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Thoma, Nadja & Phil C. Langer (2022): Educational Transitions in War and Refugee Contexts: Youth Biographies in Afghanistan and Austria. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 302-312. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5156

Abstract

"This article addresses educational transitions under conditions of multiple insecurities. By analyzing empirical data of two research projects with youths in Afghanistan and refugee students in Austria, we show how young peoplemake sense of the social and educational inequalities they encounter on their educational pathways within different national, socio‐political, and institutional contexts. We present in‐depth analyses of two cases to elaborate how young people in different parts of the world conceive of their futures when basic security needs are not met, and how they make sense of the social and educational inequalities they face during their transition processes. After living through repeatedly fractured perspectives, young people have to make sense of their biographical experiences and continuously (re)design their plans while facing uncertain futures. In the Afghan Youth Project, we reconstructed a collective—and morally charged—biographical orientation of future plans. This orientation can also be understood as a critical response to persistent fragility and inequality and suggests an imagined generational hold and sense of belonging. In the Austrian project Translating Wor(l)ds, we reconstructed continuing experiences of educational exclusion, marginalization, and devaluation in different migration societies throughout refugee routes. Educational transitions, which can be challenging for all young people, take on special relevance under these conditions. Combining biographical and socio‐psychological research perspectives allows us to reconstruct educational processes as cumulative, non‐linear processes and to reveal the ambiguities, contradictions, and ruptures woven into them, as well as the subjects' constructions of sense and agency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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de Montgomery, Christopher Jamil, Marie Norredam, Allan Krasnik, Jørgen Holm Petersen, Emma Björkenstam, Lisa Berg, Anders Hjern, Marit Sijbrandij, Peter Klimek & Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (2022): Labour market marginalisation in young refugees and their majority peers in Denmark and Sweden: The role of common mental disorders and secondary school completion. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 17, H. 2. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0263450

Abstract

"Due to the circumstances of their early lives, young refugees are at risk of experiencing adverse labour market and health outcomes. The post-settlement environment is thought to play a decisive role in determining how this vulnerability plays out. This study compared trends in labour market marginalisation in young refugees and their majority peers during early adulthood in two national contexts, Denmark and Sweden, and explored the mediating role of common mental disorders and secondary school completions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2022): Relocation 2.0: tying adult refugee skills to labour market demand. (CEDEFOP policy brief / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training), Thessaloniki, 19 S. DOI:10.2801/09527

Abstract

"This Cedefop policy brief is based on an empirical piece of work carried out in Greece and Portugal. The work tested if, and under what conditions, intra-EU relocation of refugees based on skills and labour market needs in countries of relocation may work. Experience gained indicates six ways in which progress can be made to expand relocation in Europe based on refugees’ skills and labour market needs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, Iben Bolvig, Mette Foged, Linea Hasager & Giovanni Peri (2021): Language Training and Refugees' Integration. (IZA discussion paper 14145), Bonn, 69 S.

Abstract

"We evaluate a Danish reform focused on improving Danish language training for those granted refugee status on or after January 1, 1999. Using a Regression Discontinuity Design we find a significant, permanent, positive effect on earnings. This effect emerged after completion of language classes and was accompanied by additional schooling and higher probability of working in communication-intensive jobs, suggesting that language training, rather than other minor aspects of the reform, produced it. We also find evidence of higher completion rates of lower secondary school and lower probability of crime for male children with both parents exposed to the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Backman, Mikaela, Esteban Lopez & Francisco Rowe (2021): The occupational trajectories and outcomes of forced migrants in Sweden. Entrepreneurship, employment or persistent inactivity? In: Small business economics, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 963-983. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00312-z

Abstract

"The current surge in forced migration to Europe is probably the largest and most complex since the Second World War. As population aging accelerates and fertility falls below replacement level, immigration may be seen as a key component of human capital to address labor and skill shortages. Receiving countries are, however, hesitant about the contribution that forced migrants can make to the local economy. Coupled with increasing pressure on welfare services, they are associated with increased job competition and crime. Underutilization of immigrants' skills is, however, a waste of resources that countries can scarcely afford. Understanding the labor market integration process of forced migrants is thus critical to develop policies that unleash their full skills potential and ultimately foster local economic productivity. While prior studies have examined the employment and salary outcomes of these immigrants at a particular point in time post-migration, they have failed to capture the temporal dynamics and complexity of this process. Drawing on administrative data from Sweden, we examine the occupational pathways of forced migrants using sequence analysis from their arrival in 1991 through to 2013. Findings reveal polarized pathways of long-term labor market integration with over one-third of refugees experiencing a successful labor market integration pathway and an equally large share facing a less fruitful employment outcomes. Our findings suggest education provision is key to promote a more successful integration into the local labor market by reducing barriers of cultural proximity and increasing the occurrence of entrepreneurship activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Crea, Thomas M., Emma Tobin, Ann-Elizabeth Young, Christian Ko & Alexandra Weber (2021): Job Retention Among Resettled Refugees in The US: The Importance of Context. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 2074-2092. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feaa088

Abstract

"The primary objective of the US refugee resettlement program is for beneficiaries to achieve economic self-sufficiency. Yet, little research has examined the extent to which this objective has been achieved, nor the programmatic and contextual variables that influence this outcome. This study examines how beneficiaries’ individual and job characteristics are associated with the likelihood of job retention after 90 days of employment. Data were obtained on 1787 refugees served by the International Institute of New England from March 2015 to January 2019. Logistic regression models were used to examine the predictors of retention in four cities (Boston, MA; Lowell, MA; Manchester, NH; and Nashua, NH). Different patterns emerged across cities, related to factors such as pay, educational level, legal immigration status, job permanency, and gender. The concept of self-sufficiency is closely linked to the context of resettlement and thus requires more careful articulation as a goal of the refugee resettlement program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Disney, Lindsey R., Jane McPherson & Ziad S. Jamal (2021): 'We know more than that': The Underemployment Experiences of College-educated Iraqi Refugees Living in the US. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 1168-1184. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feaa128

