Kurzarbeit
Während der Wirtschaftskrise erlebte Kurzarbeit als Instrument der Anpassung an konjunkturell bedingte Arbeitsausfälle eine deutliche Aufwertung. Das "German job miracle" wurde in der internationalen Diskussion im wesentlichen auf den massiven Einsatz von Kurzarbeit während der Krise zurückgeführt.
Kann Arbeitslosigkeit mit Hilfe der Kurzarbeit tatsächlich eingedämmt werden und trägt Kurzarbeit zur längerfristigen Stabilisierung der Beschäftigung bei.
Diese Infoplattform bietet einen Überblick zum Forschungsstand und zur aktuellen Diskussion.
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Literaturhinweis
Short-time work compensation schemes and employment: Temporary government schemes can have a positive economic effect (2019)
Zitatform
Cahuc, Pierre (2019): Short-time work compensation schemes and employment. Temporary government schemes can have a positive economic effect. (IZA world of labor 11), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.11.v2
Abstract
"Kurzarbeitergeld hilft Unternehmen, das Arbeitsvolumen an vorübergehende Nachfragerückgänge etwa in Rezessionen anzupassen. Solche staatlichen Programme sind insbesondere bei großzügiger Arbeitslosenunterstützung wirksam, da sie deren Inanspruchnahme verringern. Kurzarbeitergeld ist ebenfalls sinnvoll, wenn eine starke Arbeitsmarktregulierung die Anpassung von Arbeitsstunden und Löhnen auf Betriebsebene erschwert. Allerdings sollten bei der Ausgestaltung und Anwendung die daraus resultierenden Marktineffizienzen minimiert werden. Denn unter Umständen werden unausweichliche Entlassungen nur hinausgezögert und der Wechsel von Arbeitskräften auf produktivere Stellen verhindert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie die deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Zur Arbeitsmarktlage, Kurzarbeit und Weiterbildung in Deutschland: Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 9. Oktober 2019 (2019)
Zitatform
Dauth, Christine, Nicole Gürtzgen & Enzo Weber (2019): Zur Arbeitsmarktlage, Kurzarbeit und Weiterbildung in Deutschland. Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 9. Oktober 2019. (IAB-Stellungnahme 17/2019), Nürnberg, 11 S.
Abstract
"Zur Vorbereitung des Jahresgutachtens 2019/2020 des Sachverständigenrats zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wurde das IAB um seine Expertise zur Konjunktur und Situation auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt sowie zu Kurzarbeit und geförderter Weiterbildung von Beschäftigten gebeten. Die Erkenntnisse, die das IAB im Herbst 2019 hierzu vorgelegt hat, werden in der vorliegenden Stellungnahme zusammengefasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Drohender Abschwung in Zeiten der Digitalisierung: Brauchen wir jetzt "Kurzarbeit 4.0"? (2019)
Eichhorst, Werner; Rinne, Ulf;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Ulf Rinne (2019): Drohender Abschwung in Zeiten der Digitalisierung: Brauchen wir jetzt "Kurzarbeit 4.0"? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 72, H. 18, S. 3-6.
Abstract
"Die Autoren zeigen, dass Kurzarbeit Unternehmen dabei unterstützen kann, ihre Belegschaft im Betrieb zu halten. Dieses Instrument greife aber bei tiefergehenden strukturellen Problemen zu kurz. Eine Weiterbildungsoffensive sei unabhängig von Kurzarbeit notwendig. Dabei gelte es, den schwierigen Spagat zwischen selbstbestimmter Qualifizierung auch losgelöst vom Arbeitsplatz und bedarfsgerechter Weiterbildung unter Einbeziehung der Unternehmen zu bewerkstelligen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA Standpunkte , 96 -
Literaturhinweis
The German labor market during the Great Recession: shocks and institutions (2019)
Zitatform
Gehrke, Britta, Wolfgang Lechthaler & Christian Merkl (2019): The German labor market during the Great Recession. Shocks and institutions. In: Economic Modelling, Jg. 78, H. May, S. 192-208., 2018-09-19. DOI:10.1016/j.econmod.2018.09.022
Abstract
"This paper analyzes Germany's unusual labor market experience during the Great Recession. We estimate a general equilibrium model with a detailed labor market block for post-unification Germany. This allows us to disentangle the role of institutions (short-time work, government spending rules) and shocks (aggregate, labor market, and policy shocks) and to perform counterfactual exercises. We identify positive labor market performance shocks (likely caused by labor market reforms) as the key driver for the 'German labor market miracle' during the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Gehrke, Britta;Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 11858 -
Literaturhinweis
The consequences of short-time compensation: evidence from Japan (2019)
Zitatform
Kato, Takao & Naomi Kodama (2019): The consequences of short-time compensation. Evidence from Japan. (IZA discussion paper 12596), Bonn, 32 S.
