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Papapetrou, Evangelia & Pinelopi Tsalaporta (2018): Is there a case for intergenerational transmission of female labour force participation and educational attainment? Evidence from Greece during the crisis. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 237-258. DOI:10.1111/labr.12134

Abstract

"The paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of female educational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of labour force participation in Greece, in 2011. Results show that parental educational background, and especially maternal, is identified as a key determinant of women's high level of educational achievement. A wife's labour force participation decision is related to her husband's mother's and mother's participation, and even more strongly related to her own level of educational achievement along with the number of children in the household. The labour force participation of the mother of the husband is more important than that of the woman's own mother, indicating a strong transmission of the husband's cultural model. Results point to the presence of heterogeneity of cultural transmission of female labour supply conditional on household income." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pearlman, Jessica (2018): Gender differences in the impact of job mobility on earnings. The role of occupational segregation. In: Social science research, Jg. 74, H. August, S. 30-44. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.05.010

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Preston, Alison & Elisa Birch (2018): The Western Australian wage structure and gender wage gap. A post-mining boom analysis. In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 60, H. 5, S. 619-646. DOI:10.1177/0022185618791589

Abstract

"Whilst there is a large literature on the determinant of wages in Australia, relatively few studies have examined the determinants of wages at a state level. In this article, we present a study of the determinants of earnings in Western Australia, a state that experienced rapid growth during the mining boom of 2003-2013. We show that the relatively stronger wage growth in Western Australia since 2001 is the product of both compositional and price effects. We also report on the Western Australia and rest of Australia gender wage gaps. Our decomposition analysis of the mean gender wage gap shows that industry effects (as a result of gender segmentation across industry) account for a much larger share of the Western Australia gender wage gap than they do elsewhere in Australia, with the mining, construction and transport sectors driving the industry effects. Using quantile analysis we show that, relative to the rest of Australia, the Western Australia gender wage gaps are larger at both the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. At the median the Western Australia gender wage gap, at 2014-2016, is on par with that prevailing elsewhere in Australia, with women in both groups earning 10% less than their male counterparts, all else held equal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reuyß, Stefan, Svenja Pfahl, Laura Rauschnick & Karsten Spindler (2018): Geschlechtergerecht im Einsatz für eine bessere Gesellschaft? Die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter im Dritten Sektor. Berlin, 80 S.

Abstract

"Wie steht es eigentlich um die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter im Dritten Sektor, also u.a. in Vereinen, Stiftungen, Genossenschaften und anderen Non-Profit-Organisationen? Die neue Studie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung schaut sich diesen Bereich genauer an und analysiert die Umsetzung von Gleichstellung im Non-Profit-Bereich, identifiziert gute Praxisbeispiele und gibt Empfehlungen für die konkrete Umsetzung von Gleichstellung. Die Autor_innen der Studie haben dafür Interviews in acht Dritte-Sektor-Organisationen durchgeführt und unter anderem nach dem Verständnis von Gleichstellung sowie nach vorhandenen Strukturen und Werkzeugen gefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rodríguez-Planas, Núria, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano & Anastasia Terskaya (2018): Independent thinking and hard working, or caring and well behaved? Short- and long-term impacts of gender identity norms. (IZA discussion paper 11694), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we explore the causal effect of gender-identity norms on female teenagers' engagement in risky behaviors relative to boys in the US. To do so, we exploit idiosyncratic variation across adjacent grades within schools in the proportion of high-school peers' mothers who think that important skills for both boys and girls to possess are traditionally masculine ones, such as to think for him or herself or work hard, as opposed to traditionally feminine ones, namely to be well-behaved, popular or help others. We find that a higher proportion of mothers who believe that independent thinking and working hard matter for either gender reduces the gender gap in risky behaviors, traditionally more prevalent among males, both in the short and medium run. We also find evidence of convergence in the labor market in early adulthood. Short- and medium-run results are driven by a reduction in males' engagement in risky behaviors; long-run results are driven by females' higher annual earnings and lower welfare dependency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Roos, Patricia & Lindsay Stevens (2018): Integrating occupations: Changing occupational sex segregation in the U.S. from 2000 to 2014. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 127-154. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.5