Abstract

"Underemployment (i.e. a skilled worker in a low-skill job) has a negative impact on life satisfaction, and college-educated refugees often experience underemployment in the countries where they are resettled. Using interviews, this small-scale study explores college-educated Iraqi refugees’ experiences of employment in the US, and how employment experiences impact their resettlement and life satisfaction. Our participants share a complex picture of gratitude and loss, and a common framework for making short-term and long-term employment and education decisions post-resettlement. Our findings support the hypothesis that employment is one of the most influential areas of a refugee’s resettlement experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Klaesson, Johan & Esteban Lopez (2021): Ethnic enclaves and segregation - self-employment and employment patterns among forced migrants. In: Small business economics, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 985-1006. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00313-y

Abstract

"The relevance of residential segregation and ethnic enclaves for labor market sorting of immigrants has been investigated by a large body of literature. Previous literature presents competing arguments and mixed results for the effects of segregation and ethnic concentration on various labor market outcomes. The geographical size of the area at which segregation and/or ethnic concentration is measured, however, is left to empirical work to determine. We argue that ethnic concentration and segregation should not be used interchangeably, and more importantly, the geographical area at which they are measured relates directly to different mechanisms. We use a probabilistic approach to identify the likelihood that an immigrant is employed or a self-employed entrepreneur in the year 2005 with respect to residential segregation and ethnic concentration at the level of the neighborhood, municipality, and local labor market level jointly. We study three groups of immigrants that accentuate the differences between forced and pulled migrants: (i) the first 15 member states of European Union (referred to as EU 15) and the Nordic countries, (ii) the Balkan countries, and (iii) countries in the Middle East. We find that ethnic enclaves, proxied by ethnic concentration at varying levels, indicate mixed results for the different immigrant groups we study, both for their employment and entrepreneurship probability, whereas residential segregation has a more uniformly distributed result where its relationship to any of the two labor market outcomes is almost always negative or insignificant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kone, Zovanga L., Isabel Ruiz & Carlos Vargas-Silva (2021): Self-employment and reason for migration: are those who migrate for asylum different from other migrants? In: Small business economics, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 947-962. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00311-0

Abstract

"This paper explores differences in the likelihood of engaging in self-employment among migrants who moved for different reasons to the UK. The results suggest that, conditional on being in employment, those who initially migrated for asylum reasons are six percentage points more likely to engage in self-employment than the UK-born, while those who migrated for work reasons are not significantly different from UK-born workers in this regard. We also find that mediating factors, such as the presence of networks and years since migration, relate differently to the likelihood of self-employment for each group of migrants. Finally, there are also differences when looking at the number of persons employed by the self-employed and the skill level associated with the activity of self-employment. Those who migrated for asylum are not significantly different from the UK-born in their likelihood of employing someone else, while those who migrated for work are two percentage points less likely to employ others relative to the UK-born." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Ludolph, Lars (2021): The Value of Formal Host-Country Education for the Labour Market Position of Refugees: Evidence from Austria. (CESifo working paper 9241), München, 65 S.

Abstract

"Refugees hosted across the developed world often work in low-quality jobs, regardless of education previously attained in their country of origin. In this paper, I analyse the long-term value of formal host-country education for refugees using the example of forcefully displaced Bosnians who arrived in Austria during the 1992-1995 Bosnian war. Deploying 22 years of Austrian microcensus data, I exploit the age at the time of forced migration as an instrument for the probability of receiving host-country instead of origin country education to recover local average treatment effects of education attained in Austria vis-à-vis Bosnia on labour market outcomes for refugees aged around schooling thresholds. These estimates show that attaining a formal degree in the host-country significantly reduces the probability of work below educational attainment and low-skill employment over the entire observation period. Income differences between Austrian and Bosnian degree holders are visible after more than two decades of stay in Austria. The discount on Bosnian education declines over time for men but not for women, suggesting that host-country degrees are particularly important to groups that faced cultural barriers to quality employment in their country of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reder, Martina (2021): Geflüchtete Menschen zwischen Bleibestatus und Arbeitsmarktintegration. In: WISO, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 11-31.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Situation von geflüchteten Menschen, die im Zuge der sogenannten „Flüchtlingswelle 2015“ nach Österreich gekommen sind und einen Asylantrag gestellt haben. Anhand von Expert*innenaussagen und Literaturbefunden werden einige zentrale Herausforderungen in den Themenfeldern Aufenthaltsstatus, Wohnraum, Sprache, Gesundheit, Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt aufgezeigt und am Ende des Beitrags der Blick auf mögliche Ansatzpunkte hin zu einer gleichwürdigen Integration von geflüchteten Menschen gerichtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © ISW-Linz)

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Arendt, Jacob Nielsen (2020): Labor Market Effects of a Work-first Policy for Refugees. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 662), Essen, 45 S.

Abstract

"This study estimates the labor market effects of a work-first policy that aimed at speeding up the labor market integration of refugees. The policy added new requirements for refugees to actively search for jobs and to participate in on-the-job training immediately upon arrival in the host country. The requirements were added to an existing policy that emphasizes human capital investments in language training. The results show that the work-first policy speeded up the entry into regular jobs for males, but that they find work in precarious jobs with few hours. The long-run effects are uncertain since the policy crowds out language investments but raises enrollment in education. The policy had no or very small effects for women, which is partly explained by a lower treatment intensity for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baum, Christopher F., Hans Lööf, Andreas Stephan & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2020): Occupational Sorting and Wage Gaps of Refugees. (CEPR discussion paper 14917), London, 58 S.

Abstract

"Refugee workers start low and adjust slowly to the wages of comparable natives. The innovative approach in this study using unique Swedish employer-employee data shows that the observed wage gap between established refugees and comparable natives is mainly caused by occupational sorting into cognitive and manual tasks. Within occupations, it can be largely explained by differences in work experience. The identification strategy relies on a control group of matched natives with the same characteristics as the refugees, using panel data for 2003-2013 to capture unobserved heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baumgartner, Paul, Meike Palinkas & Valentin Daur (2020): Prozesse der Arbeitsmarktintegration von Flüchtlingen und subsidiär Schutzberechtigten in Österreich. Forschungsbericht der dritten Welle des FIMAS-Flüchtlingssurveys: FIMAS+INTEGRATION 2. (AMS-Arbeitsmarktstrukturbericht), Wien, 79 S.

