Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Diese Infoplattform widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
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Literaturhinweis
Access to universal childcare and its effect on maternal employment (2022)
Zitatform
Bousselin, Audrey (2022): Access to universal childcare and its effect on maternal employment. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 497-532. DOI:10.1007/s11150-021-09572-9
Abstract
"Subsidized childcare is a key instrument to support maternal employment in most OECD countries. Using a major reform implemented in Luxembourg in 2009, I study the effects of expanding access to subsidized childcare on the employment decisions of women in a context where childcare is universal and heavily subsidized, but is limited by capacity constraints. The identification strategy relies on temporal variation across age groups of children. In response to the reform, the employment rate of mothers increased by 3 percentage points, and their working time grew by 1 h per week. This effect hides the difference between children's ages, as mothers of the youngest children are found to be more responsive to the reform than mothers of children in primary education. Studying heterogeneous effects reveals a differential impact of the reform with regard to prior employment status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Divorce and female labour force participation: Do women who expect an upcoming divorce increase their employment? Evidence from Flanders (2022)
Zitatform
Thielemans, Gert & Dimitri Mortelmans (2022): Divorce and female labour force participation: Do women who expect an upcoming divorce increase their employment? Evidence from Flanders. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 65, H. 1, S. 3-23. DOI:10.1177/0001699321994189
Abstract
"Women who expect an upcoming divorce have the possibility of taking action in order to protect themselves against the projected negative financial consequences. In this paper we investigate whether they do. Using retrospective data for a sample of 884 divorced women from the Divorce in Flanders (DiF)-survey, we estimate the difference in the probability that women increase their employment intensity surrounding the time a couple stops living together between women who expected the divorce and those who did not. We find that in the year leading up to the factual separation, women who expect the divorce are three to five times more likely to increase their employment. Our results suggest that when anticipatory employment behaviour is not considered when researching the negative consequences of relationship dissolution, both the magnitude of the downturn as well as the time to recovery is likely underestimated for a large group of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (2021)
Zitatform
Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2021): Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1969), Berlin, 61 S.
Abstract
"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual’s earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for breadwinners and secondary earners separately, according to their potential earnings rather than gender. Our results show an average participation elasticity of 0.0-0.1 among breadwinners and 0.1-0.4 among secondary earners in the EU as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Transitions of Members of Opposite-Sex Couples: Nonparticipation, Unemployed Search, and Employment (2021)
Bloemen, Hans;Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans (2021): Labor Market Transitions of Members of Opposite-Sex Couples: Nonparticipation, Unemployed Search, and Employment. (IZA discussion paper 14673), Bonn, 74 S.
Abstract
"An empirical analysis of labor market transitions for spouses in couples is implemented. Object of study are transitions between the states of nonparticipation, unemployed search, and employment. Motivated by a model of household search, the emphasis is on spousal variables and interactions. Additionally, a proxy for the business cycle is included in the analysis, and household specific unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. Results show that female transitions into nonparticipation (both out of unemployed search and employment) are positively affected by the husband's income (while no effect is found for transitions out of nonparticipation). Men seem to move from employment into unemployed search easier the higher is the wife's income. Since the wife having an income is in turn strongly accociated with female participation, this suggests that households with a participating wife are better able to deal with unemployment of the husband. A supplementary analysis with reservation wages and numbers of applications points in the same direction. Husbands' reservation wages are only sensitive to his own unemployment income if the wife is nonparticipating. This implies that unemployment benefits have a different role in households with the husband as a sole earner compared to dual earner households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects of Skill Regimes and Family Policies on the Gender Employment Gap (2021)
Zitatform
Kang, Ji Young (2021): The Effects of Skill Regimes and Family Policies on the Gender Employment Gap. In: Social Politics, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 359-384. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxz054
Abstract
"Drawing on the literature of gendering varieties of capitalism, this study empirically tests whether skill regimes moderate the association between family policy and the gender employment gap. Using the Luxembourg Income Study for fifteen countries with multilevel analysis and various gender employment indicators, this study finds that general skill regimes are associated with a smaller gender employment gap in full-time jobs, high-skilled jobs, and in the private sector. The effects of parental leave vary significantly by skill regimes, suggesting that patterns of gender employment gap associated with parental leave differ by types of skill regimes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Breadwinning or on the breadline? Female breadwinners' economic characteristics across 20 welfare states (2021)
Zitatform
Kowalewska, Helen & Agnese Vitali (2021): Breadwinning or on the breadline? Female breadwinners' economic characteristics across 20 welfare states. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 125-142. DOI:10.1177/0958928720971094
