Zitatform

Koellinger, Philipp, Maria Minniti & Christian Schade (2013): Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 75, H. 2, S. 213-234. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00689.x

Abstract

"Using data from representative population surveys in 17 countries, we find that the lower rate of female business ownership is primarily due to women's lower propensity to start businesses rather than to differences in survival rates across genders. We show that women are less confident in their entrepreneurial skills, have different social networks and exhibit higher fear of failure than men. After controlling for endogeneity, we find that these variables explain a substantial part of the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. Although, of course, their relative importance varies significantly across countries, these factors appear to have a universal effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lewis, Patricia (2013): The search for an authentic entrepreneurial identity. Difference and professionalism among women business owners. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 252-266. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00568.x

Abstract

"This article contributes to the recent stream of research on enterprise and identity by exploring the authenticity-driven identity work of a group of women business owners. While previous research has highlighted the effort some female business owners put into fitting in with the masculine identity of the entrepreneur, this article focuses on those women who self-consciously adopt a feminized entrepreneurial identity as a means of being 'who I really am' in a business context. Nevertheless, despite their expressed commitment to a feminized identity, the article highlights their incorporation of a contrasting position or antagonism in this authenticity-driven endeavour. Drawing on Charme's notion of existential authenticity, which places an emphasis on the cultural, historical, political, economic and physical limits to being 'true to oneself', the article shows how the situated nature of women's search for an authentically driven entrepreneurial identity means that they draw on a feminized discourse of difference and a contrasting masculine discourse of professionalism in their identity construction labours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mai, Christoph-Martin & Katharina Marder-Puch (2013): Selbstständigkeit in Deutschland. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 7, S. 482-496.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung der Selbstständigkeit in Deutschland statistisch. Besonderes Interesse gilt dabei den Unterschieden zwischen den Selbstständigen mit und ohne abhängig Beschäftigte, aber auch der Frage, ob Unterschiede im Vergleich zur Gruppe der Arbeitnehmer vorliegen. Ein Blick auf soziodemografische Merkmale wie Alter, Geschlecht, Nationalität und Bildung gibt weitergehende Informationen. Ferner wird untersucht, ob sich die Selbstständigkeit gesamtwirtschaftlich dynamisch entwickelte oder ob es Schwerpunktbereiche gab. Die Analyse zieht ergänzend Aspekte wie Arbeitszeit, vor allem die Teilzeitbeschäftigung, aber auch das Einkommen ein. Um beurteilen zu können, ob die Entwicklungen in Deutschland spezifisch oder mit anderen Ländern vergleichbar sind, werden ausgewählte Fragen auch im internationalen Kontext behandelt.
Großen Anteil an der Entwicklung der Zahl der Selbstständigen hat die Gruppe der sogenannten Solo-Selbstständigen. Mehr als drei Viertel des Anstiegs der Selbstständigenzahlen entfallen auf diejenigen, die alleine ein Unternehmen betreiben und keine Mitarbeiter beschäftigen. Damit hat sich die Struktur der Selbstständigkeit im Zeitablauf zugunsten der Solo-Selbstständigen gewandelt. War noch in den 1990er-Jahren der Begriff Selbstständigkeit mehrheitlich verbunden mit Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmern, die zusammen mit abhängig Beschäftigten arbeiteten, hat sich dies insbesondere seit der Jahrtausendwende geändert. Maßgeblich für diese Entwicklung dürften vor allem staatliche Förderprogramme gewesen sein, aber auch der allgemeine wirtschaftliche Strukturwandel begünstigte bestimmte Dienstleistungsberufe, die einen hohen Anteil an Solo-Selbstständigen aufweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

McKie, Linda, Ingrid Biese & Marjut Jyrkinen (2013): 'The best time is now!'. The temporal and spatial dynamics of women opting in to self-employment. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 184-196. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12019

Abstract

"This paper explores the potential for the concepts of time and space, together with the analogy of landscapes, to aid the exploration and understandings of women's careers. Drawing upon case studies of women who chose to opt in to self-employment, we examine how the multi-faceted histories of these women are drawn upon as they remember the past, explain contemporary experiences, and anticipate their futures. All the women spoke of opting in to self-employment as the best of times; they talked of greater control over work content, the relationship between family, gender and paid work, and self-determinism and autonomy. They noted times when their careers were frayed but only in retrospect could they assess the context, consequences and impact of events. The framework of careerscapes - our unique blending of the notion of careers along with socio-economic and geographical interpretations of scapes - offers a framework to examine frayed careers and multiple aspects of working and caring over time and space." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Niefert, Michaela & Sandra Gottschalk (2013): Gründerinnen auf dem Vormarsch? Die Entwicklung der Beteiligung von Frauen am Gründungsgeschehen. (ZEW discussion paper 2013-085), Mannheim, 33 S.

