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Riso, Sara (2021): Digitisation in the workplace. Anticipating and managing the impact of change. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Luxemburg, 64 S. DOI:10.2806/806842

Abstract

"Research into the transformative potential of the digital revolution tends to take a quantitative approach in an attempt to monitor changes in employment levels due to digitalisation. The fear of potential job losses and negative disruption brought about by digital technologies has permeated the policy debate on digitalisation. In contrast, this report, based on case study research, takes a more qualitative approach to exploring the impact of selected digital technologies (internet of things, 3D printing, and virtual and augmented reality) in the workplace. While digital technologies can bring many opportunities and have been shown to be beneficial for both workers and organisations, there is a need to put safeguards in place to ensure employee data protection and privacy. A well-functioning social dialogue is also key to reaping the benefits of digital technologies and preventing – or minimising – any negative outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ross, Matthew (2021): The Effect of Intensive Margin Changes to Task Content on Employment Dynamics over the Business Cycle. In: ILR review, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 1036-1064. DOI:10.1177/0019793920910747

Abstract

"Previous empirical studies investigating the employment impact of technological change have relied on cross-sectional measures of occupational tasks. Here, the author links microdata on individual workers to panel data on occupational tasks while controlling for individual unobservables. In examining the association between routine and abstract tasks and employment transitions, he finds new and economically important evidence that changes to tasks within occupations are strongly related to variation in the transition rates to non-employment and to different occupations. Consistent with recent work focused on technological change during the Great Recession, within-occupation increases in routine tasks are found to increase outgoing transition rates but these effects are concentrated during periods of economic turmoil. The results also show that increases in abstract tasks are associated with decreases in the outgoing transition rates, but this relationship is relatively invariant to business cycle conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Roşioru, Felicia (2021): The social protection of platform workers in Romania: Meeting the growing demand for affordable and adequate coverage? In: International social security review, Jg. 74, H. 3/4, S. 155-175. DOI:10.1111/issr.12282

Abstract

"In einer sich wandelnden Arbeitswelt bekunden Plattformarbeitnehmer oft Mühe, einen angemessenen Schutz zu erlangen, und dazu gehört auch der wirksame Zugang zu den Leistungen des Systems der sozialen Sicherheit. Die Leistungen der sozialen Sicherheit Rumäniens zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass der Zugang vom Arbeitseinkommen einer Person abhängt, aber vom rechtlichen Status des Arbeitnehmers (angestellt oder selbstständig) nicht beeinflusst wird. Generell sind alle Arbeitnehmer im Krankheitsfall, bei veränderten Familienverhältnissen und im Ruhestand gedeckt. Im Gegensatz dazu ist für Selbstständige die Deckung für Arbeitslosigkeits-, Arbeitsunfall- und Berufskrankheitsleistungen sowie für bezahlten Krankheitsurlaub, für Leistungen bei einer Schwangerschaft und für Leistungen bei der Pflege kranker Kinder freiwillig. Angesichts der Verbreitung von Plattformarbeit befasst sich dieser Artikel mit der besonderen Situation von Plattformbeschäftigten in Rumänien, die zwar formell durch das System der sozialen Sicherheit gedeckt sind, aber vor zahlreichen Hindernissen bezüglich Anspruchsvoraussetzungen, administrativer Formalitäten, Risiken einer automatischen Beendung des Arbeitsverhältnisses und Arbeitsmustern mit zeitweiliger Beschäftigung stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons)

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Schneider-Dörr, Andreja (2021): Crowd Work und Plattformökonomie. Eine arbeitsrechtliche Fallstudie. (Arbeitsrechtliche Schriften 4), Baden-Baden: Nomos, 479 S. DOI:10.5771/9783748924548

Abstract

"Die Arbeit wendet sich der Frage zu, ob Crowd Worker auf Microtask Plattformen als ArbeitnehmerInnen einzuordnen sind. Seit Jahren ist das aus der Sicht des Arbeitsrechts umstritten, jedoch mit einer gewissen Tendenz, es eher zu verneinen. Das BAG urteilte jedoch im Dezember 2020, dass ein Crowd Worker durchaus Arbeitnehmer sein kann. Wie sind also die Umstände zu werten, die einen Crowd Worker zum (Nicht-) Arbeitnehmer machen? Das untersucht diese Arbeit. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit erfolgt ein Review verschiedener Studien zu Crowd Work, sowie eine Analyse zur Funktionsweise von Plattformen. Dabei werden auch ökonomische und organisationssoziologische betrachtet. Im zweiten Teil werden konkrete Fallanalysen aus einem Selbstversuch dargestellt, um diese arbeitsrechtlich bewerten zu können. Im dritten Teil werden zwei Aspekte eröffnet, zum einen, wie sich die Divergenz zwischen nationalem und dem europarechtlichen Arbeitnehmerbegriff bei Crowd Work erneut offenbart. Zum anderen werden neue Formen der Regulierung angestoßen: Passt beispielsweise die P2B-VO 2019/1150 nicht auf viele Probleme der Plattformarbeit? Wie ist es um ihre Anwendbarkeit auf Plattformarbeit bestellt? Wie sieht es mit aus mit „regulation by design“? Schließlich ist insgesamt zu überlegen, wie das Arbeitsrecht mit neuen Arbeitsformen und vor allem Formen neuer Organisationsmethoden zurecht kommt." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 Nomos)

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Sedik, Tahsin Saadi & Jiae Yoo (2021): Pandemics and Automation: Will the Lost Jobs Come Back? (IMF working paper 2021,11), Washington, DC, 26 S.