Abstract
"There is a growing body of evidence on the efficacy of Short-Time Compensation (STC), a subsidy to promote worksharing in a recession, in achieving its intended goal of curtailing layoffs and preventing a sharp rise in unemployment. However, very little is known about the consequences of STC for firm performance. We apply the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) with difference-in-differences methodology to unique data from Japan, a country known for its extensive use, and find that STC results in improved profitability. The improved profitability is further found to be achieved through sales growth without raising labor costs. We explore possible mechanisms behind the observed positive consequences of STC for sales and profits. Additional evidence tends to favor what the psychology literature calls 'shared adversity'- worksharing promoted by STC facilitates supportive interactions among workers in the firm and strengthens commitment of workers to the firm, and thereby enhances goal alignment between workers and the firm as well as between coworkers. Such workers are more open to the firm's effort to increase sales/revenues without raising cost." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Training and commitment in a German manufacturing company during the post-2008 crisis: a case of internal flexicurity (2019)
Schneider, Martin R.; Flore, Johanna;Zitatform
Schneider, Martin R. & Johanna Flore (2019): Training and commitment in a German manufacturing company during the post-2008 crisis. A case of internal flexicurity. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 30, H. 10, S. 1666-1682. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2017.1308413
Abstract
"Studies on the links between training and organizational commitment have only looked at professional and managerial workers, mostly in the U.S. This paper focuses on a German manufacturing company that employed many blue-collar workers and offered generous training opportunities during short-time work in the post-2008 crisis. In an analysis based on employee survey data, only training in job-specific skills and training in skills usable outside of work were found to be associated positively with organizational commitment. The findings suggest that employer-provided training programs may be part of a model that achieves internal flexicurity in economies such as Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kurzarbeit in Krisen stärken und für Weiterbildung gezielt nutzen (2019)
Wuttke, Jürgen; Robra, Anna;Zitatform
Wuttke, Jürgen & Anna Robra (2019): Kurzarbeit in Krisen stärken und für Weiterbildung gezielt nutzen. In: Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 68, H. 3, S. 270-277. DOI:10.1515/zfwp-2019-2025
Abstract
Der Beitrag legt die erfolgreichen Instrumente für den erweiterten Einsatz von Kurzarbeit in der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/2009 zur Stabilisierung von Beschäftigung dar. Auf dieser Grundlage begründet er die Forderung der Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände (BDA) für eine Verordnungsermächtigung zugunsten der Bundesregierung, mit der für den Fall schwerer branchenweiter Krisen ein erneuter Einsatz dieses erweiterten Instrumentariums zur Unterstützung von Kurzarbeit ermöglicht werden soll. Außerdem werden sinnvolle Ansätze für die Förderung von Weiterbildung während Kurzarbeit sowie die dazu heute noch bestehenden Hemmnisse untersucht. Der Beitrag setzt sich darüber hinaus mit den Vorschlägen zur Perspektivqualifizierung, zu einem Transformations-Kurzarbeitergeld sowie einer verbesserten Förderung von Qualifizierung in Transfergesellschaften auseinander.