Abstract

"Aufgrund der überragenden Bedeutung der Arbeitsmarktteilnahme für den Integrationsprozess stand die Arbeitsmarktintegration schon bei den vorangegangenen FIMAS-Erhebungen (FIMAS; FIMAS+INTEGRATION; FIMAS+INTEGRATION 2) im Vordergrund; sie steht auch im Zentrum dieser Studie. In der Literatur gilt Erwerbsarbeit als Grundpfeiler ganzheitlicher Integration, die neben finanzieller Selbstständigkeit auch soziale Kontakte zur Aufnahmegesellschaft, Spracherwerb und gesellschaftliche Anerkennung fördert (...). Allerdings erfolgt aufgrund der vergleichsweise schlechten Startvoraussetzungen einer Fluchtbiografie (...) der Einstieg in die Erwerbstätigkeit bei Geflüchteten durchschnittlich langsamer und schwerer als bei anderen Zuwanderungsgruppen. Generell können zum einen Faktoren wie Alter, Geschlecht, Bildung und Ausbildung, Gesundheit oder Betreuungspflichten eine grundlegende Rolle im Prozess der Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt des Aufnahmelandes spielen. Zum anderen sind auch Berufserfahrung vor der Einreise, unterschiedliche Sprachkenntnisse und Kategorien des Aufenthaltsstatus Merkmale, die die Perspektiven und somit auch Dimension der Partizipation am Arbeitsmarkt maßgeblich beeinflussen. Prinzipiell gilt, dass bei längerer Dauer des Aufenthaltes im Aufnahmeland die sozio-ökonomische Integration von Geflüchteten zunimmt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bevelander, Pieter (2020): Integrating refugees into labormarkets. (IZA world of labor 269,2), Bonn, 9 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.269.v2

Abstract

"Refugee migration has increased considerably since the Second World War, and amounts to more than 50 million refugees. Only a minority of these refugees seek asylum, and even fewer resettle in developed countries. At the same time, politicians, the media, and the public are worried about a lack of economic integration. Refugees start at a lower employment and income level, but subsequently “catch up” to the level of family unification migrants. However, both refugees and family migrants do not “catch up” to the economic integration levels of labor migrants. A faster integration process would significantly benefit refugees and their new host countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brell, Courtney, Christian Dustmann & Ian Preston (2020): The Labor Market Integration of Refugee Migrants in High-Income Countries. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 94-121. DOI:10.1257/jep.34.1.94

Abstract

"We provide an overview of the integration of refugees into the labor markets of a number of high-income countries. Discussing the ways in which refugees and economic migrants are differently selected and so might be expected to perform differently in a host country's labor market, we examine employment and wages for these groups over time after arrival. There is significant heterogeneity between host countries, but in general, refugees experience persistently worse outcomes than other migrants. While the gaps between the groups can be seen to decrease on a timescale of a decade or two, this is more pronounced in employment rates than it is in wages. We also discuss how refugees are distinct in terms of other factors affecting integration, including health, language skills, and social networks. We provide a discussion of insights for public policy in receiving countries, concluding that supporting refugees in early labor market attachment is crucial." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christl, Michael (2020): The Labour Market Effects of a Refugee Wave. A Replication Study of Peri and Yasenov (Journal of Human Resources, 2019). In: International Journal for Re-Views in Empirical Economics, Jg. 4. DOI:10.18718/81781.19

Abstract

"Peri and Yasenov (2019) exploit a natural experiment, the Mariel boatlift of 1980, to analyse the impact of immigration on wages and other labour market outcomes of natives. The authors find no impact of this (immigrant) labour supply shock on the wages of local workers. These results are heavily discussed in the literature, making it a good example for replication to check the robustness of the findings. This paper analyses the impact of the selection of control variables when choosing the synthetic control group and the influence of the sample choice on the findings of the original study. The replication exercise shows that the original results are very stable to several robustness checks. Even though restricting the analysis to a smaller sample influences the results slightly, there is still no evidence of a significant (negative) impact of the labour supply shock on wages of locals" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dahlberg, Matz, Johan Egebark, Ulrika Vikman & Gülay Özcan (2020): Labor market integration of low-educated refugees. RCT evidence from an ambitious integration program in Sweden. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2020,21), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates an ambitious and newly designed program for increased integration in Sweden. The purpose of the program is to help newly arrived, low-educated refugees into employment. The program includes four main components: (1) intensive initial language training,(2)work practice under close supervision, (3) job search assistance, and (4) extended cooperation between the local public sector and firms. An important feature of the program is that the demand side of the labor market, represented by the largest real estate company in Gothenburg, is involved in designing the program. Our evaluation is based on a randomized controlled trial, where potential participants in one of the first waves were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The paper presents results from the first two years after randomization. Using inference based on Fisher's exact test, we show that the program has positive effects on employment: around 30 % of the individuals in the treatment group are employed each month during the first year following the end of the program, compared to an average of approximately 15 % in the control group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fasani, Francesco, Tommaso Frattini & Luigi Minale (2020): Lift the Ban? Initial Employment Restrictions and Refugee Labour Market Outcomes. (CReAM discussion paper 2020,10), London, 55 S.

Abstract

"This article investigates the medium to long-term effects on refugee labour market outcomes of the temporary employment bans being imposed in many countries on recently arrived asylum seekers. Using a newly collected dataset covering almost 30 years of employment restrictions together with individual data for refugees entering European countries between 1985 and 2012, our empirical strategy exploits the geographical and temporal variation in employment bans generated by staggered introduction and removal coupled with frequent changes at the intensive margin. We find that exposure to a ban at arrival reduces refugee employment probability in post-ban years by 15%, an impact driven primarily by lower labour market participation. These effects are not mechanical, since we exclude refugees who may still be subject to employment restrictions, are non-linear in ban length, confirming that the very first months following arrival play a key role in shaping integration prospects, and last up to 10 years post arrival. We further demonstrate that the detrimental effects of employment bans are concentrated among less educated refugees, translate into lower occupational quality, and seem not to be driven by selective migration. Our causal estimates are robust to several identification tests accounting for the potential endogeneity of employment ban policies, including placebo analysis of non-refugee migrants and an instrumental variable strategy. To illustrate the costs of these employment restrictions, we estimate a EUR 37.6 billion output loss from the bans imposed on asylum seekers who arrived in Europe during the so-called 2015 refugee crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fossati, Flavia & Fabienne Liechti (2020): Integrating refugees through active labour market policy: A comparative survey experiment. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 601-615. DOI:10.1177/0958928720951112