Abstract

"COVID-19 has exacerbated concerns about the rise of the robots and other automation technologies. This paper analyzes empirically the impact of past major pandemics on robot adoption and inequality. First, we find that pandemic events accelerate robot adoption, especially when the health impact is severe and is associated with a significant economic downturn. Second, while robots may raise productivity, they could also increase inequality by displacing low-skilled workers. We find that following a pandemic, the increase in inequality over the medium term is larger for economies with higher robot density and where new robot adoption has increased more. Our results suggest that the concerns about the rise of the robots amid the COVID-19 pandemic seem justified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Soliman, Kariem (2021): Are Industrial Robots a new GPT? A Panel Study of Nine European Countries with Capital and Quality-adjusted Industrial Robots as Drivers of Labour Productivity Growth. (EIIW Diskussionsbeitrag 307), Wuppertal, 52 S.

Abstract

"In recent years, the interest in the field of economic research in studying the effect of robots on economic outcomes, i.e., labour productivity, labour demand and wages, has increased from an individual country perspective as well as for country groups. By using a fixed effects panel modeling approach, this study of nine robot intensive European countries shows that the core characteristics of a general purpose technology (GPT) are already satisfied by industrial robots. In 2019, seven countries in the panel, i.e. Germany, Italy, France, Spain and the UK (top 5), Sweden (7th) and Austria (10th) - in terms of operational stocks - were among the top 10 of robot using European countries (excl. Turkey). Following the understanding of a GPT of Bresnahan/Trajtenberg (1995), six panel regression models were estimated and linked to the four main characteristics of a GPT. Accordingly, two new measures are proposed in this paper; the first one is named the Division of Labour (or DoL) and is constructed by building the ratio of labour productivity inside the manufacturing industry to labour productivity across all industries. The second one is the Robot Task Intensity Index (RTII), which accounts for the number of tasks that a robot was used for in different production processes across the nine European countries. A high level of fulfilled tasks implies a higher quality of robot as the number of potential tasks, which the robot can perform, is an important criterion for the quality of that robot. In accordance with the GPT literature, both measures showed the expected (in) significances. At the bottom line, all six models underlined the economic relevance of industrial robots for the nine European countries included in the analysis and give a strong indication that robots can indeed be seen as a new general purpose technology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Traverso, Silvio, Massimiliano Vatiero & Enrico Zaninotto (2021): Robots and Labor Regulation. A Cross-Country/Cross-Industry Analysis. (DEM working papers / Università degli studi di Trento 2021,12), Trento, 25 S.

Abstract

"This work discusses and empirically investigates the relationship between labor regulation and robotization. In particular, the empirical analysis focuses on the relationship between the discipline of workers' dismissal and the adoption of industrial robots in nineteen Western countries over the 2006-2016 period. We find that high levels of statutory employment protection have been negatively associated with robot adoption, suggesting that labor-friendly national legislations, by increasing adjustment costs (such as firing costs), and thus making investment riskier, provide less favorable environments for firms to invest in industrial robots. We also find, however, that the correlation is positively mediated by the sectoral levels of capital intensity, a hint that firms do resort to industrial robots as potential substitutes for workers to reduce employees' bargaining power and to limit their hold-up opportunities, which tend to be larger in sectors characterized by high levels of operating leverage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tubaro, Paola (2021): Disembedded or Deeply Embedded? A Multi-Level Network Analysis of Online Labour Platforms. In: Sociology, Jg. 55, H. 5, S. 927-944. DOI:10.1177/0038038520986082

Abstract

"This article extends the economic-sociological concept of embeddedness to encompass not only social networks of, for example, friendship or kinship ties, but also economic networks of ownership and control relationships. Applying these ideas to the case of digital platform labour pinpoints two possible scenarios. When platforms take the role of market intermediaries, economic ties are thin and workers are left to their own devices, in a form of ‘disembeddedness’. When platforms partake in intricate inter-firm outsourcing structures, economic ties envelop workers in a ‘deep embeddedness’ which involves both stronger constraints and higher rewards. With this added dimension, the notion of embeddedness becomes a compelling tool to describe the social structures that frame economic action, including the power imbalances that characterize digital labour in the global economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Uddén Sonnegård, Eva (2021): A quickly transforming labour market. (Ratio working paper 350), Stockholm, 18 S.

Abstract

"The Covid-19 pandemic has made it clear that the labour market situation can change extremely rapidly when there is an unexpected exogenous shock to the economy. Even though the transformation of the labour market as a result of the development of ICT (Information Communication Technology) industries facilitates more-flexible conditions, it is now more important than ever for EU Member States to improve the functioning of their labour markets. Member States need to increase possibilities for training and retraining throughout peoples' working lives in order to smooth the transformation into a digital world of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wacks, Johannes (2021): Labor Market Polarization with Hand-to-Mouth Households. (Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2021: Climate Economics), Kiel, 73 S.

Abstract

"Over the recent decades, wide-spread automation has led to a shift of the US labor force from occupations intensive in routine tasks into occupations intensive in manual and abstract tasks. I integrate routine-biased technological change into an incomplete markets model with occupation-specific human capital. I use the model to study the transition between steady states pre and post labor market polarization in general equilibrium. When human capital is occupation-specific and wages in the routine occupations relative to the other occupations fall over time, occupational choices become dynamic investment decisions. When households are close to the borrowing constraint, their occupational choices are distorted and they optimally choose to work in the routine occupations for longer than households who have accumulated a buffer stock of savings. I show that in a counterfactual economy, in which all workers choose occupations as if they were hand-to-mouth, the fall in routine labor is protracted by about three years compared to what was actually observed. I use the model to discuss several labor market policies. Incentivizing experienced routine workers to switch to the manual or abstract occupations, by paying them a government transfer, increases social welfare and average output. Empirically, I show that the friction I study is highly relevant, as about 34% of the households working in routine occupations live hand-to-mouth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wolcott, Erin L. (2021): Employment inequality: Why do the low-skilled work less now? In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 118, S. 161-177. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.09.004

