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Carrasco, Raquel & Mette Ejrnæs (2012): Labor market conditions and self-employment. A Denmark-Spain comparison. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-1-13

Abstract

"Among the OECD countries, Spain faces one of the highest rates of self-employment and Denmark one of the lowest, being the difference specially relevant among women. These two countries present important differences in their labor market conditions in terms of labor market flexibility, generosity of the unemployment benefits system, child care policies, and barriers to start and operate a business. In this paper we analyze if the different institutional environment and employment conditions in both countries can help to interpret the different incidence of self-employment rates. The study is carried out for men and women separately using a strictly comparable panel data set. The results indicate that in Spain self-employment seems to offer individuals who normally are considered as marginalized in the labor market a beneficial alternative to wage employment, while this pattern is not so clear in Denmark. Specifically, in Spain those individuals in the bottom part of the wage distribution and non-employees, particularly unemployed without unemployment benefits and mothers with small children, start more often their own business than in Denmark." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cetindamar, Dilek, Vishal K. Gupta, Esra E. Karadeniz & Nilufer Egrican (2012): What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men's entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 24, H. 1/2, S. 29-51. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2012.637348

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital - human, family and financial - in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings suggest that to encourage entrepreneurship in Turkey, policymakers should emphasize access to human and financial capital. Furthermore, findings suggest that women's likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur will be especially encouraged if they have increased access to education, as well as the skills necessary to take advantage of their family capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Craig, Lyn, Abigail Powell & Natasha Cortis (2012): Self-employment, work-family time and the gender division of labour. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 716-734. DOI:10.1177/0950017012451642

Abstract

"Does being self-employed, as opposed to being an employee, make a difference to how parents with young children can balance work and family demands? Does self-employment facilitate more equal gender divisions of labour? This article uses the Australian Time Use Survey to identify associations between self-employment and mothers' and fathers' time in paid work, domestic labour and childcare and when during the day they perform these activities. The time self-employed mothers devote to each activity differs substantially from that of employee mothers, while fathers' time is relatively constant across employment types. Working from home is highly correlated with self-employment for mothers, implying the opportunity to be home-based is a pull factor in mothers becoming self-employed. Results suggest mothers use self-employment to combine earning and childcare whereas fathers prioritize paid work regardless of employment type. Self-employment is not associated with gender redistribution of paid and unpaid work, although it facilitates some rescheduling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davis, Amy E. & Kelly G. Shaver (2012): Understanding gendered variations in business growth intentions across the life course. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 495-512. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00508.x

Abstract

"This article investigates differences in growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Using data from the U.S. Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I and II, we test hypotheses informed by life course theory regarding the influence of career stage and family status on high growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Results show that young men are especially likely to express high growth intentions, while mothers expressed high growth intentions more frequently than did other women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dawson, Christopher & Andrew Henley (2012): Gender, risk and venture creation intentions. (IZA discussion paper 6947), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is concerned with whether women are less likely to express business start-up intentions because of a less favourable attitude to risk. Previous research suggests that attitude to risk differs significantly between genders, but has not addressed the question of whether this contributes to lower levels of female interest in venture creation. This paper describes a conceptual basis for this question, and investigates it using a survey of business start-up intention from across a sample of European universities. A large proportion of the difference in average levels of intention between genders appears to be associated with attitude to risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Evers, Marc (2012): Existenzgründung im Wandel. DIHK-Gründerreport 2012. Zahlen und Einschätzungen der IHK-Organisation zum Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland. (DIHK-Gründerreport), Berlin, 21 S.

Abstract

"Wie viele Menschen den Sprung in die Selbstständigkeit wagen, hängt in Deutschland nach wie vor maßgeblich von der Beschäftigungssituation ab. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt der Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammertag (DIHK) im aktuellen Gründerreport." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fairlie, Robert & Justin Marion (2012): Affirmative action programs and business ownership among minorities and women. In: Small business economics, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 319-339. DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9305-4

Abstract

"Affirmative action programs are commonly used as a means to level the playing field for minority- and women-owned firms in public procurement markets, and therefore may be a positive factor in business entry and survival. To the extent that affirmative action programs also apply to traditional labor markets, however, they may alter the opportunity cost of starting a business. We utilize the elimination of affirmative action in California and Washington States through voter initiatives to identify the effect of affirmative action on minority and female self-employment rates. In our base specifications, we find evidence of modest increases in self-employment among minorities and women in both California and Washington after elimination of affirmative action, consistent with the hypothesis that the opportunity cost of starting a business fell due to restricting opportunities in the traditional labor markets. The sign of the estimated effect, however, is not uniformly positive when considering specific race/gender groups, and the statistical significance of the main results is somewhat sensitive to the choice of control states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fossen, Frank M. (2012): Gender differences in entrepreneurial choice and risk aversion. A decomposition based on a microeconometric model. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 14, S. 1795-1812. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.554377

Abstract

"Why are female entrepreneurs so rare? In Germany, women exhibit both a lower entry rate into and higher exit rate from self-employment. To explain this gender gap, this study estimates a structural microeconometric model of transition rates that includes a standard risk aversion parameter. Inputs into the model are the expected value and variance of earnings from self-employment and dependent employment, estimated separately by gender and accounting for nonrandom selection into self-employment. The gender differential in the transition rates is decomposed using a novel extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca technique for nonlinear models. Women's higher estimated risk aversion explains the largest part of their higher exit rate but only a small portion of their lower entry rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Franke, Annette (2012): Gründungsaktivitäten in der zweiten Lebenshälfte. Eine empirische Untersuchung im Kontext der Altersproduktivitätsdiskussion. (Dortmunder Beiträge zur Sozialforschung 06), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 332 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-19377-9

Abstract

"Die Potenziale des Alters in der Arbeitswelt sind in der fachöffentlichen Diskussion in Deutschland eng mit der abhängigen Beschäftigung Älterer verknüpft. Das Thema Selbstständigkeit wird bisher vor allem im Hinblick auf Abweichungen vom Normalarbeitsverhältnis eruiert, während Gründungsaktivitäten von Menschen in der zweiten Lebenshälfte in den gerontologischen, soziologischen und demographischen Diskursen weitestgehend außer Acht gelassen werden. Annette Franke untersucht anhand einer empirischen Studie die Identifikation von Dimensionen, Möglichkeiten, Grenzen und Voraussetzungen von Gründungsaktivitäten 50plus in einer alternden Wohlfahrtsgesellschaft. Anschließend werden konkrete Konklusionen - insbesondere für die Soziale Gerontologie und sozialwissenschaftliche Altersforschung - entwickelt und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Sozialpolitik sowie Vorschläge für die Gründungspraxis formuliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fritsch, Michael, Alexander Kritikos & Alina Rusakova (2012): Who starts a business and who is self-employed in Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1184), Berlin, 49 S.