Abstract
"In analysing heterosexual couples’ work–family arrangements over time and space, the comparative social policy literature has settled on the framework of the ‘male-breadwinner’ versus the ‘dual-earner’ family. Yet, in assuming men in couple-families are (full-time) employed, this framework overlooks another work–family arrangement, which is the ‘female-breadwinner’ couple. Including female-breadwinner couples matters because of their growing prevalence and, as our analysis shows, greater economic vulnerability. We perform descriptive and regression analyses of Luxembourg Income Study microdata to compare household incomes for female-breadwinner couples and other couple-types across 20 industrialized countries. We then consider how labour earnings and benefit incomes vary for ‘pure’ breadwinner couples – comprising one wage-earner and one inactive/unemployed partner – according to the gender of the breadwinner. We find that pure female breadwinners have lower average individual earnings than male breadwinners, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and occupational and working-time differences. Furthermore, welfare systems across most countries are not working hard enough to compensate for the female breadwinner earnings penalty, including in social-democratic countries. Once controls are included in our regression models, it never happens that pure female breadwinners have higher disposable household incomes than pure male breadwinners. Thus, our study adds to a growing body of evidence showing that female-breadwinner families sit at the intersection of multiple disadvantages. In turn, these couples offer comparative scholars of the welfare state an ‘acid test’ case study for how effectively families are protected from social risk. Our results additionally highlight how cross-national differences in the female breadwinner income disadvantage do not fit neatly with established welfare typologies, suggesting that other factors – in particular, labour market characteristics and the economic cycle – are also at play." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household labor supply: Collective results for certain developed countries (2020)
Bautista Lacambra, Sergio;Zitatform
Bautista Lacambra, Sergio (2020): Household labor supply: Collective results for certain developed countries. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 101514), München, 29 S.
Abstract
"This paper shows some empirical results for the collective labor supply of households in thirteen developed countries (USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Japan, and China). I have reviewed a significant number of papers in order to aggregate information for future investigations. Among the conclusions obtained are a gender differential in labor supply when the household includes a child, and a greater level of female household production. This analysis shows that gender differences observed in other literature persist throughout the consulted literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives' Economic Dependency in Different Contexts (2020)
Mandel, Hadas; Lazarus, Amit; Shaby, Maayan;Zitatform
Mandel, Hadas, Amit Lazarus & Maayan Shaby (2020): Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives' Economic Dependency in Different Contexts. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 831-851. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa023
Abstract
"This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives' relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women's employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of 'doing gender', wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women's employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply: evidence from Europe (2019)
Mikkel, Barslund; Lea, Schomaker;Zitatform
Mikkel, Barslund & Schomaker Lea (2019): Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply. Evidence from Europe. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 371-391. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.371
Abstract
"Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Kinderbetreuung von Großeltern auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot der Eltern in zwölf europäischen Ländern die in SHARE vertreten sind im Zeitraum 2004 - 2015. Ein instrumentalvariabler Ansatz wird verwendet, um mit der Endogenität umzugehen. Der Zugang zu Großeltern, die sich um kleine Kinder kümmern, erhöht die Bereitschaft von Müttern zur Arbeit um 13 Prozentpunkte. Für Väter lassen sich keine Effekte feststellen. Das Ausmaß der Auswirkungen von großelterlicher Kinderbetreuung unterscheidet sich von Land zu Land, ist jedoch für die meisten untersuchten Länder von Bedeutung. Der Effekt ist für Kinder im Vorschulalter am größten, wird jedoch bei Frauen mit Kindern in der Altersgruppe von 8 bis 10 Jahren immer noch auf 8 Prozentpunkte geschätzt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Mütter mit niedrigem Bildungsstand größere Auswirkungen haben, allerdings ist der Unterschied gering. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die anhaltende Politik zur Verlängerung des Erwerbslebens von Arbeitnehmern in der Altersgruppe von 55 bis 64 Jahren die Bindung von Müttern am Arbeitsmarkt beeinträchtigen könnte, indem die zur Verfügung stehende Zeit für großelterliche Kinderbetreuung begrenzt wird. Eine erhöhte Verfügbarkeit von Kindergarten- und Kindergarteneinrichtungen kann die Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot von Müttern zwar vermindern, aber nicht vollständig auflösen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Household employment and the crisis in Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Sánchez-Mira, Núria & Jacqueline O'Reilly (2019): Household employment and the crisis in Europe. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 422-443. DOI:10.1177/0950017018809324
Abstract