Abstract

"Low-skilled prime-age men are less likely to be employed than high-skilled prime-age men, and the differential has increased since the 1970s. I build a search model encompassing three explanations: (1) automation and trade reduced the demand for low-skilled workers; (2) health, welfare, and recreational gaming/computer technology reduced the supply of low-skilled workers; and (3) factors affecting job search, such as online job boards, reduced frictions for high-skilled workers. I find a shift in demand away from low-skilled workers was the leading cause, a shift in supply had little effect, and search frictions actually reduced employment inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))

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OECD (2021): OECD Digital Education Outlook 2021. Pushing the Frontiers with Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain and Robots. (OECD digital education outlook 1), Paris, 249 S. DOI:10.1787/589b283f-en

Abstract

"How might digital technology and notably smart technologies based on artificial intelligence (AI), learning analytics, robotics, and others transform education? This book explores such question. It focuses on how smart technologies currently change education in the classroom and the management of educational organisations and systems. The book delves into beneficial uses of smart technologies such as learning personalisation, supporting students with special learning needs, and blockchain diploma credentialing. It also considers challenges and areas for further research. The findings offer pathways for teachers, policy makers, and educational institutions to digitalise education while optimising equity and inclusivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2021): The Digital Transformation of SMEs. (OECD studies on SMEs and entrepreneurship), Paris, 272 S. DOI:10.1787/bdb9256a-en

Abstract

"Despite potentially tremendous benefits, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lag in the digital transformation. Emerging technologies, as diverse as they are, offer a range of applications for them to improve performance and overcome the size-related limitations they face in doing business. However, SMEs must be better prepared, and stakes are high. SMEs make the most of the industrial fabric in many countries and regions, they create jobs (most jobs sometimes) and are the cement of inclusive and sustainable societies. The SME digital gap has increased inequalities among people, places and firms, and there are concerns that the benefits of the digital transformation could accrue to early adopters, further broadening these inequalities. Enabling SME digitalisation has become a top policy priority in OECD countries and beyond. The report looks at recent trends in SME digital uptake, including in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. It focuses on issues related to digital security, online platforms, blockchain ecosystems, and artificial intelligence. The report identifies opportunities, risks of not going digital, and barriers to adoption. It looks to concrete policy action taken worldwide to speed the SME transformation and raises a series of considerations to advance the SME digital policy agenda." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2021): The next steps for apprenticeship. (CEDEFOP reference series 118), Thessaloniki, 181 S. DOI:10.2801/085907

Abstract

"In a context of considerable interest in apprenticeship in recent years, Cedefop and the OECD decided to explore its future from the perspective of a number of megatrends, including sociodemographic changes, the accelerated adoption of emerging technologies and new forms of work organisation. They also considered how these trends have affected, and will continue to affect, the design and delivery of apprenticeship in European and OECD countries. The combination of the emerging economic crisis as an aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic, together with long-term structural trends affecting global economies, will entail a profound transformation of the world of work and require effective policy responses in the years to come. This publication provides insights from 16 papers by researchers from Europe, Australia and the United States; nine were presented and discussed among policy-makers, practitioners and researchers during the joint Cedefop-OECD symposium on the future of apprenticeship held in October 2019 in Paris. Evidence and analysis in these papers will help inform political decisions shaping the future of apprenticeship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Abeliansky, Ana, Eda Algur, David E. Bloom & Klaus Prettner (2020): The future of work: Meeting the global challenges of demographic change and automation. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 159, H. 3, S. 285-306. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12168

Abstract

"This article explores future job creation needs under conditions of demographic, economic and technological change. The authors first estimate the implications for job creation during 2020-30 of population growth, changes in labour force participation and the achievement of target unemployment rates, by age and sex. Second, they analyse the job creation needs by country income group and, lastly, examine the effects of accelerated automation. Projections indicate that shifting demographics will account for a far greater share of the estimated global need for 340 million jobs over 2020-30 than automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Acemoglu, Daron, Claire LeLarge & Pascual Restrepo (2020): Competing with Robots: Firm-Level Evidence from France. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 110, S. 383-388. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20201003

Abstract

"We study the firm-level implications of robot adoption in France. Of 55,390 firms in our sample, 598 adopted robots between 2010 and 2015, but these firms accounted for 20 percent of manufacturing employment. Adopters experienced significant declines in labor shares, the share of production workers in employment, and increases in value added and productivity. They expand their overall employment as well. However, this expansion comes at the expense of competitors, leading to an overall negative association between adoption and employment. Robot adoption has a large impact on the labor share because adopters are larger and grow faster than their competitors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Acemoglu, Daron & Pascual Restrepo (2020): Unpacking Skill Bias: Automation and New Tasks. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 110, S. 356-361. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20201063

Abstract

"We extend the canonical model of skill-biased technical change by modeling the allocation of tasks to factors and allowing for automation and the creation of new tasks. In our model, factor prices depend on the set of tasks they perform. Automation can reduce real wages and generate sizable changes in inequality associated with small productivity gains. New tasks can increase or reduce inequality depending on whether they are performed by skilled or unskilled workers. Industry-level data suggest that automation significantly contributed to the rising skill premium, while new tasks reduced inequality in the past but have contributed to inequality recently." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Acemoglu, Daron, David Autor, Jonathon Hazell & Pascual Restrepo (2020): AI and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies. (NBER working paper 28257), Cambridge, MA, 53 S.