Abstract

"Based on representative data, the German Micro-Census, we provide an overview of the development of self-employment and entrepreneurship in Germany between 1991 and 2010, the first two decades after reunification. We investigate the socioeconomic background of these individuals, their education, previous employment status, and their income level. We observe a unique increase in self-employment in Germany by 40 percent which can partly be attributed to the transformation process of East Germany and to the shift to the service sector. We notice a yearly start-up rate of 1 percent among the working population (almost 20 percent of them being restarters), a decision that pays for the majority of individuals in terms of income. Contrary to other countries, in Germany there is a positive relationship between educational levels and the probability of starting a business." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fritsch, Michael, Alexander Kritikos & Alina Rusakova (2012): Selbständigkeit in Deutschland. Der Trend zeigt seit langem nach oben. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 79, H. 4, S. 3-12.

Abstract

"Die unternehmerische Selbständigkeit hat in Deutschland in den letzten 20 Jahren einen starken Aufschwung erfahren. Die Zahl der Selbständigen ist zwischen 1991 und 2009 um 40 Prozent gestiegen. Verantwortlich für diese Entwicklung sind die Nachholprozesse in Ostdeutschland, der Strukturwandel in Richtung Dienstleistungssektor, sowie eine ausgeprägte Bereitschaft unter den Hochqualifizierten, den Unverheirateten und den Ausländern für unternehmerische Selbständigkeit. Darüber hinaus hat sich im Beobachtungszeitraum der Anteil der Frauen an allen Gründerpersonen substantiell erhöht. Und die Entscheidung für Selbständigkeit zahlt sich in der Regel aus: Nach drei Jahren haben 38 Prozent aller im Markt befindlichen Gründer ein höheres, nur 17 Prozent ein niedrigeres Einkommen als zuvor in abhängiger Beschäftigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fritsch, Michael, Alexander Kritikos & Alina Rusakova (2012): Who starts a business and who is self-employed in Germany. (IZA discussion paper 6326), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"Based on representative data, the German Micro-Census, we provide an overview of the development of self-employment and entrepreneurship in Germany between 1991 and 2010, the first two decades after reunification. We investigate the socioeconomic background of these individuals, their education, previous employment status, and their income level. We observe a unique increase in self-employment in Germany by 40 percent which can partly be attributed to the transformation process of East Germany and to the shift to the service sector. We notice a yearly start-up rate of 1 percent among the working population (almost 20 percent of them being restarters), a decision that pays for the majority of individuals in terms of income. Contrary to other countries, in Germany there is a positive relationship between educational levels and the probability of starting a business." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heckl, Eva, Karin Gavac & Andrea Dorr (2012): Unternehmerinnen in Österreich. Daten, Fakten, Motive, Barrieren. Ein Rückblick auf das vergangene Jahrzent. (AMS-Info 219/220), Wien, 6 S.

Abstract

"Das Bild des erfolgreichen Entrepreneurs stellte sich auch im ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts männlich konnotiert dar, in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung treten meist Unternehmer in den Vordergrund. Zur Förderung des Unternehmertums als Voraussetzung für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung im Allgemeinen kann und muss der Selbständigkeit von Frauen aber mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Welchen Platz nehmen die Unternehmerinnen in der österreichischen Unternehmenslandschaft ein? Was zeichnet sie und ihre Betriebe aus? Warum werden Frauen selbständig? Und welche Barrieren sind zu überwinden, damit mittelfristig mehr weibliche Entrepreneure das österreichische Wirtschaftsleben bereichern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Huarng, Kun-Huang, Alicia Mas-Tur & Tiffany Hui-Kuang Yu (2012): Factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurs. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 8, H. 4, S. 487-497. DOI:10.1007/s11365-012-0233-4

Abstract

"The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relation that exists between the skills possessed by women entrepreneurs and their motivations, barriers and performance. Thus, on the theoretical framework we review literature some aspects that are related to the skills required of a business owner: level of education, previous occupational experience, and prior business expertise and management skills. The analysis undertaken shows that the lack of education and managerial skills of women business owners are two of the most important variables when it comes to understanding the motivations and the difficulties they have to face." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kelley, Donna J., Slavica Singer & Mike Herrington (2012): Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2011 global report. Wellesley, MA, 37 S.

Abstract

"The GEM 2011 Global Report focuses on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial employees across the globe. More than 140,000 adults (18 - 64 years of age) in 54 economies, spanning diverse geographies and a range of development levels were surveyed. Based on this survey, GEM estimated that 388 million entrepreneurs were actively engaged in starting and running new businesses in 2011." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lechmann, Daniel S. J. & Claus Schnabel (2012): Why is there a gender earnings gap in self-employment? A decomposition analysis with German data. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 1, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-1-6

Abstract

"Using a large data set for Germany, we show that both the raw and the unexplained gender earnings gap are higher in self-employment than in paid employment. Applying an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, about one quarter to one third of the difference in monthly self-employment earnings can be traced back to women working fewer hours than men whereas there are no robust segregation effects. Working time flexibility and career aspirations do not seem to contribute much to the gender earnings gap, whereas family background plays a certain role as it affects the earnings of self-employed men and women quite differently." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Loscocco, Karyn & Sharon R. Bird (2012): Gendered paths. Why women lag behind men in small business success. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 183-219. DOI:10.1177/0730888412444282