Abstract

"Background:
Declining occupational sex segregation in the late 20th century helped to usher in unprecedented occupational and economic advancement for women. As the 21st century dawned, that advancement stalled.
Objective:
We examine how occupational integration occurred in the early decades of the 21st century by focusing on (1) the extent of occupational feminization and masculinization and (2) occupational succession. More broadly we examine how the representation of women in detailed occupational categories changed between 2000 and 2014, regardless of whether they were historically 'male' or 'female,' and how sociodemographic characteristics contributed to uneven shifts in occupational integration.
Methods:
We use Integrated Public Use Microdata Series data to estimate the percentage point female at the detailed occupation level, specifically the 5% census microdata sample for 2000, and two 1% American Community Survey (ACS) samples for 2013 and 2014.
Results:
Despite a stall in overall integration, there was much fluctuation within detailed occupations. Moreover, occupational inroads have been uneven in the post-2000 period. Women gained entry into the same types of professional and managerial occupations they entered between 1970 and 2000, especially in the health professions. Men increased their representation in lower-level, nonprofessional occupations.
Contribution:
Rather than focus solely on predominantly male or female occupations, we focus more broadly on how occupations feminize and masculinize. More occupations masculinized than previously. Moreover, those in feminizing occupations are more likely to be advantaged (e.g., white, citizens, and educated), while those in masculinizing occupations are more likely to be disadvantaged (e.g., black, Hispanic, and poor English speakers)." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Ruby, Sophie & Sylka Scholz (2018): Care, care work and the struggle for a careful world from the perspective of the sociology of masculinities. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 73-83. DOI:10.1007/s11614-018-0284-z

Abstract

"Das Thema Fürsorge und Fürsorgearbeit wird in der feministischen Forschung sowohl theoretisch als auch empirisch oftmals mit dem weiblichen Geschlecht verbunden. In unserem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Aspekt, dass im Gegensatz zur feministischen Theorie in der Männlichkeitstheorie Care und Carework noch stark untertheoretisiert sind. So stellt zum Beispiel Vaterschaft und Care im Konzept der hegemonialen Männlichkeit weitgehend eine Leerstelle dar. Herausgearbeitet werden soll, in welcher Hinsicht Männer und die Konstruktion von Männlichkeiten von den aktuellen Umstrukturierungsprozessen vom Fordismus zum Postfordismus betroffen sind. Caring Masculinities gelten in der europäischen Männlichkeitspolitik als zentraler Weg zur Entwicklung nicht-dominanter Männlichkeiten. Erörtert wird, inwieweit es ein brauchbares theoretisches Konstrukt für die Forschung in diesem Feld sein kann." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Sahoo, Soham & Stephan Klasen (2018): Gender segregation in education and its implications for labour market outcomes. Evidence from India. (IZA discussion paper 11660), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates gender-based segregation across different fields of study at the post-secondary level of schooling, and how that affects subsequent labour market outcomes of men and women. Using a nationally representative longitudinal data-set from India, we provide evidence that there is substantial intra-household gender disparity in the choice of study stream at the higher-secondary level of education. A household fixed effects regression shows that girls are 20 percentage points less likely than boys to study in technical streams, namely science (STEM) and commerce, vis-à-vis arts or humanities. This gender disparity is not driven by gender specific differences in mathematical ability, as the gap remains large and significant even after controlling for individuals' past test scores. Our further analysis on working-age individuals suggests that technical stream choice at higher-secondary level significantly affects the gender gap in labour market outcomes in adult life, including labour force participation, nature of employment, and earnings. Thus our findings reveal how gender disparity in economic outcomes at a later stage in the lifecourse is affected by gendered trajectories set earlier in life, especially at the school level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Seron, Carroll, Susan Silbey, Erin Cech & Brian Rubineau (2018): "I am not a feminist, but. . .": Hegemony of a meritocratic ideology and the limits of critique among women in engineering. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 2, S. 131-167. DOI:10.1177/0730888418759774