Abstract

"In the wake of the recent increase in the inflows of refugees to Europe, governments have made considerable investments in public policies aimed at facilitating the labour market integration of refugees. Despite these efforts, the labour market participation of refugees remains low. This situation raises the question of whether employers actually appreciate these public policies and whether refugees’ participation in specific active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as work practice or wage subsidies, increases their likelihood of being hired. In this article, we take a novel approach and combine employers’ evaluations of specific ALMPs with their attitudes towards refugees. We argue that these labour market policies can only be successful when employers hold positive attitudes towards refugees in the first place. We investigate this question by means of a factorial survey experiment with employers in Austria, Germany and Sweden. Our results show that, indeed, employers’ evaluations of fictional refugee candidates who participated in ALMPs are influenced by their attitudes towards this group. Participation in these policy measures is regarded positively only by those employers who already hold positive attitudes towards refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jutvik, Kristoffer & Darrel Robinson (2020): Permanent or temporary settlement? A study on the short-term effects of residence status on refugees' labour market participation. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 8. DOI:10.1186/s40878-020-00203-3

Abstract

"Whether refugees in need of protection should be granted long- or short-term residence permits in the host country upon arrival is a long-standing debate in the migration policy and scholarly literature. Rights-based models of inclusion advocate for secure and long-term residency status arguing that this will provide the foundations for successful inclusion. Responsibilities-based models on the other hand claim that migrants should only be granted such status if certain criteria, such as full-time employment, have been met, again under the belief that such a system will facilitate inclusion into the host society. Using a sudden policy change as a natural experiment combined with detailed Swedish registry data, we examine the effect permanent residency on three measures of labour market inclusion in the short-term. Our findings are twofold. On the one hand, we find that temporary residents that are subject to a relatively less-inclusive situation have higher incomes and less unemployment. However, at the same time, they are less likely to spend time in education than are those with permanent residency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Landesmann, Michael & Sandra M. Leitner (2020): Refugees' Integration into the Austrian Labour Market: Dynamics of Occupational Mobility and Job-Skills Mismatch. (WIIW working paper 188), Wien, 36 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the employment experiences of the recent wave of Middle Eastern refugees (from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran) in the Austrian job market. The emphasis in this research was to investigate whether refugees experienced an initial (sharp) downgrade in their occupational status when they accepted their first employment, compared with the occupation they had in their home country, and then whether (and to what extent) such a downgrade had been followed by an upgrade in the jobs they currently hold. This U-shaped pattern of occupational trajectories is familiar in the migration literature, and it is here tested using data from two survey waves of recent refugees in the Austrian labour market. The paper also analyses, in its second part, subjective assessments of refugees as to whether they feel that they are 'over-' or 'under-' qualified (regarding their previous educational attainment levels and work experiences) for the jobs in which they are currently employed. In both exercises, we report results regarding the heterogeneity across groups of refugees by age, gender, the specific occupations they held in their home country, their educational attainment levels, their country of origin, and whether they obtained refugee status as first-time asylum applicants or through family reunion. We also refer, in the section on 'job-skills' (mis)match, to further factors such as the refugees' (mental) health state and the degree of their social integration with the host population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lintner, Claudia & Susanne Elsen (2020): Empowering refugees and asylum seekers in the Italian agriculture sector by linking social cooperative entrepreneurship and social work practices. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 356-366. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12450

Abstract

"The present study investigated the potential of social cooperative activities and social work practices in the Italian agriculture sector in promoting sustainable integration forms for refugees and asylum seekers. The study adopted a qualitative approach using case study as the main research method. As the results show, the complexity and diversity of needs of refugees and asylum seekers make collaboration between formal and informal actors increasingly necessary for generating a common knowledge and support networks. The article argues that integrated approaches to refugees? socio-economic integration are needed to free them from the need for assistance and thereby help them regain their autonomy. The case study presented gives insight into the potential of small-step experiences towards sustainable development and, linked to this, the integration of refugees and asylum seekers based on self-organisation and cooperation, considering the well-being of all citizens in the broader context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ortlieb, Renate, Petra Eggenhofer-Rehart, Sandra Leitner, Roland Hosner & Michael Landesmann (2020): Do Austrian Programmes Facilitate Labour Market Integration of Refugees? In: International Migration online erschienen am 21.10.2020, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1111/imig.12784

Abstract

"This study examines two programmes aimed at integrating refugees into the Austrian labour market: a short‐term Skills Assessment and a longer‐term Integration Year that includes an internship and training. The theoretical framework draws on the concepts of social field and forms of capital proposed by Pierre Bourdieu. Using data from a large‐scale refugee survey in early 2019, we find that Austria’s short‐term Skills Assessment fails to increase refugees’ employment chances. The Integration Year positively helps employment, but this outcome is limited to refugee women. We conclude that integration programmes only help if they provide refugees with both cultural and social capital. Implications for research and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ortlieb, Renate & Silvana Weiss (2020): Job quality of refugees in Austria: Trade-offs between multiple workplace characteristics. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 418-442. DOI:10.1177/2397002220914224

Abstract

"Do employers tend to exploit refugees or do they offer them high-quality jobs? This article examines the job quality of refugees from Afghanistan and Syria working in Austria. It uses unique survey data of 316 refugees and cluster analysis to identify job quality profiles. Drawing on well-established job quality frameworks, it considers multiple dimensions of job quality, including pay, job security, overqualification in terms of level and content area, learning opportunities, at-home feeling and health aspects. The findings reveal four job quality profiles with considerable trade-offs or compromises between job quality dimensions. Furthermore, the job quality profiles are associated with the methods refugees use to find a job. The study enhances understanding of labour market integration of refugees and the associated role of human resource management." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tervola, Jussi (2020): Different selection processes, different outcomes? Comparing labor market integration of asylum refugees, resettled refugees and their reunited family members in Finland. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 8, H. 1. DOI:10.1186/s40878-020-00183-4

Abstract

"This study compares the longitudinal dynamics of labor market integration between asylum refugees, resettled refugees and their reunited family members. The labor market integration of the three refugee groups are compared by using unique longitudinal register data of total refugee population in Finland during 2003–2015. The results show that among males, family reunion migrants integrate faster than asylum refugees and resettled refugees. Contrary to the previous results from Nordic countries, among females, resettled refugees integrate the fastest and family reunion migrants demonstrate the slowest integration. The overall small differences between admission categories are for the large part explained by discrepancies in observed factors such as fertility patterns among females and arrival during recession among males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vogiazides, Louisa & Hernan Mondani (2020): A geographical path to integration? Exploring the interplay between regional context and labour market integration among refugees in Sweden. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 23-45. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1588717