Abstract

"The promise of small business ownership as a route to equality has yet to be realized. The authors draw from social construction perspectives and a detailed data set to model directly the various options individuals must balance - as owners and as family members - in the course of running their businesses. The authors' findings suggest that gendered structural constraints exist not only in the labor markets in which people work before becoming owners but also 'closer to home' in terms of decisions they make about whether to try to use ownership to achieve more work-family balance and how much time and effort to put into growing their businesses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Manolova, Tatiana S., Candida G. Brush, Linda F. Edelman & Kelly G. Shaver (2012): One size does not fit all. Entrepreneurial expectancies and growth intentions of US women and men nascent entrepreneurs. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 24, H. 1/2, S. 7-27. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2012.637344

Abstract

"Women are the majority owners of 30% (6.7 million) of all privately held firms in the US. The vast majority of these firms, however, are smaller than average with only 16% achieving annual revenues of more than $500,000. This suggests that women may have different expectations for the growth of their ventures than men. Using the US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics dataset, this paper utilizes an expectancy theory perspective to propose differences in growth expectancies of nascent men and women entrepreneurs. Specifically, we conceptualize new venture creation as a process based on the effort - performance - outcome model of entrepreneurial expectancies and propose that differences in motivations towards growth may mediate those relationships. Our findings indicate that while men want to grow their new ventures to achieve financial success, for women, financial success is just one of many reasons to achieve growth. Implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, B., Jürgen Egeln, Daniel Höwer, Georg Licht & Martin Murmann (2012): Hightech-Gründungen in Deutschland. Gründungsdynamik im ITK-Sektor. Mannheim, 95 S.

Abstract

"Die Anzahl der Gründungen in den ITK-Branchen entwickelte sich zwischen den Jahren 1995 und 2011 im Vergleich zum übrigen Hightech-Sektor und allen Branchen deutlich dynamischer. Im Jahr 2011 lag die Anzahl der Unternehmensgründungen im ITK-Sektor etwas über der des Jahres 1995. Die Gründungstätigkeit im übrigen Hightech-Sektor ist dagegen im selben Zeitraum deutlich zurückgegangen. Besonders dynamisch haben sich die Software-Gründungen entwickelt.
Gründungen in den Branchen des ITK-Sektors befassen sich überdurchschnittlich häufig mit Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE).
Junge ITK-Unternehmen bringen deutlich häufiger Marktneuheiten oder Produktinnovationen auf den Markt als junge Unternehmen aller Branchen. Fast jedes fünfte ITK-Unternehmen wird mit einer Marktneuheit gegründet.
Bei Gründungen in den Branchen des ITK-Sektors handelt es sich um Unternehmen, die im Gründungsjahr im Durchschnitt mit weniger finanziellen Mitteln für Investitionen oder die erste Geschäftstätigkeit auskommen als der Durchschnitt der Gründungen in den anderen in dieser Studie betrachteten Branchengruppen. Wie bei Gründungen generell, stellen auch für Gründungen des ITK-Sektors die Geschäftserlöse und die Einlagen der Eigentümer die mit Abstand wichtigsten Finanzierungsquellen für die Geschäftsaufnahme dar. Gründer und Mitarbeiter junger ITK-Unternehmen sind überdurchschnittlich gut ausgebildet, jedoch etwas schlechter als in den übrigen Hightech- Sektoren. Sie haben zu einem geringeren Anteil ein Hochschulstudium absolviert und verfügen zu einem höheren Anteil über keine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung. ITK-Unternehmen werden überdurchschnittlich häufig im Team gegründet. Etwa ein Drittel der ITK-Unternehmen sind Teamgründungen. Die Frauenquote im ITK-Sektor ist hingegen unterdurchschnittlich und liegt sogar deutlich unter dem Niveau der übrigen Hightech-Sektoren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Petrova, Kameliia (2012): Part-time entrepreneurship and financial constraints. Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics. In: Small business economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 473-493. DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9310-7

Abstract

"To date, entrepreneurship literature overlooks part-time entrepreneurs, i.e., those who devote time to entrepreneurial ventures and wage employment at the same time. In contrast, recent evidence from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, a large cross-national study on the level of entrepreneurial activity, establishes that 80% of nascent entrepreneurs also hold regular wage jobs. This paper offers a model of entrepreneurial entry under financial constraints where individuals choose between wage employment, part-time, and full-time entrepreneurship. Those who become nascent entrepreneurs must further decide how much capital to invest and what proportion of time to spend in business. I test this model using data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, which covers start-ups and nascent entrepreneurs. My findings show that part-time entrepreneurs are not affected by financial constraints. The analysis suggests that industry barriers, risk aversion, and learning by doing might be other factors worth investigating." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rosenthal, Stuart S. & William C. Strange (2012): Female entrepreneurship, agglomeration, and a new spatial mismatch. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 94, H. 3, S. 764-788.

Abstract

"Female entrepreneurs may be less networked than their male counterparts and so derive less benefit from agglomeration. They may also have greater domestic burdens and therefore have higher commuting costs. This paper develops a theoretical model showing that either of these forces can lead to the segregation of male- and female-owned businesses, with female entrepreneurs choosing locations farther from agglomerations and commuting shorter distances. Empirical analysis is consistent with these predictions. Female-owned businesses are segregated, often to a degree similar to black-white residential segregation. Female-owned enterprises are less exposed to agglomeration, with 10% to 20% less own industry employment nearby." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sena, Vania, Jonathan Scott & Stephen Roper (2012): Gender, borrowing patterns and self-employment. Some evidence for England. In: Small business economics, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 467-480. DOI:10.1007/s11187-010-9272-9

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we try to identify whether women have different borrowing patterns from men when trying to get into self-employment along with the factors that explain these different propensities. Second, we try to quantify the impact of these differences in borrowing propensity on women's willingness to become self-employed. The empirical analysis is carried out on a sample of individuals drawn from the English Household Survey of Entrepreneurship, 2003. Our results show that (1) women are less likely than men to seek external finance and that (2) gender differences in access to finance are affecting adversely the transition into self-employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verheul, Ingrid, Roy Thurik, Isabel Grilo & Peter van der Zwan (2012): Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment. Gender and the entrepreneurial personality. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 325-341. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.009

