Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten – Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt
Auf der Flucht vor Krieg und politischer Verfolgung verlassen viele Menschen ihr Heimatland und suchen Schutz und neue Perspektiven in Deutschland und beantragen Asyl. Die Beteiligung am Arbeitsmarkt wird häufig als Schlüssel für die gesellschaftliche Integration der Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten gesehen.
Welche Qualifikationen bringen die Menschen mit, welche arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind hilfreich? Wie gehen die einzelnen Bundesländer damit um, welche Auswirkungen auf die deutsche Wirtschaft und die Sozialsysteme sind zu erwarten, wie sieht die Situation in anderen Ländern aus?
Dieses Themendossier stellt wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zum Thema zusammen und ermöglicht den Zugang zu weiterführenden Informationen sowie zu Positionen der politischen Akteure.
Literatur zur besonderen Situation der Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine finden Sie im
Themendossier Auswirkungen des Krieges gegen die Ukraine auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Fluchtmigration in Deutschland
- Literatur und Forschung aus dem IAB
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Zur Situation in Deutschland
- Positionen und Stellungnahmen
- zur Rechtslage
- Bildungstand und -förderung / Anerkennung von Qualifikation
- betriebliche Berufsausbildung/Berufsorientierung
- Studium
- Arbeitsmarktintegration, Maßnahmen und Programme
- Betriebe und Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit
- Geflüchtete im SGB II
- Löhne
- Arbeitsmarkteffekte der Flüchtlingszuwanderung
- Regionale Aspekte, Wohnsitzauflage
- Rückwanderung
- Daten und Statistik
- Quellen mit Unterscheidung nach Herkunftsregion
- Quellen mit Geschlechtsbezug
- Quellen mit Altersbezug
- Quellen mit regionalem Bezug
- Zur Situation in anderen Ländern
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsintegration von Geflüchteten mit Schutzstatus in der Schweiz: eine Bilanz (2025)
Davolio, Miryam Eser; Fenicia, Tatjana; Vashikte, Inna; Müller-Suleymanova, Dilyara;Zitatform
Davolio, Miryam Eser, Tatjana Fenicia, Dilyara Müller-Suleymanova & Inna Vashikte (2025): Arbeitsintegration von Geflüchteten mit Schutzstatus in der Schweiz. Eine Bilanz. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 75-83.
Abstract
"Die vom Autorinnenteam durchgeführte Monitoringstudie folgte einem Mixed-Methods-Ansatz mit einer Online-Befragung (N=389) im Frühjahr 2023 und vertiefenden qualitativen Interviews mit 34 Personen mit Schutzstatus im erwerbsfähigen Alter. Diese wurden über Online-Foren, Flyer und betreuende Organisationen in ukrainischer und russischer Sprache erreicht, wobei einige Teilnehmende auch ausserhalb des Kantons Zürich wohnten. (...) Auf Grundlage der Befragungsergebnisse wird in diesem Artikel der Zusammenhang der beruflichen Integration der Schutzsuchenden mit den oben genannten Herausforderungen wie Spracherwerb, der Bereitschaft, eine Position mit niedrigeren Qualifikationsanforderungen anzunehmen, der Organisation der Kinderbetreuung, mit der Bleibeabsicht und dem Bleiberecht, der sozialen Vernetzung und den gesundheitlichen Voraussetzungen analysiert." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Transnational Perspectives on Migration and Integration – TRANSMIT Surveys of Syrian Nationals and Their Neighbors in Lebanon and Turkey (2019–2023) (2025)
Gundacker, Lidwina ; Brücker, Herbert ; Rischke, Ramona ; Hertner, Laura ; Kühnert, Nora ; Ruhnke, Simon ; Trocka, Caroline ; Talebi, Nader ;Zitatform
Gundacker, Lidwina, Laura Hertner, Nora Kühnert, Ramona Rischke, Simon Ruhnke, Nader Talebi, Caroline Trocka & Herbert Brücker (2025): Transnational Perspectives on Migration and Integration – TRANSMIT Surveys of Syrian Nationals and Their Neighbors in Lebanon and Turkey (2019–2023). In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2024-0091
Abstract
"Migration scholars commonly study international migration and socio-economic integration separately, typically focusing on a single receiving country in the Global North. The TRANSMIT project adopts a transnational perspective, studying key migration routes to Europe via large-scale surveys among Syrians and their host communities in two major countries of mixed-migration contexts, namely Lebanon and Turkey. Both countries, in addition to their own history of emigration, host large refugee populations. The surveys cover both migration biographies and aspects of the socioeconomic participation of Syrian nationals. Surveying the host populations in equal terms allows researchers to examine local contexts and group differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter Brill) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employability among refugees and how it is affected by public integration programmes (2025)
Zitatform
Jakobsen, Vibeke & Frederik Thuesen (2025): Employability among refugees and how it is affected by public integration programmes. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 51, H. 19, S. 5031-5057. DOI:10.1080/1369183x.2025.2479128
Abstract
"To secure employment in a new country, refugees often go through a series of steps to enhance their employability. While many governments seek to maximise refugee employment rates, we lack concepts for measuring progress in refugee employability and knowledge about which types of intervention enhance employability. We draw on research on employability and have developed a survey-based concept to measure different dimensions of refugee employability. We analyse how these dimensions predict employment outcomes among newly arrived refugees in Denmark, primarily from Syria. We also investigate the extent to which Danish public integration programmes affect these refugees’ progress in employability. The analyses exploit six waves of survey data collected from 2017 through 2019 that measure the refugees’ employability on a quarterly basis. Several dimensions in our concept of employability correlate positively with subsequent employment – primarily the refugees’ ‘conscientiousness and participation’, ‘health and coping’, and ‘job focus’. The analyses also show that participation in job-oriented programmes enhances refugees’ progress in employability – in particular the dimensions ‘conscientiousness and participation ’ and ‘health and coping’." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do Austrian Programmes Facilitate Labour Market Integration of Refugees? (2025)
Ortlieb, Renate ; Eggenhofer-Rehart, Petra ; Landesmann, Michael ; Leitner, Sandra; Hosner, Roland ;Zitatform
Ortlieb, Renate, Petra Eggenhofer-Rehart, Sandra Leitner, Roland Hosner & Michael Landesmann (2025): Do Austrian Programmes Facilitate Labour Market Integration of Refugees? In: International Migration, Jg. 63, H. 1. DOI:10.1111/imig.12784
Abstract
"This study examines two programmes aimed at integrating refugees into the Austrian labour market: a short‐term Skills Assessment and a longer‐term Integration Year that includes an internship and training. The theoretical framework draws on the concepts of social field and forms of capital proposed by Pierre Bourdieu. Using data from a large‐scale refugee survey in early 2019, we find that Austria’s short‐term Skills Assessment fails to increase refugees’ employment chances. The Integration Year positively helps employment, but this outcome is limited to refugee women. We conclude that integration programmes only help if they provide refugees with both cultural and social capital. Implications for research and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do institutions matter for refugee integration? a comparison of case worker integration strategies in Switzerland and Canada (2025)
Zitatform
Otmani, Ihssane & Giuliano Bonoli (2025): Do institutions matter for refugee integration? a comparison of case worker integration strategies in Switzerland and Canada. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 13. DOI:10.1186/s40878-025-00470-y
Abstract
"In this paper we explore the extent to which differences in institutional settings, with a focus on the human capital formation regime, shape the integration trajectories proposed to recently- arrived refugees. To do so, we compare two countries, Switzerland and Canada, which are committed to implementing integration policy for refugees and belong to two different human capital formation regimes. We investigate whether ending up in a country with a collective skill formation system (Switzerland) limits refugee integration paths by “managing” their aspirations and directing them towards predefined options compared to a country with a more liberal human capital formation regime (Canada) where refugees may have more room of manoeuvre to fulfil their aspirations. In order to test this hypothesis, we used qualitative vignettes and compared integration paths proposed by case workers to refugees in a Swiss Canton (Vaud) and in a Canadian Province (Québec). We found that overall, the integration paths proposed are very similar, regardless of the institutional context. We reason that this largely unexpected result is due to the similarities in the overall orientation of integration policy; the similarity of the policy problem and labour market shortage in the low skill segment experienced in both countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welfare Benefit Generosity and Refugee Integration (2024)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen (2024): Welfare Benefit Generosity and Refugee Integration. In: International migration review, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 706-733. DOI:10.1177/01979183231160713
