypical apprentices. Results show that gender-atypical apprentices, and particularly males in female-dominated occupations, are more likely to prematurely leave their apprenticeship. The self-reported reasons for dropping out differed by gender minority status: female minorities were more likely to drop out due to a lack of social integration, while male minorities were more likely to drop out due to unfulfilled aspirations in comparison to the gender majority. These results show that gender-specific perceptions and experiences are related to the higher dropout rates of gender-atypical apprentices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Können Rollenvorbilder junge Frauen für IT-Ausbildungsberufe begeistern?: "Ausbildungsbotschafter" als Beispiel einer anerkennungssensiblen Berufsorientierung (2023)
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Beckmann, Janina, Alba Estela Esteve & Mona Granato (2023): Können Rollenvorbilder junge Frauen für IT-Ausbildungsberufe begeistern? "Ausbildungsbotschafter" als Beispiel einer anerkennungssensiblen Berufsorientierung. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 18-22.
Abstract
"Angesichts des Fachkräftemangels und einer ausgeprägten Geschlechtersegregation in IT-Berufen greift der Beitrag die zentrale Frage auf, ob durch den Einsatz von beruflichen Rollenvorbildern mehr junge Menschen, insbesondere mehr junge Frauen, für den Beruf Fachinformatiker/-in gewonnen werden können. Mit dem Angebot „Ausbildungsbotschafter“ wird ein innovativer anerkennungssensibler Berufsorientierungsansatz vorgestellt. Erste Ergebnisse aus der BIBB-TUDa-Berufsorientierungsstudie weisen darauf hin, dass berufliche Rollenvorbilder Geschlechterunterschiede in der Wahrnehmung von IT-Ausbildungsberufen reduzieren können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Are female-dominated occupations a secure option? Occupational gender segregation, accompanied occupational characteristics, and the risk of becoming unemployed (2023)
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Bächmann, Ann-Christin (2023): Are female-dominated occupations a secure option? Occupational gender segregation, accompanied occupational characteristics, and the risk of becoming unemployed. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 6, S. 876-889., 2022-11-23. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcac068
Abstract
"In the German labour market, research hints towards a reversal in gender-specific risk of becoming unemployed: While women previously faced higher risk than men, in recent years, they have consistently lower risk. This paper analyses this reversal by focusing on the role of occupational gender segregation. I discuss theoretical differences in the labour supply and demand structure and thus in the unemployment risk of male- and female-dominated occupations caused by crowding and technological and sectoral change. Using the German National Educational Panel Study combined with occupation level data, I analyse the transition to unemployment over three decades. The results confirm gender-specific trends over time: While women faced higher risk of becoming unemployed in the 1980s, they face significantly lower risk than men in the 21st century. A Karlson-Holm-Breen decomposition shows that the lower risk of women in the newest decade under observation is mediated by the unequal distribution of men and women over the occupational structure. Yet, the higher risk of women in the 1980s cannot be traced back to differences in male- and female-dominated occupations. On the contrary, the results suggest that women were more likely to become unemployed in that decade independent of their occupation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Frauen üben seltener berufliche Tätigkeiten mit hohem Komplexitätsgrad aus (2023)
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Bächmann, Ann-Christin & Basha Vicari (2023): Frauen üben seltener berufliche Tätigkeiten mit hohem Komplexitätsgrad aus. In: Forum Arbeit H. 2, S. 4-10.
Abstract
"Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass Frauen trotz zunehmender Bildungs- und Erwerbsbeteiligung nach wie vor seltener Tätigkeiten mit hohem Komplexitätsgrad und entsprechender Entlohnung ausüben als Männer. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt dabei die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation, denn in männerdominierten Berufen - aber auch in Mischberufen gibt es offenbar mehr Stellen mit komplexeren Spezialisten- und Expertentätigkeiten als in frauendominierten Berufen. Trotzdem entscheiden sich junge Frauen noch immer häufig für typische Frauenberufe, was sowohl mit Präferenzen für soziale Arbeitsinhalte und den Kontakt zu Menschen zusammenhängt als auch mit erlernten Geschlechterrollen (Busch 2013). Kampagnen wie der Girls' & Boys' Day zum Abbau von Klischees bei der Berufswahl können vor diesem Hintergrund dazu beitragen, dass junge Frauen Berufe kennenlernen, in denen höhere Anforderungsniveaus erreicht werden können. Insgesamt bieten solche Kampagnen jungen Menschen die Möglichkeit, sich ein realistisches Bild von bislang unbekannten beruflichen Tätigkeiten zu machen und zu prüfen, ob diese ihren eigenen Interessen und Neigungen entsprechen - unabhängig von der vorherrschenden Geschlechtstypik des Berufs oder den Vorstellungen ihrer Eltern und Freunde zu einem für sie passenden Berufsfeld. Gleichzeitig haben auch Betriebe die Möglichkeiten, etwaige Vorbehalte gegenüber potentiellen Bewerber*innen abzubauen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Attitudes and Occupational Aspirations in Germany: Are Young Men Prepared for the Jobs of the Future? (2023)
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Chesters, Jenny (2023): Gender Attitudes and Occupational Aspirations in Germany: Are Young Men Prepared for the Jobs of the Future? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 571-587. DOI:10.1177/09500170211017046
Abstract
"The increasing rate of post-industrialisation in advanced economies has dramatically impacted on the availability of jobs in male-dominated occupations. Consequently, men with traditional gender attitudes may experience difficulties in finding employment that aligns with their conception of masculinity. Attitudes to gender roles develop during childhood as part of the process of socialisation; thus, family background, and in particular parental education and occupation, may influence the occupational aspirations of young people. To examine the associations between family background, a child’s attitudes to gender roles and a child’s occupational aspirations, analysis of the German National Education Panel Study (NEPS) Starting Cohort 4 data was conducted. The findings suggest that family background continues to be associated with attitudes to gender roles and occupational aspirations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))