Abstract

"Die Zahl der Frauen, die sich selbständig machen, sowie deren Anteil an allen Eintritten in die Selbständigkeit haben laut Mikrozensus seit Beginn der neunziger Jahre stark zugenommen. Die Zunahme beschränkt sich jedoch weitgehend auf selbständige Tätigkeiten, die ohne Beschäftigte und oft nur in Teilzeit ausgeübt werden. Laut Mannheimer Unternehmenspanel (MUP), das einen relativ eng abgegrenzten Unternehmensbegriff verwendet, geht der Anteil der Gründungen von Frauen seit 2003 zurück. Die seit Ende der neunziger Jahre tendenziell rückläufige Entwicklung der Gründungszahlen macht sich bei Gründungen von Frauen noch stärker bemerkbar als bei Gründungen von Männern. Die 'Qualität' der Gründungen von Frauen hat sich nur wenig verbessert. Es ist den Gründerinnen lediglich ansatzweise gelungen, vermehrt in wachstumsträchtige, männerdominierte Sektoren vorzudringen. Die Angleichung, die zwischen den Gründungen von Männern und Frauen bei Beschäftigungsgröße, Beschäftigungswachstum und Überleben zu beobachten ist, beruht hauptsächlich auf Verschlechterungen dieser Erfolgsgrößen bei den Gründungen von Männern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2013): The missing entrepreneurs. Policies for inclusive entrepreneurship in Europe. (The missing entrepreneurs 01), Paris, 245 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264188167-en

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship development is an important requirement for achieving of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. It is also a means to respond to new economic challenges, to create jobs and to fight social and financial exclusion. The impact of the global financial and economic crisis calls for giving entrepreneurship and self-employment a stronger role in economic and social development policies.
This book collects and synthesizes information and data on entrepreneurship activities in Europe, focusing on people that are at the greatest risk of social exclusion. These groups include young people, older people, women, ethnic minorities and migrants, people with disabilities and the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sternberg, Rolf, Arne Vorderwülbecke & Udo Brixy (2013): Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Unternehmensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich. Länderbericht Deutschland 2012. (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Länderbericht Deutschland 13), Hannover, 32 S.

Abstract

"Der 13. Länderbericht Deutschland zum Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) beschreibt und erklärt die Gründungsaktivitäten in Deutschland im Jahr 2012. Insgesamt versuchten zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung 5,3% der erwachsenen Deutschen aktiv ein neues Unternehmen zu gründen (werdende Gründer) oder waren Inhaber und Geschäftsführer eines Unternehmens, das noch nicht älter als 3 1/2 Jahre war (Gründer junger Unternehmen). Das Geschlecht gehört zu den soziodemographischen Merkmalen mit starkem Einfluss auf die Gründungsneigung. Gründer, die sich selbstständig machen, um eine Geschäftsidee umzusetzen (4,1% aller 18-64-Jährigen), sind auch in Deutschland zahlreicher als Gründer aus Mangel an Erwerbsalternativen (1,2%). Im internationalen Vergleich wollen die Gründer in Deutschland zukünftig relativ viele Personen beschäftigen (mind. zehn Personen fünf Jahre nach der Gründung) und vergleichsweise häufig die aktuelle Beschäftigtenzahl in diesem Zeitraum um mindestens 50 Prozent erhöhen. Positiv hat sich auch ein Teil des Gründungsklimas entwickelt: 2012 sehen knapp 35 der Befragten gute Gründungschancen (Rang 7). Allerdings glauben nur 37% der befragten 1B-64-Jährigen über ausreichende Fähigkeiten und Erfahrungen zur Umsetzung einer Gründung zu verfügen (Rang 13). Die befragten Gründungsexperten bewerten 2012 insbesondere die physische Infrastruktur, die öffentlichen Förderprogramme und den Schutz geistigen Eigentums sehr positiv. Die Schwächen des Gründungsstandorts Deutschland liegen in der schulischen und außerschulischen Vorbereitung auf unternehmerische Selbstständigkeit sowie beim Arbeitskräfteangebot für neue Unternehmen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ullrich, Katrin & Arndt Werner (2013): Alt oder Neu?: Übernahmegründer und Neugründer im Vergleich. (KfW-Bankengruppe. Studien und Materialien), Frankfurt, Main, 45 S.

Abstract

"Entscheidet sich eine Person für den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit, muss sie die Entscheidung treffen, entweder ein bestehendes Unternehmen zu übernehmen oder ein neues zu gründen. Die vorliegende empirische Studie analysiert - basierend auf den Daten des KfW-Gründungsmonitors - erstmals für Deutschland umfassend die Unterschiede zwischen Übernahme- und Neugründern. Die Kernaussagen der Studie sind folgende:
- Im Durchschnitt der letzten zehn Jahre haben ca. 10 % der Gründer durch die Übernahme eines bestehenden Unternehmens eine Selbstständigkeit begonnen.
- Die übernommenen Unternehmen sind im Durchschnitt größer als die Projekte der Neugründer. Rund 71 % der Übernahmegründer starten im Vollerwerb, 68 % haben angestellte Mitarbeiter und 27 % gründen mit Teampartnern (Neugründer entsprechend: 50 %, 27 % und 13 %).
- Übernahmegründer führen - bei gegebenen weiteren Unternehmens- und Unternehmermerkmalen - zum Gründungszeitpunkt seltener Marktneuheiten ein als Neugründer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Verduijn, Karen & Caroline Essers (2013): Questioning dominant entrepreneurship assumptions. The case of female ethnic minority entrepreneurs. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 25, H. 7/8, S. 612-630. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2013.814718