Abstract

"This paper investigates an essential aspect of the entrepreneurial personality: why women's self-employment rates are consistently lower than those of men. It has three focal points. It discriminates between the preference for self-employment and actual involvement in self-employment using a two (probit) equation model. It makes a systematic distinction between different ways in which gender influences the preference for and actual involvement in self-employment (mediation and moderation). It includes perceived ability as a potential driver of self-employment next to risk attitude, self-employed parents and other socio-demographic drivers. A representative data set of more than 8000 individuals from 29 countries (25 EU Member States, US, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) is used (the 2004 Flash Eurobarometer survey). The findings show that women's lower preference for becoming self-employed plays an important role in explaining their lower involvement in self-employment and that a gender effect remains that may point at gender-based obstacles to entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Williams, Donald R. (2012): Gender discrimination and self-employment dynamics in Europe. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 153-158. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2011.08.029

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect that gender-based earnings discrimination has on self-employment dynamics among females, with a focus on four countries in Western Europe. Using data from the European Community Household Panel in the 1999 - 2001 time period, we test the hypothesis that the probability of moving into self-employment is positively related to prior earnings discrimination, as measured by unexplained deviations from expected (male) earnings. Our findings suggest that women who have lower than expected wage sector earnings are more likely to leave wage employment in the following year. The results with respect to discrimination, per se, however, are mixed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zwan, Peter van der, Ingrid Verheul & A. Roy Thurik (2012): The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development. In: Small business economics, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 627-643. DOI:10.1007/s11187-011-9334-7

Abstract

"Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained using country effects while controlling for individual-level variables. We distinguish between individuals who have never considered starting up a business, those who are thinking about it, and nascent, young, and established entrepreneurs. We use a large international dataset that includes respondents from 32 European countries, three Asian countries, and the United States. Findings show that cross-country gender differences are largest in the first and final transitions of the entrepreneurial process. In particular, some European transition economies are characterized by relatively low propensities of women to convert start-up considerations into startup activities and low survival rates of businesses started by women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2012): Entrepreneurship at a glance 2012. (Entrepreneurship at a glance), Paris, 136 S. DOI:10.1787/entrepreneur_aag-2012-en

Abstract

"Nachhaltiges, wirtschaftliches Wachstum braucht Unternehmergeist und Innovation. Wie sieht es damit in den OECD-Ländern aus? Wie hat sich die Unternehmensdemographie in den letzten Jahren entwickelt? Wo gab es die meisten Unternehmensgründungen, wo die meisten Insolvenzen? Wie viele Start-Ups haben überlebt und konnten vielleicht sogar dauerhaft Arbeitsplätze schaffen?
Die zweite Ausgabe der OECD-Publikation 'Entrepreneurship at a Glance' liefert anhand von Original-Indikatoren einen Überblick über Unternehmertum in OECD-Ländern. In Sonderkapiteln befasst sich die Publikation mit der Finanzierung von Existenzgründungen sowie mit ausgewählten Indikatoren für Unternehmertum und Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Viele Länder in aller Welt haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten erhebliche Fortschritte bei der Förderung der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter im Bildungsbereich erzielt. Auf einigen Gebieten erzielen die Mädchen heute bessere Ergebnisse als die Jungen, und sie brechen mit geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit die Schule ab als Jungen. Doch damit ist erst der halbe Weg geschafft: Frauen verdienen noch immer weniger als Männer, sie gelangen seltener an die Spitze der Karriereleiter, und sie laufen größere Gefahr, die letzten Jahre ihres Lebens in Armut zu verbringen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Achtenhagen, Leona & Friederike Welter (2011): 'Surfing on the ironing board'. The representation of women's entrepreneurship in German newspapers. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 23, H. 9-10, S. 763-786. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2010.520338

Abstract

"Despite extensive attempts to enhance women's entrepreneurship in Germany, a gender gap continues to exist. This article sets out to analyse the representation of women's entrepreneurship in German media, by analysing how it is depicted in newspapers and how this changes over time. Images transported in media might regulate the nature of women's entrepreneurship, as they contain information about 'typical' and 'socially desirable' behaviour of women as well as of entrepreneurs. This article contributes to developing an understanding of the relevance of media representation of the entrepreneurship phenomenon for influencing the propensity towards entrepreneurial activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brixy, Udo & Rolf Sternberg (2011): German panel of nascent entrepreneurs. In: P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtain (Hrsg.) (2011): New business creation : an international overview (International studies in entrepreneurship, 27), S. 123-141, 2010-11-01. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-7536-2_5

Abstract

"The overall objective of the German Panel of Nascent Entrepreneurs (GEPANE) is to identify those determinants that either turn nascent entrepreneurs into actual entrepreneurs (owner managers of new firms or 'young entrepreneurs') or lead to a discontinuation of the original start-up idea. These factors may be broken down into person-related determinants, environmental determinants, and organizational determinants. As such, the project covers more or less three partly overlapping areas that capture most of the recent research on nascent entrepreneurs and related panels: characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs, antecedents, and characteristics of the new venture creation process; and explaining new venture creation process outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Caliendo, Marco & Alexander Kritikos (2011): Searching for the entrepreneurial personality. New evidence and avenues for further research. (IZA discussion paper 5790), Bonn, 14 S.

Abstract

"What makes the entrepreneurial personality is the key question we seek to answer in the special issue of the Journal of Economic Psychology on 'Personality and Entrepreneurship'. The contributions are clustered around questions regarding the linkage between personality, socio-economic factors and entrepreneurial development. Results further explain the gender puzzle, while, at the same time, it is clear that stereotypes of what makes the ideal entrepreneur must be revisited. This conclusion is based on new insights into the effects that variables, such as risk tolerance, trust and reciprocity, the value for autonomy and also external role models, have on entrepreneurial decision making. On a more general note, it is clear that more informative longitudinal data sets at the individual level are needed in order to find conclusive answers. In an ideal world researchers would have access to data that includes personality characteristics and psychological traits, motivational factors and cognitive skills. In this respect the research community needs to find new ways to collect these data and make them available for entrepreneurship research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ebersberger, Bernd & Christine Pirhofer (2011): Gender, management education and the willingness for academic entrepreneurship. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 18, H. 9, S. 841-844. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2010.503931