Abstract
"This study examines how welfare benefit generosity impacts refugees' integration into their new country. The effects of welfare benefit generosity are identified from a policy reform that reduced welfare benefits, first for newly arrived refugees, and second for those who had been in the country for at least 10 months. The results suggest that refugees respond quickly to the benefit reduction, but men and women react on different margins. Male refugees enter employment faster when they experience a benefit reduction, whereas no effect on the labor market is found for female refugees. Even though some men succeed in finding a job, both men and women experience a drop in disposable income of 20 percent. This seems to adversely affect women as they seek more health care, are more often hospitalized, and are more often charged with property crimes. No such unintended effects are found for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
“You have to work…but you can't!”: Contradictions of the Active Labor Market Policies for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK (2024)
Zitatform
Calo, Francesca, Tom Montgomery & Simone Baglioni (2024): “You have to work…but you can't!”: Contradictions of the Active Labor Market Policies for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 638-656. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000502
Abstract
"The discourse of deservingness has been mobilized against certain groups in the UK society navigating UK labor markets, among them refugees and asylum seekers. These discourses, leading to the stigmatisation of the unemployed are coupled with an emphasis on the importance of individuals taking responsibility to develop their ‘employability’. Little attention has been paid to scrutinise the contrast between the deservingness rhetoric and policy making with the actual conditions newcomers, and in particular refugees and asylum seekers, are confronted with when seeking employment. Our paper fills such a gap by indicating key contradictions at the heart of labor market integration in the UK. On the one hand, the emphasis on deservingness is coupled with policy discourses that construct an environment shaped by welfare and labor market chauvinism. On the other hand, the policy architecture is fundamentally flawed in a number of ways in terms of the support mechanisms necessary to ensure that newcomers can successfully integrate into the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor market integration of refugees: RCT evidence from an early intervention program in Sweden (2024)
Zitatform
Dahlberg, Matz, Johan Egebark, Ulrika Vikman & Gülay Özcan (2024): Labor market integration of refugees: RCT evidence from an early intervention program in Sweden. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 217, S. 614-630. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.11.026
Abstract
"This study uses a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a new program for increased labor market integration of refugees. The new program starts shortly after the residence permit is granted and uses three main components: early and intensive language training, work practice with supervisors, and job search assistance performed by professional caseworkers. The immediate and intensive assistance contrasts previous integration policies which typically constitute low-intensive help over long periods of time. We find large positive effects on employment of the program, with magnitudes corresponding to around 15 percentage points. A mediation analysis shows that 7–8 percent of the impact of the program seems to be explained by increases in documented language skills. Cost estimates suggest that the new policy is less expensive than earlier labor market programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents (2024)
Zitatform
Dustmann, Christian, Rasmus Landersø & Lars Højsgaard Andersen (2024): Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 161-185. DOI:10.1257/app.20230519
Abstract
"This paper studies the effects of a large welfare benefit reduction on the children in the affected families. The welfare cut targeted adult refugees who received residency in Denmark, and it reduced their disposable income by 30 percent on average over the first five years. We show that children exposed to the welfare cut during preschool and school-age obtained lower GPAs, experienced reduced well-being and overall education levels, and suffered lower employment and earnings as adults. Children in their teens at exposure faced large increases in conviction probabilities for violent and property crimes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-skilled jobs, language proficiency, and job opportunities for refugees: an experimental study (2024)
Zitatform
Ek, Simon, Mats Hammarstedt & Per Skedinger (2024): Low-skilled jobs, language proficiency, and job opportunities for refugees: an experimental study. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 126, H. 2, S. 355-386. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12549
Abstract
"In a field experiment, we study the causal effects of previous experience and language skills when newly arrived Syrian refugees in Sweden apply for low ‐skilled jobs. We find no evidence of sizable effects from previous experience or completed language classes on the probability of receiving a callback from employers. However, female applicants were more likely than males to receive a positive response. As a complement to the experiment, we interview a select number of employers, which provides additional insights into how they judge candidates for low‐skilled jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Comparing the Effects of Policies for the Labor Market Integration of Refugees (2024)
Zitatform
Foged, Mette, Linea Hasager & Giovanni Peri (2024): Comparing the Effects of Policies for the Labor Market Integration of Refugees. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 42, H. S1, S. S335-S377. DOI:10.1086/728806
Abstract
"This paper reviews, reanalyzes, and extends to the long run the estimated effects of integration polices on the employment probability and earnings of refugees in Denmark. We first describe the dynamics of labor market outcomes of refugees in Denmark. We then find that increased language training and initial placement in strong labor markets improved refugees' long-run labor market outcomes, while cutting initial welfare payments and placing refugees near other refugees did not improve them. Policies focused on matching refugees with occupations experiencing shortages have positive short-run effects, but we cannot yet assess their long-run effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unequal access to protection? Selection patterns over arrival cohorts of Syrians seeking refuge in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Gundacker, Lidwina, Sekou Keita & Simon A. Ruhnke (2024): Unequal access to protection? Selection patterns over arrival cohorts of Syrians seeking refuge in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany. In: Frontiers in Human Dynamics, Jg. 5, S. 1-18., 2023-12-19. DOI:10.3389/fhumd.2023.1171885
Abstract
"An ample scholarly literature on voluntary migration has shown that migration is a highly selective process, resulting in migrant populations that often differ significantly from their respective population of origin in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics. The literature attributes these differences to either migrants' active choice and agency in the migration decision (i.e., self-selection), or to selectively applied external constraints. Although the socio-demographic make-up of forced migrant populations has received significant attention in public discourses in receiving countries such as Germany and Turkey, the literature on migrant selection largely focuses on voluntary migration and self-selection mechanisms. As a result, the selection mechanisms of forcibly displaced persons are less well-understood. Particularly in the context of forced migration, the conditions for migration fluctuate heavily within a relatively short time span, e.g., regarding immigration policies and border controls. In this study we contribute to that literature by exploring the changing conditions under which Syrians sought international humanitarian protection between 2013 and 2017 and linking them to the selection outcomes in three major receiving countries: Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany. Based on novel household survey data, we compare age, gender, socio-economic background, and family context of the Syrian populations in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany by arrival cohort (2013–2017). In a narrative approach, we combinethe cohort analysis of Syrians in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany with contextual analyses of the (changing) frameworks governing refugee migration in transit and destination countries and descriptive analyses of changing risk levels along migration routes into Europe. Our analyses reveal that higher external barriers coincide with a stronger selection in migrants' socio-demographic make-up. In particular, riskier routes and higher entry barriers are associated with a lower share of female migrants, a lower share traveling with family members, and a higher socio-economic background. In this study, we describe differences in forced migrants' selection outcomes in countries of first refuge neighboring the origin country, relative to a reception country in the global north. By establishing legal and political frameworks as well as the accessibility of routes as external barriers to forced migration we expand on the existing theoretical approaches to selection effects and identify a need for policy intervention to ensure equitable access to humanitarian protection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Six years after the EU-Turkey Agreement: A quantitative assessment of the living conditions of Syrians in Turkey (2024)
