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Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? In: Social science research, Jg. 75, H. September, S. 154-167. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.06.009

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Valet, Peter (2018): Social Structure and the Paradox of the Contented Female Worker. How Occupational Gender Segregation Biases Justice Perceptions of Wages. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 2, S. 168-193. DOI:10.1177/0730888417753048

Abstract

"This article provides a structural explanation for the paradox of the contented female worker. Although they are generally aware that they earn less than men, women usually perceive their wages as more just. This article argues that men and women do not differ in how they perceive their wages, yet the gendered segregation of the labor market will constrain the availability of preferred same-gender referent standards in some occupations. Random- and fixed-effects analyses of longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the years 2009 to 2015 (N?=?26,362) reveal that the paradox is only detectable in occupations with a considerable number of female referents. However, as soon as women move into a male-dominated occupation, the paradox vanishes. These results contradict the view that men and women generally differ in how they perceive their wages and indicate that gender differences in justice perceptions can be explained by the structural embeddedness of employees in certain occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verniers, Catherine & Jorge Vala (2018): Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace. The mediating role of motherhood myths. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0190657

Abstract

"The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths according to which women's work threatens children and family life mediates the relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother's career. We tested this hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012 from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vignoli, Daniele, Anna Matysiak, Marta Styrc & Valentina Tocchioni (2018): The positive impact of women's employment on divorce. Context, selection, or anticipation? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 1059-1110. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.37

Abstract

"Background: Empirical findings regarding the impact of women's employment on divorce are mixed. One explanation is that the effects are moderated by the country context. Another is that previous studies have failed to account for unobserved factors that introduce bias into the estimated effects. Studies also rarely consider possible anticipatory employment behavior on the part of women who are thinking of divorce.
Objective: The aim of this study is to deepen our understanding of the nexus between women's employment and divorce in a comparative perspective.
Methods: We adopt an analytical strategy that allows us to account for selection and anticipation mechanisms. Namely, we estimate marital disruption and employment jointly, and monitor the timing of divorce after employment entry. This approach is implemented using micro-level data for Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland.
Results: We find that women's employment facilitates marital disruption in Italy and Poland, but not in Germany and Hungary. We also show that selection effects play out differently in different contexts. Finally, we notice traces of anticipatory behavior in Italy.
Contribution: We conclude that women's employment is less likely to be linked to divorce in countries with easier access to divorce and in countries with more generous financial support for families and single mothers, which in turn makes women less reliant on the market. With this study we hope to encourage future researchers to consider the potentially distorting effects of selection and anticipation strategies in (comparative) divorce research." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Vuri, Daniela (2018): Joint custody law and mothers' labor market outcomes. Evidence from the USA. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 1203-1237. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0680-x

Abstract

"This paper studies the economic implications for mothers of the changes in child custody law from maternal preference to joint custody using the 1960 - 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS). Variation in the timing of the joint custody reform across states provides a natural experimental framework to study the causal effect of shared custody on mothers' economic outcomes. The results show that only single mothers experience a decrease in earnings as a consequence of the adoption of the joint custody law, exposing them to a higher risk of poverty. The paper discusses a possible explanation for these findings, namely that the higher child support payment the mother receives from the non-custodial father in case of joint custody might discourage her from looking for high paid jobs or investing in her career." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Wu, Alice H. (2018): Gendered language on the economics job market rumors forum. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 175-179. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181101

Abstract

"This paper examines the existence of an unwelcoming or stereotypical culture using evidence on how women and men are portrayed in anonymous discussions on the Economics Job Market Rumors forum (EJMR). I use a Lasso-Logistic model to measure gendered language in EJMR postings, identifying the words that are most strongly associated with discussions about one gender or the other. I find that the words most predictive of a post about a woman are typically about physical appearance or personal information, whereas those most predictive of a post about a man tend to focus on academic or professional characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wuiame, Nathalie, herausgegeben von T. Johnson (Hrsg.) Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration (2018): Female (un)employment and work-life balance. A discussion paper from the Employment Thematic Network. (ESF technical dossier 08), Brüssel, 37 S. DOI:10.2767/022588

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to give an updated overview of the different situations of men and women in the labour market. It examines what the contribution of the Structural and Investment Funds - and especially the ESF - can be, in terms of both female employment and work life balance initiatives. The report concludes with some recommendations on how current and future European funds can better support female employment and gender equality through fighting gender stereotypes and gender segregation, changing the prevalent working culture, providing high-quality and affordable care solutions, and supporting women in specific situations such as victims of domestic violence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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de Muizon, Marc Jourdain (2018): Why do married women work less in the UK than in France? In: Labour economics, Jg. 51, H. April, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.12.002