Abstract

"This article explores the determinants of academic entrepreneurship. In particular, it investigates the effects of gender and supplementary management education on academics' willingness to start up a company. The analysis is based on a survey of academics. Controlling for academic achievement, field of science and perceived hampering factors, we find that female academics show a significantly lower propensity to have a high willingness to start up. Our results indicate that supplementary management education does not in general have a significant effect on the willingness to start up. Yet, for female academics supplementary management education exerts a significantly positive effect almost offsetting the gender effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Es, F. van & D. J. van Vuuren (2011): A decomposition of the growth in self-employment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 18, H. 17, S. 1665-1669. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2011.558471

Abstract

"We decompose the rise of self-employment in the Netherlands in the period 1992 to 2006. Using Logit estimates we identify the most important determinants of the recent upturn, separately for women and for men. In contrast with findings for the United States, we find that changes in the industrial composition only play a small role. For women, we find that intra-sectoral developments have been important in spurring self-employment. In particular, it has become more common for women to be self-employed in the Trade and Culture sectors. The ageing of society (older people are more often self-employed) is an important cause of the observed increase. This effect is partly compensated by the negative effect of a higher educated labour force. The estimation results imply that both policies to foster self-employment and a socio-cultural trend have been important. We postulate that generic policy effects have been the most important cause of the increase in self-employment. The largest effects were seen just in the last few years of our sample (2004-2006), which appears to be inconsistent with the notion of a longer lasting socio-cultural trend." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Estrin, Saul & Tomasz Mickiewicz (2011): Institutions and female entrepreneurship. In: Small business economics, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 397-415. DOI:10.1007/s11187-011-9373-0

Abstract

"This paper compares the impact of institutions on men and women's decisions to establish new business start-ups between 2001 and 2006. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey (GEM) which cover at least 2,000 individuals per year in each of up to 55 countries and have merged it with country-level data, from the World Bank, Economist Intelligence Unit, Polity IV and the Heritage Foundation. We find that women are less likely to undertake entrepreneurial activity in countries where the state sector is larger, but the rule of law is not generally found to have gender-specific effects. However, more detailed institutional components of discrimination against women, in particular, restrictions on freedom of movement away from home, make it less likely for women to have high entrepreneurial aspirations in terms of employment growth, even if their entry into entrepreneurial activities, including self-employment, is not affected by this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gottschalk, Sandra & Michaela Niefert (2011): Gender differences in business success of German start-up firms. (ZEW discussion paper 2011-019), Mannheim, 29 S.

Abstract

"Empirische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass Unternehmen, die von Frauen gegründet werden, hinsichtlich einer Reihe von Erfolgsindikatoren schlechter abschneiden als von Männern gegründete Unternehmen. Die Performancelücke könnte auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den persönlichen und unternehmensbezogenen Merkmalen, die Einfluss auf den Unternehmenserfolg haben, zurückzuführen sein. Bisherige Studien konnten die schlechtere Performance der Unternehmen von Frauen dadurch jedoch nicht vollständig erklären. Es gibt zwei theoretische Ansätze zur Erklärung der Performancelücke. Der erste Ansatz basiert auf dem liberalen Feminismus und besagt, dass Frauen einen schlechteren Zugang zu Ressourcen wie Bildung, Berufserfahrung und finanziellen Mitteln haben. Nach dem zweiten Ansatz, der auf dem sozialen Feminismus beruht, haben Frauen andere Einstellungen und Werte als Männer und wählen entsprechend eine andere unternehmerische Herangehensweise.
Dieses Papier soll einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des schlechteren Abschneidens der von Frauen gegründeten Unternehmen leisten. Dabei werden Performancemaße verwendet, die das Wachstum, die Größe und die Rentabilität des Unternehmens abbilden. Die Datengrundlage bilden etwa 4.700 deutsche Unternehmen aus dem KfW/ZEWGründungspanel, deren Performance über maximal vier Jahre seit der Gründung beobachtet werden kann. Es wird untersucht, ob und inwieweit der unterschiedliche Unternehmenserfolg der Unternehmensgründungen von Frauen und Männern auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der formalen Bildung, der Berufserfahrung, der Größe des Gründerteams, der Gründungsmotivation und der Branchenwahl zurückgeführt werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hessels, Jolanda, Isabel Grilo, Roy Thurik & Peter van der Zwan (2011): Entrepreneurial exit and entrepreneurial engagement. In: Journal of evolutionary economics, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 447-471. DOI:10.1007/s00191-010-0190-4

Abstract

"This paper investigates whether and how a recent entrepreneurial exit relates to subsequent engagement. We discriminate between six levels of engagement including none, potential, intentional, nascent, young and established entrepreneurship. We use individual-level data for 24 countries that participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor during 2004, 2005 and 2006 (some 350,000 observations). Our findings indeed show that a recent exit decreases the probability of undertaking no entrepreneurial activity, whereas it substantially increases the probabilities of being involved in all other engagement levels. Investigating the conditions under which an exit increases engagement in entrepreneurial activities, we find that the probability of entrepreneurial engagement after exit is higher for males, for persons who know an entrepreneur and for persons with a low fear of failure. Educational attainment does not seem to be relevant. Moreover, there exists large cross-country variation in the probability of entrepreneurial engagement after exit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kelley, Donna J., Candida G. Brush, Patricia G. Greene & Yana Litovsky (2011): Global entrepreneurship monitor 2010 women's report. Women entrepreneurs worldwide. Wellesly, Mass., 51 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of the GEM Women's report is to examine women entrepreneurs around the world. The report seeks to understand differences in the frequency and nature of women's entrepreneurship, and makes comparisons with men across various societies. The goal of this report is to help policy makers, practitioners and educators recognize the value women entrepreneurs bring to their societies. GEM seeks to promote better understanding about the similarities and differences between men and women entrepreneurs, as well as among various groups of women. This report also aims to provide guidance for efforts aimed toward equipping women with the capabilities they need to launch and run their businesses and creating environments within which their ventures can thrive. Highlighted throughout this report are descriptions of different women's entrepreneurship programs operating in a variety of societies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kodama, Naomi & Kazuhiko Odakia (2011): Gender difference in the probability of success in starting business turns negligible when controlling for the managerial experience. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 18, H. 13, S. 1237-1241. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2010.532097

Abstract

"This study analyses the difference in the probability of success in starting a business between male and female entrepreneurs. The novel data set of the participants of business start-up seminars enables us to control for entrepreneurial drive, educational level and managerial experience. In contrast to the existing literature, the gender difference proves to be negligible after controlling for the managerial experience. Our finding implies that the training programmes for women to improve their management skill will reduce the gender gap in starting a business." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kohn, Karsten & Katrin Ullrich (2011): Gründerinnen. Frauen als eigene Chefs. (Akzente 44), Frankfurt, M., 9 S.