Abstract

"We study the impact of AI on labor markets, using establishment level data on vacancies with detailed occupational information comprising the near-universe of online vacancies in the US from 2010 onwards. We classify establishments as “AI exposed” when their workers engage in tasks that are compatible with current AI capabilities. We document rapid growth in AI related vacancies over 2010-2018 that is not limited to the Professional and Business Services and Information Technology sectors and is significantly greater in AI-exposed establishments. AI-exposed establishments are differentially eliminating vacancy postings that list a range of previously-posted skills while simultaneously posting skill requirements that were not previously listed. Establishment-level estimates suggest that AI-exposed establishments are reducing hiring in non-AI positions even as they expand AI hiring. However, we find no discernible impact of AI exposure on employment or wages at the occupation or industry level, implying that AI is currently substituting for humans in a subset of tasks but it is not yet having detectable aggregate labor market consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Antón, José-Ignacio, David Klenert, Enrique Fernández-Macías, Maria Cesira Urzì Brancati & Georgios Alaveras (2020): The labour market impact of robotisation in Europe. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2020,06), Sevilla, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores the impact of robot adoption on European regional labour markets between 1995 and 2015. Specifically, we look at the effect of the usage of industrial robots on jobs and employment structures across European regions. We regress the outcome of interest on the change in the exposure to robotisation in each regional labour market, based on the initial distribution of employment by industry across regions. Our estimates suggest that the effect of robots on employment tends to be mostly small and negative during the period 1995-2005 and positive during the period 2005-2015 for the overwhelming majority of model specifications and assumptions. Regarding the effects on employment structures, we find some evidence of a mildly polarising effect in the first period, but this finding depends to some extent on the model specifications. In sum, this paper shows that the impact of robots on European labour markets in the last couple of decades has been small and ambiguous. The strength and even the sign of this effect are sensitive to the specifications, as well as to the countries and periods analysed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Autor, David, Claudia Goldin & Lawrence F. Katz (2020): Extending the Race between Education and Technology. (NBER working paper 26705), Cambridge, Mass., 20 S. DOI:10.3386/w26705

Abstract

"The race between education and technology provides a canonical framework that does an excellent job of explaining U.S. wage structure changes across the twentieth century. The framework involves secular increases in the demand for more-educated workers from skill-biased technological change, combined with variations in the supply of skills from changes in educational access. We expand the analysis backwards and forwards. The framework helps explain rising skill differentials in the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries, but needs to be augmented to illuminate the recent convexification of education returns and implied slowdown in the growth of the relative demand for college workers. Increased educational wage differentials explain 75 percent of the rise of U.S. wage inequality from 1980 to 2000 as compared to 38 percent for 2000 to 2017." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Belloc, Filippo, Gabriel Burdín & Fabio Landini (2020): Robots and Worker Voice: An Empirical Exploration. (IZA discussion paper 13799), 36 S.

Abstract

"The interplay between labour institutions and the adoption of automation technologies remains poorly understood. Specifically, there is little evidence on how the nature of industrial relations shapes technological choices at the workplace level. Using a large sample of more than 20000 European establishments located in 28 countries, this paper documents conditional correlations between the presence of employee representation (ER) and the use of automation technologies. We find that ER is positively associated with robot usage. The presence of ER also correlates with the utilization of software-based artificial intelligence tools for data analytics. We extensively dig into the mechanisms through which ER may foster the use of robots by exploiting rich information on the de facto role played by ER bodies in relation to well-defined decision areas of management. Greater automation in establishments with ER does not seem to result from more adversarial employment relationships (as measured by past strike activity) or constraints on labour flexibility imposed by the interference of employee representatives with dismissal procedures. Interestingly, the positive effect of ER on robot usage is driven by workplaces operating in relatively centralized wage-setting environments, where one would expected a more limited influence of ER on wages. While our findings are exploratory and do not have a causal interpretation, they are suggestive that ER influences certain workplace practices, such as skill development, job redesign and working time management, that may be complementary to new automation technologies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dottori, Davide (2020): Robots and employment: evidence from Italy. (Questioni di economia e finanza (Occasional papers) / Banca d'Italia 572), Rom, 59 S.

Abstract

"Increased robot diffusion has raised concerns for its possible negative impact on employment. Following an empirical approach in line with those applied to the US and Germany with contrasting results, this paper provides evidence about the effect of robots on employment outcomes in Italy (second European economy for robot stock) from the early 1990s up to 2016, both at the local labour market (LLM) level and at the worker level. In order to purge from demand and other confounding shocks, the identification relies on an instrumental variables strategy based on robots' sectoral growth in other European countries. No harmful impact on total employment emerges from the LLM analysis; the estimated effect is negative when limited to manufacturing employment, but its statistical significance is weak or absent once concurrent trends relating to trade and ICT are controlled for. Results at the worker level show that incumbent workers in manufacturing were not damaged on average, with an overall positive (though not large) employment effect, driven by longer working relationships with the original firm; conditional on them remaining at the original firm, the impact is also positive on wages. On the other hand, robot diffusion turns out to have contributed to reshaping the sectoral distribution of the new labour force inflows towards less robot intensive industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dunn, Michael (2020): Making gigs work: digital platforms, job quality and worker motivations. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 232-249. DOI:10.1111/ntwe.12167