"The 2008 crisis had a significant impact on household employment in some European countries. An analysis of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions generated a new cross-national typology of household employment structures and showed how these changed during the crisis and austerity period, capturing the experiences of high and low qualified households. Findings indicate that dual earning households are not always a consequence of gender equality but result from economic necessity or employment opportunities. The re-emergence of traditional male breadwinner households is often the result of female unemployment, especially for lower educated women. An increase in female single earners and workless households is evident in countries hit hardest by the employment crisis. The value of this cross-national typology, rooted in the interaction of educational effects and employment opportunities, is allowing comparison both within and between European countries, going beyond established typologies based on policy frameworks or gender cultures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s (2018)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2018): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes. Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. (IZA discussion paper 11824), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of nonlinear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. We will make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper , 7267 -
Literaturhinweis
Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes (2017)
Altintas, Evrim; Sullivan, Oriel;Zitatform
Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2017): Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 81-108. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxw007
Abstract
"This article brings up to date welfare regime differences in the time fathers spend on childcare and core housework, using Multinational Time Use Study data (1971 - 2010) from fifteen countries. Although Nordic fathers continue to set the bar, the results provide some support for the idea of a catch-up in core housework among Southern regime fathers. The results also suggest an increasing polarization in Liberal countries, whereby fathers who were meaningfully involved in family life were increasingly likely to spend more time doing core housework and, particularly, childcare. Fathers living in Corporatist countries have been least responsive to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-family conflict and well-being across Europe: The role of gender context (2017)
Hagqvist, Emma; Gadin, Katja Gillander; Nordenmark, Mikael;Zitatform
Hagqvist, Emma, Katja Gillander Gadin & Mikael Nordenmark (2017): Work-family conflict and well-being across Europe. The role of gender context. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 132, H. 2, S. 785-797. DOI:10.1007/s11205-016-1301-x
Abstract
"This study analysed whether gender context is important to differences in the relationship between work - family conflict (WFC) and well-being across Europe. We hypothesised that in countries that support equality in work life and where norms support women's employment, the relationship between WFC and low well-being is weaker than in countries with less support for gender equality. Cohabiting men and women aged 18 - 65 years from 25 European countries were selected from the European Social Survey. A multilevel analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between well-being and WFC, and two measurements were used to represent gender context: gender equality in work life and norms regarding women's employment. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that the negative relationship was stronger in countries with high levels of gender equality in work life and support for women's employment than in countries with a relatively low level of gender equality in work life and support for traditional gender relations. The context in which gender is constructed may be important when studying the relationship between WFC and well-being. In addition, emphasis should be placed on policies that equalise both the labour market and the work performed at home." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training: the role of working hours and the household context (2016)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina & Elisabeth Bublitz (2016): A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training. The role of working hours and the household context. (HWWI research paper 172), Hamburg, 54 S.
Abstract
"Regarding gender differences, theory suggests that in a partnership the individual with the lower working hours and earnings position should exhibit lower training participation rates. Since women are more likely to match this description, we investigate whether systematic group differences explain gender variation. Across all countries, male workers are not affected by their earnings position. For female workers in Germany, but not Italy or the Netherlands, working part-time instead of full-time corresponds with a decrease in course length by 5.5 hours. Also, regarding German part-time employed women, single earners train 5.6 hours more than secondary earners. The findings of our study hold at the extensive and the intensive margin, suggesting that Germany faces particular household-related obstacles regarding gender differences in job-related training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: BJIR, online first (2018) -
Literaturhinweis
Income inequality and educational assortative mating: evidence from the Luxembourg income study (2015)
Monaghan, David;Zitatform
Monaghan, David (2015): Income inequality and educational assortative mating. Evidence from the Luxembourg income study. In: Social science research, Jg. 52, H. July, S. 253-269. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.02.001
Abstract
"Though extensive research has explored the prevalence of educational assortative mating, what causes its variation across countries and over time is not well understood. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database, I investigate the hypothesis that assortative mating by income is influenced by income inequality between educational strata. I find that in countries with greater returns to education, the odds of any sort of union that crosses educational boundaries is substantially reduced. However, I do not find substantial evidence of an effect of changes in returns to education on marital sorting within countries. Educational and labor market parity between males and females appear to be negatively related to marital sorting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Familienleistungen und familienpolitische Instrumente in ausgewählten europäischen Ländern (2015)
Schratzenstaller, Margit;Zitatform
Schratzenstaller, Margit (2015): Familienleistungen und familienpolitische Instrumente in ausgewählten europäischen Ländern. In: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Monatsberichte, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 195-209.