Zitatform
Gundacker, Lidwina, Laura Hertner & Simon Ruhnke (2024): Six years after the EU-Turkey Agreement: A quantitative assessment of the living conditions of Syrians in Turkey. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 18/2024), Nürnberg, 57 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2418
Abstract
"2,9 Millionen Personen in Deutschland hatten im Jahr 2022 laut dem Statistischen Bundesamt einen türkischen Migrationshintergrund. Somit stellt die Türkei seit Jahrzehnten eins der wichtigsten Herkunftsländer von Migrant*innen in Deutschland dar. Im letzten Jahrzehnt hat sich die Türkei allerdings selbst zu einem wichtigen Transit- und Zielland für Zugewanderte entwickelt. Seit 2011, dem Beginn des Krieges in Syrien, haben mehr als 3,5 Millionen Syrerinnen und Syrer Zuflucht in der Türkei gesucht. Die zunächst offen gestaltete türkische Einwanderungspolitik wich ab 2014 zunehmend Maßnahmen, die Zuwanderung aus Syrien zu begrenzen. Vorangetrieben von Deutschland beschlossen die Europäische Union (EU) und die türkische Regierung im Jahr 2016 ein Rückübernahmeabkommen. Das EU-Türkei-Abkommen verfolgte das Ziel, irreguläre Migration in die EU zu begrenzen und im Gegenzug die humanitären Bedingungen für Geflüchtete in der Türkei durch Hilfsgelder in Milliardenhöhe zu verbessern. In diesem Forschungsbericht untersuchen wir die Lebensumstände, das Wohlergehen und die Teilhabe syrischer Geflüchteter in der Türkei im Vergleich zur türkischen Aufnahmegesellschaft im Jahr 2022, sechs Jahre nach dem EU-Türkei-Deal. Wir greifen dabei auf die umfassende längsschnittlich angelegte Dateninfrastruktur zurück, die im Rahmen des TRANSMIT-Projekts in Kooperation von IAB und dem Berliner Institut für empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung (BIM, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin) geschaffen wurde. Die strukturierte Befragung von syrischen und türkischen Personen zu gleichen Teilen (je 1250 Befragte) ermöglicht es, die Lebensumstände von Syrerinnen und Syrern in der Türkei mit denen der türkischen Mehrheitsgesellschaft ins Verhältnis zu setzen. Die Auswertungen weisen darauf hin, dass die Lebensbedingungen, das Wohlergehen und die Teilhabe von syrischen Geflüchteten in der Türkei sich trotz des EU-Türkei-Deals prekär gestalten. So berichtet im Jahr 2022 ein Drittel der syrischen Befragten, dass ihr Einkommen nicht für Essen ausreicht. Ein weiteres Drittel kann sich mit ihrem Einkommen nicht alle nötigen Produkte der Grundversorgung leisten. Unter den syrischen Beschäftigten sind trotz einer durchschnittlichen Aufenthaltsdauer von 8 Jahren über zwei Drittel als Tagelöhner beschäftigt. Die Mehrzahl der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse sind irregulär und stellen manuelle, häufig körperlich anspruchsvolle Tätigkeiten wie im Baugewerbe oder der Landwirtschaft dar. Ähnlich wie bei Geflüchteten in Deutschland zeigt sich ein starker Gender Gap auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, allerdings befindet sich die syrische Beschäftigung in der Türkei insgesamt auf einem höheren Niveau. 39 Prozent der syrischen Frauen und 79 Prozent der syrischen Männer gehen einer bezahlten Erwerbstätigkeit nach. Frauen leisten gleichzeitig den Großteil der Haushalts- und Sorgearbeit. Die Bildungsbeteiligung bleibt mit insgesamt 7 Prozent aller erwachsenen Befragten, die zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung eine Schule besucht oder abgeschlossen haben, gering. Auch hier haben Männer eine höhere Teilhabewahrscheinlichkeit als Frauen. Wir führen die vergleichsweise hohe Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung und die geringe Bildungsbeteiligung darauf zurück, dass für Syrer*innen in der Türkei neben den EU-finanzierten Notfallprogrammen kein systematischer Zugang zu sozialer Sicherung und Kinderbetreuungsangeboten besteht. Dieser wirtschaftliche Druck spiegelt sich auch in den nur moderat steigenden Anteilen von Syrer*innen mit guten Türkischkenntnissen wider: liegt er bei 5 oder weniger Jahren Aufenthaltsdauer bei 47 Prozent, steigt er nach 10 oder mehr Jahren Aufenthaltsdauer auf 63 Prozent. Anders verhält es sich mit dem Bildungszugang für syrische Kinder und Jugendliche: 85 Prozent der syrischen 6 bis 15-Jährigen besuchen eine Schule. Dieser Erfolg kann unter anderem auch auf gezielte EU- Fördermaßnahmen zurückgeführt werden. Wir untersuchen auch die Absichten und die konkreten Möglichkeiten von syrischen Geflüchteten, die Türkei zu verlassen. Ein Viertel der in 2022 befragten Syrer*innen wünscht sich, die Türkei zu verlassen. Deutschland stellt das am häufigsten genannte Wunschzielland dar. Nur ein kleiner Anteil (7 Prozent) der Personen mit Migrationsabsichten hat aber tatsächlich konkrete Pläne, die Weiterwanderung in den nächsten 12 Monaten umzusetzen. Begründet wird dies meist mit Kindern in Bildung, mit fehlenden finanziellen Ressourcen und damit, bei der Familie bleiben zu wollen. Bei Personen mit sozialen Kontakten im Ausland ist der Anteil mit konkreten Weiterwanderungsplänen noch geringer. Dies unterstreicht den hypothetischen Charakter der Migrationsabsichten, die wir in den TRANSMIT-Befragungen messen konnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Rewarding mobility? Towards a realistic European policy agenda for academics at risk (2024)
Gusejnova, Dina ; Dragolea, Alina ; Bakos, Rebeka; Photiadou, Artemis ; Pető, Andrea ; Terteleac, Andrei-Vlăduț;Zitatform
Gusejnova, Dina, Alina Dragolea, Andrea Pető, Andrei-Vlăduț Terteleac, Artemis Photiadou & Rebeka Bakos (2024): Rewarding mobility? Towards a realistic European policy agenda for academics at risk. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 12. DOI:10.1186/s40878-024-00362-7
Abstract
"This article maps from a critical and comparative perspective how scholars at risk are currently being integrated into the European research infrastructure, as well as in various EU and non-EU Member States. The focus is on three countries ranging from older to newer EU members to one non-EU member state—Hungary, Romania and the United Kingdom—as well as on EU-level organizations. We draw on twelve in-depth interviews conducted with key stakeholders involved in the process of academic migration (non-governmental organisations, EU and national level actors) to identify key issues concerning academics at risk. Finally, we call for a robust EU-level response to an issue that is currently inadequately addressed by national governments, professional associations and NGOs. As we argue, the focus on mobility as a factor supporting research excellence in the regular European research infrastructure can have negative unintended outcomes for scholars at risk. For many of them, rewarding mobility can entail the threat of losing their legal status in temporary places of migration. What is needed is a nuanced approach for scholars at risk in a diverse range of situations, which should involve closer cooperation between international academic bodies and EU policy makers, and complement support for those who need to escape to third countries with the offer of remote work in the country where they are able to obtain a secure residence permit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Children or productive adults? Infantilisation and exploitation of refugees in Germany and Austria (2024)
Zitatform
Harbisch, Amelie (2024): Children or productive adults? Infantilisation and exploitation of refugees in Germany and Austria. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 50, H. 6, S. 1590-1608. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2166908
Abstract
"The persisting poor labor market integration of refugees and asylum seekers is puzzling, especially given host states' declared desirability of refugees and asylum seekers being employed. Existing research on the determinants of refugees' lack of labor market integration has analyzed possible factors such as refugee health and education as well as host countries' policies and discrimination. Based on original ethnographic data generated in Berlin and Vienna in 2019, I argue that the poor labor market integration can be better understood when we consider colliding perceptions, called scripts, of refugees and asylum seekers: At the same time that they are constructed as potentially useful labor, they are also constructed as helpless children who can never quite be ready for the labor market. I present each script's ascriptions and prescriptions towards refugees and asylum seekers, show how these are enacted by the people subjected to them and analyse how disruptions occur when there are simultaneous, contradictory demands. Policy implications are that the host society's perceptions do matter and that integration measures must be reviewed with regard to their potentially infantilising tendencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Changes in Migration in Poland in the Context of Migration Flows of Ukrainians (2024)
Knapinska, Magdalena;Zitatform
Knapinska, Magdalena (2024): Changes in Migration in Poland in the Context of Migration Flows of Ukrainians. (Proceedings of Economics and Finance Conferences 14516367), Prag, 80 S.