Abstract

"Technology has driven new organisations of work and employment relationships, rendering changes that would have been unimaginable just a decade ago. The rise of digital platforms has not only enabled new forms of work activity but also transformed the way workers find new opportunities. This development, referred to as gig work, is distinct from traditional employment in that it is mediated through online platforms. While we can somewhat objectively designate traditional job characteristics as “good” or “bad”, designating gig work itself as “good” or “bad” overlooks the fact that workers are inclined to evaluate the quality of their jobs according to their own individual needs, priorities, backgrounds and other circumstances - even if those jobs are objectively the same. Unlike previous scholarship on gig work, which has viewed job quality largely from a platform-focused perspective, this article takes a worker-centric approach and provides a typology of gig workers. The typology demarcates how gig work is used and indicates key attributes that differentiate how workers approach such jobs. Moreover, the typology reveals heterogeneity in gig workers? motivations, characteristics and intentions. Consequently, platforms with “bad” job quality characteristics can still offer work that some workers will see as “good” and vice versa." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernández-Macías, Enrique, David Klenert & José-Ignacio Antón (2020): Not so disruptive yet? Characteristics, distribution and determinants of robots in Europe. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2020,03), Sevilla, 42 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses data on industrial robots in European manufacturing sectors, focusing on their applications and characteristics, their distribution over countries and sectors and the main factors that are correlated with robot adoption such as wage levels and robot prices. We argue that, contrary to popular belief, the types of robots widely used in manufacturing today do not imply a discontinuity in terms of automation and labour replacement possibilities. Instead, current robot technology is better understood as the most recent iteration of industrial automation technologies that have existed for a very long time. In fact, these automation technologies arguably had their biggest employment impact generations ago, partially explaining changes in employment structures in agricultural and manufacturing sectors that go back to the Industrial Revolution. Thus, the potential employment effects of current robot technology are a priori limited." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ghodsi, Mahdi, Oliver Reiter, Robert Stehrer & Roman Stöllinger (2020): Robotisation, Employment and Industrial Growth Intertwined Across Global Value Chains. (WIIW working paper 177), Wien, 33 S.

Abstract

"The global economy is currently experiencing a new wave of technological change involving new technologies, especially in the realm of artificial intelligence and robotics, but not limited to it. One key concern in this context is the consequences of these new technologies on the labour market. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the direct and indirect effects of the rise of industrial robots and productivity via international value chains on various industrial indicators, including employment and real value added. The paper thereby adds to the existing empirical work on the relationship between technological change, employment and industrial growth by adding data on industrial robots while controlling for other technological advancements measured by total factor productivity (TFP). The results indicate that the overall impact of the installation of new robots did not statistically affect the growth of industrial employment during the period 2000–2014 significantly, while the overall impact on the real value added growth of industries in the world was positive and significant. The methodology also allows for a differentiation between the impact of robots across various industries and countries based on two different perspectives of source and destination industries across global value chains. Disclaimer This is a background paper for the UNIDO Industrial Development Report 2020. Industrializing in the digital age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Graetz, Georg (2020): Labor Demand in the Past, Present, and Future. (IZA discussion paper 13142), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, technological change has led to the automation of existing tasks and the creation of new ones, as well as the reallocation of labor across occupations and industries. These processes have been costly to individual workers, but labor demand has remained strong, and real wages have steadily increased in line with productivity growth. I provide evidence suggesting, however, that in recent decades automation has outpaced the creation of new tasks and thus the demand for labor has declined. There is strong disagreement about the future of labor demand, and predictions about technological breakthroughs have a poor track record. Given the importance of overall labor demand for workers' standard of living as well as their ability to adjust to a changing labor market, obtaining accurate forecasts should be a priority for policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Graetz, Georg (2020): Technological change and the Swedish labor market. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2020,19), Bonn, 69 S.

Abstract

"This report takes stock of recent research into the effects of technology on the labor market; assesses to what extent the Swedish labor market has been affected by technological change in the past three decades, in particular with respect to the themes highlighted by the research; and draws lessons for the future. The main conclusion is that so far, the Swedish labor market has adopted well to technological change, as it exhibits stable employment rates and steady wage growth across the distribution. Furthermore, there are no clear signs that this situation should change in the coming decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grigoli, Francesco, Zsóka Kóczán & Petia Topalova (2020): Automation and labor force participation in advanced economies: Macro and micro evidence. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 126. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103443

Abstract

"Technological advances raise productivity and growth, but are also likely to reshape labor markets. We examine the impact of automation on aggregate labor force participation rates and individuals' attachment to the workforce in advanced economies. Cross-country analysis, which leverages the variation in the routinizability of occupations and occupational composition, points to significant negative effects of automation on the participation rates of prime-age men and women. Individual-level analysis confirms that workers previously employed in routinizable occupations are more likely to drop out of the labor force. Encouragingly, higher spending on active labor market programs and education are, however, associated with smaller negative effects of technological change on participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hepp, Rolf, David Kergel & Robert Riesinger (Hrsg.) (2020): Precarized society. Social Transformation of the welfare state. (Prekarisierung und soziale Entkopplung - transdisziplinäre Studien), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 274 S.

Abstract

"This book provides international and transdisciplinary perspectives on Hyperprecarity and Social Structural Transformations in European Societies, USA and Russia enforced through other special transformation processes such as digitalisation, migration and demographic change. It has been observed that precarity and social insecurity do not refer any longer only to certain groups of the society such as unemployed people or to those ones who are ‘traditionally’ more in need of social benefit etc. but it accompanies and affects greater parts of the society, particularly those sections of the middleclass who conceive their social identity merely via their work ethics. Consequentially new forms of social exclusion are being producing taxing the traditional social cohesion in European societies due to the demand of new forms of flexibility and mobility from the working people. This process can be termed with the notion 'Hyperprecarisation'. This book contains contributions from scientists all over Europe, Russia and the USA, who are members of the SUPI network “Social Uncertainty, Prequarity, Inequality”." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kim, Bae-Geun (2020): Sectoral shifts and comovements in employment. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 192. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109208

Abstract

"Sectoral shifts in employment from manufacturing to services are viewed as a structural transformation which occurs over a long period of time. Economists point out that a rapid technological advance in the manufacturing sector relative to that in the service sector is the underlying cause of this phenomenon. However, few have associated this with business cycle analyses. This paper finds that a relatively faster technological advance in the manufacturing sector (named manufacturing-specific technology shock) generates sectoral comovements in employment in the short run while it leads to sectoral shifts in employment in the long run. The behavior of investment is the key to this finding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Klenert, David, Enrique Fernández-Macías & José-Ignacio Antón (2020): Do robots really destroy jobs? Evidence from Europe. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2020,01), Sevilla, 48 S.