Abstract

"The aim of this paper was to shake up the entrepreneurship ideal by problematizing what seems to have become naturalized, i.e. the ideologized tale of optimism associated with entrepreneurship. We have chosen a particular group of entrepreneurs (one usually and typically excluded in not only popular discourse but also in mainstream entrepreneurship literature), and we have chosen a typical Western society, one that firmly ascribes to neoliberal ideas. We have brought into play Dutch institutional stories with those of female ethnic entrepreneurs to see if these institutions sustain the presupposed view and to find out how these women consequently 'deal' with such presuppositions, and how and at what particular aspects they resist them. Since centre-margin positionalities are central to our investigations we have turned to deconstruction analysis as an inspirational source for our analysis. Our analysis portrays how the centred ideas about entrepreneurship and the positive powers attributed to it do not hold; it demonstrates the incoherence of this centre rather than confirming its position. We have been able to establish that the hegemonic, positive discourse on entrepreneurship in general and with women of ethnic minority origin specifically indeed resonates in these institutions' stories, mostly in its non-reflexivity and ideological prejudices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten machen sich in allen Bereichen des Wirtschaftslebens bemerkbar und bedeuten sowohl für die betroffenen Personen als auch für die Volkswirtschaft insgesamt hohe Verluste in Form von entgangener Produktivität und niedrigeren Lebensstandards. Dieser neue OECD-Bericht befasst sich mit Lösungsansätzen zur Beseitigung dieser geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheiten unter folgenden thematischen Gesichtspunkten: Geschlechtergleichstellung, soziale Normen und öffentliche Politik sowie Geschlechtergleichstellung in Bildung, Berufsleben und Unternehmertum.
Die Kernaussagen lauten:
- Die Verbesserung der Geschlechtergleichheit beim Bildungsniveau hat einen stark positiven Effekt auf das Wirtschaftswachstum.
- Geschlechterstereotypen muss schon im jungen Alter bei den Bildungsentscheidungen in der Schule entgegengewirkt werden. So sollten beispielsweise Unterrichtsmethoden und -materialien angepasst werden, um Jungen stärker für das Lesen und Mädchen stärker für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften zu begeistern; Mädchen sollten ermutigt werden, verstärkt naturwissenschaftliche, ingenieurwissenschaftliche und mathematische Studienfächer zu wählen und eine Berufstätigkeit in diesen Bereichen anzustreben.
- Gute und bezahlbare Kinderbetreuung ist ein ausschlaggebender Faktor für die Verbesserung der Geschlechtergleichstellung im Berufsleben. Veränderungen sind jedoch auch im familiären Kontext notwendig, da der überwiegende Teil der Hausarbeit und Kindererziehung in vielen Ländern immer noch von den Frauen geleistet wird. Diese Veränderungen können von der Politik unterstützt werden, beispielsweise durch Elternurlaubsregelungen, die Väter explizit einschließen.
- Fördermaßnahmen für Unternehmen in Frauenbesitz müssen auf alle Unternehmen, nicht nur auf Neugründungen und Kleinbetriebe, ausgerichtet werden. Es muss ein gleichberechtigter Zugang zu Finanzierungsmitteln für männliche und weibliche Unternehmer gewährleistet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2013): Entrepreneurship at a glance 2013. (Entrepreneurship at a glance), Paris, 104 S. DOI:10.1787/entrepreneur_aag-2013-en

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship at a Glance, a product of the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme, presents an original collection of indicators for measuring the state of entrepreneurship, along with key facts and explanations of the policy context. This third issue features a special chapter on the profile of the entrepreneur, as well as longer time series and breakdowns by sector for the main indicators." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Annink, Anne & Laura den Dulk (2012): Autonomy: The panacea for self-employed women's work-life balance? In: Community, work & family, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 383-402. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2012.723901

Abstract

"This study aims to increase our knowledge of the work-life balance (WLB) of self-employed workers, a changing but often neglected group in work - family research. A growing number of women are starting their own business in order to combine paid work and family life. This interview study (N=24) examines how self-employed women with children feel they manage paid work and other life domains in the Netherlands. Autonomy appeared to be an important resource, allowing them to combine their work more easily with childcare, household duties, and social and personal life. However, the degree and nature of that autonomy and the ability to use it varied among the self-employed in this study owing to work-related factors such as sector, work location, employees, and years of experience. Another important resource leading to greater satisfaction with the WLB was the ability to define and reflect on personal goals in work and other life domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brehm, Thorsten, Kerstin Eggert & Willi Oberlander (2012): Die Lage der Freien Berufe. Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Nürnberg, 164 S.

Abstract

"Ziel der vorliegenden Studie zur Lage der Freien Berufe ist es, die Entwicklungslinien der Freien Berufe insbesondere seit dem letzten Bericht zu diesem Thema aus 2002 aufzuzeigen und einen aktuellen Überblick über deren wirtschaftliche und berufliche Lage zu präsentieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Brixy, Udo, Rolf Sternberg & Arne Vorderwülbecke (2012): "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor" 2011: Hohe Gründungsdynamik in wirtschaftlich starken Regionen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 07/2012), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Unternehmensgründungen sind wichtige Impulsgeber für das Wachstum der Wirtschaft und den strukturellen Wandel. Gerade in innovationsgetriebenen Volkswirtschaften wie der deutschen tragen Neugründungen dazu bei, Arbeitsplätze zu schaffen und den Wettbewerb zu forcieren. Weil Unternehmensgründungen primär lokale Ereignisse sind, liegt der Fokus in diesem Bericht auf den regionalen Unterschieden des Gründungsgeschehens in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Brixy, Udo, Rolf Sternberg & Heiko Stüber (2012): The selectiveness of the entrepreneurial process. In: Journal of Small Business Management : JSBM, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 105-131., 2010-10-21. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00346.x

Abstract

"This paper focuses on the phase before a firm is founded. Based upon cross-sectional data from the German section of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the specific aims of the paper are to shed some light on the selection that takes place during the entrepreneurial process and to explain empirically the demographic and cognitive characteristics of (potential) entrepreneurs. The results reveal significant differences between common determinants of the different phases of the entrepreneurial process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Caliendo, Marco & Steffen Künn (2012): Getting back into the labor market. The effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females. (IZA discussion paper 6830), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"A shortage of skilled labor and low female labor market participation are problems many developed countries have to face. Besides activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to do so. Promoting self-employment among the unemployed might be promising. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility in allocating their time to work and family. Access to long-term informative data allows us to close existing research gaps, and we investigate the impact of two start-up programs on long-run labor market and fertility outcomes of female participants. We find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market and partly improve their income situations. The impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Caliendo, Marco & Steffen Künn (2012): Getting back into the labor market. The effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1260), Berlin, 43 S.