Abstract
"The goal of this study is to analyze the flows of immigrants and emigrants in Poland. The paper starts with a literature review of economic theories of migration and demographic trends. In the last years, Poland experienced a large change migratory pattern and geographic labour mobility. While Poland was initially a source country in international migration, it is becoming increasingly a target country for migration flows. This development was accelerated by the war in Ukraine. Based on the geographical proximity and a long tradition of intense of short-term migration from Ukraine to Poland, nearly a half million of refugees from Ukraine moved to Poland. Moreover, the scope of migration changed from the short-term to the long-term migration. Although, this development caused some short-term structural problems in various fields including education and social system, the Polish economy was able to absorb the war refugee flows better than expected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment outcomes of refugee women and men: multiple gender gaps and the importance of high-skill jobs (2024)
Zitatform
Ortlieb, Renate, Paul Baumgartner, Meike Palinkas, Petra Eggenhofer-Rehart & Elena Ressi (2024): Employment outcomes of refugee women and men: multiple gender gaps and the importance of high-skill jobs. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 50, H. 20, S. 4987-5008. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2024.2379945
Abstract
"Refugee women face significant challenges when seeking employment in Western host countries. To advance gender-sensitive perspectives within migration and refugee research, this study examines differences in employment outcomes between refugee women and men. Specifically, this study provides a nuanced picture of six indicators of employment outcomes, including pay, fixed-term versus permanent employment contract, overqualification, career prospects, an at-home feeling in the workplace and the ability to talk to colleagues about personal problems. The study also shows that individuals’ occupational status plays a role in gender disparities. Our findings, based on a recent survey of refugees working in Austria, reveal several gender gaps, with an especially significant gap regarding fixed-term employment contracts. Refugee women, who are more likely to be disadvantaged in employment outcomes, benefit disproportionately from working in high-skill jobs. The findings underscore the complex nature of gendered patterns in labour market integration of refugees and imply specific policies addressing gender inequality in this setting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workplace Factors Associated with Employment of Refugees – Evidence from a Survey Among Danish Employers (2024)
Zitatform
Ravn, Rasmus Lind (2024): Workplace Factors Associated with Employment of Refugees – Evidence from a Survey Among Danish Employers. In: Social Policy and Society, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 703-719. DOI:10.1017/S1474746422000483
Abstract
"Labor market participation by refugees in their new host country is crucial both to the integration process and in terms of reducing public spending on income replacement benefits for refugees. In this article, we explore workplace factors associated with employment of refugees. For this purpose, we use a survey of Danish employers, in light of the fact that with some notable exceptions, the employer role has been somewhat neglected in existing research on labor market integration of refugees. We find that many different workplace factors are associated with employment of refugees. In addition to objective workplace characteristics, existing social responsibility practice, contacts by public employment services and the attitudes and preconceptions of employers towards refugees are of importance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unpacking “the system”: Multi-level governance gaps in the labour market integration of highly skilled refugees (2024)
Zitatform
Riemsdijk, Micheline Van (2024): Unpacking “the system”: Multi-level governance gaps in the labour market integration of highly skilled refugees. In: International Migration, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 38-52. DOI:10.1111/imig.13246
Abstract
"A plethora of government- and non-government actors are involved in the labor market integration of highly skilled refugees, forming a complex “system” that is difficult to navigate for integration actors and refugees. Based on interviews with 32 labor market integration actors in Sweden, this article examines multi-level governance gaps in the wake of the simultaneous centralization and decentralization of labor market preparation services. It examines various “steps” in the labor market integration process to gain a more holistic perspective of “the system”, and identifies governance gaps in each step. The article finds that the devolution of services has opened up participatory spaces for non-government actors, but narrowly defined mandates and short-term funding mechanisms hamper cooperation within and between territorial levels of policy implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Role of Gender in Asylum Migration to Europe: Analyzing Country-Level Factors of Gendered Selection of Asylum Seekers to Europe (2024)
Zitatform
Schiele, Maximilian (2024): The Role of Gender in Asylum Migration to Europe: Analyzing Country-Level Factors of Gendered Selection of Asylum Seekers to Europe. In: Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1080/15562948.2023.2298515
Abstract
"While 50% of displaced individuals worldwide are female, women comprised only 31% of the people seeking asylum in Europe between 2008 and 2018. This study utilizes data from Eurostat on 5.6 million asylum-seekers between 2008 and 2018 to identify the country-level factors that drive this gendered selection. The effects are calculated using both a random effects panel model and a fixed effects panel model with clustered standard errors. The results suggest that country-level differences in the degree of gendered selection are largely driven by socio-demographic factors related to women’s social position within their country of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Self-selection of Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons in Europe (2024)
Zitatform
Tubergen, Frank van, Irena Kogan, Yuliya Kosyakova & Steffen Pötzschke (2024): Self-selection of Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons in Europe. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 72-96., 2023-11-09. DOI:10.1093/jrs/fead089
Abstract
"The literature on migrants’ self-selection is focused on labour migrants, while little is known about refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). We contribute to this scant literature, by (1) examining a broad set of factors that could determine self-selection, (2) contrasting selfselection profiles of refugees and IDPs, and (3) comparing self-selection profiles of refugees across countries. Specifically, we compare the self-selection profiles of Ukrainian refugees and IDPs with stayers in the months directly following the Russian full-scale invasion in February 2022. We draw on unique, cross-nationally comparative data from the OneUA project, which surveyed Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons in Europe as well as those who stayed in Ukraine in the summer of 2022. More than 24,000 Ukrainian women residing in nine countries participated in this survey. We find systematic empirical patterns of self-selection related to people’s region of origin, family status, and individual-level characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford University Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Empowering refugees: The role of training programs in labor market integration (2024)
Zitatform
Zisler, Chiara Maria, Eric Bettinger & Uschi Backes-Gellner (2024): Empowering refugees: The role of training programs in labor market integration. (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 218), Zürich, 29 S.
