Zitatform

Azarnert, Leonid V. & Slava Yakubenko (2021): Effects of Emigration on Gender Norms in Countries of Origin. (CESifo working paper 9450), München, 44 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the effect of emigration on gender norms in countries of migrants' origin. We use an instrumental variable strategy that allows us to estimate a causal effect of emigration on gender inequality. Our findings suggest that emigration to countries with low (high) levels of gender inequality is associated with promotion of more (less) progressive gender norms. These effects are observed for a wide range of indicators and are robust to inclusion of a set of control variables. Moreover, countries with high levels of gender inequality benefit from this process disproportionately more. Based on the provided evidence we argue that this effect is channelled through “cultural remittances”." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brinatti, Agostina & Nicolas Morales (2021): Firm Heterogeneity and the Impact of Immigration: Evidence from German Establishments. (Working paper series / Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 2021-16), Richmond, VA, 60 S.

Abstract

"We use a detailed establishment-level dataset from Germany to document a new dimension of firm heterogeneity: large firms spend a higher share of their wage bill on immigrants than small firms. We show analytically that ignoring this heterogeneity in the immigrant share leads to biased estimates of the welfare gains from immigration. To do so, we set up and estimate a model where heterogeneous firms choose their immigrant share and then use it to quantify the welfare effects of an increase in the number of immigrants in Germany. Two new adjustment mechanisms arise under firm heterogeneity. First, native workers reallocate across firms, which mitigates the competition effect between immigrants and natives in the labor market. Second, the gains are largely concentrated among the largest and most productive employers, which induces an additional aggregate productivity gain. If we ignore the heterogeneity in the immigrant share across firms, we would underestimate the welfare gains of native workers by 11%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Christoph Deuster, Tanja Fendel, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita & Teresa Freitas Monteiro (2021): Nach der Machtübernahme der Taliban in Afghanistan: Erfahrungen aus der Vergangenheit und erste Einschätzungen der Folgen für Migration und Integration. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 09/2021), Nürnberg, 72 S.

Abstract

"In Afghanistan ist nach dem Abzug der Truppen der Vereinigten Staaten und der Nordatlantischen Vertragsorganisation (US- und NATO-Truppen) sowie der Machtübernahme der Taliban eine starke Zunahme von Verfolgung, politischer Gewalt und Menschenrechtsverletzungen zu erwarten. Von den Beschränkungen politischer und persönlicher Freiheiten sind Frauen und Mädchen sowie ethnische und religiöse Minderheiten besonders betroffen. Zugleich kann die weitere Verschlechterung der wirtschaftlichen Lage zu einer umfassenden Versorgungskrise der Bevölkerung führen. In der Vergangenheit haben Pakistan und der Iran rund 80 Prozent der in das Ausland geflüchteten Afghaninnen und Afghanen aufgenommen. Aufgrund veränderter geopolitischer Interessen, zunehmender wirtschaftlicher Probleme und wachsenden Widerständen in der Bevölkerung lehnen Pakistan und der Iran die weitere Aufnahme von Geflüchteten aus Afghanistan jedoch ab. Ähnliches gilt für die meisten zentralasiatischen Staaten der früheren Sowjetunion und China. Insofern ist nicht zu erwarten, dass die politische und humanitäre Krise in Afghanistan durch die Aufnahme von Geflüchteten in der Region sowie die finanzielle und technische Unterstützung der Nachbarländer durch die Vereinigten Staaten Amerikas (USA), die Europäische Union (EU) und andere Hocheinkommensländer entschärft werden kann. Zugleich sind die Fluchtrouten in die EU fast vollständig geschlossen, so dass nicht mit einem erheblichen Anstieg der Fluchtmigration nach Europa ähnlich wie im Jahr 2015 zu rechnen ist. Die EU, die USA und andere Hocheinkommensländer können deshalb nur durch die freiwillige Aufnahme von Personen, die besonderen Gefährdungen ausgesetzt sind, einen Beitrag zum Schutz vor Verfolgung und anderen Menschenrechtsverletzungen leisten. Zu solchen Maßnahmen gehören die Aufnahme von Ortskräften, die Aufnahme anderer besonders gefährdeter Personengruppen, die Erweiterung von Resettlement-Programmen sowie von Kontingenten für die Aufnahme von Afghaninnen und Afghanen. Theoretisch wie auch praktisch ist zu erwarten, dass durch Politikkoordination und eine faire Verteilung der Kosten der Aufnahme von Geflüchteten die Bereitschaft zur Aufnahme von Geflüchteten auch in den Nachbarregionen steigt. Bei der Aufnahme von Geflüchteten handelt es sich um eine humanitäre Aufgabe, die Kosten aufwirft. Diese Kosten hängen vom Erfolg und der Geschwindigkeit der Integration ab. In Deutschland haben sich die Geflüchteten aus Afghanistan ähnlich wie andere Geflüchtete in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert, obwohl ihre Voraussetzungen im Hinblick auf das Bildungsniveau beim Zuzug, den Ausgang und die Länge der Asylverfahren und den Zugang zu Integrationskursen und anderen Integrationsprogrammen schlechter waren. Zum Jahresende 2020 belief sich die Beschäftigungsquote der afghanischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland auf 40 Prozent, die der 2015 zugezogenen Kohorte dürfte etwas darüber gelegen haben. Die neu aufgenommenen Afghaninnen und Afghanen werden in Hinblick auf das Bildungsniveau, Deutsch- und Fremdsprachenkenntnisse bessere Voraussetzungen als die früher zugezogenen Schutzsuchenden mitbringen. Gleiches gilt für den Aufenthaltsstatus und den Zugang zu Integrationsprogrammen. Zudem ist die Integrationsinfrastruktur besser als beispielsweise 2015 ausgebaut und weniger Schutzsuchende konkurrieren um knappe Ressourcen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind eine schnellere Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt und andere gesellschaftliche Bereiche sowie geringere Kosten der Integration zu erwarten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dorn, David & Josef Zweimüller (2021): Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 49-76. DOI:10.1257/jep.35.2.49

Abstract

"The European labor market allows for the border-free mobility of workers across 31 countries that cover most of the continent's population. However, rates of migration across European countries remain considerably lower than interstate migration in the United States, and spatial variation in terms of unemployment or income levels is larger. We document patterns of migration in Europe, which include a sizable migration from east to west in the last twenty years. An analysis of worker-level microdata provides some evidence for an international convergence in wage rates and for modest static gains from migration. We conclude by discussing obstacles to migration that reduce the potential for further labor market integration in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Erol, Isil & Umut Unal (2021): Employment Effects of Immigration to Germany in the Period of Migration Policy Liberalization, 2005-2018. (MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics by the Universities of Aachen, Gießen, Göttingen, Kassel, Marburg, Siegen 04-2021), Marburg, 29 S.