Abstract

"Compared to their French counterparts, British married women choose fewer working hours but similar employment rates. This is driven mostly by the labour supply choices of those with young children. To understand why, I estimate a structural labour supply model and simulate counterfactual hours distributions. Differences in non-work income and childcare prices together explain about two-thirds of the observed labour supply gap for mothers of young children. Most prime-aged British married women also face significantly lower taxes compared to their France counterparts though they do not work significantly more aggregate hours. I estimate strong preferences differences across the Channel." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Abstract

"Gender segregation is a deeply entrenched feature of education systems and occupations across the EU. It refers to the concentration of one gender in certain fields of education or occupations (horizontal segregation) or the concentration of one gender in certain grades, levels of responsibility or positions (vertical segregation). Gender segregation narrows life choices, education and employment options, leads to unequal pay, further reinforces gender stereotypes and limits access to certain jobs while also perpetuating unequal gender power relations in the public and private spheres.
Following the request of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU (2017), the present report explores the progress made between 2004 and 2015 in breaking gender segregation in education, training and the labour market in the EU. The report draws on a number of varied data sources, including Unesco-OECD-Eurostat (UOE), the European Labour Force Survey (LFS), Eurofound's European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and the European Skills and Jobs Survey (ESJS) of the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"While digital technologies offer leapfrog opportunities and help empower women, gender-based digital exclusion remains widespread and has many causes. The report Bridging the Digital Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate is an effort by the OECD, working with the G20, that aims to provide policy directions for consideration by all governments. It analyses a range of drivers at the root of the digital gender divide in order to draw attention to critical areas for policy action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2018): Frauen in der Informatik - Ein Blick in die Bildungskette. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN (Drucksache 19/4426). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/5057 (12.10.2018)), 112 S.

Abstract

Die Kleine Anfrage sieht den geringen Frauenanteil in der IT-Branche als Problem, vor allem hinsichtlich der IT-Sicherheit, und als einen Schlüssel zur Lösung des Fachkräftebedarfs. So erfragen die Abgeordneten bildungspolitische Antworten, Programme für Mädchen und Jungen schon im Vorschulalter mit digitalen Themen und Informatik, fragen nach den Mädchenquoten bei der Beteiligung an Fächern wie Informatik und Programmieren in den einzelnen Schulstufen, der Geschlechterverteilung der Lehrenden in diesen Fächern, nach dem Einfluss von weiblichen Role Models als Lehrende in Fächern wie Informatik, Programmieren oder Digitalpakt auf die Lernenden im Primar- und Sekundarbereich, nach Programmen bzw. Initiativen (Bundes- wie Länderprogramme), um Schülerinnen und Schüler für digitale Themen und Informatik, auch für eine Berufsausbildung im Digital- bzw. Informatikbereich zu interessieren. Sie fragen nach der Entwicklung der 25 häufigsten Ausbildungsberufe in den letzten zehn Jahren, nach der Rolle der Berufsbezeichnungen bei der Wahl des Ausbildungsberufes, nach der Anzahl der Frauen und Männer die in den letzten zehn Jahren im Bereich der Informatik das Studium begonnen haben, promovierten und als Professorinnen bzw. Professoren im Bereich Informatik lehren. Wie viele Frauen und Männer sind derzeit als Angestellte und als Selbstständige in der Digitalbranche und in den IT-Kernberufen tätig oder haben in letzten zehn Jahren ein Unternehmen im Digitalbereich gegründet. wie hat sich der Anteil von Akademikerinnen in den IT-Kernberufen in den letzten zehn Jahren im Vergleich zum Anteil an Frauen an allen Akademikerinnen und Akademikern auf dem bundesdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt entwickelt? Wie stellen sich die Zahlen jeweils im internationalen Vergleich dar? Welche Nachteile birgt eine starke Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen in der Digitalbranche für a) die Branche selbst und b) die Gesellschaft? Welche konkreten Maßnahmen plant die Bundesregierung über die Bildungskette hinweg, um mehr Mädchen und Frauen für den Bereich Informatik zu interessieren und ihre Potenziale zu fördern? Die Antworten nutzen im wesentlichen statistische Angaben aus dem Zeitraum 2006-2017. (IAB)

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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Alemann, Annette von, Sandra Beaufaÿs & Beate Kortendiek (Hrsg.) (2017): Alte neue Ungleichheiten? Auflösungen und Neukonfigurationen von Erwerbs- und Familiensphäre. (Gender. Sonderheft 04), Opladen: Budrich, 181 S.