Abstract

"While citizen opinion polls reveal that Europeans are concerned about the labour market consequences of technological progress, the understanding of the actual significance of this relationship is still imperfect. This paper assesses the impact of robot adoption on employment in Europe. Combining industry-level data on employment by skill-type with data on robot adoption and using different sets of fixed-effects techniques, we find that robot use is linked to an increase in aggregate employment. Contrary to some previous studies, we do not find evidence of robots reducing the share of low-skill workers across Europe. Since the overwhelming majority of industrial robots is used in manufacturing, our findings should not be interpreted outside of the manufacturing context. However, the results still hold when including non-manufacturing sectors and they are robust across a wide range of assumptions and econometric specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Larsson, Anthony & Robin Teigland (Hrsg.) (2020): The Digital Transformation of Labor. Automation, the Gig Economy and Welfare. (Routledge studies in labour economics), Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, XXII, 349 S. DOI:10.4324/9780429317866

Abstract

"Through a series of studies, the overarching aim of this book is to investigate if and how the digitalization/digital transformation process causes (or may cause) the autonomy of various labor functions, and its impact in creating (or stymieing) various job opportunities on the labor market. This book also seeks to illuminate what actors/groups are mostly at risk by it. This book takes its point of departure from a 2016 OECD report that contends that the impact digitalization has on the future of labor is ambiguous, as on the one hand it is suggested that technological change is labor-saving, but on the other hand, it is suggested that digital technologies have not created new jobs on a scale that it replaces old jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Panteli, Niki, Andriana Rapti & Dora Scholarios (2020): "If He Just Knew Who We Were": Microworkers’ Emerging Bonds of Attachment in a Fragmented Employment Relationship. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 476-494. DOI:10.1177/0950017019897872

Abstract

"Using the lens of attachment, we explore microworkers' views of their employment relationship. Microwork comprises short-term, task-focused exchanges with large numbers of end-users (requesters), implying transitory and transactional relationships. Other key parties, however, include the platform which digitally meditates worker-requester relationships and the online microworker community. We explore the nature of attachment with these parties and the implications for microworkers' employment experiences. Using data from a workers' campaign directed at Amazon Mechanical Turk and CEO Jeff Bezos, we demonstrate multiple, dynamic bonds - primarily acquiescence and instrumental bonds - towards requesters and the platform, and identification with the online community. Microworkers also expressed dedication towards the platform. We consider how attachment buffers the exploitative employment relationship and how community bonds mobilise collective worker voice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pardini, Riccardo, Nora Meuli & Carlo Knöpfel (2020): #up to date. Arbeitsmarktfähigkeit von ICT-Beschäftigten in der Schweiz. Zürich: Seismo Verlag, 246 S.

Abstract

"Der Arbeitsmarkt befindet sich im Wandel. Arbeitsaufgaben und traditionelle Berufsbilder fallen weg und werden durch neue Arbeitsinhalte und andere Qualifikationsanforderungen ersetzt. Von diesem Transformationsprozess ist die ICT-Branche stark betroffen. Ein zentrales Mittel, um mit den sich ständig ändernden Anforderungen umzugehen, ist die berufsorientierte Weiterbildung. Die Studie im Auftrag der Gewerkschaft «Medien und Kommunikation syndicom» zeigt, dass der Besuch verschiedener Weiterbildungsaktivitäten für die ICT-Beschäftigten ein wichtiger Bestandteil ist, um die eigene Arbeitsmarktfähigkeit zu erhalten und zu fördern. Allerdings ist der Zugang zu Weiterbildungsangeboten ungleich verteilt. Die Einschätzungen von 500 ICT-Beschäftigten machen deutlich, dass eine Regelung zu Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten in den Arbeitsverträgen sich positiv auswirkt, um den Anforderungen dieser Branche gerecht zu werden und mit den Veränderungen des Berufsfeldes Schritt zu halten." (Verlagsinformation, IAB-Doku)

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Peruffo, Eleonora, Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Irene Mandl & Martina Bisello (2020): Game-changing technologies: Transforming production and employment in Europe. Digital age. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, IV, 46 S. DOI:10.2806/054475

Abstract

"Innovation and technological advancement are natural features of developed economies, and they are necessary to maintain and improve sustainable competitiveness in an era of globalisation. However, while most innovation tends to be incremental, some has a disruptive effect on production and service provision, the labour market and social dialogue. This report discusses a selection of eight so-called ‘game-changing technologies’ (advanced robotics, additive manufacturing, the Internet of Things, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, industrial biotechnologies, blockchain and virtual and augmented reality). Each of these has the potential to substantially change business activities, work and employment in Europe. Looking at both the manufacturing and services sectors, this report gives an indication of how these technologies might be adopted and how they are expected to affect the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Prettner, Klaus & Holger Strulik (2020): Innovation, automation, and inequality: Policy challenges in the race against the machine. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 116, S. 249-265. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.10.012