Abstract
"Given the increase in global refugee and migration flows and the severe labor shortages in host countries, actively helping refugees enter the labor market constitutes a critical solution for both challenges. This paper analyzes the effect of targeted training programs for refugees on their labor market and social integration. Using a quasi-experimental approach, we investigate a Swiss IT and coding bootcamp that combines occupational skills training with workplace-based cultural skills training (i.e., implicit skills that can be learned only through work experience). By matching individual survey data with detailed records from the program application process, we compare the labor market and social integration outcomes of program applicants around the admission threshold. Results for this quasi-random sample of applicants show that program participation significantly increases labor market outcomes compared to non-participation within the first three years after program graduation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Integration through vocational training. Promoting refugees' access to apprenticeships in a collective skill formation system (2023)
Zitatform
Aerne, Annatina & Giuliano Bonoli (2023): Integration through vocational training. Promoting refugees' access to apprenticeships in a collective skill formation system. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 419-438. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2021.1894219
Abstract
"With this paper we want to contribute to the debate on the usage of vocational training as a tool to promote the integration of disadvantaged groups. We focus in particular on programmes that target refugees and highlight the organisational and coordination challenges that must be addressed in order to develop such programmes. Relying on knowledge developed by scholars of collective skill formation and by those who have studied policy coordination, we develop a number of hypotheses that can account for the successful implementation of this type of programmes. We then test our hypotheses against an example taken from Switzerland, consisting of a one-year pre-apprenticeship dual training programme adopted in 2018. We argue that its win-win quality, the flexibility with which it was managed and possibly also the political salience of the issue of refugee integration at the time, were the key factors explaining its successful adoption." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Left to Their Own Devices: Refugees’ Labour-Market Integration Challenges in Austria during the Covid-19 Pandemic (2023)
Zitatform
Aigner, Petra & Almina Bešić (2023): Left to Their Own Devices: Refugees’ Labour-Market Integration Challenges in Austria during the Covid-19 Pandemic. In: M.-L. Jakobson, R. King, L. Moroşanu & R. Vetik (Hrsg.) (2023): Anxieties of Migration and Integration in Turbulent Times, S. 77-93. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-23996-0_5
Abstract
"Labour-market integration is understood as an important pillar in the successful integration processes of refugees into host societies. In the European Union at large and in Austria specifically, refugee integration processes regarding societies and the labour market have become hotly debated topics in public and scholarly debates. Focusing on Austria, this chapter analyses challenges and barriers to labour-market integration of refugees in crisis and beyond. Results from interviews with refugees indicate three areas of the pandemic’s impact: on employment search processes of refugees; the effect of digitalisation of communication; and increased feelings of disorientation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Economic and Social Impacts of Lifting Work Restrictions on People Seeking Asylum (2023)
Aleynikova, Ekaterina; Mosley, Max;Zitatform
Aleynikova, Ekaterina & Max Mosley (2023): The Economic and Social Impacts of Lifting Work Restrictions on People Seeking Asylum. (NIESR discussion paper 549), London, 16 S.
Abstract
"This mixed-methods NIESR discussion paper estimates the economic and social impacts of lifting the right-to-work restriction on people seeking asylum in the UK. This is the first paper to simulate the effect of lifting this restriction with the use of a state-of-the-art macroeconomic model which allows us to estimate this outcome in a more holistic manner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market integration of refugees and the importance of the neighbourhood: Norwegian quasi-experimental evidence (2023)
Zitatform
Andersen, Henrik L., Liv Osland & Meng Le Zhang (2023): Labour market integration of refugees and the importance of the neighbourhood: Norwegian quasi-experimental evidence. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00341-y
Abstract
"This paper exploits a quasi-experimental feature of the Norwegian spatial dispersal policy for UNHCR quota refugees, which leads to nearly as-if random initial residential settlement of the refugees. In this framework, we study if there are positive long-run employment consequences of being assigned to neighbourhoods with higher residential labour force participation rates. Our results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between the initial neighbourhood participation rates and refugee labour market outcomes, but these overall effects are substantively small: A one standard deviation higher participation rate in the initial neighbourhood is associated with an 1.2%-point increase in the refugees' later employment probability. However, our subgroup analysis shows substantial effects around 2.6%-points for men older than 25 years at the time of entry to Norway. In comparison, the point estimates for women and persons younger than 25 years at the time of arrival are close to zero and statistically insignificant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trade-offs between work-first and language-first strategies for refugees (2023)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen & Iben Bolvig (2023): Trade-offs between work-first and language-first strategies for refugees. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 92. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2022.102353
Abstract
"This study investigates how local integration strategies that prioritize a work-first approach affect refugee's participation in language courses and their medium run labor market outcomes. We utilize a gradual rollout of the work-first approach (on-the-job training within the first year after arrival) combined with a dispersal policy of refugees across municipalities in Denmark. We find that being placed in municipalities emphasizing the work-first approach is positively associated with later employment and earnings but show that the associations are temporary. A higher local propensity to use the work-first approach is negatively related to time spent in language courses, level of courses completed and the grade point average for language course exam attendees. We discuss whether the reduced language course attendance could be an explanation of the lack of a persistent labor market effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Permanent Residency and Refugee Immigrants' Skill Investment (2023)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, Christian Dustmann & Hyejin Ku (2023): Permanent Residency and Refugee Immigrants' Skill Investment. (CESifo working paper 10579), München, 46 S.
Abstract
"We analyze an immigration reform in Denmark that tightened refugee immigrants' eligibility criteria for permanent residency to incentivize their labor market attachment and acquisition of local language skills. Contrary to what the reform intended, the overall employment of those affected decreased while their average language proficiency remained largely unchanged. This was caused by a disincentive effect, where individuals with low pre-reform labor market performance reduced their labor supply. Our findings suggest that stricter permanent residency rules, rather than incentivizing refugees' skill investment, may decrease the efforts of those who believe they cannot meet the new requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Finding refuge underground: effects of refugee inflows on the shadow economy (2023)
Zitatform
Berdiev, Aziz N. (2023): Finding refuge underground: effects of refugee inflows on the shadow economy. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 84-91. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2021.1976379
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the effect of refugee inflows on the shadow, or underground, economy of host nations using panel data for 120 countries over the 1991–2017 period. The results show that refugee inflows increase the size of the shadow economy, particularly in low- and middle-income countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Fast Track Labour Market Integration of Immigrants: Work-related Learning of Culture, Language and Profession (2023)
Bernert-Bürkle, Andrea; Torlone, Francesca; Federighi, Paolo;Zitatform
Bernert-Bürkle, Andrea, Paolo Federighi & Francesca Torlone (Hrsg.) (2023): The Fast Track Labour Market Integration of Immigrants. Work-related Learning of Culture, Language and Profession. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, 142 S. DOI:10.3278/9783763966899
Abstract
"Vorgestellt werden Ergebnisse des europäischen Modellprojekts TALENTS zur schnellen Integration von Migrant:innen und Geflüchteten in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt. Ausgehend von der Idee, dass Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt die gesellschaftliche Integration fördert, verbindet das Trainingsmodell Arbeitserfahrungen in Betriebspraktika mit sprachlichen, kulturellen und beruflichen Inhalten, die im Klassenverband erlernt werden. Die Autor:innen evaluieren die Ergebnisse des Trainingsmodells aus drei Jahren in Norwegen, Schweden und Deutschland. Die ausgewerteten Daten spiegeln die Erfahrungen von 400 Teilnehmenden. 20 Fallstudien ermöglichen detaillierte Analysen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis -
Literaturhinweis
Individualized Benefits And Access To Active Labor Market Programs Boost Refugee Women's Economic Integration (2023)
Zitatform
Bratu, Cristina, Linna Martén & Lillit Ottosson (2023): Individualized Benefits And Access To Active Labor Market Programs Boost Refugee Women's Economic Integration. (Working paper / Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI) 2023,03), Stockholm, 16 S.