Abstract

"Germany has undergone a significant migration policy shift since the early 2000s. This paper examines the total employment effect of immigration during the liberalization of migration policies from 2005 to 2018 using a spatial approach. A set of methods, along with static and dynamic macro-econometric models, were applied on a balanced panel formed by a unique and manually collected data for 156 statistical regions based on the definition of the German Federal Employment Agency. We find suggestive evidence that there has been a significant adverse impact of new immigrants on the overall employment rate, and this negative effect is substantially larger than those reported in previous studies on the employment effect of immigration in the German labour market. In a further step, we divide our sample into two subsamples to capture the employment effect of the massive humanitarian inflows that began in 2015. Our results indicate that, in addition to the new immigrants' lower rate of integration into the local labour markets, a sudden influx of asylum seekers may possibly lead to a substantial fall in the employment rates, because asylum seekers are not immediately allowed to work in the country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Federico, Veronica & Simone Baglioni (Hrsg.) (2021): Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers’ Integration in European Labour Markets. A Comparative Approach on Legal Barriers and Enablers. (IMISCOE Research Series), Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, XI, 258 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67284-3

Abstract

"This open access book discusses how, and to what extent, the legal and institutional regimes and the socio-cultural environments of a range of European countries (the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland Greece, Italy, Switzerland and the UK), in the framework of EU laws and policies, have a beneficial or negative impact on the effective capacity of these countries to integrate migrants, refugees and asylum seekers into their labour markets. The analysis builds on the understanding of socio-cultural, institutional and legal factors as “barriers” or “enablers”; elements that may facilitate or obstruct the integration processes. The book examines the two dimensions of integration being access to the labour market (which, translated into a rights language means the right to work) with its corollaries (recognition of qualifications, vocational training, etc.), and non-discriminatory working conditions (which, translated into a rights language means right to both formal and substantial equality) and its corollaries of benefits and duties deriving from joining the labour market. It thereby offers a novel approach to labour market integration and migration/asylum issues given its focus on legal aspects, which includes most recent policy changes and legal decisions (including litigation cases). The robust, evidence-based and comparative research illustrated in the book provides academics and students, but also practitioners and policy makers, with updated knowledge that will likely impact positively on policy changes needed to better address integration conundrums." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fuchs, Johann, Doris Söhnlein & Patrizio Vanella (2021): Migration Forecasting - Significance and Approaches. In: Encyclopedia, Jg. 1, H. 3, S. 689-709., 2021-07-26. DOI:10.3390/encyclopedia1030054

Abstract

"Migration is defined as the permanent change in an individual’s usual residence. Forecasting migration is an important requisite for population forecasts or for planning in fields that depend on the future size and structure of the population, such as economics, epidemiology, social insurance, or infrastructure. As migration is the most volatile of all demographic components, its modeling is especially difficult. International migration can be modeled and forecast very differently; users should be familiar with the flaws and strengths of these different approaches." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Graf, Johannes (2021): Monitoring zur Bildungs- und Erwerbsmigration: Erteilung von Aufenthaltstiteln an Drittstaatsangehörige. Jahresbericht 2020. (Berichtsreihen zu Migration und Integration. Reihe 1: Monitoring zur Bildungs- und Erwerbsmigration Jahresbericht 2020), Nürnberg, 42 S.

Abstract

"Seit Inkrafttreten des Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetzes im März 2020 wurden bis zum Jahresende 2020 an über 35.000 Personen Aufenthaltstitel im Bereich der Bildungsmigration erstmals erteilt. Im Rahmen der Erwerbsmigration lag die Zahl sogar bei über 70.000 Personen. Der Anteil an Personen ohne vorherigen Aufenthaltstitel lag für die Bildungsmigration bei etwa zwei Dritteln und für befristete Titel der Erwerbsmigration bei knapp der Hälfte. Trotz pandemiebedingter Einschränkungen konnte damit eine nicht unerhebliche Zahl an Erteilungen an Neuzugewanderte im Rahmen der neuen gesetzlichen Regelungen realisiert werden. Für die Bildungsmigration entfiel die deutliche Mehrheit der Personen mit Ersterteilung im Berichtszeitraum auf Studierende, für die Erwerbsmigration waren die Blaue Karte EU und die sogenannte Westbalkanregelung von besonderer Bedeutung. Aber auch die neu eingeführten Titel für akademische und nicht-akademische Fachkräfte konnten sich etablieren. Indien und China waren die quantitativ bedeutsamsten Länder für die Bildungsmigration in 2020, speziell im akademischen Bereich. Für die Erwerbsmigration lagen Indien sowie Bosnien und Herzegowina an der Spitze. Während die Zahl der in Deutschland aufhältigen Bildungsmigrantinnen und -migranten l" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Grieveson, Richard, Michael Landesmann & Isilda Mara (2021): Potential Mobility from Africa, Middle East and EU Neighbouring Countries to Europe. (WIIW working paper 199), Wien, 35 S.

Abstract

"Migration from Africa and the Middle East to the EU has intensified over the last two decades. Relative differences between developed EU and less developed African and Middle East countries have not declined that much and continue to drive mobility. Also, demographic trends show a strong contrast between the population of the EU (ageing and shrinking rapidly) and that of Africa and the Middle East (young and continuously increasing). Apart from demographic pressures and development gaps, other forces related to conflicts and wars, as well as climate risks, have become important drivers of mobility and are not expected to fade away soon. Anticipating migration flows in order to ensure better management and regulated mobility has become essential, although this is an exercise subject to high uncertainty. With these caveats in mind, this study seeks to calculate long-term potential mobility from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern EU neighbouring countries to EU28 and EFTA by applying a migration gravity model following a scenario-based approach. Projections for 2020-2029 suggest that migration flows to the EU from Africa, in particular, will dominate the South-North mobility corridor. Migration policies will also play a role in shaping future migration trends, as migration flows are subject to EU destination countries' applying restrictive migration policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Guzi, Martin, Martin Kahanec & Lucia Mýtna Kureková (2021): What explains immigrant–native gaps in European labor markets: The role of institutions. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 1823-1856. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnab044

Abstract

"The understanding of how institutional and policy contexts affect immigrant integration is essential for any effort to foster a sustainable and effective migration and integration policy framework. Immigrant–native labor market gaps may arise not only due to differences in human capital or other socio-economic and demographic characteristics, but also due to differentiated impacts of institutions and policies on otherwise similar immigrants and natives. Different integration policy approaches are needed to close the gaps arising through these different mechanisms. This article exploits the variation across Europe to study the institutional and policy determinants of immigrant–native gaps in host labor markets. Using the EU Labor Force Survey as the primary source of data and a novel analytical approach, we study immigrant–native gaps in labor force participation, unemployment, low-skilled employment, and temporary employment and measure the contribution of institutional and policy contexts to the part of these gaps that cannot be explained by immigrant–native differences in characteristics. Our findings confirm that institutional and policy contexts play a significant role in immigrant integration and highlight the importance of tailoring policy approaches with regard to the causes of immigrant–native gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Helgesson, Petter, Erik Jönsson, Petra Ornstein, Magnus Rödin & Ulfhild Westin (2021): Geschlechtergerechte Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migrant_innen. Erfahrungen aus dem schwedischen Projekt „Equal Entry“. (WISO direkt 2021,12), Bonn, 4 S.