Abstract

"A shortage of skilled labor and low female labor market participation are problems many developed countries have to face. Besides activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to do so. Promoting self-employment among the unemployed might be promising. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility in allocating their time to work and family. Access to long-term informative data allows us to close existing research gaps, and we investigate the impact of two start-up programs on long-run labor market and fertility outcomes of female participants. We find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market and partly improve their income situations. The impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Carrasco, Raquel & Mette Ejrnæs (2012): Labor market conditions and self-employment. A Denmark-Spain comparison. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-1-13

Abstract

"Among the OECD countries, Spain faces one of the highest rates of self-employment and Denmark one of the lowest, being the difference specially relevant among women. These two countries present important differences in their labor market conditions in terms of labor market flexibility, generosity of the unemployment benefits system, child care policies, and barriers to start and operate a business. In this paper we analyze if the different institutional environment and employment conditions in both countries can help to interpret the different incidence of self-employment rates. The study is carried out for men and women separately using a strictly comparable panel data set. The results indicate that in Spain self-employment seems to offer individuals who normally are considered as marginalized in the labor market a beneficial alternative to wage employment, while this pattern is not so clear in Denmark. Specifically, in Spain those individuals in the bottom part of the wage distribution and non-employees, particularly unemployed without unemployment benefits and mothers with small children, start more often their own business than in Denmark." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cetindamar, Dilek, Vishal K. Gupta, Esra E. Karadeniz & Nilufer Egrican (2012): What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men's entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 24, H. 1/2, S. 29-51. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2012.637348

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital - human, family and financial - in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings suggest that to encourage entrepreneurship in Turkey, policymakers should emphasize access to human and financial capital. Furthermore, findings suggest that women's likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur will be especially encouraged if they have increased access to education, as well as the skills necessary to take advantage of their family capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Craig, Lyn, Abigail Powell & Natasha Cortis (2012): Self-employment, work-family time and the gender division of labour. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 716-734. DOI:10.1177/0950017012451642

Abstract

"Does being self-employed, as opposed to being an employee, make a difference to how parents with young children can balance work and family demands? Does self-employment facilitate more equal gender divisions of labour? This article uses the Australian Time Use Survey to identify associations between self-employment and mothers' and fathers' time in paid work, domestic labour and childcare and when during the day they perform these activities. The time self-employed mothers devote to each activity differs substantially from that of employee mothers, while fathers' time is relatively constant across employment types. Working from home is highly correlated with self-employment for mothers, implying the opportunity to be home-based is a pull factor in mothers becoming self-employed. Results suggest mothers use self-employment to combine earning and childcare whereas fathers prioritize paid work regardless of employment type. Self-employment is not associated with gender redistribution of paid and unpaid work, although it facilitates some rescheduling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Davis, Amy E. & Kelly G. Shaver (2012): Understanding gendered variations in business growth intentions across the life course. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 495-512. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00508.x

Abstract

"This article investigates differences in growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Using data from the U.S. Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I and II, we test hypotheses informed by life course theory regarding the influence of career stage and family status on high growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Results show that young men are especially likely to express high growth intentions, while mothers expressed high growth intentions more frequently than did other women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dawson, Christopher & Andrew Henley (2012): Gender, risk and venture creation intentions. (IZA discussion paper 6947), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is concerned with whether women are less likely to express business start-up intentions because of a less favourable attitude to risk. Previous research suggests that attitude to risk differs significantly between genders, but has not addressed the question of whether this contributes to lower levels of female interest in venture creation. This paper describes a conceptual basis for this question, and investigates it using a survey of business start-up intention from across a sample of European universities. A large proportion of the difference in average levels of intention between genders appears to be associated with attitude to risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Evers, Marc (2012): Existenzgründung im Wandel. DIHK-Gründerreport 2012. Zahlen und Einschätzungen der IHK-Organisation zum Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland. (DIHK-Gründerreport), Berlin, 21 S.

Abstract

"Wie viele Menschen den Sprung in die Selbstständigkeit wagen, hängt in Deutschland nach wie vor maßgeblich von der Beschäftigungssituation ab. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt der Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammertag (DIHK) im aktuellen Gründerreport." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fairlie, Robert & Justin Marion (2012): Affirmative action programs and business ownership among minorities and women. In: Small business economics, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 319-339. DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9305-4

Abstract

"Affirmative action programs are commonly used as a means to level the playing field for minority- and women-owned firms in public procurement markets, and therefore may be a positive factor in business entry and survival. To the extent that affirmative action programs also apply to traditional labor markets, however, they may alter the opportunity cost of starting a business. We utilize the elimination of affirmative action in California and Washington States through voter initiatives to identify the effect of affirmative action on minority and female self-employment rates. In our base specifications, we find evidence of modest increases in self-employment among minorities and women in both California and Washington after elimination of affirmative action, consistent with the hypothesis that the opportunity cost of starting a business fell due to restricting opportunities in the traditional labor markets. The sign of the estimated effect, however, is not uniformly positive when considering specific race/gender groups, and the statistical significance of the main results is somewhat sensitive to the choice of control states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fossen, Frank M. (2012): Gender differences in entrepreneurial choice and risk aversion. A decomposition based on a microeconometric model. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 14, S. 1795-1812. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.554377