Abstract

"Wie sehen die Lebensrealitäten von Frauen und Männern in den Lebensbereichen 'Erwerbssystem' und 'Familie' aus? Welche Interdependenzen und damit möglicherweise einhergehenden Ungleichheiten im Geschlechterverhältnis ergeben sich hieraus? Das Heft präsentiert theoretische und empirische Beiträge, die sich mit der Auflösung und Neubestimmung der gesellschaftlichen Sphären 'Erwerbsarbeit' und 'private Lebensführung' auseinandersetzen. Dabei werden neben der Analyse des Bestehenden auch aktuelle Tendenzen und Perspektiven diskutiert. "(Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Borowczyk-Martins, Daniel, Jake Bradley & Linas Tarasonis (2017): Racial discrimination in the U.S. labor market. Employment and wage differentials by skill. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 106-127. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.09.007

Abstract

"In the U.S. the average black worker has a lower employment rate and earns a lower wage compared to his white counterpart. Lang and Lehmann (2012) argue that black - white wage and employment gaps are smaller for high-skill workers. We show that a model combining employer taste-based discrimination, search frictions and skill complementarities can replicate these regularities, and estimate it using data from the U.S. manufacturing sector. We find that discrimination is quantitatively important to understand differences in wages and job finding rates across workers with low education levels, whereas skill differences are the main driver of those differences among workers with high education levels." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Bächmann, Ann-Christin & Dörthe Gatermann (2017): The duration of family-related employment interruptions. The role of occupational characteristics. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 143-160., 2017-03-23. DOI:10.1007/s12651-017-0226-4

Abstract

"Nach der Geburt eines Kindes unterbrechen viele Frauen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit. Diese familienbedingten Erwerbspausen führen zu Karrierenachteilen, deren Ausmaß entscheidend von der Dauer der Unterbrechung abhängt. Aufgrund der nachhaltigen Bedeutung des Berufs für den gesamten Erwerbsverlauf in Deutschland untersuchen wir, inwieweit berufliche Merkmale diese Dauer beeinflussen. Dabei konzentrieren wir uns auf den Effekt beruflicher Geschlechtersegregation und die damit einhergehenden Berufsmerkmale Lohnniveau und Teilzeitquote und testen gegenläufige Hypothesen: Einerseits sollte das geringere Lohnniveau in frauendominierten Berufen durch niedrigere Opportunitätskosten zu längeren Erwerbsunterbrechungen führen. Andererseits sollten sich hohe Teilzeitquoten in frauendominierten Berufen aufgrund der besseren Vereinbarkeitsmöglichkeiten verkürzend auf Erwerbsunterbrechungen auswirken. Zudem wird untersucht, ob der Frauenanteil selbst darüber hinaus einen eigenständigen Effekt auf die Unterbrechungsdauer aufweist. Wir testen diese Hypothesen anhand von Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte 6), die um berufliche Merkmale beruhend auf der Stichprobe der Integrierten Arbeitsmarktbiographien und des Mikrozensus erweitert werden. Wir betrachten dazu Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes in den Jahren 1992 bis 2010. Anhand von diskreten Ereignisdatenmodellen zeigt sich, dass ein hohes berufliches Lohnniveau die Rückkehr von Müttern auf den Arbeitsmarkt beschleunigt, während der Teilzeitanteil und der Frauenanteil selbst keinen signifikanten Einfluss aufweisen." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Drydakis, Nick, Katerina Sidiropoulou, Swetketu Patnaik, Sandra Selmanovic & Vasiliki Bozani (2017): Masculine vs feminine personality traits and women's employment outcomes in Britain. A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 11179), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"In the current study, we utilized a correspondent test to capture the way in which firms respond to women who exhibit masculine and feminine personality traits. In doing so, we minimized the potential for reverse causality bias and unobserved heterogeneities to occur. Women who exhibit masculine personality traits have a 4.3 percentage points greater likelihood of gaining access to occupations than those displaying feminine personality traits. In both male- and female-dominated occupations, women with masculine personality traits have an occupational access advantage, as compared to those exhibiting feminine personality traits. Moreover, women with masculine personality traits take up positions which offer 10 percentage points higher wages, in comparison with those displaying feminine personality traits. Furthermore, wage premiums are higher for those exhibiting masculine personality traits in male-dominated occupations, than for female-dominated positions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first field experiment to examine the effect of masculine and feminine personality traits on entry-level pay scales. As feminine personality traits are stereotypically attributed to women, and these characteristics appear to yield fewer rewards within the market, they may offer one of many plausible explanations as to why women experience higher unemployment rates, whilst also receiving lower earnings, as compared to men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Elman, Cheryl & Jenny Chesters (2017): Adult men and the post-industrial 'turn'. Breadwinning gender norms, masculine occupational tasks and midlife school trajectories. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 51, H. October, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2017.06.004