Abstract

"Migrant integration is an issue at the forefront of political debates in many immigrant-receiving countries. Within academia, a rich body of neighbourhood effects literature examines the significance of the residential environment for the socioeconomic integration of international migrants. Another strand of research explores the associations between immigrants' initial region of residence and their subsequent socioeconomic integration. Existing research focuses on a single dimension of geographical context and on the neighbourhood scale. Using Swedish longitudinal register data, we estimate discrete-time event history models to assess how regional and neighbourhood contexts influence refugees' entry into employment. Our study includes all refugees who arrived in Sweden between 2000 and 2009, distinguishing between three categories of refugees: refugees with assigned housing, refugees with self-arranged housing and quota refugees. Our results reveal a clear pattern where the most advantageous regions for finding a first employment are those at the extremes of the population density distribution: the Stockholm region and small city/rural regions. Refugees residing in Malmö have the lowest probability of entering the labour market. Our study also reiterates existing concerns regarding the negative effects of ethnic segregation at the neighbourhood level on labour market participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersson, Lars Frederik, Rikard Eriksson & Sandro Scocco (2019): Refugee immigration and the growth of low-wage work in the EU15. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40878-019-0145-3

Abstract

"Our paper focuses on current trends in refugee migration and job polarization. In so doing, we assess the role of refugee migration in relation to institutional, technologically 1 and globalization factors in an effort to trace the factors underlying the growth of low-paying occupations in EU 15 between 1995 and 2017. Our empirical findings suggest that refugee migration has a small but positive and statistically significant impact on the growth of low-wage occupations in the EU 15 as a whole. However, the effect is attributed to Southern Europe and the UK and Irish economies. Despite hosting relatively large numbers of refugee migrants, the effects in the Nordic countries and Continental Europe are negligible, if present, and non-existent in the long run (5?years). When including all migrant workers, we find a limited impact on the growth of low-wage work in general, while the impact of immigrant workers from low-income third party countries becomes positive for the UK and Irish economy, but less for other European macro-regions. This suggests that institutional settings can play an important role in how the economy adjusts to migration. It also suggests that traditional fiscal cost calculations in relation to migration are often overestimated, as they implicitly build on the assumption that refugees and general immigration have great impacts on the growth of low-wage occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ansems de Vries, Leonie & Elspeth Guild (2019): Seeking refuge in Europe. Spaces of transit and the violence of migration management. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2156-2166. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468308

Abstract

"In the past few years, spaces of transit have become prominent sites for people seeking refuge in Europe. From railway stations and parks in European cities, to informal settlements around Calais, to the hotspots in Italy and Greece, the movements of people and the techniques that govern them are at the heart of what has been misnamed the 'European refugee crisis'. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, this article takes spaces of transit as a vantage point for interrogating the relationship between mobility, migration management and violence, focusing on the fracturing of journeys due to forced and obstructed mobility both outside and within the EU. We develop the notion of 'politics of exhaustion' to highlight the impact and protracted character of these forms of migration management - its accumulated effects over time and across spaces - yet without reducing people seeking refuge to passive victims. Struggles for mobility are closely related to the existence and continued adaptation of migration management practices. The notion of fracturing can thus be employed not only to make sense of the violent effects of migration management but also the ways in which conventional conceptions of state and citizenship are challenged by the emergence of alternative living spaces, communities and politics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bevelander, Pieter, Fernando Mata & Ravi Pendakur (2019): Housing policy and employment outcomes for refugees. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 134-154. DOI:10.1111/imig.12569

Abstract

"With the rise of refugee flows in both Europe and North America, resettlement policies and programmes aimed at enhancing the integration of refugees have come to the fore. The goal of this article is to look at the impact of asylum reception policies on longer term integration. Internationally such policies can range from placing asylum seekers in reception centres (the Netherlands) to dispersal policies aimed at locating asylum seekers in smaller centres (Denmark) to an open system such as Canada in which asylum seekers are pushed into the free market as soon as they are processed. Our study explores this issue through the analysis of a unique policy in Sweden allowing us to focus on the housing choice made by asylum seekers arriving at the border." (Text excerpt, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bešić, Almina, Klára Fóti, Veronika Vasileva, Petra van Nierop, Elbereth Puts, Norma Rose, Irina Ulcica, Dóra Vajai & Regina Konle-Seidl (2019): Role of public services in integrating refugees and asylum seekers. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Luxembourg, 58 S. DOI:10.2806/595692

Abstract

"This study explores the role of public services in the social integration of refugees and asylum seekers. It focuses not only on employment, but also on aspects such as housing, social inclusion, health and education services. It examines a range of integration measures adopted in five EU Member States (Austria, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden) in an attempt to identify the main challenges and the lessons learnt. The countries selected vary in terms of the scale of the inflow, tradition of receiving refugees, labour market conditions, social assistance systems and presence of other migrant groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chimienti, Milena, Alice Bloch, Laurence Ossipow & Catherine Wihtol de Wenden (2019): Second generation from refugee backgrounds in Europe. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s40878-019-0138-2

Abstract

"This introduction to the special issue provides a critical state-of-the-art of the literature on second-generation migrants which has hitherto subsumed the case of the children of refugees. It highlights the theoretical and methodological orientations taken by the literature and examines the main findings on the second generation's social, educational, economic, cultural and inter-generational lives, before turning to the few findings available on conditions and performances of children of refugees. The editorial concludes by suggesting gaps in our knowledge and areas for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Crul, Maurice, Frans Lelie, Özge Biner, Nihad Bunar, Elif Keskiner, Ifigenia Kokkali, Jens Schneider & Maha Shuayb (2019): How the different policies and school systems affect the inclusion of Syrian refugee children in Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lebanon and Turkey. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0110-6

Abstract

"Since the war in Syria started in 2011, many children left their war-torn country, alone or together with their families, and fled to neighboring countries in the Middle East, to Turkey or to Europe. This article will compare how Syrian refugee children are included - or not - in school systems both in Europe (Sweden, Germany and Greece) and outside Europe (Turkey and Lebanon). These five countries represent very different ways of receiving children in their educational system. We will compare national institutional arrangements like access to compulsory school, access after compulsory school age, welcome or immersion classes, second language education and tracking mechanisms. Including children as soon as possible in regular classes seems to provide the best chances for school success, whereas educating refugee children in a segregated parallel school system for extended periods often results in early school leaving or not attending school at all." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dagnelie, Olivier, Anna Maria Mayda & Jean-François Maystadt (2019): The labor market integration of refugees to the United States. Do entrepreneurs in the network help? In: European Economic Review, Jg. 111, H. January, S. 257-272. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.10.001