Abstract

"Wie kann die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migrantinnen im selben Maße wie die von Migranten befördert werden? Das Projekt „Equal Entry“ wurde als randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie (RCT) angelegt und setzt ein intensives Arbeitsmarktförderprogramm (JSA) ein. Das Programm erhöht den Anteil der in Arbeit vermittelten Personen um 30 Prozent. Es zeigt: Das Erzielen gleicher Effekte für Frauen wie Männer ist möglich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hodkinson, Stuart N., Hannah Lewis, Louise Waite & Peter Dwyer (2021): Fighting or fuelling forced labour? The Modern Slavery Act 2015, irregular migrants and the vulnerabilising role of the UK’s hostile environment. In: Critical Social Policy, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 68-90. DOI:10.1177/0261018320904311

Abstract

"Abolishing ‘modern slavery’ has now achieved international policy consensus. The most recent UK initiative – the 2015 Modern Slavery Act (MSA) – includes amongst other aspects tougher prison sentencing for perpetrators and the creation of an independent anti-slavery commissioner to oversee its implementation. However, drawing on research into forced labour among people seeking asylum in England, this article argues that when considered alongside the UK government’s deliberate creation of a ‘hostile environment’ towards migrants, not least in the Immigration Acts of 2014 and 2016, state action to outlaw modern slavery is flawed, counter-productive and disingenuous. We show how the MSA focuses only on the immediate act of coercion between ‘victim’ and ‘criminal’, ignoring how the hostile state vulnerabilises migrants in ways that compel their entry into and continued entrapment within severe labour exploitation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Liu-Farrer, Gracia & Karen Shire (2021): Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 10, S. 2305-2322. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731987

Abstract

"Faced with demographic as well as economic changes, Germany and Japan have liberalised immigration controls for skilled migrants, set targets for foreign student enrolments in university, and introduced visa categories to enable foreign graduates to enter their labour markets. Yet a relatively modest share of foreign graduates actually receives jobs appropriate to their skill-level and remain in these labour markets. In this article, we focus on organisational recruitment and employment practices, especially those related to skill formation and the structuring of careers, as factors affecting the remain rates of foreign graduates. Our analysis shows that while obtaining the same educational credentials as native students, foreign graduates are disadvantaged because the employment systems of the host countries operate according to the logic of national labour markets, entailing institutionally and culturally specific skill expectations as well as formation processes. Consequently, foreign graduates either fail to enter the market, or are placed in lower or niche categories in a differentiated labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maier, Tobias, Michael Kalinowski, Carolin Böse, Nadja Schmitz, Anke Mönnig & Gerd Zika (2021): Should I stay or should I go? Langfristige Auswirkungen von qualifikationsspezifischen Wanderungsströmen auf Arbeitsangebot und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. (BIBB-Report 2021,01), Leverkusen, 16 S.

Abstract

"Aufgrund der Alterung der Gesellschaft wird die Anzahl an Erwerbspersonen zwischen 2020 und 2040 um rund 1,8 Millionen Personen zurückgehen. Dies zeigt die QuBe-Basisprojektion, welche von durchschnittlichen jährlichen Wanderungsgewinnen von rund 240.000 Personen ausgeht. In diesem Beitrag demonstrieren wir anhand zweier alternativer Szenarien, was eine geringfügige Erhöhung der Zuwanderung („Pull-Szenario“) bzw. Verringerung der Abwanderung („Bleibe-Szenario“) um jährlich jeweils rund 50.000 Personen im Vergleich zur Basisprojektion ab dem Jahr 2022 bedeuten würde. Beide Wanderungsszenarien entfalten eine positive Wirkung auf das Fachkräfteangebot und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Es wird jedoch deutlich, dass eine Erhöhung der Bleibewahrscheinlichkeit einen unmittelbareren und stärkeren Effekt auf die Bevölkerungsentwicklung und die Wirtschaft hat, da nur jede zweite zuwandernde Person langfristig in Deutschland verweilt. Es ist deshalb lohnenswert, die Bleibewahrscheinlichkeit ausländischer Fachkräfte in Deutschland, z. B. durch die Anerkennung ausländischer Berufsqualifikationen, zu erhöhen. Vor allem das Fachkräfteangebot der mittleren Qualifikationsebene würde davon profitieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ruhs, Martin (2021): Guest workers: Enduring questions and policy controversies. In: International Migration, Jg. 59, H. 6, S. 238-241. DOI:10.1111/imig.12938

Abstract

"As Germany marks the 60th anniversary of admitting its first Gastarbeiter (guest workers) from Turkey in 1961, it is important to recognize that guest-worker policies have a long and global history that predates Germany's post-war policies (e.g. Hahamovitch, 2003) and that they are, despite various ‘obituaries’ (e.g. Castles, 1986), still very much alive today. While the terminology and aspects of policy design have evolved over time – from ‘guest-worker programmes’ (e.g. Martin & Teitelbaum, 2001) to ‘temporary labour migration programmes’ (e.g. GCIM, 2005), ‘circular migration programmes’ (e.g. European Migration Network, 2011) and, most recently, ‘international skills partnerships’ (e.g. Clemens, 2015)1 – the fundamental idea of admitting migrant workers on a temporary basis to help address perceived labour and skills shortages has become an enduring feature of the migration policy landscape of the world's rich countries (Ruhs, 2013). This is unlikely to change in the near future, given that permanent labour immigration programmes (that provide migrant workers with permanent residence and work permits on arrival) are typically limited to the most highly skilled workers and have declined in importance in countries where they used to play a large role." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schieckoff, Bentley & Maximilian Sprengholz (2021): The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe. Context, theory and evidence. In: SN Social Sciences, Jg. 1, H. 11 Konstanz. DOI:10.1007/s43545-021-00279-3

Abstract

"In this overview, we seek to provide a comprehensive resource for scholars of female immigrant labor market integration in Europe, to act both as a reference and a roadmap for future studies in this domain. We begin by presenting a contextual history of immigration to and within Europe since the Second World War, before outlining the major theoretical assumptions about immigrant women's labor market disadvantage. We then synthesize the empirical findings from quantitative studies published between 2000 and 2020 and analyze how they line up with the theoretical predictions. We supplement the review with descriptive analyses using data from 2019, which expose any discrepancies between the current situation in European countries and the situation during the time periods considered in the reviewed studies. Our review has three main take-aways. First, the theoretically relevant determinants of immigrant women's labor market integration are generally supported by empirical evidence, but the unexplained heterogeneity that remains in many cases between immigrant women and other groups on the labor market calls for more systematic and comprehensive investigations. Second, quantitative studies which take a holistic approach to studying the labor market disadvantages of immigrant women—and all the considerations related to their gender and nativity that this entails—are rare in this body of literature, and future studies should address this. Third, fruitful avenues for future contributions to this field include expanding on certain overlooked outcomes, like immigrant women's self-employment, as well as geographic regions that until now have received little attention, especially by employing the most recent data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schieckoff, Bentley & Maximilian Sprengholz (2021): The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe. Context, theory and evidence. (Working Paper / Universität Konstanz, Cluster of Excellence "The Politics of Inequality" 02), Konstanz, 52 S.