Abstract
"Sowohl die Ausrichtung als auch das Instrumentarium der Familienpolitik unterscheiden sich beträchtlich zwischen den hier untersuchten Ländern Deutschland, Frankreich, Niederlande, Schweden und Dänemark. Die traditionell geprägte deutsche Familienpolitik wurde in den letzten Jahren mit dem Ziel der Steigerung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf auch für Männer in einigen Bereichen grundlegend reformiert. Die pronatalistische Familienpolitik Frankreichs zielt auf eine gleichzeitige Steigerung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und der Fertilität ab. In den Niederlanden fördert die Familienpolitik ein Zuverdienermodell. In Schweden liegt der familienpolitische Fokus auf der Unterstützung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit durch Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen, aber auch auf der Sicherstellung einer gewissen Väterbeteiligung sowie auf Armutsverringerung durch großzügige monetäre Transfers. Die dänische Familienpolitik forciert den frühzeitigen Wiedereinstieg von Eltern in die Berufstätigkeit. In jüngeren Reformen insbesondere der Freistellungsregelungen schlägt sich in einigen Ländern zunehmend das Anliegen einer Steigerung der Väterbeteiligung nieder. Nicht zuletzt stehen im Zuge der krisenbedingten Konsolidierungsprogramme, die in den meisten EU-Ländern seit Anfang der 2010er-Jahre umgesetzt werden, auch die Familienleistungen unter Druck." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
On the spatial dimension of the gender division of paid work in two-parent families: the case of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (2014)
Boterman, Willem R.; Karsten, Lia;Zitatform
Boterman, Willem R. & Lia Karsten (2014): On the spatial dimension of the gender division of paid work in two-parent families. The case of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In: Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. Journal of Economic and Social Geography, Jg. 105, H. 1, S. 107-116. DOI:10.1111/tesg.12073
Abstract
"Research shows that female participation rates are lower in suburbs than in urban areas. In this paper we explore the residential patterns of the gender division of family households at the level of the neighbourhood. We draw on national register data (SSB) to define various arrangements of the way in which parents with dependent children divide paid work. These household arrangements are plotted onto maps to sketch the geography of division of paid work in Amsterdam. Our findings show that family households with specific gender divisions of paid work tend to cluster in specific residential environments: (1) families who work with a traditional division of labour are concentrated in social-housing estates in neighbourhoods with high shares of non-Western minorities; (2) one-and-a-half earner families are clustered in the most suburban parts of the city; and (3) symmetrical and female-breadwinner households concentrate in central gentrification areas of the city." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do educational and occupational resources relate to the timing of family formation?: a couple analysis of the Netherlands (2013)
Zitatform
Begall, Katia (2013): How do educational and occupational resources relate to the timing of family formation? A couple analysis of the Netherlands. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 29, S. 907-936. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.34
Abstract
"Background - Fertility research often uses data from women only. This can bias the results if the effects of education and occupation on fertility are dependent upon the characteristics of the male partner. Using retrospective life-course information from both partners, this study examines the effects of educational and occupational characteristics on the transition to a first childbirth.
Objective - The objective is to examine how the respective earning potential and career dynamics of the male and the female partners in couples influenced the timing of their entry into parenthood from 1960 to 2009 in the Netherlands, as well as the extent to which the characteristics of the two partners were interdependent in terms of their influence on the transition to a first birth.
Methods - Using couple-period data from four pooled cross-sectional waves (1998-2009) of the Family Survey of the Dutch Population, discrete time event history models accounting for unobserved heterogeneity at the couple level are estimated to predict the birth of the first child, starting from the moment couples started living together.