Abstract

"We investigate whether entrepreneurs in the network of refugees - from the same country of origin - help refugees enter the labor market by hiring them. We analyze the universe of refugee cases without U.S. ties who were resettled in the United States between 2005 and 2010. We address threats to identification due to refugees sorting into specific labor markets and to strategic placement by resettlement agencies. We find that the probability that refugees are employed 90 days after arrival is positively affected by the number of business owners in their network, but negatively affected by the number of those who are employees. This suggests that network members who are entrepreneurs hire refugees, while network members working as employees compete with them, which is consistent with refugees complementing the former and substituting for the latter." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Djuve, Anne Britt & Hanne Cecilie Kavli (2019): Refugee integration policy the Norwegian way. Why good ideas fail and bad ideas prevail. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 25-42. DOI:10.1177/1024258918807135

Abstract

"Die Integration von nicht-westlichen Flüchtlingen in die hochspezialisierten skandinavischen Arbeitsmärkte hat sich als schwierig erwiesen. Dieses besonders ideologiebesetzte Politikfeld ist ein interessanter Fall für die Untersuchung von politischem Lernen versus politische Ideen in ihrer jeweiligen Rolle als Triebkräfte für institutionellen Wandel oder Kontinuität. Am Fallbeispiel des norwegischen Einführungsprogramms für Flüchtlinge zeigen wir, dass die Anwendung der Kernmaßnahmen des Programms weitgehend unbeeinflusst bleibt von Evaluierungen, die aufzeigen, dass solche Maßnahmen tendenziell sehr bescheidene Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Flüchtlingen haben. Gleichzeitig haben schrittweise Änderungen der Disziplinierungselemente des Programms zu einem immer stärker kontrollierenden Aktivierungssystem geführt. Unsere Interpretation ist, dass ein wesentlicher Faktor für die Intensivierung der Disziplinierungselemente die Annahme war, dass den Teilnehmern die Motivation zur Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt fehle. Darüber hinaus stellen wir fest, dass diese Annahme ein Hindernis für das politische Lernen in Bezug auf die Programmqualität darstellt. Im Rahmen von Aktivierungsmaßnahmen scheinen politische Ideen gleichzeitig als pfadverstärkende kognitive Blockaden und als Triebkräfte für politischen Wandel zu wirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Düvell, Franck (2019): The 'Great Migration' of summer 2015. Analysing the assemblage of key drivers in Turkey. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2227-2240. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468385

Abstract

"By 2015, approximately 2.8 million refugees had arrived in Turkey: approximately 2.5 million from Syria and about 300,000 from other countries. By the end of the year, an estimated 850,000 had moved on to Greece and from there on to other E.U. countries. This onward flow represents a sudden change from 2014 when only 51,000 people exited Turkey for the E.U. This article investigates events in Turkey in 2015 in order to explain these processes. The theoretical framework analyses the interplay of what I describe as secondary root causes for flight. It examines conditions in Turkey as first country of arrival and considers the migration infrastructure as well as political opportunities and constraints. This paper is based on findings from two research projects conducted in 2014 and 2015 which included qualitative interviews with refugees and stakeholders, as well as field observations. It considers the main patterns emerging during this period of both inward and secondary migration, as well as changes over time from 2014 to 2016." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geisen, Thomas & Lea Widmer (2019): Arbeitsintegration als Herausforderung für Flüchtlinge in der Schweiz. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 122-128. DOI:10.3262/MIG1902122

Abstract

"Bislang ist der Prozess, in dem das betriebliche Passungsverhältnis hergestellt wird und sich Arbeitsintegration nachhaltig konkretisiert, insbesondere im Kontext von Migration noch kaum untersucht. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll im vorliegenden Beitrag ausgehend von einer wissenschaftlichen Bestimmung des Konzepts der Arbeitsintegration im Kontext von Migration aufgezeigt werden, wie die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Flüchtlingen in der Schweiz aussieht. Anschließend wird der Forschungsstand zur Arbeitsintegration von Flüchtlingen aufgezeigt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Jestl, Stefan, Michael Landesmann, Sebastian Leitner & Barbara Wanek-Zajic (2019): Employment Gaps Between Refugees, Migrants and Natives: Evidence from Austrian Register Based Labour Market Data. (WIIW working paper 167), Wien, 56 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses labour market integration in Austria of non-European refugees originating from middle and low income countries for the period 2009-2018. We assess their probability of being employed in comparison to non-humanitarian migrants, European third country immigrants and natives. We draw on a register based panel dataset covering the complete labour market careers of all individuals residing in Austria. We control for macro level explanatory variables (e.g. the labour market situation at the time and the place of settlement) and individual characteristics. The analysis shows that initial refugee employment gaps are large in the first years when labour market access is difficult. After a period of seven years the unconditional gap between refugees and natives declines to 30 percentage points, similar to the one of non-humanitarian migrants, but the gap is still further decreasing. After controlling for a set of additional explanatory variables, the conditional gap amounts to only 10 percentage points at the same time. Moreover, our analysis provides insights into differences between employment gaps across population subgroups of immigrant groups and natives by gender, age and education level. Disclaimer Research for this paper was financed by the Anniversary Fund of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Project No. 17166). Support provided by Oesterreichische Nationalbank for this research is gratefully acknowledged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koehler, Claudia & Jens Schneider (2019): Young refugees in education: The particular challenges of school systems in Europe. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40878-019-0129-3

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Kohlbacher, Josef & Maria Six-Hohenbalken (Hrsg.) (2019): Die lange Dauer der Flucht - Analysen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis. (ISR-Forschungsberichte 49), Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 347 S.