Abstract

"Women represent an important component of the immigration population in Europe and have increasingly been a group of interest in academic studies, especially with regard to their integration outcomes. In this overview, we seek to provide a comprehensive resource for scholars of female immigrant labor market integration in Europe, to act both as a reference and a roadmap for future studies in this domain. We begin by presenting a contextual history of immigration to and within Europe since the Second World War, before outlining the major theoretical assumptions about immigrant women's labor market disadvantage from economics and sociology. We then synthesize the empirical findings published between 2000 and 2020 and analyze how they line up with the theoretical predictions. We also present descriptive analyses with data from 2019, which expose any discrepancies between the current situation in European countries and the situation during the time periods considered in the reviewed studies. As a group, immigrant women are often reported to experience significant disadvantages in their labor market integration, both compared to immigrant men and to native women. However, this type of approach glosses over the substantial heterogeneity in immigrant women's experiences. Instead, our overview points to a selective disadvantage for immigrant women that is highly dependent on their country of origin and the reception context they encounter after immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Slettebak, Marie H. (2021): Labour migration and increasing inequality in Norway. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 314-330. DOI:10.1177/0001699320930261

Abstract

"This paper explores the contested relationship between migration and income inequality, using labour migration to Norway as a case. The enlargements of the European Union starting in 2004 were followed by an unprecedented increase in labour migration to Norway. In particular, many rural regions, previously unfamiliar with immigration, have experienced a large influx of labour migrants. In the same period, income inequality has increased. This paper uses register data on the municipality level from 2005-2016 to discuss (a) the direction of the relationship between labour migration and income inequality; (b) the degree to which labour migration affects inequality (in general and within the native population) compared to other immigrant groups; and (c) whether the effects are different in rural and urban municipalities. Findings show that labour migration from the "new" European Union countries is followed by higher income inequality in Norway. No support is found for the reversed causal relationship that increasing inequality causes higher numbers of labour migrants. The effect of labour migration on overall inequality is considerable, but not as strong as the effect of refugees. However, as opposed to refugees, labour migration also affects income inequality within the native population, but this effect is only significant in rural areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wrobel, Martin (2021): Determinants of successful labour market Integration as exemplified by the German Green Card programme. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 17, S. 4135-4154., 2019-01-30. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1578644

Abstract

"The German Green Card programme that was in place from the year 2000 to 2004 was intended to counter claims propagated by industry and trade associations of a shortage of ICT professionals. Even if it is debatable whether the programme can be judged as a success in terms of the absolute number of Green Cards issued, it provides important insights into the long-term integration of migrants from third countries coming to Germany for employment purposes - a matter where the Green Card programme was successful beyond the policy it was originally designed for. Using sequence and cluster analyses to examine the employment trajectories of some 1500 Green Card recipients who came to Germany reveals the personal, occupational and firm-specific characteristics that have contributed to successful integration. It emerges that the likelihood of a Green Card recipient becoming successfully integrated in the German labour market is quite high and grows with increasing establishment size. Other factors beneficial to integration are a moderate agreed wage, employment in a more technically-oriented occupation and in particular being of Central or Eastern European origin. Against the background of the current debate surrounding demographic change and the growing skill shortages, the results obtained in this paper provide indications as to how human capital that is in demand globally and is correspondingly mobile can be bound to the German labour market in the longer term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2021): International Migration Outlook 2021. (International migration outlook 45), Paris, 439 S. DOI:10.1787/29f23e9d-en

Abstract

"The 2021 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters, one providing an in-depth analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in OECD countries since the mid 2000s and another on the causes and consequences of the residential segregation of immigrants. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2021): Migrationsbericht der Bundesregierung. Migrationsbericht 2019. (Migrationsbericht der Bundesregierung 2019), Berlin, 341 S.

Abstract

"Das Ziel, durch die zusammenfassende Bereitstellung möglichst aktueller, umfassender und ausreichend detaillierter statistischer Daten über Migration aus verschiedenen Quellen Grundlagen für die Entscheidungsfindung von Politik und Verwaltung im Bereich der Migrationspolitik zu liefern. Zudem soll die Öffentlichkeit über die Entwicklung des Migrationsgeschehens informiert werden. Der Migrationsbericht beinhaltet einen Überblick über das gesamte Wanderungsgeschehen in Deutschland (Kapitel 1) inklusive der EU-Binnenmigration (Kapitel 2) und der detaillierten Darstellung der verschiedenen Migrationsarten (Kapitel 3). Weiterhin geht der Bericht auf die Abwanderung von deutschen und ausländischen Staatsangehörigen (Kapitel 4) und das Migrationsgeschehen im europäischen Vergleich ein (Kapitel 5). Er behandelt den Bereich der irregulären Migration (Kapitel 6) und informiert über die Struktur und Demografie der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund bzw. der ausländischen Bevölkerung in Deutschland (Kapitel 7 und 8). Dabei wird in den jeweiligen Kapiteln auf die Bedeutung der zugrundeliegenden Statistiken und die Grenzen ihrer Aussagefähigkeit eingegangen. Zudem werden kurz die Rechtsgrundlagen der einzelnen Migrationsformen, aktuelle Rechtsänderungen und relevante Gerichtsurteile dargestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2021): Normalfall Diversität? Wie das Einwanderungsland Deutschland mit Vielfalt umgeht : Jahresgutachten 2021. (Jahresgutachten ... / Sachverständigenrat für Integration und Migration 2021), Berlin, 183 S.

Abstract

"Das gesellschaftliche Leben in Deutschland ist vielfältiger geworden. Einer der Faktoren, die dazu beigetragen haben, ist Zuwanderung. Doch wie geht das Einwanderungsland Deutschland mit dieser Vielfalt um? Im Jahresgutachten 2021 gibt der Sachverständigenrat für Integration und Migration (SVR) Empfehlungen, wie politische Partizipation gestärkt und Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland für Menschen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte verbessert werden kann, damit aus Herkunftsunterschieden keine sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Ungleichheiten werden. Außerdem wirft der SVR einen Blick auf die Einstellungen der Bevölkerung zu zuwanderungsbezogener Diversität und ihre Entwicklung im Laufe der letzten drei Jahrzehnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson & Madeline Zavodny (2020): The economics of immigration. Boca Raton: Routledge, 470 S.

Abstract

"This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world. This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets. Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Informa UK Limited) ((en))

Zitatform

Bonoli, Giuliano (2020): Integrating refugees through active labour market policy. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 616-627. DOI:10.1177/0958928720950619