Abstract

"In der aktuellen wirtschaftspolitischen Debatte wird der zu geringe Anteil von Frauen in Führungspositionen beklagt und Quotenregelungen zur Erhöhung des Frauenanteils werden kontrovers diskutiert. Ein Beispiel für Frauen in Führungspositionen par excellence sind selbstständige Unternehmerinnen. Laut aktuellem KfW-Gründungsmonitor haben sich im Jahr 2010 rund 349.000 Frauen für einen Eintritt in die Selbstständigkeit entschieden, dies sind 37 % aller Gründenden. Auch in den Vorjahren schwankte der Gründerinnenanteil um diesen Wert, ohne indes einen eindeutigen Trend aufzuweisen.
Frauen gehen signifikant seltener als Männer den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit. Gründerinnen entscheiden sich häufiger als Gründer für eine Nebenerwerbsgründung. Frauen gründen häufiger als Männer im Bereich persönlicher Dienstleistungen, seltener beispielsweise im Baugewerbe. Die überdurchschnittliche Präsenz von Gründerinnen in den weniger kapitalintensiven persönlichen Dienstleitungen ist nur zum Teil auf den höheren Nebenerwerbsanteil zurückzuführen. Innovative Gründungsprojekte sind bei Gründerinnen und Gründern gleich selten. Frauen beschäftigen weniger Mitarbeiter und stellen auch bei gleicher Branchenwahl weniger Mitarbeiter ein als Gründer. Gründerinnen kommen häufiger ganz ohne Finanzmittel aus und setzen seltener externe Finanzierungen ein, aber der geringere Mittelbedarf von Gründerinnen bestimmt sich maßgeblich aus der unterschiedlichen Projektwahl. Auch die höheren Abbruchquoten bei Gründerinnen sind primär durch die Projekteigenschaften bedingt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Minniti, Maria (Hrsg.) (2011): The dynamics of entrepreneurship. Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 322 S.

Abstract

"Learning about entrepreneurship has major implications for the way we understand economic change and progress. At a time when governments all over the world look to entrepreneurship as a way to increase the wealth and well-being of their countries, the book examines the causes of differences in entrepreneurial propensity between individuals, the factors that explain variations in the type and quantity of entrepreneurship at the aggregate level, and the macroeconomic implications of entrepreneurship. Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, the book brings together contributions from leading scholars to provide a comprehensive overview of current scholarship on entrepreneurial activity. Discussed topics include entrepreneurial motivation, gender and migration, entrepreneurial financing, urban entrepreneurship, growth-oriented entrepreneurship, economic growth, and regional entrepreneurship policies. The book concludes by summarizing its contribution to existing literature, with particular attention paid to the policy implications and the ongoing debate on entrepreneurship." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku)
Contents:
Philipp Koellinger, Maria Minniti, Christian Schade: Excess Entry and Entrepreneurial Decisions: The Role of Overconfidence (11-30);
I. Elaine Allen, Nan S. Langowitz: Understanding the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship: A Multicountry Examination ( 31-55);
Ramona K. Zachary, Edward G. Rogoff, Ivory Phinisee: Defining and Identifying Family Entrepreneurship: A New View of Entrepreneurs ( 57-76);
William D. Bygrave and Niels Bosma: Investor Altruism: Financial Returns from Informal Investments in Businesses Owned by Relatives, Friends, and Strangers (77-99);
Jonathan Levie and Mark Hart: The Contribution of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities to Entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom (101-123);
Zoltan Acs, Niels Bosma, Rolf Sternberg: Entrepreneurship in World Cities (125-151);
Rolf Sternberg: Interregional Disparities, Entrepreneurship, and EU Regional Policy (153-180);
Saul Estrin, Tomasz Mickiewicz: Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies: The Role of Institutions and Generational Change ( 181-208);
Jose Emesto Amorös and Oscar Cristi: Poverty and Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries (209-230);
Erik Stam, Chantal Hartog, Andri. van Stel, Roy Thurik: Ambitious Entrepreneurship, High-Growth Firms, and Macroeconomic Growth (231-249);
Erkko Autio: High-Aspiration Entrepreneurship ( 251-275);
Kent Jones, Megan McDonald Way: Entrepreneurship and the Decision to Export (277-298).

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Noll, Susanne & Frank Wießner (2011): Sweet and bitter: Why female entrepreneurs often have high survival rates but low incomes. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 60, H. 8, S. 180-187. DOI:10.3790/sfo.60.8.180

Abstract

"Obgleich Frauen, die aus der Arbeitslosigkeit den Schritt in die Selbständigkeit wagen, höhere Überlebensraten am Markt aufweisen als Männer, erzielen sie dabei deutlich niedrigere Einkommen. Wir untersuchen dieses Phänomen mit Hilfe einer semi-logarithmischen OLS-Regression, die auf einer modifizierten Mincer-Einkommensfunktion basiert. In Haushalten mit drei und mehr Personen spielt das Geschlecht eine wichtige Rolle. Bei Frauen in Westdeutschland nimmt der Beitrag zum Haushaltsgesamteinkommen ab, je größer der Haushalt ist. Die teils sehr geringen Selbständigen-Einkünfte bergen die Gefahr von Prekarisierung bis hin zu einer unzureichenden Altersvorsorge. Eine Gesamtbewertung der Gründungsförderung sollte sich nicht allein auf den Verbleib der Geförderten als Erfolgskriterium beschränken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Reynolds, Paul D. & Richard T. Curtin (Hrsg.) (2011): New business creation : an international overview. (International studies in entrepreneurship 27), New York: Springer London, 349 S. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-7536-2