Abstract

Geflüchtete bestimmen in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung seit der "refugee crisis" von 2015/16 die integrationsbezogenen Debatten in den meisten Staaten der EU, denn die Flüchtlingszuwanderung aus dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten sowie aus Nordafrika hat Europa vor neue Herausforderungen gestellt. Die Beantwortung der Frage, wie die gesellschaftliche Teilhabe der Geflüchteten zu realisieren ist und auf welche Weise die Integration langfristig gelingt, besitzt hohe gesellschaftspolitische Relevanz. Im vorliegenden Band werden strukturelle und soziale Bereiche der Integration sowie auch individuelle Orientierungen und Teilhabeperspektiven von Geflüchteten dargestellt. Die Analysen wurden teils von Wissenschaftler/inne/n teils von Praktiker/inne/n der Integrationsarbeit verfasst und beziehen sich einerseits auf Diskurse von Flucht und Mobilität und andererseits auf das Ankommen und die Partizipation in Österreich. Es werden Ergebnisse von empirischen Forschungsprojekten zu so vielfältigen Themen wie der Wohnungs- und Arbeitsmarktintegration, zur Bildungsstruktur, zu Wertvorstellungen und sozialen Netzwerken sowie zum individuellen Wohlbefinden präsentiert. Des Weiteren werden Praxisfelder der Hilfe mit dem Fokus auf dem ehrenamtlichen Engagement für und von Geflüchtete(n) berücksichtigt. Zwei Interviews mit Expert/inn/en über die lange Dauer der Flucht und Herausforderungen im Feld der Inklusion runden den Inhalt dieses vielfältigen Bandes ab.

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Landesmann, Michael & Sandra M. Leitner (2019): Various Domains of Integration of Refugees and their Interrelationships: A Study of Recent Refugee Inflows in Austria. (WIIW working paper 168), Wien, 72 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the complexity of, and the interrelationships between, two important aspects of integration of refugees in Austria, namely labour market integration and social integration. While labour market integration is captured in terms of being employed as compared to being unemployed or inactive, social integration distinguishes between social networks and their ethnic composition and social capital. It identifies the key determinants of each of these domains of integration and investigates the direction as well as the size of interdependencies among them. The analysis uses a unique dataset built on the basis of a survey of about 1,600 refugees from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran who had come to Austria since 2010. The analysis establishes an important causal link between social integration and labour market integration (i.e. employment). Both social network effects with Austrians as well as with co-ethnics are important in this context but the former is more powerful than the latter. It shows that both education and length of stay are key determinants of successful labour market integration. Furthermore, tests regarding the relevance of language command for both social and labour market integration show the strong importance of speaking and understanding German, and much less so, of writing German. Disclaimer Research for this paper was financed by the Anniversary Fund of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Project No. 17166). Support provided by Oesterreichische Nationalbank for this research is gratefully acknowledged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruist, Joakim (2019): The fiscal lifetime cost of receiving refugees. (CReAM discussion paper 2019,02), London, 18 S.

Abstract

"This study estimates the fiscal consequences of receiving refugees, over the refugees' lifetime. It uses data from Sweden in 2015, and the calculations account for refugees' age, years since immigration, and country of origin. The estimated average annual fiscal net contribution over the lifetime of the average refugee (58 years) ranges from - 12 per cent of GDP per capita for refugees from the countries of origin for which labor market performance has historically been the strongest, to - 22 per cent for those for which it has been the weakest. The estimates imply that if the European Union received all refugees currently in Asia and Africa, the implied average annual fiscal cost over the same time span would be at most 0.6 per cent of GDP." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scharnhorst, Ursula & Marlise Kammermann (2019): Integrationsvorlehren - eine Flexibilisierung des Zugangs zur Berufsbildung für Geflüchtete in der Schweiz. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 48, H. 5, S. 16-20.

Abstract

"Die Flucht vieler Menschen aus Kriegs- und Krisengebieten im Jahr 2015 führte auch in der Schweiz zu einer starken Zunahme der Asylmigration. Der Bundesrat beschloss daher noch im Dezember 2015 ein Pilotprogramm, um die Potenziale von jugendlichen und erwachsenen Flüchtlingen besser zu nutzen und sie nachhaltiger in die Berufsbildung und den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren. Nach einer Vorbereitungsphase starteten die sogenannten Integrationsvorlehren im August 2018. Der Beitrag erläutert Zielsetzung und Rahmenbedingungen des Programms und gibt erste Einblicke in die Umsetzungsmodelle, wie sie in den Kantonen und für bestimmte Berufe entwickelt und umgesetzt wurden." (Autorenreferat)

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Schenner, Johanna K. & Anders Neergaard (2019): Asylum-seekers and refugees within Europe and labour market integration. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 13-24. DOI:10.1177/1024258919829995

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Themenausgabe von Transfer versucht, die unterschiedlichen Erfahrungen von Asylsuchenden, Menschen unter subsidiärem Schutz und Flüchtlingen, die in den Mitgliedsstaaten der EU und den Ländern des EWR Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt suchen, zu erforschen und nachzuvollziehen. Der erste Teil dieser Einleitung verschafft einen Überblick über diese drei Gruppen von Menschen und über ihren Status in den Arbeitsmärkten der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten und der EWR-Länder. Der zweite Teil liefert Einblicke, wie die entscheidenden Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktintegration von Asylsuchenden, Menschen mit subsidiärem Schutz und Flüchtlingen anhand der Diskursanalyse von Levitas interpretiert werden können. Im dritten Teil werden unterschiedliche Dimensionen des Zugangs zum Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Im Vordergrund stehen nicht nur der allgemeine Humankapital-Aspekt der Migration, sondern auch zahlreiche kontextuelle Faktoren: der unterschiedliche Zugang zu staatsbürgerlichen Rechten (civic stratification); der breitere gesellschaftliche Kontext einschließlich der öffentlichen Meinung und der Zivilgesellschaft; der Hintergrund und die Situation früher ins Land gekommener Migranten, insbesondere von Asylsuchenden und Flüchtlingen, im Hinblick auf nationale oder Bundesgesetze; die Herkunftsländer von Migranten und letztendlich demographische Entwicklungen in der EU. Der vierte und letzte Teil erläutert und begründet den Schwerpunkt dieser Themenausgabe von Transfer und weist auf die Relevanz der Thematik hin." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schenner, Johanna K., Paola Cavanna & Natalia Ollus (2019): Asylum-seekers and the 'hyper-precarity trap' in Austria, Finland and Italy. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 81-99. DOI:10.1177/1024258918816938