Abstract

"Engineering is often described as an enduring bastion of masculine culture where women experience marginality. Using diaries from undergraduate engineering students at four universities, the authors explore women's interpretations of their status within the profession. The authors' findings show that women recognize their marginality, providing clear and strong criticisms of their experiences. But these criticisms remain isolated and muted; they coalesce neither into broader organizational or institutional criticisms of engineering, nor into calls for change. Instead, their criticisms are interpreted through two values central to engineering culture: meritocracy and individualism. Despite their direct experiences with sexism, respondents typically embrace these values as ideological justifications of the existing distributions of status and reward in engineering and come to view engineering's nonmeritocratic system as meritocratic. The unquestioned presumption of meritocracy and the invisibility of its muting effects on critiques resembles not hegemonic masculinity - for these women proudly celebrate their femininity - but a hegemony of meritocratic ideology. The authors conclude that engineering education successfully turns potential critics into agents of cultural reproduction. This article contributes to ongoing debates concerning diversity in STEM professions by showing how professional culture can contribute to more general patterns of token behavior - thus identifying mechanisms of cultural reproduction that thwart institutional change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sparreboom, Theo (2018): Occupational segregation by hours of work in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 1, S. 65-82. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12017

Abstract

"This paper quantifies levels of occupational segregation between full-time and part-time work and attempts to identify some of the determinants of this segregation. In the first part of the analysis, segregation between full-time and part-time work is measured for all workers as well as within sub-groups of the employed - men, women, youth and adults for 15 European countries, using data from the European Labour Force Survey. The extent to which segregation is driven by constituent sub-groups is also analysed. It is demonstrated that occupational segregation by hours of work is generally higher for males than for females, suggesting that part-time pay penalties may be more important for men than for women, and higher for young workers than for adult workers.
The remainder of the paper uses regression analysis across countries to identify factors which drive segregation by hours of work. Three groups of variables are considered that are related to (1) the quantity of work; (2) the quality of work; and (3) institutional factors. It is found that segregation by hours of work for sub-groups of the employed is driven by different factors. In particular, segregation for men is correlated with the volume of work, while variables from all three groups are important for adult women and young workers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Strawinski, Pawel, Aleksandra Majchrowska & Paulina Broniatowska (2018): Occupational segregation and wage differences. The case of Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 378-397. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2016-0141

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relation between occupational segregation and the gender wage differences using data on three-digit occupational level of classification. The authors examine whether a statistically significant relation between the share of men in employment and the size of the unexplained part of the gender wage gap exists.
Design/methodology/approach: Traditional Oaxaca (1973) - Blinder (1973) decomposition is performed to examine the differences in the gender wage gaps among minor occupational groups. Two types of reweighted decomposition - based on the parametric estimate of the propensity score and non-parametric proposition presented by Barsky et al. (2002) - are used as the robustness check. The analysis is based on individual data available from Poland.
Findings: The results indicate no strong relation between occupational segregation and the size of unexplained differences in wages. The unexplained wage differences are the smallest in strongly female-dominated and mixed occupations; the highest are observed in male-dominated occupations. However, they are probably to a large extent the result of other, difficult to include in the econometric model, factors rather than the effects of wage discrimination: differences in the psychophysical conditions of men and women, cultural background, tradition or habits. The failure to take them into account may result in over-interpreting the unexplained parts as gender discrimination.
Research limitations/implications: The highest accuracy of the estimated gender wage gap is obtained for the occupational groups with a similar proportion of men and women in employment. In other male- or female-dominated groups, the size of the estimated gender wage gaps depends on the estimation method used.
Practical implications: The results suggest that decreasing the degree of segregation of men and women in different occupations could reduce the wage differences between them, as the wage discrimination in gender balanced occupations is the smallest.
Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the few conducted at such a disaggregated level of occupations, and one of few studies focused on Central and Eastern European countries and the first one for Poland." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Tophoven, Silke (2018): Erwerbsverlauf und Gesundheit älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter. (IAB-Bibliothek 371), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 214 S. DOI:10.3278/300988w

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen im höheren Erwerbsalter ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Um sie auch künftig zu ermöglichen, ist das Wissen um die spezifische Situation dieser Gruppe, grade in Bezug auf gesundheitliche Aspekte, besonders wichtig. Die Dissertation bietet einen Überblick zu den Erwerbsverläufen und aktuellen Erwerbs- und Gesundheitssituationen älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter und untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen
- verschiedenen Erwerbsverlaufstypen und bisheriger Alterssicherung
- prekärer Beschäftigung und funktionaler Gesundheit
- der Tätigkeit in geschlechtersegregierten Berufen und depressiven Symptomen sowie
- Veränderungen der Arbeitsbedingungen und psychischer Gesundheit." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Torre, Margarita (2018): Stopgappers? The occupational trajectories of men in female-dominated occupations. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 283-312. DOI:10.1177/0730888418780433