Abstract

"Post-1970s restructuring exacerbated occupational skill and occupational sex-segregation divides by reducing jobs in male-dominated occupations requiring less than college. Economic precarity might have motivated men to extend postsecondary careers into adulthood due to economic interests. However, men's gender socialization as 'breadwinners' and familiarity with performance of stereotypically masculine occupational tasks might have discouraged postsecondary attainment in adulthood. Using National Survey of Families and Households data (1987-2003), event history and multinomial methods, we find that adult men's postsecondary entry and completion of baccalaureate and higher degrees was strongly motivated by economic factors, including market precarity. However, traditional gender role attitudes and exposure to masculine task performance, as countervailing forces, significantly constrained men's potential educational gains. We briefly address policies that might reduce adult men's barriers to attainment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Faulstich-Wieland, Hannelore & Barbara Scholand (2017): Gendersensible Berufsorientierung - Informationen und Anregungen. Eine Handreichung für Lehrkräfte, Weiterbildner/innen und Berufsberater/innen. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Working paper Forschungsförderung 034), Düsseldorf, 143 S.

Abstract

"In der Handreichung sind Ergebnisse des Projekts 'Berufsorientierung und Geschlecht' praxisnah für Lehrkräfte und andere in der Berufsorientierung tätige Personen sowie Multiplikator/innen in der Lehrkräftefortbildung aufbereitet und mit im Unterricht einsetzbaren Materialien angereichert. Das Projekt fragte nach Zusammenhängen zwischen berufsorientierenden Maßnahmen an (Hamburger) Schulen und den Interessen und Berufsplänen von Schüler/innen. Die Handreichung soll zu einer gendersensiblen Berufsorientierung und zur Erweiterung des Berufswahlspektrums von Mädchen und Jungen beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Faulstich-Wieland, Hannelore (2017): Geschlechtersensible Berufsorientierung - weitgehend Fehlanzeige. In: A. Löwenbein, F. Sauerland & S. Uhl (Hrsg.) (2017): Berufsorientierung in der Krise? : Der Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf, S. 163-176.

Abstract

"Sichtet man die politischen Vorgaben für Maßnahmen zur Berufsorientierung, die verschiedenen Handreichungen oder auch weitere praxisorientierte Beiträge, so taucht das Thema Geschlecht oft gar nicht auf oder es wird reduziert auf den Hinweis, man möge die Rollenstereotype mit den Jugendlichen bearbeiten, um das eingeschränkte Spektrum bei den Berufswahlen aufzubrechen. Offen bleibt dabei meist, warum dies geschehen soll und insbesondere, wie man sich eine Thematisierung und Veränderung vorstellt. In diesem Beitrag möchte ich deshalb folgenden Fragen nachgehen:
1. Worin besteht die Einschränkung im Spektrum der Berufswahlen? Welche Erklärungsmöglichkeiten gibt es dafür?
2. Wie wird in berufsorientierenden Maßnahmen mit der Genderfrage umgegangen? Dazu sollen drei Bereiche herausgegriffen werden, nämlich die Auswahl der Berufe, die mit den Schülerinnen und Schülern bearbeitet werden, die Analyse des Materials, das im Unterricht verwendet wird, und schließlich die Sprachverwendung bei Berufsbezeichnungen.
3. Was sollte man anders machen und wie könnte man das tun?" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Gezer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Thorben Korfhage (2017): Indirect fiscal effects of long-term care insurance. In: Fiscal Studies, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 393-415. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-5890.2017.12140

Abstract

"Informal care by close family members is the main pillar of most long-term care systems. However, due to demographic ageing, the need for long-term care is expected to increase while the informal care potential is expected to decline. From a budgetary perspective, informal care is often viewed as a cost-saving alternative to subsidised formal care. This view, however, neglects that many family carers are of working age and face the difficulty of reconciling care and paid work, which might entail sizeable indirect fiscal effects related to forgone tax revenues, lower social security contributions and higher transfer payments. In this paper, we use a structural model of labour supply and the choice of care arrangement to quantify these indirect fiscal effects of informal care. Moreover, based on the model, we discuss the fiscal effects related to non-take-up of formal care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))