Results - The results show that a high earning potential of the female partner (based on her educational attainment, the status of her first job, and whether she is in full-time work or has supervisory responsibilities) has delaying effects on her transition to a first childbirth. With regard to the male partner, the only significant predictors of the entry into parenthood are educational attainment and working hours, and there is no evidence of an interdependence of the partners. The comparison of effects over time indicates that the female partner's higher earning potential has become a stronger predictor of delayed parenthood over time, while a positive effect for the male partner's higher earning potential is seen only up to 1990.
Conclusions - The results suggest that the educational and occupational characteristics and the labor market participation of the female partner are stronger determinants of first-birth timing than the characteristics of the male partner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Grandparenting and mothers' labour force participation: a comparative analysis using the Generations and Gender Survey (2012)
Zitatform
Aassve, Arnstein, Bruno Arpino & Alice Goisis (2012): Grandparenting and mothers' labour force participation. A comparative analysis using the Generations and Gender Survey. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 27, S. 53-84. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.3
Abstract
"It is well known that the provision of public childcare plays an important role for women labour force participation and its availability varies tremendously across countries. In many countries, informal childcare is also important and typically provided by the grandparents, but its role on mothers' employment is not yet well understood. Understanding the relationship between labour supply decisions and grandparental childcare is complex. While the provision of grandparental childcare is clearly a function of the social and institutional context of a country, it also depends on family preferences, which are typically unobserved in surveys.
We analyze the role of informal childcare provided by grandparents on mothers' labour force participation keeping unobserved preferences into account.
Bivariate probit models with instrumental variables are estimated on data from seven countries (Bulgaria, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Russia and The Netherlands) drawn from the Generations and Gender Survey.
We find that only in some countries mothers' employment is positively and significantly associated with grandparents providing childcare. In other countries, once we control for unobserved preferences, we do not find this effect.
The role of grandparents is an important element to reconcile work and family for women in some countries. Our results show the importance of considering family preferences and country differences when studying the relationship between grandparental childcare and mothers' labour supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies: evidence from western European countries and Canada (2012)
Zitatform
Reich, Nora, Christina Boll & Julian Sebastian Leppin (2012): Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies. Evidence from western European countries and Canada. (HWWI research paper 115), Hamburg, 21 S.
Abstract
"The study at hand pursues the following question: How are national parental leave arrangements related to fathers' participation in and time used for childcare? To answer this question, we merge data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) with national parental leave characteristics. Specifically, we are using 30 surveys from eight industrialised countries from 1971 to 2005. Applying a selection model, we are estimating fathers' participation in childcare and the minutes per day spent on childcare. We control for the following parental leave characteristics: duration of leave, amount of benefits and the number of weeks reserved for the father. The main results are that duration of parental leave, exclusive weeks for the father and any benefit compared to no benefit have a positive impact on fathers' childcare participation. Parental leave weeks reserved for the father and parental leave benefits affect fathers' minutes of childcare positively. It is concluded that parental leave characteristics have effects on fathers' childcare participation and time spent on childcare, but that parental leave policies have to be evaluated within the framework of each country's family policy package." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare: the difference between participation and amount of time (2012)
Reich, Nora;Zitatform
Reich, Nora (2012): Fathers' childcare. The difference between participation and amount of time. (HWWI research paper 116), Hamburg, 34 S.