Abstract

"Why are female entrepreneurs so rare? In Germany, women exhibit both a lower entry rate into and higher exit rate from self-employment. To explain this gender gap, this study estimates a structural microeconometric model of transition rates that includes a standard risk aversion parameter. Inputs into the model are the expected value and variance of earnings from self-employment and dependent employment, estimated separately by gender and accounting for nonrandom selection into self-employment. The gender differential in the transition rates is decomposed using a novel extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca technique for nonlinear models. Women's higher estimated risk aversion explains the largest part of their higher exit rate but only a small portion of their lower entry rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Franke, Annette (2012): Gründungsaktivitäten in der zweiten Lebenshälfte. Eine empirische Untersuchung im Kontext der Altersproduktivitätsdiskussion. (Dortmunder Beiträge zur Sozialforschung 06), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 332 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-19377-9

Abstract

"Die Potenziale des Alters in der Arbeitswelt sind in der fachöffentlichen Diskussion in Deutschland eng mit der abhängigen Beschäftigung Älterer verknüpft. Das Thema Selbstständigkeit wird bisher vor allem im Hinblick auf Abweichungen vom Normalarbeitsverhältnis eruiert, während Gründungsaktivitäten von Menschen in der zweiten Lebenshälfte in den gerontologischen, soziologischen und demographischen Diskursen weitestgehend außer Acht gelassen werden. Annette Franke untersucht anhand einer empirischen Studie die Identifikation von Dimensionen, Möglichkeiten, Grenzen und Voraussetzungen von Gründungsaktivitäten 50plus in einer alternden Wohlfahrtsgesellschaft. Anschließend werden konkrete Konklusionen - insbesondere für die Soziale Gerontologie und sozialwissenschaftliche Altersforschung - entwickelt und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Sozialpolitik sowie Vorschläge für die Gründungspraxis formuliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fritsch, Michael, Alexander Kritikos & Alina Rusakova (2012): Who starts a business and who is self-employed in Germany. (IZA discussion paper 6326), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"Based on representative data, the German Micro-Census, we provide an overview of the development of self-employment and entrepreneurship in Germany between 1991 and 2010, the first two decades after reunification. We investigate the socioeconomic background of these individuals, their education, previous employment status, and their income level. We observe a unique increase in self-employment in Germany by 40 percent which can partly be attributed to the transformation process of East Germany and to the shift to the service sector. We notice a yearly start-up rate of 1 percent among the working population (almost 20 percent of them being restarters), a decision that pays for the majority of individuals in terms of income. Contrary to other countries, in Germany there is a positive relationship between educational levels and the probability of starting a business." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fritsch, Michael, Alexander Kritikos & Alina Rusakova (2012): Selbständigkeit in Deutschland. Der Trend zeigt seit langem nach oben. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 79, H. 4, S. 3-12.

Abstract

"Die unternehmerische Selbständigkeit hat in Deutschland in den letzten 20 Jahren einen starken Aufschwung erfahren. Die Zahl der Selbständigen ist zwischen 1991 und 2009 um 40 Prozent gestiegen. Verantwortlich für diese Entwicklung sind die Nachholprozesse in Ostdeutschland, der Strukturwandel in Richtung Dienstleistungssektor, sowie eine ausgeprägte Bereitschaft unter den Hochqualifizierten, den Unverheirateten und den Ausländern für unternehmerische Selbständigkeit. Darüber hinaus hat sich im Beobachtungszeitraum der Anteil der Frauen an allen Gründerpersonen substantiell erhöht. Und die Entscheidung für Selbständigkeit zahlt sich in der Regel aus: Nach drei Jahren haben 38 Prozent aller im Markt befindlichen Gründer ein höheres, nur 17 Prozent ein niedrigeres Einkommen als zuvor in abhängiger Beschäftigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fritsch, Michael, Alexander Kritikos & Alina Rusakova (2012): Who starts a business and who is self-employed in Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1184), Berlin, 49 S.

Abstract

"Based on representative data, the German Micro-Census, we provide an overview of the development of self-employment and entrepreneurship in Germany between 1991 and 2010, the first two decades after reunification. We investigate the socioeconomic background of these individuals, their education, previous employment status, and their income level. We observe a unique increase in self-employment in Germany by 40 percent which can partly be attributed to the transformation process of East Germany and to the shift to the service sector. We notice a yearly start-up rate of 1 percent among the working population (almost 20 percent of them being restarters), a decision that pays for the majority of individuals in terms of income. Contrary to other countries, in Germany there is a positive relationship between educational levels and the probability of starting a business." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heckl, Eva, Karin Gavac & Andrea Dorr (2012): Unternehmerinnen in Österreich. Daten, Fakten, Motive, Barrieren. Ein Rückblick auf das vergangene Jahrzent. (AMS-Info 219/220), Wien, 6 S.