Abstract

"Ausgehend von semi-strukturierten Interviews und Sekundärforschung trägt dieser Artikel zu einem differenzierteren Verständnis der Frage bei, wie Asylbewerber in Österreich, Finnland und Italien in die Falle der 'Hyperprekarität' gelangen können und wie vulnerabel sie im Vergleich zu anderen Arbeitnehmergruppen sind. Der erste Abschnitt des Artikels erläutert die unterschiedlichen Geschehnisse in Österreich, Finnland und Italien in Bezug auf die Aufnahme von Asylbewerbern, bevor er die jüngste Arbeitsmarktdynamik jedes dieser Länder beschreibt. Es folgt eine theoretische Diskussion über die verschiedenen Elemente der 'Hyperprekaritätsfalle', wie sie von Asylbewerbern erlebt werden. Zu diesen Elementen gehören Diskussionen über Prekarität, Vulnerabilität und Rechtsetzung. Im dritten Abschnitt wird erläutert, wie die Interviews und die Sekundärforschung durchgeführt und analysiert wurden. Der vierte und letzte Abschnitt des Artikels stellt die Ergebnisse und ihre Bedeutung vor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Verwiebe, Roland, Bernhard Kittel, Fanny Dellinger, Christina Liebhart, David Schiestl, Raimund Haindorfer & Bernd Liedl (2019): Finding your way into employment against all odds? Successful job search of refugees in Austria. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1401-1418. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1552826

Abstract

"Labour market entry poses enormous challenges for recently arrived refugees, ranging from language barriers, devaluation of human capital, unfamiliarity with customs of the job search process to outright discrimination. How can refugees overcome these challenges and quickly enter gainful employment? In this paper, we draw on interviews with 26 male and female refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran, conducted in 2017 and 2018, who came to Austria in 2015 and 2014 and who have successfully entered employment. We depict refugees' own perspectives on and strategies for fast job entry and integration. Personal agency and a proactive approach of seeking and seizing opportunities are key for overcoming initial barriers and entering upon positive integration pathways. At the same time, refugees' personal agency is essential for establishing social ties to the host society, which also play a crucial role in early labour market integration. Finally, institutions of the Austrian labour market (the 'apprenticeship'-system) interact with refugees' agency in most intricate ways, both setting up nearly insurmountable barriers but also providing specific opportunities for refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Voncina, Brigita & Nina Marin (2019): What issues do refugees face in integrating into labour markets? Evidence from Slovenia. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 101-112. DOI:10.1177/1024258918807388

Abstract

"In 2015, the European Union (EU) experienced an unparalleled inflow of refugees. Top destination countries included Sweden and Germany, while countries such as Slovenia were considered to be rather 'transit countries. The number of people granted refugee status in Slovenia increased significantly between January 2015 and July 2018 to 445 persons, while in the 20 years prior to 2015 only 348 people had been granted this status. The annual number of people granted international protection by the Geneva Convention in Slovenia rose to 123 between 2015 and 2017, compared with an annual average of only 18 people granted this same status over the previous 20 years. In principle, the 2016 Slovenian International Protection Act stipulates that refugees are entitled to the same rights as citizens in terms of education, employment and social security. In practice, however, considerable challenges exist.
In Section 1 we analyse the events that have shaped Slovenian law on refugees. In Section 2 we contrast the differences between the characteristics of refugees who came to Slovenia in the 1990s and those of recent refugees. In Section 3 we compare the labour market integration of citizens and of refugees, while in Section 4 we outline the programmes and initiatives recently launched to help refugees to access the labour market. The final Section 5 offers recommendations on how to tackle the different issues refugees experience in striving to become an active labour force in Slovenia." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report looks at ways to improve the resilience of systems to deal with the unexpected arrival of large inflows of refugees and other vulnerable migrants. It begins with an overview of the recent flows of migrants seeking protection, discusses the expected economic impact of these flows, and notes what has been an unprecedented multilateral response. It then examines the process of integrating refugees and other vulnerable migrants, in terms of their economic and social outcomes, as well as specific factors of vulnerability. It also provides a comprehensive assessment of the transition policies in place to support their livelihood in destination and transit countries, as well as in origin countries upon return. Finally, the report tackles issues of anticipation, monitoring and reacting, examining the role of early warning mechanisms and the challenge of improving information so as to better monitor integration outcomes and frame policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2019): How do OECD countries compare in their attractiveness for talented migrants? (Migration policy debates 19), Paris, 8 S.

Abstract

"Talented and skilled individuals have a key role to play in countries' future prosperity. They hold jobs that are key for innovation and technological progress and ultimately contribute to stronger economic growth with other employment opportunities and better living conditions for all. OECD countries increasingly compete to attract and retain talented workers notably by adopting more favourable migration policies for the best and the brightest. This competition has led to a convergence of policy frameworks but significant differences in policies and practices remain. Beyond conditions for migration, many other factors contribute to shape countries' attractiveness for foreign talent.
This issue of Migration Policy Debates presents the results of the first edition of the OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness, developed by the OECD with support from the Bertelsmann Stiftung. The OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness (ITA) measure for the first time the relative attractiveness of countries from a multidimensional perspective focusing on three types of talented migrants: highly skilled workers at master/PhD level, international students in tertiary education and foreign entrepreneurs. This aims at better understanding and comparing strengths and weaknesses of different OECD countries and can help elaborating public policies that are more effective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akgündüz, Yusuf Emre & Huzeyfe Torun (2018): Two and a half million Syrian refugees, skill mix and capital intensity. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 186), Maastricht, 27 S.

Abstract

"We investigate how the rapid increase in the low-skilled labor supply induced by the inflow of 2.5 million Syrian refugees changed the tasks performed by native workers and the amount of capital used by firms in Turkey. Despite the unexpected nature of the refugee inflow, location choice of the refugees may be endogenous to the labor market opportunities of hosting regions. To handle this endogeneity issue, we use an instrument for the refugee intensity based on the distance of Turkish regions to the Syrian ones. The results based on Labor Force Survey suggest that the inflow of refugees increased natives' task complexity, reducing the intensity of manual tasks, and raising the intensity of abstract, routine and ICT tasks. This effect is particularly strong for natives with medium level of education. Exploiting the administrative firm data that contains the entirety of firms in the country, we find that the firms reduced their fixed assets. The fixed asset reduction is largest in machinery and equipment, which can be interpreted as a decline in the capital intensity of production. We conclude that tasks provided by Syrian refugees are substitutes for natives' manual tasks and firms' capital, and complementary to natives' more complex tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))