Abstract

"Understanding the origins of new businesses - the firm creation process - has been dramatically affected by the development of longitudinal studies of business start-ups. Several projects have been implemented to track the development of new firms, from the emergence of a business idea and organization of a start-up team through the birth of an operational business. The U.S. projects (the first and second Panel Studies of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, known as PSED I and II) have counterparts in a number of other countries: Australia, Canada, China, Latvia, Netherlands (two projects), Norway, and Sweden. These eleven projects in nine countries, implemented over the past decade, are at different stages of development and have been utilized for a wide range of assessments of entrepreneurial and business creation phenomena. This volume presents the state of the art of these international research projects, providing the first in-depth comparison of the firm creation data across a wide range of national contexts. The work will be of great interest to the research community, particularly those developing such projects in their own countries, as well as policy makers and scholars interested in the effect of national context on the business creation process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sundin, Elisabeth (2011): Entrepreneurship and the reorganization of the public sector. A gendered story. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 631-653. DOI:10.1177/0143831X10392394

Abstract

This article is about how the international New Public Management (NPM) trend is influencing the cleaning unit and cleaners employed in a Swedish municipality. Before the change, more than 500 cleaners were employed. The municipality wanted former employees to become the providers of the cleaning services. One male manager did so and was welcomed by the leading actors of the municipality. Although the law obliged employees to be transferred to the new provider, they were not. Instead, more than 140 employees, a great majority of them women, established a joint stock company together with the municipality as a temporary co-owner. This company had problems from the very beginning. Both new companies were sold after some years - the man's at a profit and the women's at a loss. This article analyses their story drawing on theories on incentives for entrepreneurship, networks, social capital and gender. The study was conducted for more than 10 years using multiple methods.

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Zhou, Yanfei (2011): Working as an independent contractor in Japan and the U.S.: Is it a good option for married women with young children? In: Japan labor review, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 103-124.

Abstract

"This research focuses an married women with children, and asks whether independent contract work, which is known as offering freedom and flexibility, is really an attractive option for such women, through a comparison of data from Japan and the U.S. The analysis results Show that in both Japan and the U.S., women are more likely to be employed in independent contract work if they have children under the age of six, and that the greater the number of children they have the more likely they are to be employed as independent contractors. This indicates that it is an employment format that offers future opportunities when considered from the perspective of work-life Balance. On the other hand, regular employees earn 1.5 times (in the U.S.) to 2.3 times (in Japan) the income of independent contractors, and the benefits and working conditions for independent contractors are poor. Furthermore, the probability of independent contractors falling into a situation where they are working for low pay or long hours is higher than regular employees by 17.1% points and 16.2% points, respectively, in the U.S., and by 47.1% points and 30.0% points, respectively, in Japan. This research established that independent contractors in Japan are particularly at risk of falling into 'bad jobs' when compared to those in regular employment. This difference in benefits, etc., when compared with regular employees, can be partially accounted for by individual differences in educational attainment, social experience, residential area, etc., as well as individual preferences, but there is a significant proportion that remains unexplained by these factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Özcan, Berkay (2011): Only the lonely? The influence of the spouse on the transition to self-employment. In: Small business economics, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 465-492. DOI:10.1007/s11187-011-9376-x

Abstract

"Previous research showed that married individuals are overrepresented among the self-employed. Few studies proposed skill-spillover between the spouses within the marriage as an explanation. This paper deviates from the previous research by exploring different relationship contexts (e.g., cohabitation, being married or divorced, a widow(er) or single) and the role of partner influences under these contexts. It argues that the interaction between gender and relationship status implies variation in not only resources but also constraints, and hence sorts individuals into two different types of self-employment: entrepreneurial self-employment (i.e., incorporated business) and unincorporated self-employment. Using 'Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) 1965 - 2005' data, results of the competing risk models show that marital status contributes to both types of self-employment transitions, especially for men, but also for women. Cohabitation is a less supportive context for entrepreneurship and a partner's self-employment experience increases only women's likelihood of entering into entrepreneurship. These results suggest that skill-spillover between partners might be context dependent and only in one direction (from men to women)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2011): Entrepreneurship at a glance 2011. (Entrepreneurship at a glance), Paris, 119 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264097711-en

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship at a Glance is a publication that presents an original collection of indicators for measuring the state of entrepreneurship along with explanations of the policy context and interpretation of the data.
The publication is divided into two parts. The first presents conceptual and methodological issues related to the measurement of entrepreneurship and its determinants. In this first edition of Entrepreneurship at a Glance two topics are addressed: the quality and international comparability of entrepreneurship indicators computed from statistical business registers, and the operationalisation of the concept of green entrepreneurship for the purpose of measurement. Future editions of the publication will report on progress in measuring specific types of entrepreneurship, such as high-growth enterprises and social entrepreneurship, or specific determinants, for example entrepreneurial culture and capabilities. The choice of themes reflects the ambitions of the EIP to establish sound and comparable measures of entrepreneurship and its determinants.
The second part of the publication is broken down into eight sections, covering mainly indicators of entrepreneurial performance but also presenting a selection of indicators of determinants. The initial sections focus on structural data of the enterprise population (1) and on indicators of business demography (2 to 4). Timely indicators of entrepreneurship, which provide updated, although not fully comparable information on enterprise dynamics, are presented in a separate section (5). Section 6 looks at the gender dimension of entrepreneurship, while Section 7 provides examples of indicators for migrants entrepreneurs. The final Section (8) contains a selection of indicators of entrepreneurial determinants; these are drawn from a number of international sources." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anderson, Nickela & Karen D. Hughes (2010): The business of caring. Women's self-employment and the marketization of care. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 381-405. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00461.x

Abstract

"Our goal in this article is to contribute to a differentiated analysis of paid caring work by considering whether and how women's experiences of such work is shaped by their employment status (for example, self-employed versus employee) and the nature of care provided (direct or indirect). Self-employed care workers have not been widely studied compared with other types of care workers, such as employees providing domestic or childcare in private firms or private homes. Yet their experiences may be quite distinct. Existing research suggests that self-employed workers earn less than employees and are often excluded from employment protection. Nonetheless, they often report greater autonomy and job satisfaction in their day-to-day work. Understanding more about the experiences of self-employed caregivers is thus important for enriching existing theory, research and policy on the marketization of care. Addressing this gap, our article explores the working conditions, pay and levels of satisfaction of care workers who are self-employed. We draw on interviews from a small-scale study of Canadian women engaged in providing direct care (for example, childcare) and indirect care (for example, cleaning)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blau, Francine D., Marianne A. Ferber & Anne E. Winkler (2010): The economics of women, men, and work.: Prentice Hall 428 S.