Abstract

"The effects of automation on economic growth, education, and inequality are analyzed using an R&D-driven growth model with endogenous education in which high-skilled workers are complements to machines and low-skilled workers are substitutes for machines. The model predicts that automation leads to an increasing share of college graduates, increasing income and wealth inequality, and a declining labor share. We show that standard policy suggestions for the age of automation can trigger unintended side effects on inequality, growth, and welfare, irrespective of whether they are financed by progressive wage taxation or by a robot tax." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Scholl, Keller & Robin Hanson (2020): Testing the automation revolution hypothesis. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 193. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109287

Abstract

"Wages and employment predict automation in 832 U.S. jobs, 1999 to 2019, but add little to top 25 O*NET job features, whose best predictive model did not change over this period. Automation changes predict changes in neither wages nor employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Schwabe, Henrik & Fulvio Castellacci (2020): Automation, workers' skills and job satisfaction. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 15, H. 11. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0242929

Abstract

"When industrial robots are adopted by firms in a local labor market, some workers are displaced and become unemployed. Other workers that are not directly affected by automation may however fear that these new technologies might replace their working tasks in the future. This fear of a possible future replacement is important because it negatively affects workers' job satisfaction at present. This paper studies the extent to which automation affects workers' job satisfaction, and whether this effect differs for high- versus low-skilled workers. The empirical analysis uses microdata for several thousand workers in Norway from the Working Life Barometer survey for the period 2016–2019, combined with information on the introduction of industrial robots in Norway from the International Federation of Robotics. Our identification strategy exploits variation in the pace of introduction of industrial robots in Norwegian regions and industries since 2007 to instrument workers' fear of replacement. The results indicate that automation in industrial firms in recent years have induced 40% of the workers that are currently in employment to fear that their work might be replaced by a smart machine in the future. Such fear of future replacement does negatively affect workers' job satisfaction at present. This negative effect is driven by low-skilled workers, which are those carrying out routine-based tasks, and who are therefore more exposed to the risks of automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stanton, Christopher T. & Catherine Thomas (2020): The Gig Economy Beyond Local Services and Transportation. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 21-26.

Abstract

"The gig economy characterizes a wide variety of shortterm freelance work, typically intermediated via online platforms that facilitate matching between buyers and providers. The widespread growth of ride-sharing platforms such as Uber and Lyft has led many to equate gig-economy work with tasks carried out face to face after matching on a platform. However, many gigs or tasks can be both contracted and performed remotely, particularly when the output can be delivered electronically. Platforms that enable this type of work are referred to as online labor markets." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Umbach, Susanne, Erik Haberzeth, Hanna Böving & Elise Glaß (2020): Kompetenzverschiebungen im Digitalisierungsprozess. Veränderungen für Arbeit und Weiterbildung aus Sicht der Beschäftigten. (Erwachsenenbildung und lebensbegleitendes Lernen - Forschung & Praxis 38), Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, 212 S. DOI:10.3278/6004593w

Abstract

"Thema der Studie ist der Wandel von Tätigkeiten an betrieblichen Arbeitsplätzen durch die Digitalisierung, für die in der betrieblichen Weiterbildung Unterstützungs- und Gestaltungsansätze entwickelt werden müssen. Anhand von sechs Betriebsfallstudien aus Logistik und stationärem Einzelhandel untersucht das Autorenteam zwei wesentliche Aspekte: die Veränderung von Tätigkeiten auf der ausführenden Ebene und die damit verbundenen Kompetenzverschiebungen. In dem subjektbezogenen Zugang zum Forschungsfeld sind die Beschäftigten Expertinnen und Experten ihrer Arbeit, um zentrale Fragen des digitalisierten Arbeitsalltags zu beantworten: Was heißt Digitalisierung für Arbeitsmittel und -organisation auf betrieblicher Ebene? Wie verändern sich Tätigkeiten? Welche Kompetenzverschiebungen im Hinblick auf menschliche Wissens- und Handlungspotenziale ergeben sich? Wie wird betriebliche Weiterbildung gestaltet? Im Ergebnis liefern die Autorinnen und der Autor ein erweitertes Kompetenzprofil, das die Besonderheiten der Digitalisierung aufnimmt. Es ist gleichzeitig Grundlage für eine personalorientierte und partizipative Weiterbildungspraxis." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Vargas Llave, Oscar & Tina Weber (2020): Regulations to address work-life balance in digital flexible working arrangements. Industrial relations. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 38 S. DOI:10.2806/03528

Abstract

"Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time practices. However, the ability to work anywhere and at any time can lead to greater work intensification, competition and work-on-demand. If this is not explicitly addressed, it threatens to override the advantages that ICT-based flexible working brings to work–life balance. As part of Eurofound’s extensive research into the impact of TICTM on working conditions and on work–life balance, this report aims to provide policymakers with ways to address new challenges in the world of work and to serve as a reference for future initiatives in relation to digitalisation, working time and work–life balance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Veen, Alex, Tom Baratt & Caleb Goods (2020): Platform-capital's 'App-etite' for control: A labour process analysis of food-delivery work in Australia. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 388-406. DOI:10.1177/0950017019836911

Abstract

"This qualitative case study adopts a labour process analysis to unpack the distinctive features of capital's control regimes in the food-delivery segment of the Australian platform-economy and assesses labour agency in response to these. Drawing upon worker experiences with the Deliveroo and UberEATS platforms, it is shown how the labour process controls are multi-facetted and more than algorithmic management, with three distinct features standing out: the panoptic disposition of the technological infrastructure, the use of information asymmetries to constrain worker choice, and the obfuscated nature of their performance management systems. Combined with the workers' precarious labour market positions and the Australian political-economic context, only limited, mainly individual, expressions of agency were found." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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de Vries, Gaaitzen J., Elisabetta Gentile, Sébastien Miroudot & Konstantin M. Wacker (2020): The rise of robots and the fall of routine jobs. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 66. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101885