Abstract
"The economic and social integration of refugees is a key policy concern. The situation of refugee women is particularly challenging, as many never enter the labor force. We study a reform of the Swedish integration program that aimed to tackle this issue by increasing women’s participation in and access to active labor market programs. Using administrative data and a regression discontinuity design, we show that the reform resulted in lasting improvements in women’s earnings and employment. We find no effects for men. Additional analyses suggest that individualizing benefits and early registration with the Public Employment Service are key mechanisms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
»Flucht in die unbezahlte Arbeit«? Arbeitsmarktintegration in der Schweiz aus der Perspektive geflüchteter Menschen (2023)
Buser, Fränzi; Kilic, Selin; Mörgen, Rebecca;Zitatform
Buser, Fränzi, Selin Kilic & Rebecca Mörgen (2023): »Flucht in die unbezahlte Arbeit«? Arbeitsmarktintegration in der Schweiz aus der Perspektive geflüchteter Menschen. In: Zeitschrift für Migrationsforschung, Jg. 3. DOI:10.48439/zmf.221
Abstract
"Der Beitrag fokussiert die Frage, wie Menschen, die in die Schweiz geflüchtet sind, mit den an sie herangetragenen Integrationsanforderungen umgehen. Auf der Basis von qualitativen Interviews rekonstruieren wir unterschiedliche Strategien im Umgang mit Herausforderungen der Arbeitsmarktintegration. »Flucht in die unbezahlte Arbeit« deuten wir sowohl als Eröffnung von Handlungsmöglichkeiten, um strukturell bedingten Hindernissen zu begegnen, als auch als Aneignung neoliberaler Selbstoptimierungsstrategien, zu denen sich die Personen gezwungen sehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Long-run integration of refugees: RCT evidence from a Swedish early intervention program (2023)
Zitatform
Dahlberg, Matz, Johan Egebark & Ulrika Vikman (2023): Long-run integration of refugees: RCT evidence from a Swedish early intervention program. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2023,23), Uppsala, 53 S.
Abstract
"This study uses a randomized control trial (RCT) to evaluate a new program for increased labor market integration of refugees. The program has immediate and substantial short-run effects on employment, corresponding to around 15 percentage points. The effect lasts for three years but eventually fades out, as the control group catches up and reaches the long-run employment level of about 50 percent. We show that the program boosts language skills in the short run, and that this channel explains an increasing share of the effect on employment. Using survey data, we finally measure if the program affects integration in other dimensions, such as psychological, social, political, and navigational integration. Our findings suggest that faster labor market integration in the short run does not lead to increased general integration in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Refugees and asylum seekers in informal and precarious jobs: early labor market insertion from the perspectives of professionals and volunteers (2023)
Zitatform
Dimitriadis, Iraklis (2023): Refugees and asylum seekers in informal and precarious jobs: early labor market insertion from the perspectives of professionals and volunteers. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 263-277. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2023-0191
Abstract
"Purpose: This article aims to explore the engagement of refugees and asylum seekers (RAS) in informal and precarious jobs from a civil society actors' perspective. Despite a burgeoning literature on refugee integration and a focus on institutional integration programs, little is known about the early insertion of RAS into informal and precarious employment as an alternative to subsidised integration programs, when these are available. Design/methodology/approach This article draws on rich qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with social workers, volunteers and other professionals supporting migrants. Findings Data analysis shows that migrants' insertion in informal jobs and their rejection of integration programmes may be the result of people's need to access financial capital to cover actual and future needs. Although such an engagement may be criticised for hampering RAS’ integration, it can be seen as an important source of agency against insecurity surrounding one's legal status. Originality/value This article highlights the importance of legal status precarity in shaping informal workers' agency and perceptions of them, opening up a debate on the relevance of informal work in terms of long-term integration and future migration trajectories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Refugee Benefit Cuts (2023)
Zitatform
Dustmann, Christian, Rasmus Landersø & Lars Højsgaard Andersen (2023): Refugee Benefit Cuts. (CESifo working paper 10386), München, 89 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the effects of Denmark's Start Aid welfare reform that targets refugees. Implemented in 2002, it enables us to study not only the reform's immediate effects, but also its longer-term consequences, and its repeal a decade later. The reform-induced large transfer cuts led to an increase in employment rates, but only in the short run. Overall, the reform increased poverty rates and led to a rise in subsistence crime. Moreover, local demand conditions generate substantial heterogeneity in the reform's effects on immediate and longer-term employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Access to language training and the local integration of refugees (2023)
Zitatform
Foged, Mette & Cynthia van der Werf (2023): Access to language training and the local integration of refugees. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 84. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102366
Abstract
"This paper examines whether language classes raise refugees’ language proficiency and improve their socioeconomic integration. Our identification strategy leverages the opening, closing, and gradual expansion of local language training centers in Denmark, as well as the quasi-random assignment of the refugees to locations with varying proximity to a language training center. First, we show that refugees’ distance from the assigned language training center is as good as random conditional on initial placement. Second, we show that a one-hour decrease in commuting time increases the total hours of class attended by 46 to 71 hours. Third, we use this novel identification strategy to show that 100 additional hours of language class increases fluency in the Danish language by 8–9 percent, post-language training human capital acquisition by 11–13 percent and improve the integration of the refugees in the communities where they were initially placed, as measured by the lower exit rates from those same communities and an almost 70 percent reduction in mobility to the largest, most immigrant-dense cities in Denmark" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Labor Market Entry and Integration of Refugees and Other Migrants in Austria (2023)
Zitatform
Jestl, Stefan & Maryna Tverdostup (2023): The Labor Market Entry and Integration of Refugees and Other Migrants in Austria. (WIIW working paper 231), Wien, 45 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the labor market entry of refugees and other (non-humanitarian) migrants originating from middle- and low-income non-European countries that arrived in Austria in 2014-2016. Specifically, we analyze factors that shaped the transition to and out of the first job in the Austrian labour market, document the characteristics of the first job and explore job stability in Austria. Even though refugees took longer to find a job, individual and household characteristics, as well as labor market indicators, are associated with the time between arrival and the first job in Austria, similar to other migrants. Refugees and other migrants also found similar job types as their entry jobs, which tended to be located in low-wage segments. The results, however, suggest that other migrants held their first job, on average, for a longer time than refugees. Although other migrants quit their first job relatively quickly when it was marginal employment, refugees tended to hold marginal jobs as long as full-time and part-time jobs. Finally, our results suggest that entry jobs with a higher quality in terms of working hours and wages (i.e. full-time jobs) tended to be linked with job stability, while entry jobs with a lower quality (i.e. marginal jobs) tended to be associated with job instability for both refugees and other migrants. The results of the paper showcase the importance of immediate access to various training and re-education programs for refugees to improve the quality of their entry jobs and their long-term prospects in the Austrian labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
wiiw Studies on the Integration of Middle Eastern Refugees in Austria, Based on FIMAS Surveys and Register-based Labour Market Career Data (2023)
Jestl, Stefan ; Mara, Isilda; Landesmann, Michael ; Leitner, Sandra M. ; Tverdostup, Maryna ; Leitner, Sebastian;Zitatform
Jestl, Stefan, Michael Landesmann, Sebastian Leitner, Sandra M. Leitner, Isilda Mara & Maryna Tverdostup (2023): wiiw Studies on the Integration of Middle Eastern Refugees in Austria, Based on FIMAS Surveys and Register-based Labour Market Career Data. (WIIW policy notes and reports 74), Wien, 48 S.