Abstract
"The main research question of this article is whether and how predictors of fathers' participation in childcare, defined as zero versus more than zero minutes of childcare, differ from predictors of participating fathers' amount of time on childcare, measured as minutes on the survey day. The sample is drawn from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) and covers surveys from ten industrialised countries from 1987 to 2005. Results show that there are remarkable differences between factors influencing participation in childcare and factors associated with participating fathers' time spent with children. For example, the educational level has a strong impact on fathers' participation, but not on the amount of time spent on childcare. In contrast, work hours and whether data refer to a weekday or a weekend day hardly affect participation, but strongly affect fathers' time for childcare. There are also noticeable differences between the countries and between different points in time regarding factors influencing childcare participation and time. Results call for caution regarding findings from existing studies not distinguishing participation from participating fathers' childcare minutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reconsidering the "first male-breadwinner economy": women's labor force participation in the Netherlands, 1600-1900 (2012)
Schmidt, Ariadne; Nederveen Meerkerk, Elise van;Zitatform
Schmidt, Ariadne & Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (2012): Reconsidering the "first male-breadwinner economy". Women's labor force participation in the Netherlands, 1600-1900. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 69-96. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2012.734630
Abstract
"This contribution provides methods for estimating developments in women's labor force participation (LFP) in the Netherlands, for both preindustrial and industrializing eras. It explains long-term developments in Dutch LFP and concludes that the existing image of Dutch women's historically low participation in the labor market should be reconsidered. Contrary to what many economic historians have supposed, Dutch women's LFP was not lower, and was perhaps even higher, than elsewhere in the pre-1800 period. As in other Western European countries, the decline of (married) Dutch women's LFP only started in the nineteenth century, though it then probably declined faster than elsewhere. Thus, this study concludes that the Netherlands did not constitute the 'first male-breadwinner economy,' as historians and economists have suggested. Scrutinizing the nineteenth-century data in more detail suggests that a complex of demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural changes resulted in this sharp decline of Dutch women's crude activity rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe (2011)
Adsera, Alicia;Zitatform
Adsera, Alicia (2011): The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 25, S. 513-544. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.16
Abstract
"Periods of high and persistent unemployment since the late 1980s as well as an upward trend in the share of temporary employment characterize recent labor market instability in Europe. This paper analyzes the associations between timing to a second birth and changing economic environment. In particular, it focuses in understanding what dimensions of economic uncertainty affect women with different educational background. First it employs time varying measures of aggregate market conditions for women in twelve European countries as well as micro-measures of each woman's labor market history in a proportional hazard model of second births. Both individual and aggregate unemployment as well as temporary employment are coupled with later second births. Unemployment slows down childbearing plans, particularly for the least educated, whereas holding a very short contract deters the most educated. Second, I use the 2006 Spanish Fertility Survey to show how education and the economic conditions - provincial unemployment and share of temporary employment- faced by women as they enter the labor market in their early twenties are connected with their timing to second births." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The division of household tasks and household financial management (2011)
Antonides, Gerrit;Zitatform
Antonides, Gerrit (2011): The division of household tasks and household financial management. In: Zeitschrift für Psychologie = Journal of psychology, Jg. 219, H. 4, S. 198-208. DOI:10.1027/2151-2604/a000073
Abstract
"Both the standard economic model and bargaining theory make predictions about financial management and the division of household labor between household partners. Using a large Internet survey, we have tested several predictions about task divisions reported by Dutch household partners. The division of household labor was mainly explained by partners' job status, wife's levels of education, and number of children, pointing to the relevancy of social class effects and life cycle stage to the division of household labor. The spouses' wage rates were not significant in explaining the division of household labor. Financial management was almost evenly divided between household partners. The participation of the husband in financial management was positively related with his wage rate, and negatively with wife's level of education, pointing to the relevance of bargaining theory. Furthermore, wife's education was positively associated with household's quality of financial planning, whereas the wife having a paid job, income going into separate accounts, and the number of children negatively affected financial planning. In addition, without indication of causality, the husband's share in paying bills was negatively associated with the household easily making ends meet, the husband spending freely, and frequent debate about money. Also, financial planning was positively associated with the household making ends meet and the spouses' frequent debate about money, and negatively with the spouses spending freely, indicating the importance of associations with psychological variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Einfluss der Elternzeit von Vätern auf die familiale Arbeitsteilung im internationalen Vergleich (2011)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina, Julian Leppin & Nora Reich (2011): Einfluss der Elternzeit von Vätern auf die familiale Arbeitsteilung im internationalen Vergleich. (HWWI policy paper 59), Hamburg, 136 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitsteilung von Müttern und Vätern in Familie und Beruf hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten in den meisten Ländern verschoben. Mütter gehen zunehmend einer bezahlten Erwerbstätigkeit nach, und immer mehr Väter wollen Verantwortung für Familienaufgaben übernehmen. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, inwiefern diese Trends in der Zeitverwendung die traditionelle geschlechtsspezifische Rollenteilung verändert haben und ob Metavariablen auf der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Ebene wie die Frauenerwerbsquote oder aber auch familienpolitische Faktoren wie Regelungen zum Elterngeld die individuelle Zeitverwendung der Eltern beeinflusst haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Intra-household work timing: the effect on joint activities and the demand for child care (2011)