Abstract

"This article offers an overview of scholarship on social investment policies in relation to the integration of immigrants and the role they can play in multicultural societies. At first sight, social investment is a promising strategy to deal with the inequalities in human capital and life chances that plague multicultural societies. However, on the basis of the available knowledge, the article shows that the benefit of social investment interventions for immigrants may be lower than expected for two main reasons. First, there are access biases in most typical social investment policies (for example, childcare, active labour market policies, training) that tend to limit participation by non-natives. Second, employers’ recruitment preferences and labour market discrimination are also likely to limit the potential of social investment interventions for immigrants. I conclude that to exploit the full potential of social investment policies in the promotion of immigrant integration, these policies need to be adapted, particularly by taking into account the essential role played by employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Tanja Fendel, Lucas Guichard, Lidwina Gundacker, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2020): Fünf Jahre "Wir schaffen das" - Eine Bilanz aus der Perspektive des Arbeitsmarktes. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 11/2020), Nürnberg, 65 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht untersucht die Arbeitsmarktintegration der 2013 bis einschließlich 2016 zugezogenen Schutzsuchenden auf Grundlage der dritten Welle der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten, die mit Daten aus den Integrierten Erwerbsbiografien (IEB) verknüpft wurden sowie aktuellen Daten der Beschäftigungsstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Unter den Geflüchteten, die sich bis zum Jahresende 2019 fünf Jahre in Deutschland aufgehalten haben, waren 55 Prozent beschäftigt, unter denjenigen, die sich wie die 2015 zugezogenen Geflüchteten, vier bis fünf Jahre in Deutschland aufgehalten haben, waren es 46 Prozent. Im zweiten Halbjahr 2018 waren unter den erwerbstätigen Geflüchteten 57 Prozent als Fachkräfte, Spezialisten und Experten tätig. Die Geflüchteten sind sehr viel stärker als andere Beschäftigtengruppen von den wirtschaftlichen Folgen der COVID-19-Pandemie betroffen: Während die Beschäftigung vom Jahresende 2019 bis Juni 2020 insgesamt um ein Prozent gesunken ist, belief sich der Beschäftigungsrückgang bei den Staatsangehörigen aus den Asylherkunftsländern auf drei Prozent und war damit rund drei Mal so hoch wie im Durchschnitt. Im gleichen Zeitraum des Vorjahres war die Beschäftigung von Staatsangehörigen aus den Asylherkunftsländern noch um sieben Prozent gewachsen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die 2015 zugezogenen Geflüchteten im Jahr 2020 voraussichtlich deutlich unter einer Beschäftigungsquote von 50 Prozent bleiben. Die Beschäftigungsquoten geflüchteter Frauen liegen erheblich unter denjenigen geflüchteter Männer. Dies steht in einem engen Zusammenhang mit der Familienkonstellation geflüchteter Frauen, vor allem mit den hohen Anteilen von Frauen mit Kindern im betreuungsbedürftigen Alter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2020): Has there been a "refugee crisis"? New insights on the recent refugee arrivals in Germany and integration prospects. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 71, H. 1/2, S. 24-53., 2020-01-07. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-24

Abstract

"Rund 1,2 Millionen Geflüchtete sind 2015 und 2016 nach Deutschland gekommen. Der nationale und internationale öffentliche Diskurs über die Aufnahme dieser Geflüchteten deckt das gesamte Meinungsspektrum ab. Diese Auffassungen reichen von der skeptischen Charakterisierung des Anstiegs der Fluchtmigration 2015 als „Flüchtlingskrise“ bis hin zu optimistischen Einschätzungen, wonach die Zuwanderung von Geflüchteten eine Lösung für den demografischen Wandel und den Arbeitskräftemangel darstellt. Diese Meinungen und Einschätzungen werden oft von Ideologie und Emotionen getrieben, sie sind in der Regel nicht durch Evidenz fundiert. In diesem Beitrag verwenden wir Daten aus einer einzigartigen, national repräsentativen Haushaltsbefragung von Geflüchteten, die zwischen 2013 und 2016 nach Deutschland gekommen sind. Auf dieser Grundlage beschreiben wir die Eigenschaften der Geflüchteten, insbesondere ihre demografischen Charakteristika und Qualifikationsmerkmale, die für eine erfolgreiche und nachhaltige wirtschaftliche Integration relevant sind. Wir diskutieren auch das institutionelle Umfeld und verschiedene Politiken in Deutschland in Hinblick auf ihre Rolle bei der Förderung der Integration. Unsere deskriptive Analyse zeigt, dass die Bearbeitung von Asylanträgen und die Bereitstellung von Unterkünften, die soziale Unterstützung und verschiedene Integrationsprogramme durch Politik und Verwaltung die Integration insgesamt vorangetrieben haben, obwohl zahlreiche Mängel anfangs weit verbreitet waren. Im Laufe der Jahre haben sich die Institutionen jedoch verstärkt dafür geöffnet, die Integration von Geflüchteten und anderen Migrantinnen und Migranten dabei zu unterstützen, in Deutschland Fuß zu fassen. Die Entscheidungsträger in Politik und Verwaltung stehen jedoch weiterhin vor erheblichen Herausforderungen. Ein solches Problem sind die Genderdifferenzen in verschiedenen Dimensionen der Integration, die unter anderem auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung bei der Betreuung von Kindern beruhen und den Spracherwerb und andere Fortschritte bei der Integration von Frauen behindern. Die empirische Evidenz bietet jedoch, im Unterschied zu vielfältig geäußerten Erwartungen, keine Hinweise darauf, dass die Zuwanderung von Asylbewerberinnen und -bewerber im Jahr 2015 zu einer „Flüchtlingskrise“ in Deutschland geführt hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Conradt, Roland & Ulrike Hornung (2020): Die Entwicklung des Rechts der Arbeitsmigration in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In: Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik, Jg. 40, H. 5/6, S. 171-176.

Abstract

"Das Recht der Arbeitsmigration hat den Anspruch, entsprechend § AUFENTHG § 1 AufenthG Zuwanderung zu steuern und zu begrenzen. Der Aufsatz untersucht, wie die Arbeitsmigration in der Bundesrepublik in unterschiedlichen Phasen geregelt wurde und ob ihre Geschichte tatsächlich eine „Abfolge meist unzureichend gesteuerter und verdrängter Entwicklungen“ ist. Im Fokus steht dabei die Frage nach den jeweiligen Steuerungskriterien." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Döring, Ottmar (Hrsg.) (2020): Fachkräftezuwanderung in Deutschland. Potenziale, Herausforderungen, Gestaltungsoptionen. Bielefeld: wbv, 228 S.

Abstract

"Die Beiträge des Bandes analysieren die Optionen des neuen Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetzes (FEG) im Vergleich mit dem Status quo der Zuwanderung. Schwerpunkte sind dabei das Zuwanderungsmarketing und -management für Fachkräfte, insbesondere in Pflegeberufen, akademischen Heilberufen und anderen Gesundheitsfachberufen sowie Prognosen zur künftigen Fachkräftesituation und Zuwanderung in Deutschland. Zentral für die Umsetzung des FEG sind das Erlernen der deutschen Sprache und die Anerkennung ausländischer Berufsabschlüsse. Ein zentrales Thema ist daher die berufliche Anerkennung der ausländischen Qualifikationen mit ihren strukturellen Hürden, die auch an Beispielen aus den Westbalkanländern erläutert werden. Ein anderes zentrales Thema wird mit dem Spracherwerb und der Integration aus linguistischer, sprachdidaktischer und migrationspädagogischer Perspektive beleuchtet. Die Beiträge befassen sich jedoch auch mit Potenzialen der Erwerbsmigration am Beispiel von Fachkräftebrücken von und nach Lateinamerika. Eine entsprechende Gestaltung eines Zuwanderungsmarketing wird dann konkret für die Erwerbsmigration aus Chile aufgezeigt. Handlungsoptionen werden aber nicht nur für neue Fachkräftebrücken mit einem neuen Zuwanderungsmarketing und Zuwanderungsmanagement aufgezeigt, sondern auch für neue Einzelelemente solcher Strategien. Dazu gibt es etwa einen Beitrag zur Bedeutung und der Einbindung von Social-Media-Ansätzen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Döring, Ottmar (2020): Neuordnung des Zuwanderungsregimes für Fachkräfte durch das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz: Veränderungen, Potentiale, Herausforderungen und Handlungsansätze. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 196-204. DOI:10.3262/MIG2003196