Abstract
"This Policy Note reports on the analyzes undertaken in a number of wiiw Working Papers that are the output of two projects financed by the Anniversary Fund of the Austrian National Bank (Project no. 18474 and no. 17166). Four of the papers are based on survey data from the FIMAS dataset, which has been compiled over the years by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), together with wiiw, and which document the experiences of recent waves of refugees from Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syria. The topics covered in these four papers are as follows. First, an analysis of the pattern of occupational status loss (or gain) that refugees experience in the course of the move from their home countries to the destination country (Austria), focusing on the move from the jobs they had prior to the move, to their first job in Austria and then to their second or current job. Second, an examination of the effectiveness of two of the labor market integration programs offered by the Austrian public employment service (AMS) the Competence Check and the Voluntary Integration Year program. Third, an investigation into the interrelationships between aspects of the 'social integration' and the 'labor market integration' of refugees. Fourth, an analysis of the factors determining (or related to) the mental health problems that this wave of refugees has had to cope with. A fifth paper is based on the register-based labor market career data provided by Statistics Austria it examines a number of issues (job entry, job quality, job stability) related to the trajectories of refugees' labor market experiences in Austria, compared to other non-European migrants from low- and medium-income countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Iranian Refugee Entrepreneurship and Inclusion in the Netherlands (2023)
Zitatform
Khademi, Samaneh, Caroline Essers & Karin van Nieuwkerk (2023): Iranian Refugee Entrepreneurship and Inclusion in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 105-127. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feac058
Abstract
"Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of entrepreneurship for migrants’ integration. Nonetheless, the impact of entrepreneurship on refugees’ inclusion and sense of belonging has been largely overlooked. This article explores how entrepreneurship contributes to the inclusion of Iranian refugee entrepreneurs, considering the different aspects of a refugee’s identity components such as ethnicity, age, class, gender, and religion. The life stories of 14 Iranian refugee entrepreneurs, who immigrated to the Netherlands in the 1980s and 1990s are analysed. We illustrate how different dimensions of their identity shape entrepreneurial motivations, resources, and entrepreneurial strategies. The results show that intersecting identity components impact Iranian refugee entrepreneurs’ sense of belonging. Notwithstanding the diverse ways in which individuals experience belonging, our study identifies three particular modes of belonging: hybrid, cosmopolitan, and transnational belonging. Drawing on interviews with individual refugee entrepreneurs, we conclude that entrepreneurship is a vehicle for greater acceptance and inclusion within the host society. Our study points to an urgent need to go beyond the integration paradigm by applying the concept of inclusion. The notion of inclusion enables us to gain a deeper understanding of refugees’ position in the labour market and the receiving society more broadly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational Trajectories Among Refugees in Austria: The Role of Co-ethnic and Austrian Social Networks in Job Search (2023)
Zitatform
Leitner, Sandra M. (2023): Occupational Trajectories Among Refugees in Austria: The Role of Co-ethnic and Austrian Social Networks in Job Search. (WIIW working paper 232), Wien, 44 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyses occupational trajectories of refugees from their last job in the home country to their first and current jobs in Austria and the role of co-ethnic and Austrian social networks in job search, using data from a large-scale survey of recognized refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran who have predominantly come to Austria since 2010, thereby covering the strong refugee wave of 2015 2016. The results corroborate a U-shaped pattern, with a sharp initial occupational loss followed by a rather moderate occupational recovery. Although native social networks play no role for occupational changes, co-ethnic social networks – particularly when used as a stand-alone job search strategy – prove detrimental along the entire trajectory. However, co-ethnic social networks are beneficial if used in combination with the Austrian labor market service or NGOs. Some refugees prove particularly vulnerable, such as older refugees or highly educated refugees who undergo more pronounced initial occupational downgrading, with subsequent occupational upgrading either limited or absent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour Market Integration Programmes for Refugees in Austria: Do they Really Work and for Whom? (2023)
Mara, Isilda;Zitatform
Mara, Isilda (2023): Labour Market Integration Programmes for Refugees in Austria: Do they Really Work and for Whom? (WIIW working paper 234), Wien, 49 S.
Abstract
"In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of the participation of refugees in integration programs intended to help them gain employment. The specific programmes considered are the Competence Check program and the Integration Year program that were introduced in Austria around the time of the 2015 crisis, when refugees poured from the Middle East into the EU. The study is based on the fourth and fifth waves of a survey (FIMAS) of refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran and Syria in Austria, and it uses matching models to evaluate the effects on employment of participation in those two programs. More specifically, it applies multivariate matching methods that ensure better balancing properties between the control and the treated groups. We find especially positive effects of the programs on the employability of women, the poorly educated, younger and older age cohorts. These programs thus seem to work specifically for those that find themselves in a more vulnerable labor market situation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A positive psychology intervention to foster economic integration of Syrian refugees in the Netherlands (2023)
Zitatform
Muller-Dugic, José, Pascal J. Beckers & Mario H. Braakman (2023): A positive psychology intervention to foster economic integration of Syrian refugees in the Netherlands. In: International Migration, Jg. 61, H. 6, S. 242-261. DOI:10.1111/imig.13163
Abstract
"Research shows that the labour market integration of refugees is often problematic. Little is known about what kind of measures are effective to help them integrate into the labour market. In the Netherlands, a positive psychology intervention “Mosaic” for Syrian refugees was developed to support their economic participation. This study aims to assess the effect of “Mosaic” on the economic participation and work-related attitudes of Syrian refugees. “Mosaic” was implemented in six municipalities by conducting an RCT with a waiting list control group. The results show that in the short term, the intervention group realizes a significantly larger increase in hours spent on an internship as well as substantially larger gains in confidence to find work in the future. In the long term, the intervention group experiences larger confidence gains related to finding a job that fits their education and experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
European Network of Public Employment Services: Trends in PES - Assessment Report on PES Capacity 2022 (2023)
Peters, Marjolein;Zitatform
Peters, Marjolein (2023): European Network of Public Employment Services: Trends in PES - Assessment Report on PES Capacity 2022. (Trends in PES / European Network of Public Employment Services 2022), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 74 S. DOI:10.2767/908915
Abstract
"The report provides an overview of key trends in the development of PES, describing aspects of their capacity and the client services they offer. It is based on PES replies to the annual PES Capacity survey received from 32 PES in July and August 2022. This year, specific information was collected on the cooperation of PES with municipalities and how PES use outsourcing to work with other actors in the labour market ecosystem. Two more important additional topics this year are the impact of the pandemic (continuing from the 2021 report) and the support PES provide to jobseekers from Ukraine." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Which employers have refugee employees - And which do not? Employer typologies developed through hierarchical cluster analyses (2023)
Zitatform
Ravn, Rasmus Lind (2023): Which employers have refugee employees - And which do not? Employer typologies developed through hierarchical cluster analyses. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 67-86. DOI:10.1111/spol.12873
Abstract
"Employers can be regarded as gatekeepers of jobs. They decide how to post vacancies, whom to recruit and whom to dismiss. In recent years, a growing body of research has highlighted the crucial role of employers in relation to labour market participation of disadvantaged groups. This article contributes to this research by exploring which types of employers have refugee employees—and which do not. We develop the typologies through hierarchical cluster analyses using a nationally representative survey of Danish workplaces. We find that the employers who have experiences with having refugee employees can be grouped into three based on their attitudes and preconceptions; knights, knaves and squires. Likewise, employers who have never had refugee employees can also be divided into three groups; aspiring knights, knights of fortune, and commoners. The groups differ in their attitudes and motivations for (not) having refugee employees. Our main contribution to the literature is the development of new nuanced employer typologies, and the finding that employers differ in their motivations for having, or not having, refugee employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lost in data translation: A critical review of datasets on refugees (2023)