Klaveren, Chris van; Maassen van den Brink, Henriette; Praag, Bernard van;Zitatform
Klaveren, Chris van, Henriette Maassen van den Brink & Bernard van Praag (2011): Intra-household work timing. The effect on joint activities and the demand for child care. (IZA discussion paper 5636), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"This study examines if couples time their work hours and how this work timing influences child care demand and the time that spouses jointly spend on leisure, household chores and child care. By using a innovative matching strategy, this studies identifies the timing of work hours that cannot be explained by factors other than the partners' potential to communicate on the timing of their work. The main findings are that couples with children create less overlap in their work times and this effect is more pronounced the younger the children. We find evidence for a togetherness preference of spouses, but only for childless couples. Work timing also influences the joint time that is spent on household chores, but the effect is small. Finally, work timing behavior affects the demand for informal child care, but not the demand for formal child care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
An empirical model of collective household labour supply with non-participation (2010)
Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans G. (2010): An empirical model of collective household labour supply with non-participation. In: The economic journal, Jg. 120, H. 543, S. 183-214. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02292.x
Abstract
"I present a structural empirical model of collective household labour supply that includes the non-participation decision. I specify a simultaneous model for hours, participation and wages of husband and wife. I discuss the problems of identification and statistical coherency that arise in the application of the collective household labour supply model. The model includes random effects and it is estimated using a panel data set of Dutch couples. The estimates allow me to check the underlying regularity conditions on individual preferences and to obtain estimates of the sharing rule that governs the division of household income between husband and wife." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards the universal care course model: care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden (2010)
Zitatform
Haas, Barbara & Margit Hartel (2010): Towards the universal care course model. Care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden. In: European Societies, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 139-162. DOI:10.1080/14616690902874705
Abstract
"The principle aim is to analyse care policies and mothers' employment patterns in Austria in comparison with The Netherlands and Sweden. While Sweden fosters a Universal Breadwinner Model, Austrian policies set incentives for mothers to organize private care for their children for a relatively long period of time, similar to the Caregiver Parity model. The Netherlands, approaching the Universal Caregiver model, support part-time integration into the labour market, combined with private part-time caring facilities for the children. The cross-national comparative approach has been adopted throughout the description of care policies and the data analysis, using the European Social Survey. Drawing on the strong cross-national differences in policies and employment patterns, we outline the main principles of a Universal Care Course (UCC). The model addresses questions about how to achieve the ideal of a smooth transition between work and care in a gender-sensitive way." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? (2009)
Berninger, Ina;Zitatform
Berninger, Ina (2009): Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 61, H. 3, S. 355-385. DOI:10.1007/s11577-009-0070-9
Abstract
"Im Beitrag wird untersucht, welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen (Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit, Transferleistungen) die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern fördern. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien wird weiter evaluiert, inwiefern ein Zusammenhang zwischen erwerbsfördernden Maßnahmen und kulturellem Mutterbild besteht und ob letzteres die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation beeinflusst. Im Rahmen einer Mehrebenenanalyse werden 21 europäische Staaten anhand der Daten der zweiten Welle des European Social Survey (ESS) aus den Jahren 2004/2005 in Kombination mit Makrovariablen der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) untersucht. Den theoretischen Rahmen der Studie bildet ein rationales Entscheidungsmodell: die mikroökonomische Theorie des Arbeitsangebotes. Zentrales Ergebnis der Analyse ist, dass einzig ein hohes Betreuungsangebot für unter dreijährige Kinder die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, insbesondere jene von Müttern sehr junger Kinder, fördert. Diese familienpolitische Maßnahme weist einen engen Zusammenhang mit der nationalen Kultur auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Childcare and labor force participation in the Netherlands: the importance of attitudes and opinions (2009)
Gameren, Edwin van; Ooms, Ingrid;Zitatform
Gameren, Edwin van & Ingrid Ooms (2009): Childcare and labor force participation in the Netherlands. The importance of attitudes and opinions. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 7, H. 4, S. 395-421. DOI:10.1007/s11150-009-9062-9
Abstract
"We analyze the joint decision of participating in the labor force and using paid childcare made by mothers in two-parent households with pre-school age children in the Netherlands. Both the choice to use paid childcare and the number of hours taken up are analyzed. The data, collected in 2004, contains information on economic factors and on attitudes and opinions on childcare and labor. While acknowledging potential endogenous selection effects and bidirectional causality implying problems of endogeneity with the attitudes and opinions, our results show that, in addition to economic factors, attitudes and opinions are important when explaining the decision to participate in the labor force and to use paid childcare services, but they are less important when it comes to the decision on the number of hours childcare is taken up." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat: der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich (2009)
Lück, Detlev;Zitatform
Lück, Detlev (2009): Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat. Der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 360 S.