Abstract

"Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz ordnet die Zuwanderung heutiger und künftiger Fachkräfte aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland neu. Zunächst sollen 25.000 Fachkräfte mit ihren Familien in jedem Jahr zusätzlich kommen. Dieses neue Zuwanderungsregime bringt zwar Chancen für die Fachkräftesicherung in Deutschland, hat aber auch alte und neue Hürden zu bewältigen, die ein neu gestaltetes Zuwanderungsmarketing und -management erfordern, um eine effektive und effiziente Umsetzung zu erreichen. Hierfür könnten informelle, virtuelle und formelle Migrationsnetzwerke eine hohe Bedeutung haben, wenn ihre Potentiale offensiv für die neue Zuwanderungspolitik genutzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Edo, Anthony, Lionel Ragot, Hillel Rapoport, Sulin Sardoschau, Andreas Steinmayr & Arthur Sweetman (2020): An Introduction to the Economics of Immigration in OECD Countries. (IZA discussion paper 13755), 33 S.

Abstract

"The share of the foreign-born in OECD countries is increasing, and this article summarizes economics research on the effects of immigration in those nations. Four broad topics are addressed: labor market issues, fiscal questions, the political economy of immigration, and productivity/international trade. Extreme concerns about deleterious labour market and fiscal impacts following from new immigrants are not found to be warranted. However, it is also clear that government policies and practices regarding the selection and integration of new migrants affect labour market, fiscal and social/cultural outcomes. Policies that are well informed, well crafted, and well executed beneficially improve population welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ennerberg, Elin (2020): Unemployment services for newly arrived migrants in Sweden. The privatization and rebureaucratization of the introduction programme. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 719-732. DOI:10.1111/spol.12571

Abstract

"A recent policy reform in Sweden reorganized the management of newly arrived migrants' entrance into the labour market, which resulted in the Swedish Public Employment Service being given coordinating responsibility and introducing private service providers. Building on qualitative interviews with public employment officers and private actors, this study focuses on how the political contradictions in the new 2-year introduction programme are managed at the organizational level. In the article, it is argued that although both public employment officers and private actors experience difficulty separating unemployed migrants' need for social support from the workfare ambitions of the programme, aspects of privatization?such as freedom of choice and the service specification?further complicate this situation. Thus, the individualization aspects of the policy should be viewed as countering some of the more controlling aspects of the reform, thus, in effect, neutralizing its liberalizing tendencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Korntheuer, Annette, Paul Pritchard, Débora B. Maehler & Lori Wilkinson (Hrsg.) (2020): Refugees in Canada and Germany. From Research to Policies and Practice. (GESIS-Schriftenreihe 25), Köln, 244 S. DOI:10.21241/ssoar.66728

Abstract

"Dieses Sammelwerk beschreibt die Reaktionen Deutschlands und Kanadas auf das 'age of displacement' des 21. Jahrhunderts. Es zeigt Lösungsansätze und gemeinsame Anstrengungen auf, die unternommen wurden, um die seit 2015 Neuzugewanderten zu unterstützen. Zudem werden kritische, gesellschaftliche und politische Antworten auf Fluchtzuwanderung analysiert. Die Zuwanderung einer hohen Anzahl von Asylsuchenden und Geflüchteten zwischen 2015 und 2018 stellte Deutschland und Kanada zwar vor große Herausforderungen, eröffnete jedoch auch die Chance, effektiv mit den Erwartungen unterschiedlicher Interessengruppen umzugehen. Beide Länder zeigen sich als wichtige Akteure, die sich bemühen, diese auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene zu vernetzen, um geeignete und innovative Antworten auf drängende gesellschaftliche Fragen zu finden. Dieser Band ist das Ergebnis einer internationalen Zusammenarbeit, um diese Antworten und Reaktionen - from research to policies and practice - zu analysieren und zu evaluieren. Ziel ist es, neue Forschungsergebnisse zu Schlüsselthemen im Zusammenhang mit Fluchtmigration und Integration in Deutschland und Kanada zugänglich und nutzbar zu machen. Die hier vorgestellten Beiträge diskutieren nicht nur evidenzbasierte Ergebnisse zur Integration von Asylsuchenden und Geflüchteten in Kanada und Deutschland, sondern sie liefern auch wertvolle Ansätze, um öffentliche Akteure, soziale Institutionen und Mitglieder der Zivilgesellschaft dabei zu unterstützen, das Wohlbefinden und die Integration von Neuzugewanderten zu sichern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lobo, José & Charlotta Mellander (2020): Let's stick together: Labor market effects from immigrant neighborhood clustering. In: Environment and planning. A, Economy and space, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 953-980. DOI:10.1177/0308518X19896521

Abstract

"We investigate if there are positive economic effects for individuals residing in ethnic neighborhoods, in particular if the likelihood of labor market participation among foreign-born is affected by residentially aggregating with other people from one’s same native region. We also examine to what extent the income level among foreign-born who have a job is affected by the extent to which they congregate in ethnic enclaves. We use Swedish micro-level data for the time period 2007 to 2015 and run a Heckman estimation for four distinct immigration groups: those from (a) the Middle East; poor and middle-income countries in (b) Africa and (c) Asia; and (d) and those from the former Yugoslavia. We control for personal and neighborhood characteristics as well as workplace characteristics. The results suggest that, in some cases, there may be positive effects from ethnic concentration, but even more from living with first- and second-generation immigrants in general." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 a Pion publication) ((en))

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Quintano, Claudio, Paolo Mazzocchi & Antonella Rocca (2020): Immigrants in the EU5 labour markets: what happened during the economic crisis? In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 68-83. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0161

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to understand: whether the changes that have occurred in migrants' conditions over time are smaller than the differences in their conditions existing across countries; and whether the comparison between immigrants and native-born conditions allows the verification of the levels of disparities between them and, therefore, the relative disadvantage suffered by migrant. After a general overview of the 28 European Union countries, this paper analyses the changes that have occurred from 2006 to 2017 in the conditions of migrants in the labour market in the big five European countries (Italy, Spain, France, Germany and the UK). Design/methodology/approach: Various statistical methodologies were used. First, to gain an overall picture, taking into account both the spatial and the temporal dimensions, dynamic factor analysis (DFA) was applied. Second, time-dependent and cross-sectional time-series models were estimated to better understand the DFA results. Findings: The results highlight very different scenarios in terms of labour market vulnerabilities, both affecting immigrants and native-born workers. The results also highlight the existence of a very complex framework, due to the high heterogeneity of immigrants' characteristics and labour market capacities to integrate migrants and also to promote good conditions for the native-born population. Originality/value: The picture emerging from this study and the evaluation of the policies and legislation in force to cope with migration and to promote integration suggests some reflections on the most efficacious actions to take in order to improve migrants' integration, counteracting social exclusion and promoting economic growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Røysum, Anita (2020): The job-seeking experiences of resourceful female immigrants and the impact on their self-efficacy beliefs. In: European Journal of Social Work, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 173-184. DOI:10.1080/13691457.2018.1476328