Zitatform
Sağnıç, Şevin Gülfer (2023): Lost in data translation: A critical review of datasets on refugees. In: International Migration, Jg. 61, H. 6, S. 193-208. DOI:10.1111/imig.13159
Abstract
"Quantitative data are the backbone of the international refugee regime. Academic researchers and international organizations have been drawing attention to the problems of refugee data that obscure refugee vulnerabilities. Despite these efforts, the limitations of quantitative refugee data, particularly with regard to gendered aspects of refugee vulnerabilities, have often been overlooked. This article aims to address this issue by examining the major limitations of quantitative refugee data. It focuses on the question of “What are the major limitations of quantitative refugee data regarding gendered aspects of refugee vulnerabilities?” By conducting a systematic review of 67 datasets from international organizations, nation-states, and independent data collectors, it argues that there are five fundamental problems with the data: (1) lack of disaggregation, (2) lack of cross-tabulation and inability to harmonize datasets, (3) inconsistent periodization frequency, (4) lack of sex and gender diversity measurement, and (5) survivor bias. This article highlights the importance of critically analysing the data that informs theories and decisions regarding refugee vulnerabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social protection for refugees and migrants: Examining access to benefits and labour market interventions (2023)
Zitatform
Seyfert, Karin & Héctor Alonso (2023): Social protection for refugees and migrants: Examining access to benefits and labour market interventions. In: International social security review, Jg. 76, H. 4, S. 23-43. DOI:10.1111/issr.12347
Abstract
"The article discusses the current practices for providing social protection to refugees and migrants, focusing primarily on low- and middle-income (LMICs) destination countries. It examines formal providers of social protection, including state institutions, development agencies and humanitarian organizations. In recent years, there has been an increase in funding from multilateral donors, especially in the context of the COVID–19 pandemic, leading to the establishment of national assistance programmes in LMICs that also encompass refugees and to a lesser extent migrant workers. International agencies play a crucial role in providing humanitarian cash assistance to refugees, given their status under international protection under the 1951 Refugee Convention and related protocols. Access to social insurance remains tied to formal employment. Social insurance entitlements for migrants are often restricted and refugees are typically excluded from formal employment in LMICs. Regarding labor market interventions, refugees and migrants are often excluded from national programs, with migrants’ residence permits being often tied to employment. For refugees, international agencies take a prominent role in providing livelihood programs aimed at enhancing income-generating opportunities, economic inclusion and financial independence. However, the effectiveness of these interventions remains unclear, lacking rigorous evidence, and often being short-term with limited coverage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Success or Self-Sufficiency? The Role of Race in Refugees' Long-Term Economic Outcomes (2023)
Zitatform
Tesfai, Rebbeca (2023): Success or Self-Sufficiency? The Role of Race in Refugees' Long-Term Economic Outcomes. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 156-189. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feac066
Abstract
"The United States has always prided itself as providing safe haven to those who are persecuted. Yet, the United States did not develop policy for admitting and resettling refugees until 1980. Unlike Asians and Europeans, African refugees in the 1980s were chosen primarily based on skill, but no research thus far examines whether this strategy led to greater long-term economic success for African refugees. This article examines racial differences in refugees’ likelihood of living in poverty, receiving welfare income, engaging in full-time employment and wages between 1990 and 2019. I find that refugees show improvement in all four outcomes. African refugees, however, earn less than nearly all other groups in all time periods suggesting blocked mobility, particularly among men. Analyses focus on the 1982–1987 entry cohort of refugees who had access to more assistance than future cohorts. Consequently, these findings likely show the best-case scenario for refugees’ long-term economic outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
User involvement or aspirations management?: Work counsellors’ strategies in guiding newly arrived refugees into the Norwegian labour market (2023)
Willmann-Robleda, Zubia; Tembo-Pankuku, Memory Jayne;Zitatform
Willmann-Robleda, Zubia & Memory Jayne Tembo-Pankuku (2023): User involvement or aspirations management? Work counsellors’ strategies in guiding newly arrived refugees into the Norwegian labour market. In: Journal of Comparative Social Work, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 128-153. DOI:10.31265/jcsw.v18i2.570
Abstract
"The last decades have seen a shift towards activation policies in welfare states, such as the introduction program for refugees in Norway, a qualification program that seeks to prepare refugees for the labor market. In the last decade, the program has placed further focus on refugees’ duties rather than their rights, as it had previously done. This article examines the strategies that work counsellors in the introduction program use to ‘activate’ and assist newly arrived refugees as they prepare to enter the Norwegian labor market. We focus on how work counsellors guide and motivate refugees in this process. We draw on 10 semi-structured interviews with work counsellors in various municipalities in southwestern Norway. We suggest that the activating strategies used by the work counsellors may be seen as a form of aspirations management to get the refugees to shift their aspirations toward those the work counsellors see as more achievable within a shorter period, to get them more quickly into the labor market. We suggest that unchecked power dynamics, together with increasing time-pressure on work counsellors, may be at play leading them to exert too much influence, and leading to user involvement practice not being properly implemented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The long-term integration of European refugees: Swedish experiences after the Yugoslav Wars (2023)
Åslund, Olof; Liljeberg, Linus; Roman, Sara;Zitatform
Åslund, Olof, Linus Liljeberg & Sara Roman (2023): The long-term integration of European refugees. Swedish experiences after the Yugoslav Wars. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2023,16), Uppsala, 35 S.
Abstract
"We study the short- and long-term economic and social integration of European war refugees. The population under study left former Yugoslavia for Sweden in the early 1990s. In the first years, there were significant human capital investments in language training, adult education, and active labor market programs. The Yugoslav refugees then exhibited a remarkably sharp increase in employment and earnings, possibly helped by improving labor markets and pre-existing contacts in Sweden. Many entered jobs in manufacturing and service industries and remained there to a considerable extent. Among those above 50 at arrival, labor market outcomes were not as good. Despite strong development during the early years, the long-term labor market position of the Yugoslavs is broadly on par with previous cohorts of refugees. Residential segregation first increased and then declined, whereas workplace segregation was most marked among the early entrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
English 'iron rod' welfare versus Italian 'colander' welfare: understanding the intra-European mobility strategies of unaccompanied young migrants and refugees (2022)
Zitatform
Allsopp, Jennifer (2022): English 'iron rod' welfare versus Italian 'colander' welfare: understanding the intra-European mobility strategies of unaccompanied young migrants and refugees. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 436-451. DOI:10.1177/09589287221095056
Abstract
"The experiences of unaccompanied young migrants and refugees challenge the idea of a common European asylum policy but also show that traditional welfare typologies used to account for differences in welfare across states fail to account for the lived experiences of this group. They do not consider the shifting categorizations of young migrants in institutional terms, nor how the stratification of their social rights plays out over place and time. Moreover, current welfare typologies give inadequate attention to the increasing intersection of the labour market and opportunities for regularization, the relative importance and role of the state in the welfare mix, and the nexus of access to welfare and immigration enforcement. This article draws on qualitative longitudinal research in England and Italy to argue that rather than experiencing welfare through the lens of Liberal (England) versus Conservative or Mediterranean (Italy) regimes, unaccompanied young migrants and refugees in these countries are better understood as navigating different systems of ‘iron rod welfare’ and ‘colander welfare’. In England, the nexus between welfare and legal status is policed by an iron rod on one side of which exists a plethora of social rights, but on the other the risk of a proactive detention and deportation regime. In Italy, meanwhile, the holes of the colander denote gaps in protection but also possibilities to navigate alternative welfare strategies independently of the state. The ability to act independently of the state is an important but under-theorized capability for this population, for whom the state is a more ambiguous actor than is traditionally considered in European social policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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