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden große Schritte in Richtung Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter getan, etwa bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Müttern. Doch in anderen Bereichen halten sich patriarchale Strukturen erstaunlich zäh, etwa bei der Frage, wer sich um Haushalt und Kinder kümmert. Unterschiede gibt es auch im internationalen Vergleich: Skandinavien hat sich früh und weit entwickelt, Süd-Europa spät und verhalten; in Ost-Europa sind Frauen gut in das Erwerbsleben integriert, aber sonst eher schlecht gestellt. Der Autor trägt in diesem Buch Daten und Fakten zum Wandel der Geschlechterrollen in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen für 40 Länder und über einen Zeitraum von 14 Jahren zusammen. Diese beträchtliche empirische Basis erlaubt es ihm auch, die ambivalente Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen in ein neues theoretisches Licht zu rücken: Während Rational-Choice-Ansätze Wandel plausibel machen und durch den Doing-Gender-Ansatz Kontinuität begreiflich wird, setzt Lück auf differenzierte Deutungen durch die Verknüpfung verschiedener Theorieansätze. Er fragt, wie sich strukturelle und kulturelle Einflüsse auf der Mikro- und der Makro-Ebene für statistische Analysen operationalisieren lassen, um die Unterschiede zu erklären." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mütter im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kind und Beruf: der Weg vom Ernährer- zum Zweiverdienermodell im Spiegel familienpolitischer und geschlechterkultureller Entwicklungen in Deutschland, Dänemark und den Niederlanden (2009)
Marold, Julia;Zitatform
Marold, Julia (2009): Mütter im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kind und Beruf. Der Weg vom Ernährer- zum Zweiverdienermodell im Spiegel familienpolitischer und geschlechterkultureller Entwicklungen in Deutschland, Dänemark und den Niederlanden. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 54-85.
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten strömten viele Frauen auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die vorher vom Einkommen ihres Ehemannes gelebt und sich im Gegenzug um Haushalt und Kinder gekümmert hatten. Es ist daher ein länderübergreifender Trend zu beobachten, der zum Verschwinden dieses 'Ernährermodells' führt und stattdessen ein Familienverständnis etabliert, in dem beide Elternteile berufstätig sind. Diese Entwicklung vollzog sich jedoch nicht in allen Ländern gleichzeitig und in der gleichen Form. Der vorliegende Artikel widmet sich der Untersuchung dieser internationalen Differenzen, indem er auf Basis des Konzeptes des 'Geschlechter-Arrangements' von Birgit Pfau-Effinger nicht nur das nationale Wohlfahrtsregime, sondern auch kulturelle Vorstellungen über die Rollen von Männern und Frauen als potenziell erklärende Faktoren betrachtet. Durch die Gegenüberstellung der Entwicklung auf beiden Seiten in den Fallstudien Deutschland, Dänemark und Niederlande wird ersichtlich, dass es tatsächlich die jeweils länderspezifischen Kombinationen von vorherrschenden normativen Familienleitbildern einerseits und Ausgestaltung der familienpolitischen Regelungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf andererseits sind, die international abweichende Muster und Entwicklungsverläufe der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen hervorrufen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union (2006)
Zitatform
Haas, Barbara, Nadia Steiber, Margit Hartel & Claire Wallace (2006): Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 751-771. DOI:10.1177/0950017006069813
Abstract
"Our aim is to contribute to better understanding of why different practices relating to the division of paid labour by sex in couple households are still to be found in different parts of Europe. We analyse data on the distribution of dominant household employment patterns in eight countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using comparative survey evidence for a large total sample (N = 10,123), we examine how national differences in terms of the gender division of paid work correspond with predictions drawn from well-established structuralist and culturalist theories of the determinants of cross-country variations.The findings call for a further elaboration of conventional approaches to explaining gendered employment patterns in an enlarged Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))