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of industrial robots on jobs. We combine data on robot adoption and occupations by industry in thirty-seven countries for the period from 2005 to 2015. We exploit differences across industries in technical feasibility – defined as the industry's share of tasks replaceable by robots – to identify the impact of robot usage on employment. The data allow us to differentiate effects by the routine-intensity of employment. We find that a rise in robot adoption relates significantly to a fall in the employment share of routine manual task-intensive jobs. This relation is observed in high-income countries, but not in emerging market and transition economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

Abstract

Report der Stiftung "New Direction", 2009 von Margret Thatcher als Think Tank europäischer Konservativer gegründet. Der Report enthält Beiträge u.a. zu den Themen Digitalisierung, Arbeitsmarkt, Digitalisierung, Roboter, Zukunft der Arbeit, Künstliche Intelligenz, Soziale Sicherung, Qualifikationsanforderungen, Plattformarbeit. (IAB)

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European Institute for Gender Equality (2020): Gender equality index 2020. Digitalisation and the future of work. (Gender equality index …), Vilnius, 178 S. DOI:10.2839/79077

Abstract

"The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was a wake-up call for gender equality in Europe. It reminded us about everyday gender inequalities in our society that often go unnoticed – from the shortage of men working in the care sector to the reality of violence facing women in abusive relationships. While it will still take time to fully understand the consequences of COVID-19 for gender equality, it’s clear that it poses a serious threat to the fragile achievements made over the past decade. This year, the Index report focuses on the effects of digitalisation on the world of work and the consequences for gender equality. This topic is extremely relevant in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ways in which the working lives of women and men have been affected by it. New types of jobs and innovative ways of working through online platforms were analysed to gain an understanding of who is doing these jobs and whether they help or hinder gender equality. With a detailed analysis for the EU and each Member State, the Index shows country-level achievements and areas for improvement. More than ever, policymakers need the data that the Index provides. We hope that our findings will help Europe’s leaders to design future solutions that are inclusive and promote gender equality in our post-COVID-19 society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The new knowledge economy, centred on Information and Communication Technologies, together with AI / and robots, can free men and women from the mere execution of tasks and allow them to devote their energies to more satisfying and creative purposes. It can, however, also create mass unemployment or alienation of workers reduced to the role of subservient auxiliaries of a working process they can no longer control. Much depends on the philosophy that guides the new automated production processes: will it be a philosophy that aims solely at profit or one that values the participation of workers, care for the common good, and has a special concern for the poor and the marginalized?" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Digitale Technologien und Daten verändern unser Lebensumfeld. Menschen, Unternehmen und staatliche Stellen agieren, kommunizieren und operieren heute anders als in der Vergangenheit - und diese Veränderungen beschleunigen sich zusehends. Wie können wir das gewaltige Potenzial ausschöpfen, das digitale Technologien und Daten zur Steigerung von Wachstum und Lebensqualität in einer sich rasch wandelnden Welt bieten? Dieser Bericht soll Antworten auf diese Frage liefern. Er geht auf sieben Aspekte ein, bei denen die Regierungen - zusammen mit Bürgerinnen und Bürgern, Unternehmen und anderen betroffenen Akteuren - ansetzen können, um den digitalen Wandel zu gestalten und das Leben zu verbessern. In jedem dieser Bereiche zeigt der Bericht Chancen, Herausforderungen und Handlungsoptionen auf. Außerdem liefert er neue Erkenntnisse, Daten und Analysen sowie Empfehlungen für eine bessere Politik im digitalen Zeitalter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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OECD (2020): OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2020. (OECD digital economy outlook 3), Paris, 315 S. DOI:10.1787/bb167041-en

Abstract

"The OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2020 examines trends and analyses emerging opportunities and challenges in the digital economy. It highlights how OECD countries and partner economies are taking advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet to meet their public policy objectives. Through comparative evidence, it informs policy makers of regulatory practices and policy options to help maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth. This third edition of the OECD Digital Economy Outlook provides a holistic overview of converging trends, policy developments and data on both the supply and demand sides of the digital economy. It illustrates how the digital transformation is affecting economies and societies. Finally, it provides a special focus on how the COVID-19 pandemic is amplifying opportunities and challenges from the digital transformation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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World Economic Forum (2020): The future of jobs report 2020. (The future of jobs report 3), Cologny/Geneva, 162 S.

Abstract

"The COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdowns and related global recession of 2020 have created a highly uncertain outlook for the labour market and accelerated the arrival of the future of work. The Future of Jobs Report 2020 aims to shed light on: 1) the pandemic-related disruptions thus far in 2020, contextualized within a longer history of economic cycles, and 2) the expected outlook for technology adoption, jobs and skills in the next five years. Despite the currently high degree of uncertainty, the report uses a unique combination of qualitative and quantitative intelligence to expand the knowledge base about the future of jobs and skills. It aggregates the views of business leaders—chief executives, chief strategy officers and chief human resources officers–on the frontlines of decision-making regarding human capital with the latest data from public and private sources to create a clearer picture of both the current situation and the future outlook for jobs and skills. The report also provides in-depth information for 15 industry sectors and 26 advanced and emerging countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report examines digitalisation’s effects on science, technology and innovation and the associated consequences for policy. In varied and far-reaching ways, digital technologies are changing how scientists work, collaborate and publish. While examining these developments, this book also assesses the effects of digitalisation on longstanding policy themes, from access to publicly funded research data, to the diffusion of technology and its absorption by firms. New and emerging topics are also explored. These include the roles of artificial intelligence and blockchain in science and production, using digital technology to draw on the collective intelligence of the scientific community, advances in the digitalisation of biotechnology, and possible "dark sides" of digitalisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))