Abstract

"Das Bild des erfolgreichen Entrepreneurs stellte sich auch im ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts männlich konnotiert dar, in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung treten meist Unternehmer in den Vordergrund. Zur Förderung des Unternehmertums als Voraussetzung für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung im Allgemeinen kann und muss der Selbständigkeit von Frauen aber mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Welchen Platz nehmen die Unternehmerinnen in der österreichischen Unternehmenslandschaft ein? Was zeichnet sie und ihre Betriebe aus? Warum werden Frauen selbständig? Und welche Barrieren sind zu überwinden, damit mittelfristig mehr weibliche Entrepreneure das österreichische Wirtschaftsleben bereichern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Huarng, Kun-Huang, Alicia Mas-Tur & Tiffany Hui-Kuang Yu (2012): Factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurs. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 8, H. 4, S. 487-497. DOI:10.1007/s11365-012-0233-4

Abstract

"The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relation that exists between the skills possessed by women entrepreneurs and their motivations, barriers and performance. Thus, on the theoretical framework we review literature some aspects that are related to the skills required of a business owner: level of education, previous occupational experience, and prior business expertise and management skills. The analysis undertaken shows that the lack of education and managerial skills of women business owners are two of the most important variables when it comes to understanding the motivations and the difficulties they have to face." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kelley, Donna J., Slavica Singer & Mike Herrington (2012): Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2011 global report. Wellesley, MA, 37 S.

Abstract

"The GEM 2011 Global Report focuses on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial employees across the globe. More than 140,000 adults (18 - 64 years of age) in 54 economies, spanning diverse geographies and a range of development levels were surveyed. Based on this survey, GEM estimated that 388 million entrepreneurs were actively engaged in starting and running new businesses in 2011." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lechmann, Daniel S. J. & Claus Schnabel (2012): Why is there a gender earnings gap in self-employment? A decomposition analysis with German data. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 1, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-1-6

Abstract

"Using a large data set for Germany, we show that both the raw and the unexplained gender earnings gap are higher in self-employment than in paid employment. Applying an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, about one quarter to one third of the difference in monthly self-employment earnings can be traced back to women working fewer hours than men whereas there are no robust segregation effects. Working time flexibility and career aspirations do not seem to contribute much to the gender earnings gap, whereas family background plays a certain role as it affects the earnings of self-employed men and women quite differently." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Loscocco, Karyn & Sharon R. Bird (2012): Gendered paths. Why women lag behind men in small business success. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 183-219. DOI:10.1177/0730888412444282

Abstract

"The promise of small business ownership as a route to equality has yet to be realized. The authors draw from social construction perspectives and a detailed data set to model directly the various options individuals must balance - as owners and as family members - in the course of running their businesses. The authors' findings suggest that gendered structural constraints exist not only in the labor markets in which people work before becoming owners but also 'closer to home' in terms of decisions they make about whether to try to use ownership to achieve more work-family balance and how much time and effort to put into growing their businesses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Manolova, Tatiana S., Candida G. Brush, Linda F. Edelman & Kelly G. Shaver (2012): One size does not fit all. Entrepreneurial expectancies and growth intentions of US women and men nascent entrepreneurs. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 24, H. 1/2, S. 7-27. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2012.637344

Abstract

"Women are the majority owners of 30% (6.7 million) of all privately held firms in the US. The vast majority of these firms, however, are smaller than average with only 16% achieving annual revenues of more than $500,000. This suggests that women may have different expectations for the growth of their ventures than men. Using the US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics dataset, this paper utilizes an expectancy theory perspective to propose differences in growth expectancies of nascent men and women entrepreneurs. Specifically, we conceptualize new venture creation as a process based on the effort - performance - outcome model of entrepreneurial expectancies and propose that differences in motivations towards growth may mediate those relationships. Our findings indicate that while men want to grow their new ventures to achieve financial success, for women, financial success is just one of many reasons to achieve growth. Implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, B., Jürgen Egeln, Daniel Höwer, Georg Licht & Martin Murmann (2012): Hightech-Gründungen in Deutschland. Gründungsdynamik im ITK-Sektor. Mannheim, 95 S.

Abstract

"Die Anzahl der Gründungen in den ITK-Branchen entwickelte sich zwischen den Jahren 1995 und 2011 im Vergleich zum übrigen Hightech-Sektor und allen Branchen deutlich dynamischer. Im Jahr 2011 lag die Anzahl der Unternehmensgründungen im ITK-Sektor etwas über der des Jahres 1995. Die Gründungstätigkeit im übrigen Hightech-Sektor ist dagegen im selben Zeitraum deutlich zurückgegangen. Besonders dynamisch haben sich die Software-Gründungen entwickelt.
Gründungen in den Branchen des ITK-Sektors befassen sich überdurchschnittlich häufig mit Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE).
Junge ITK-Unternehmen bringen deutlich häufiger Marktneuheiten oder Produktinnovationen auf den Markt als junge Unternehmen aller Branchen. Fast jedes fünfte ITK-Unternehmen wird mit einer Marktneuheit gegründet.
Bei Gründungen in den Branchen des ITK-Sektors handelt es sich um Unternehmen, die im Gründungsjahr im Durchschnitt mit weniger finanziellen Mitteln für Investitionen oder die erste Geschäftstätigkeit auskommen als der Durchschnitt der Gründungen in den anderen in dieser Studie betrachteten Branchengruppen. Wie bei Gründungen generell, stellen auch für Gründungen des ITK-Sektors die Geschäftserlöse und die Einlagen der Eigentümer die mit Abstand wichtigsten Finanzierungsquellen für die Geschäftsaufnahme dar. Gründer und Mitarbeiter junger ITK-Unternehmen sind überdurchschnittlich gut ausgebildet, jedoch etwas schlechter als in den übrigen Hightech- Sektoren. Sie haben zu einem geringeren Anteil ein Hochschulstudium absolviert und verfügen zu einem höheren Anteil über keine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung. ITK-Unternehmen werden überdurchschnittlich häufig im Team gegründet. Etwa ein Drittel der ITK-Unternehmen sind Teamgründungen. Die Frauenquote im ITK-Sektor ist hingegen unterdurchschnittlich und liegt sogar deutlich unter dem Niveau der übrigen Hightech-Sektoren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Petrova, Kameliia (2012): Part-time entrepreneurship and financial constraints. Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics. In: Small business economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 473-493. DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9310-7