Abstract

"The purpose of this article is to examine how resourceful, job-seeking immigrant women in Norway perceive that the competences and education they acquired from their home country are received in Norway and how their job-seeking experiences influence their work-related self-efficacy and identity. The study is based on 26 in-depth interviews with female immigrants aged 25 - 67 years from 21 different countries, mostly non-Western. They have lived in Norway for an average of six years. They have clear career ambitions, have deliberately acted to achieve their goal, and are highly active in job seeking, and most of them obtained higher education in their home country. The interviewees exert considerable effort in seeking work, but their efforts are not fruitful. They experience a downgrading of their education, as well as their competences, from their home country. Because their active efforts have not led to work, they have nearly given up trying to gain entry into the Norwegian workforce, and their self-efficacy beliefs and identity regarding having a professional career are weakened. Their affiliation and position conflict with both what they expected to achieve and workfare in Norwegian society; their competences from their home countries are not perceived as valuable in terms of Norwegian expertise and employee qualities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sandoz, Laure (2020): Understanding access to the labour market through migration channels. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 222-241. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1502657

Abstract

"The mobility of the 'highly skilled' has become widely researched but only a few researchers have approached this category of migrants from a critical perspective. This article argues that understanding how 'highly skilled migrants' are constructed necessitates considering the conditions in which migration takes place as well as the perceptions and practices associated with these conditions. It uses the concept of 'migration channels' to investigate the enabling and disabling factors associated with different migration situations. The analysis draws on biographic interviews with highly educated migrants in Switzerland, and supplements these with expert interviews and ethnographic observations of people working in institutions that support, guide, or control migrants' access to the labour market. The article shows that categories of migrants are artificial and often do not coincide with lived realities. Migrants actively develop strategies to achieve their personal aspirations, but they also depend on the opportunities available in their environment. The concept of 'migration channels' enables us to capture this interplay between structures and agency by showing how different actors shape the opportunities and constraints faced by different groups of migrants, and how migrants actively deal with them. This concept thus fosters a critical yet empathic understanding of migration experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zwysen, Wouter & Neli Demireva (2020): Ethnic and migrant penalties in job quality in the UK. The role of residential concentration and occupational clustering. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 200-221. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1498777

Abstract

"Migrants and ethnic minorities in the UK are found to be disadvantaged in their access to work and earnings, but little is known about the characteristics of the jobs they occupy. This paper studies whether migrants and UK-born ethnic minorities attain similar jobs compared to their white British peers by clustering 17 indicators of job quality - covering intrinsic quality, work-life balance, monetary rewards, and employment conditions - into 5 latent classes. We find that non-white migrants are clustered in the worst jobs, while white migrants do relatively well. UK-born ethnic minorities are indeed less likely to work on the best jobs, but the type of disadvantage differs strongly between ethnic groups. Local deprivation drives some of the worse job quality of UK-born minorities while selection into lower-quality occupations and sectors drives much of the disadvantage of migrants. Co-ethnic support and particularly an economically stronger co-ethnic community in the locality can help shield ethnic minorities from the worst jobs, while ethnic niches in the occupation are associated with low-quality work. Finally, working in migrant-heavy occupations is associated with somewhat lower job quality; primarily affecting other migrants in a possible race to the bottom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): Migrationsbericht der Bundesregierung. Migrationsbericht 2018. (Migrationsbericht der Bundesregierung 2018), Berlin, 325 S.

Abstract

"Der Migrationsbericht beinhaltet neben den allgemeinen Wanderungsdaten zu Deutschland (Kapitel 1) inklusive der EU-Binnenmigration (Kapitel 2) und der detaillierten Darstellung der verschiedenen Migrationsarten (Kapitel 3) einen europäischen Vergleich zum Migrationsgeschehen und zur Asylsuche (Kapitel 5). Zusätzlich geht der Bericht auf die Abwanderung von deutschen und ausländischen Staatsangehörigen ein (Kapitel 4), behandelt das Phänomen der irregulären Migration (Kapitel 6) und informiert über die Struktur und die Demografie der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund (Kapitel 7 und 8). Dabei wird in den jeweiligen Kapiteln auf die Bedeutung der einzelnen Migrationsstatistiken und die Grenzen ihrer Aussagefähigkeit eingegangen. Zudem werden kurz die Rechtsgrundlagen der einzelnen Migrationsformen, aktuelle Rechtsänderungen und relevante Gerichtsurteile dargestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"No one knows with certainty how migration flows and integration trends will develop in the mid-term or long-term. What will drive migration flows in the future? What will integration look like? They are unlikely to be identical to the past, but we don’t have a crystal ball. Even the most sophisticating modelling cannot capture all the relevant drivers. This report provides policy makers with two guides to migration and integration policy making for the future. The first is an inventory of megatrends already underway and which will transform the environment for policy making. The second identifies weak signals of potential transformations and explores what would happen if these were to become major game changers. The scenarios include technological change; a shift in the very way people think about “integration”; the emergence of new stakeholders in migration and integration policy; and rising importance of non-OECD countries as actors in migration and integration. Each scenario comprises challenges and opportunities, which depend on how well-prepared States are to address them. No one knows whether any of these scenarios will develop as outlined, but each one is plausible and momentous enough for public authorities to take seriously." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): International migration outlook 2020. (International migration outlook 44), Paris, 366 S. DOI:10.1787/ec98f531-en

Abstract

"The 2020 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and policies in OECD countries and some non-member countries, and looks at the evolution of the labour market outcomes of immigrants in OECD countries. It includes a special chapter on the impact of migration on the structural composition of the economy. It also includes country notes and a statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albouy, David, Alex Chernoff, Chandler Lutz & Casey Warman (2019): Local labor markets in Canada and the United States. (NBER working paper 25709), Cambrige, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w25709

Abstract

"We examine local labor markets in the U.S. and Canada from 1990 to 2011 using comparable household and business data. Wage levels and inequality rise with city population in both countries, albeit less in Canada. Neither country saw wage levels converge despite contrasting migration patterns from/to high-wage areas. Local labor demand shifts raise nominal wages similarly, although in Canada they attract immigrant and highly-skilled workers more, while raising housing costs less. Chinese import competition had a weaker negative impact on manufacturing employment in Canada. These results are consistent with Canada's more redistributive transfer system and larger, more-educated immigrant workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ansems de Vries, Leonie & Elspeth Guild (2019): Seeking refuge in Europe. Spaces of transit and the violence of migration management. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2156-2166. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468308