Abstract

Das Buch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Stellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Familie. Schwerpunkte liegen auf der historischen Entwicklung und den aktuellen Trends und auf den institutionellen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen des Geschlechterverhältnisses in den USA, sowie auf Theorien zur Erklärung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede. Kapitel 2 behandelt die historische Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen, Kapitel 3 widmet sich der Familie als ökonomischer Einheit sowie der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung in Familien, der Verteilung von Hausarbeit zwischen den Geschlechtern und alternativen Ansätzen der Entscheidungsfindung in Familien. Kapitel 4 analysiert die Entscheidung von Individuen, wieviel Zeit für Haushalt und Erwerbsarbeit eingesetzt wird, und arbeitet die Bestimmungsfaktoren der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern und Frauen heraus. Kapitel 5 bietet einen Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Hinblick auf Beschäftigung und Löhne, in Kapitel 6 werden diese Unterschiede aus der Perspektive des Humankapitalansatzes erklärt, in Kapitel 7 dient die Diskriminierung von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt als Erklärungsansatz. In Kapitel 8 wird auf aktuelle Entwicklungen hinsichtlich der geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschiede eingegangen. In Kapitel 9 auf die Trends auf dem Arbeitsmarkt: die Zunahme selbstständiger und atypischer Beschäftigung sowie auf den abnehmenden Einfluss der Gewerkschaften. Im Mittelpunkt von Kapitel 10 stehen die ökonomischen Ursachen des Wandels der Familienstrukturen, zum Beispiel des Wachsen des Anteils an Doppelverdienern und Alleinerziehenden, ökonomische Bestimmungsgründe für Eheschließungen, Scheidungen, Fertilität sowie das Zusammenleben in nicht-ehelichen Partnerschaften und homosexuellen Partnerschaften. In Kapitel 11 werden politische Maßnahmen thematisiert, die Erwerbsarbeit und Familie betreffen, insbesondere Maßnahmen zur Armutsbekämpfung sowie steuer- und familienpolitische Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Beruf und Familie. Kapitel 12 vergleicht die Situation in den USA mit der in anderen Ländern: in Industrieländern, Entwicklungsländern, Ländern der früheren Sowjetunion sowie in Ländern des Mittleren Ostens und Nord Afrika. (IAB)

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Brixy, Udo, Christian Hundt & Rolf Sternberg (2010): Internationaler Vergleich: Unternehmensgründungen in Krisenzeiten. (IAB-Kurzbericht 08/2010), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Neben Risiken kann eine Wirtschaftskrise auch Chancen bereithalten - insbesondere für Neugründungen. Wenn andere Unternehmen ihre Tore schließen, gibt dies neuen Unternehmen die Möglichkeit, mit innovativen Geschäftsideen und Konzepten am Markt Fuß zu fassen. Zum zehnten Mal wurde 2009 in Deutschland eine Befragung im Rahmen des 'Global Entrepreneurship Monitors' (GEM) durchgeführt, um unternehmerische Aktivitäten aller Art zu erheben. Danach hat die aktuelle Krise die Zahl der Unternehmensgründungen nicht erkennbar beeinflusst.
Das Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland wird in mehreren Dimensionen untersucht: Entwicklung der Gründungsraten seit 2004, Motive und Beratungsquellen der Gründer, Rahmenbedingungen und Gründungsklima. Darüber hinaus liefert der Kurzbericht einen internationalen Ländervergleich von Gründungsquoten und weiteren gründungsbezogenen Informationen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Inhetveen, Heide, Ute Luise Fischer, Hanns Wienhold, Claudia Gather, Stefanie Simon, Dieter Bögenhold, Rosemarie Kay, Uwe Fachinger, Peter Kranzusch, Oliver Bierhoff, Tanja Schmidt, Susan Ulbricht, Mathilde Schmitt, Caroline Dangel-Vornbäumen & Karin Schulze Buschoff (2010): Prekäres Unternehmertum. Unsicherheiten von selbstständiger Erwerbstätigkeit und Unternehmensgründung. (Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft), Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 299 S.

Abstract

"Unternehmensgründung und selbstständige Erwerbstätigkeit eröffnen nicht nur Erfolgschancen, sondern bringen erhebliche Prekaritätsrisiken mit sich. Auf der Grundlage konzeptioneller Überlegungen und neuerer empirischer Befunde verknüpft der Band zwei aktuelle, aber bisher kaum im Zusammenhang betrachtete gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen: die zunehmende Bedeutung von Unternehmertum und die wachsende Gefahr der Prekarisierung der Erwerbsarbeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bührmann, Andrea D., Ute Luise Fischer & Gerda Jasper (Hrsg.) (2010): Migrantinnen gründen Unternehmen. Eine empirische Analyse des Gründungsgeschehens und die Entwicklung innovativer Beratungskonzepte. München: Hampp, 218 S. DOI:10.1688/9783866185333

Abstract

"Die Förderung einer neuen Kultur der Selbstständigkeit ist seit einigen Jahren eines der zentralen Themen in der bundesdeutschen Öffentlichkeit. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden vielfältige Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Existenzgründungen aufgelegt, einige davon gezielt für Frauen und Migrantinnen. Denn alle Statistiken zeigen: Die Gründungsquote von Frauen liegt nach wie vor deutlich unter der von Männern und die von Migrantinnen unter der von deutschstämmigen Gründerinnen. Das Buch bündelt qualitative wie quantitative Beiträge zur Erforschung der Gründungsaktivitäten von Unternehmerinnen mit türkischem und polnischem Migrationshintergrund. Auf der Grundlage der Forschungsergebnisse werden Vorschläge für eine kulturell und geschlechterpolitisch kompetente Gründungsberatung unterbreitet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)