Abstract

"To date, entrepreneurship literature overlooks part-time entrepreneurs, i.e., those who devote time to entrepreneurial ventures and wage employment at the same time. In contrast, recent evidence from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, a large cross-national study on the level of entrepreneurial activity, establishes that 80% of nascent entrepreneurs also hold regular wage jobs. This paper offers a model of entrepreneurial entry under financial constraints where individuals choose between wage employment, part-time, and full-time entrepreneurship. Those who become nascent entrepreneurs must further decide how much capital to invest and what proportion of time to spend in business. I test this model using data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, which covers start-ups and nascent entrepreneurs. My findings show that part-time entrepreneurs are not affected by financial constraints. The analysis suggests that industry barriers, risk aversion, and learning by doing might be other factors worth investigating." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rosenthal, Stuart S. & William C. Strange (2012): Female entrepreneurship, agglomeration, and a new spatial mismatch. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 94, H. 3, S. 764-788.

Abstract

"Female entrepreneurs may be less networked than their male counterparts and so derive less benefit from agglomeration. They may also have greater domestic burdens and therefore have higher commuting costs. This paper develops a theoretical model showing that either of these forces can lead to the segregation of male- and female-owned businesses, with female entrepreneurs choosing locations farther from agglomerations and commuting shorter distances. Empirical analysis is consistent with these predictions. Female-owned businesses are segregated, often to a degree similar to black-white residential segregation. Female-owned enterprises are less exposed to agglomeration, with 10% to 20% less own industry employment nearby." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sena, Vania, Jonathan Scott & Stephen Roper (2012): Gender, borrowing patterns and self-employment. Some evidence for England. In: Small business economics, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 467-480. DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9272-9

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we try to identify whether women have different borrowing patterns from men when trying to get into self-employment along with the factors that explain these different propensities. Second, we try to quantify the impact of these differences in borrowing propensity on women's willingness to become self-employed. The empirical analysis is carried out on a sample of individuals drawn from the English Household Survey of Entrepreneurship, 2003. Our results show that (1) women are less likely than men to seek external finance and that (2) gender differences in access to finance are affecting adversely the transition into self-employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Verheul, Ingrid, Roy Thurik, Isabel Grilo & Peter van der Zwan (2012): Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment. Gender and the entrepreneurial personality. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 325-341. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.009

Abstract

"This paper investigates an essential aspect of the entrepreneurial personality: why women's self-employment rates are consistently lower than those of men. It has three focal points. It discriminates between the preference for self-employment and actual involvement in self-employment using a two (probit) equation model. It makes a systematic distinction between different ways in which gender influences the preference for and actual involvement in self-employment (mediation and moderation). It includes perceived ability as a potential driver of self-employment next to risk attitude, self-employed parents and other socio-demographic drivers. A representative data set of more than 8000 individuals from 29 countries (25 EU Member States, US, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) is used (the 2004 Flash Eurobarometer survey). The findings show that women's lower preference for becoming self-employed plays an important role in explaining their lower involvement in self-employment and that a gender effect remains that may point at gender-based obstacles to entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Williams, Donald R. (2012): Gender discrimination and self-employment dynamics in Europe. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 153-158. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2011.08.029

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect that gender-based earnings discrimination has on self-employment dynamics among females, with a focus on four countries in Western Europe. Using data from the European Community Household Panel in the 1999 - 2001 time period, we test the hypothesis that the probability of moving into self-employment is positively related to prior earnings discrimination, as measured by unexplained deviations from expected (male) earnings. Our findings suggest that women who have lower than expected wage sector earnings are more likely to leave wage employment in the following year. The results with respect to discrimination, per se, however, are mixed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zwan, Peter van der, Ingrid Verheul & A. Roy Thurik (2012): The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development. In: Small business economics, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 627-643. DOI:10.1007/s11187-011-9334-7

Abstract

"Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained using country effects while controlling for individual-level variables. We distinguish between individuals who have never considered starting up a business, those who are thinking about it, and nascent, young, and established entrepreneurs. We use a large international dataset that includes respondents from 32 European countries, three Asian countries, and the United States. Findings show that cross-country gender differences are largest in the first and final transitions of the entrepreneurial process. In particular, some European transition economies are characterized by relatively low propensities of women to convert start-up considerations into startup activities and low survival rates of businesses started by women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2012): Entrepreneurship at a glance 2012. (Entrepreneurship at a glance), Paris, 136 S. DOI:10.1787/entrepreneur_aag-2012-en

Abstract

"Nachhaltiges, wirtschaftliches Wachstum braucht Unternehmergeist und Innovation. Wie sieht es damit in den OECD-Ländern aus? Wie hat sich die Unternehmensdemographie in den letzten Jahren entwickelt? Wo gab es die meisten Unternehmensgründungen, wo die meisten Insolvenzen? Wie viele Start-Ups haben überlebt und konnten vielleicht sogar dauerhaft Arbeitsplätze schaffen?
Die zweite Ausgabe der OECD-Publikation 'Entrepreneurship at a Glance' liefert anhand von Original-Indikatoren einen Überblick über Unternehmertum in OECD-Ländern. In Sonderkapiteln befasst sich die Publikation mit der Finanzierung von Existenzgründungen sowie mit ausgewählten Indikatoren für Unternehmertum und Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Viele Länder in aller Welt haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten erhebliche Fortschritte bei der Förderung der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter im Bildungsbereich erzielt. Auf einigen Gebieten erzielen die Mädchen heute bessere Ergebnisse als die Jungen, und sie brechen mit geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit die Schule ab als Jungen. Doch damit ist erst der halbe Weg geschafft: Frauen verdienen noch immer weniger als Männer, sie gelangen seltener an die Spitze der Karriereleiter, und sie laufen größere Gefahr, die letzten Jahre ihres Lebens in Armut zu verbringen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Achtenhagen, Leona & Friederike Welter (2011): 'Surfing on the ironing board'. The representation of women's entrepreneurship in German newspapers. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 23, H. 9-10, S. 763-786. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2010.520338