Abstract

"In the past few years, spaces of transit have become prominent sites for people seeking refuge in Europe. From railway stations and parks in European cities, to informal settlements around Calais, to the hotspots in Italy and Greece, the movements of people and the techniques that govern them are at the heart of what has been misnamed the 'European refugee crisis'. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, this article takes spaces of transit as a vantage point for interrogating the relationship between mobility, migration management and violence, focusing on the fracturing of journeys due to forced and obstructed mobility both outside and within the EU. We develop the notion of 'politics of exhaustion' to highlight the impact and protracted character of these forms of migration management - its accumulated effects over time and across spaces - yet without reducing people seeking refuge to passive victims. Struggles for mobility are closely related to the existence and continued adaptation of migration management practices. The notion of fracturing can thus be employed not only to make sense of the violent effects of migration management but also the ways in which conventional conceptions of state and citizenship are challenged by the emergence of alternative living spaces, communities and politics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Asali, Muhammad & Rusudan Gurashvili (2019): Labor market discrimination and the macroeconomy. (IZA discussion paper 12101), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"Using Integrated Household Survey data from Georgia, we measure the observable and discriminatory ethnic wage gap, among male and female workers, and the gender wage gap, among Georgians and non-Georgians. The gender wage discrimination is larger than the ethnic wage discrimination. In the second estimation stage, these wage discrimination estimates are used in a general-to-specific vector autoregression framework to test for the Granger causality between discrimination and growth. A general, negative, bidirectional Granger causality is found between these two variables: in the long-run, discrimination reduces economic growth, and economic growth lowers discrimination. Also, we find that higher unemployment rates are associated with increased ethnic wage discrimination - in line with the predictions of Becker's theory of discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Babar, Zahra, Michael Ewers & Nabil Khattab (2019): Im/mobile highly skilled migrants in Qatar. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1553-1570. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1492372

Abstract

"Most studies on the mobility of highly skilled migrants have been examined with a framework of global talent mobility and under conditions of neoliberal governance and economic globalization. In this study we challenge the notion of the hypermobile knowledge worker. Utilizing mixed methods, we examine the factors that attracted highly skilled migrants to Qatar and the conditions under which they might leave in the future. Rather than finding a group of footloose migrants attracted primarily to high-wage jobs, a lack of taxation or amenities, and with multiple alternative locations of residence, we find that highly skilled migrants exist on a spectrum of immobility. More significantly, this immobility depends on the migrant's region of origin. For Asian and Western migrants immobility is attributed to the Kafala system or employer sponsorship, which hinders occupational and spatial mobility and ties workers to their sponsors. Arab highly skilled migrants are especially affected by lack of security and stability in their home countries, which makes these workers involuntarily immobile. The former group seem to be willing to accept a reduced level of agency and mobility for high income, whereas for the latter security and stability are more fundamental to their decision to come to Qatar." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Elisa (2019): The occupational (im)mobility of migrants in Italy. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1571-1594. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1414585

Abstract

"Migrants usually experience a downward mobility in their host country's economy and are over-represented among lower status jobs. The present study contributes to the knowledge on migrant occupation mobility in Italy, assuming a longitudinal perspective and focusing on two aspects: first, the entry of migrants into the Italian labour market and, second, the working trajectories of migrants in Italy, reflecting the role of the first step in determining the following trajectory and migrants' strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Elisa & Livia Elisa Ortensi (2019): Satisfied after all? Working trajectories and job satisfaction of foreign-born female domestic and care workers in Italy. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 13, S. 2527-2550. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1465401

Abstract

"Foreign-born women frequently find their first job in the domestic sector. This is usually considered a stepping-stone, but it is rather a definitive condition. We analyse the working trajectory of foreign-born women with a first job in domestic work using sequence analysis and studying their association with job satisfaction by means of logistic regression models. The data were collected as part of the Foreigners' Job Trajectories project conducted by the ISMU Foundation in Italy in 2009. We found that, after all, domestic and care workers can be satisfied with their job if basic decent working conditions are guaranteed. Particular attention is paid to the high rate of job satisfaction for women with a trajectory from live-out to live-in jobs. Possible explications for job satisfaction are extensively discussed focusing on economic drivers, the agency of domestic workers, and the emotive dimension of domestic and care works." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bevelander, Pieter, Fernando Mata & Ravi Pendakur (2019): Housing policy and employment outcomes for refugees. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 134-154. DOI:10.1111/imig.12569

Abstract

"With the rise of refugee flows in both Europe and North America, resettlement policies and programmes aimed at enhancing the integration of refugees have come to the fore. The goal of this article is to look at the impact of asylum reception policies on longer term integration. Internationally such policies can range from placing asylum seekers in reception centres (the Netherlands) to dispersal policies aimed at locating asylum seekers in smaller centres (Denmark) to an open system such as Canada in which asylum seekers are pushed into the free market as soon as they are processed. Our study explores this issue through the analysis of a unique policy in Sweden allowing us to focus on the housing choice made by asylum seekers arriving at the border." (Text excerpt, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Bizeul, Yves & Dennis Bastian Rudolf (Hrsg.) (2019): Politische Debatten um Migration und Integration. Konzepte und Fallbeispiele. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 229 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-23963-3

Abstract

"Der Sammelband kombiniert die Diskussion theoretischer Konzepte mit länderübergreifenden Analysen zu Migration und Integration. Im Mittelpunkt stehen einerseits Fragen bezüglich der Grenzen klassischer Migrations- und Integrationstheorien bzw. Möglichkeiten für deren Erweiterung und andererseits empirische Fallbeispiele, welche nach den Ursachen und Folgen von Flucht- und Migrationsbewegungen fragen, den länderspezifischen Umgang mit Migration und Integration beleuchten sowie Lösungsansätze und aktuelle Migrations- und Integrationspolitiken diskutieren." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bormann, Sven-Kristjan, Svetlana Ridala & Ott-Siim Toomet (2019): Language skills in an ethnically segmented labour market. Estonia 1989-2012. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 304-327. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2017-0115

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between skills in the Estonian, Russian and English language, and labour market outcomes in Estonia, a linguistically divided country.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use the Estonian Labour Force Surveys 1992 - 2012. The authors rely on multivariate linear regression models to document the relationship between language skills and labour market outcomes.
Findings
Estonian language knowledge (for ethnic Russians) are important determinants of unemployment. Wage, in contrary, is closely related to English skills. Ethnic Russian men do not earn any premium from speaking Estonian, while women, fluent in Estonian earn approximately 10 per cent more. For ethnic Estonians, Russian fluency is associated with a similar income gain.
Research limitations/implications
Due to the observational nature of the data, the effects reported in this study are not causal effects. As a second limitation, the self-reported language skills data may be imprecise and hence the effects the authors report may be too small.
Practical implications
The results stress the role of workplace segregation, both along gender and ethnic lines, in determining the individual labour market experience.
Originality/value
The authors provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of language skills in a rapidly developing labour market in a linguistically divided economy. The authors analyse several languages with different legal status and document long-term trends in the effects." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Bryson, Alex & Michael White (2019): Migrants and low-paid employment in British workplaces. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 759-776. DOI:10.1177/0950017019832509

Abstract

"Using nationally representative workplace data for Britain, we identify where migrants work and examine the partial correlation between workplace wages and whether migrants are employed at a workplace. Three-in-ten workplaces with five or more employees employ migrant workers, with the probability rising substantially with workplace size. We find the bottom quartile of the log earnings distribution is 4 - 5% lower in workplaces employing migrants, ceteris paribus. However, the effect is confined to workplaces set up before the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the late 1990s, consistent with the proposition that minimum wage regulation limits employers' propensity to pay low wages in the presence of migrant workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))