Abstract

"This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers - men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? (IZA discussion paper 11639), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? In: Social science research, Jg. 75, H. September, S. 154-167. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.06.009

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Valet, Peter (2018): Social Structure and the Paradox of the Contented Female Worker. How Occupational Gender Segregation Biases Justice Perceptions of Wages. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 2, S. 168-193. DOI:10.1177/0730888417753048

Abstract

"This article provides a structural explanation for the paradox of the contented female worker. Although they are generally aware that they earn less than men, women usually perceive their wages as more just. This article argues that men and women do not differ in how they perceive their wages, yet the gendered segregation of the labor market will constrain the availability of preferred same-gender referent standards in some occupations. Random- and fixed-effects analyses of longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the years 2009 to 2015 (N?=?26,362) reveal that the paradox is only detectable in occupations with a considerable number of female referents. However, as soon as women move into a male-dominated occupation, the paradox vanishes. These results contradict the view that men and women generally differ in how they perceive their wages and indicate that gender differences in justice perceptions can be explained by the structural embeddedness of employees in certain occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verniers, Catherine & Jorge Vala (2018): Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace. The mediating role of motherhood myths. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0190657

Abstract

"The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths according to which women's work threatens children and family life mediates the relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother's career. We tested this hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012 from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vignoli, Daniele, Anna Matysiak, Marta Styrc & Valentina Tocchioni (2018): The positive impact of women's employment on divorce. Context, selection, or anticipation? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 1059-1110. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.37

Abstract

"Background: Empirical findings regarding the impact of women's employment on divorce are mixed. One explanation is that the effects are moderated by the country context. Another is that previous studies have failed to account for unobserved factors that introduce bias into the estimated effects. Studies also rarely consider possible anticipatory employment behavior on the part of women who are thinking of divorce.
Objective: The aim of this study is to deepen our understanding of the nexus between women's employment and divorce in a comparative perspective.
Methods: We adopt an analytical strategy that allows us to account for selection and anticipation mechanisms. Namely, we estimate marital disruption and employment jointly, and monitor the timing of divorce after employment entry. This approach is implemented using micro-level data for Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland.
Results: We find that women's employment facilitates marital disruption in Italy and Poland, but not in Germany and Hungary. We also show that selection effects play out differently in different contexts. Finally, we notice traces of anticipatory behavior in Italy.
Contribution: We conclude that women's employment is less likely to be linked to divorce in countries with easier access to divorce and in countries with more generous financial support for families and single mothers, which in turn makes women less reliant on the market. With this study we hope to encourage future researchers to consider the potentially distorting effects of selection and anticipation strategies in (comparative) divorce research." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Vuri, Daniela (2018): Joint custody law and mothers' labor market outcomes. Evidence from the USA. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 1203-1237. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0680-x

Abstract

"This paper studies the economic implications for mothers of the changes in child custody law from maternal preference to joint custody using the 1960 - 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS). Variation in the timing of the joint custody reform across states provides a natural experimental framework to study the causal effect of shared custody on mothers' economic outcomes. The results show that only single mothers experience a decrease in earnings as a consequence of the adoption of the joint custody law, exposing them to a higher risk of poverty. The paper discusses a possible explanation for these findings, namely that the higher child support payment the mother receives from the non-custodial father in case of joint custody might discourage her from looking for high paid jobs or investing in her career." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Wu, Alice H. (2018): Gendered language on the economics job market rumors forum. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 175-179. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181101

Abstract

"This paper examines the existence of an unwelcoming or stereotypical culture using evidence on how women and men are portrayed in anonymous discussions on the Economics Job Market Rumors forum (EJMR). I use a Lasso-Logistic model to measure gendered language in EJMR postings, identifying the words that are most strongly associated with discussions about one gender or the other. I find that the words most predictive of a post about a woman are typically about physical appearance or personal information, whereas those most predictive of a post about a man tend to focus on academic or professional characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))