Abstract

"Despite extensive attempts to enhance women's entrepreneurship in Germany, a gender gap continues to exist. This article sets out to analyse the representation of women's entrepreneurship in German media, by analysing how it is depicted in newspapers and how this changes over time. Images transported in media might regulate the nature of women's entrepreneurship, as they contain information about 'typical' and 'socially desirable' behaviour of women as well as of entrepreneurs. This article contributes to developing an understanding of the relevance of media representation of the entrepreneurship phenomenon for influencing the propensity towards entrepreneurial activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brixy, Udo & Rolf Sternberg (2011): German panel of nascent entrepreneurs. In: P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtain (Hrsg.) (2011): New business creation : an international overview (International studies in entrepreneurship, 27), S. 123-141, 2010-11-01. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-7536-2_5

Abstract

"The overall objective of the German Panel of Nascent Entrepreneurs (GEPANE) is to identify those determinants that either turn nascent entrepreneurs into actual entrepreneurs (owner managers of new firms or 'young entrepreneurs') or lead to a discontinuation of the original start-up idea. These factors may be broken down into person-related determinants, environmental determinants, and organizational determinants. As such, the project covers more or less three partly overlapping areas that capture most of the recent research on nascent entrepreneurs and related panels: characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs, antecedents, and characteristics of the new venture creation process; and explaining new venture creation process outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Caliendo, Marco & Alexander Kritikos (2011): Searching for the entrepreneurial personality. New evidence and avenues for further research. (IZA discussion paper 5790), Bonn, 14 S.

Abstract

"What makes the entrepreneurial personality is the key question we seek to answer in the special issue of the Journal of Economic Psychology on 'Personality and Entrepreneurship'. The contributions are clustered around questions regarding the linkage between personality, socio-economic factors and entrepreneurial development. Results further explain the gender puzzle, while, at the same time, it is clear that stereotypes of what makes the ideal entrepreneur must be revisited. This conclusion is based on new insights into the effects that variables, such as risk tolerance, trust and reciprocity, the value for autonomy and also external role models, have on entrepreneurial decision making. On a more general note, it is clear that more informative longitudinal data sets at the individual level are needed in order to find conclusive answers. In an ideal world researchers would have access to data that includes personality characteristics and psychological traits, motivational factors and cognitive skills. In this respect the research community needs to find new ways to collect these data and make them available for entrepreneurship research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ebersberger, Bernd & Christine Pirhofer (2011): Gender, management education and the willingness for academic entrepreneurship. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 18, H. 9, S. 841-844. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2010.503931

Abstract

"This article explores the determinants of academic entrepreneurship. In particular, it investigates the effects of gender and supplementary management education on academics' willingness to start up a company. The analysis is based on a survey of academics. Controlling for academic achievement, field of science and perceived hampering factors, we find that female academics show a significantly lower propensity to have a high willingness to start up. Our results indicate that supplementary management education does not in general have a significant effect on the willingness to start up. Yet, for female academics supplementary management education exerts a significantly positive effect almost offsetting the gender effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Es, F. van & Daniël J. van Vuuren (2011): A decomposition of the growth in self-employment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 18, H. 17, S. 1665-1669. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2011.558471

Abstract

"We decompose the rise of self-employment in the Netherlands in the period 1992 to 2006. Using Logit estimates we identify the most important determinants of the recent upturn, separately for women and for men. In contrast with findings for the United States, we find that changes in the industrial composition only play a small role. For women, we find that intra-sectoral developments have been important in spurring self-employment. In particular, it has become more common for women to be self-employed in the Trade and Culture sectors. The ageing of society (older people are more often self-employed) is an important cause of the observed increase. This effect is partly compensated by the negative effect of a higher educated labour force. The estimation results imply that both policies to foster self-employment and a socio-cultural trend have been important. We postulate that generic policy effects have been the most important cause of the increase in self-employment. The largest effects were seen just in the last few years of our sample (2004-2006), which appears to be inconsistent with the notion of a longer lasting socio-cultural trend." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Estrin, Saul & Tomasz Mickiewicz (2011): Institutions and female entrepreneurship. In: Small business economics, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 397-415. DOI:10.1007/s11187-011-9373-0

Abstract

"This paper compares the impact of institutions on men and women's decisions to establish new business start-ups between 2001 and 2006. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey (GEM) which cover at least 2,000 individuals per year in each of up to 55 countries and have merged it with country-level data, from the World Bank, Economist Intelligence Unit, Polity IV and the Heritage Foundation. We find that women are less likely to undertake entrepreneurial activity in countries where the state sector is larger, but the rule of law is not generally found to have gender-specific effects. However, more detailed institutional components of discrimination against women, in particular, restrictions on freedom of movement away from home, make it less likely for women to have high entrepreneurial aspirations in terms of employment growth, even if their entry into entrepreneurial activities, including self-employment, is not affected by this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))