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Literaturhinweis
Short-time work and employment stability: evidence from a policy change (2018)
Zitatform
Arranz, José M., Carlos García-Serrano & Virginia Hernanz (2018): Short-time work and employment stability. Evidence from a policy change. In: BJIR, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 189-222. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12250
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether short-time work (STW) programmes achieve their stated goal of being devices intended to preserve jobs and keep workers employed in times of crisis. Our identification strategy exploits a change in the financial incentives provided to employers and employees for the temporary suspension of work contracts or the reduction of working time. We use longitudinal administrative data and estimate difference-in-differences regressions and instrumental variable bivariate probit models with endogenous covariates, which try to take account of the potential endogeneity of participation in STW. Our results suggest that discretionary policy changes in the incentives of STW schemes can be effective in the short run but they lose their ability when the decline in demand and the lack of work are more permanent." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Credit shocks and the European labour market (2018)
Bodnár, Katalin; Fadejeva, Ludmila ; Izquierdo Peinado, Mario; Hoeberichts, Marco; Viviano, Eliana; Jadeau, Christophe;Zitatform
Bodnár, Katalin, Ludmila Fadejeva, Marco Hoeberichts, Mario Izquierdo Peinado, Christophe Jadeau & Eliana Viviano (2018): Credit shocks and the European labour market. (European Central Bank. Working paper series 2124), Frankfurt am Main, 32 S. DOI:10.2866/18478
Abstract
"More than five years after the start of the Sovereign debt crisis in Europe, its impact on labour market outcomes is not clear. This paper aims to fill this gap. We use qualitative firm-level data for 24 European countries, collected within the Wage Dynamics Network (WDN) of the ESCB. We first derive a set of indices measuring difficulties in accessing the credit market for the period 2010-13. Second, we provide a description of the relationship between credit difficulties and changes in labour input both along the extensive and the intensive margins as well as on wages. We find strong and significant correlation between credit difficulties and adjustments along both the extensive and the intensive margin. In the presence of credit market difficulties, firms cut wages by reducing the variable part of wages. This evidence suggests that credit shocks can affect not only the real economy, but also nominal variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The welfare effects of involuntary part-time work (2018)
Zitatform
Borowczyk-Martins, Daniel & Etienne Lalé (2018): The welfare effects of involuntary part-time work. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 70, H. 1, S. 183-205. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpx033
Abstract
"Employed individuals in the USA are increasingly more likely to move to involuntarily part-time work than to unemployment. Spells of involuntary part-time work are different from unemployment spells: a full-time worker who takes on a part-time job suffers an earnings loss while remaining employed, and is unlikely to receive income compensation from publicly provided insurance programmes. We analyse these differences through the lens of an incomplete-market, job-search model featuring unemployment risk alongside an additional risk of involuntary part-time employment. A calibration of the model consistent with US institutions and labour market dynamics shows that involuntary part-time work generates lower welfare losses relative to unemployment. This finding relies critically on the much higher probability to return to full-time employment from part-time work. We interpret it as a premium in access to full-time work faced by involuntary part-time workers, and use our model to tabulate its value in consumption-equivalent units." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage insurance, part-time unemployment insurance and short-time work in the XXI century (2018)
Zitatform
Cahuc, Pierre (2018): Wage insurance, part-time unemployment insurance and short-time work in the XXI century. (IZA discussion paper 12045), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"At the start of the XXI century, characterized by the rise of new forms of employment and of skills requirements, many countries need to adapt their labor market institutions to accompany technological changes and globalization. In this context, unemployment insurance is an essential tool to foster and smooth career paths. Its core components comprise unemployment benefits paid to full-time unemployed workers, monitoring, and counseling. But it is clear that they are not sufficient to cover all risks properly. To deal with this issue, part-time unemployment insurance, short-time work and wage insurance have been tried, at different scales, in several countries over the last decades. This paper surveys the evaluations of these schemes and draws lessons from their results for future research and for labor market institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When short-time work works (2018)
Zitatform
Cahuc, Pierre, Francis Kramarz & Sandra Nevoux (2018): When short-time work works. (IZA discussion paper 11673), Bonn, 64 S.
Abstract
"Short-time work programs were revived by the Great Recession. To understand their operating mechanisms, we first provide a model showing that short-time work may save jobs in firms hit by strong negative revenue shocks, but not in less severely-hit firms, where hours worked are reduced, without saving jobs. The cost of saving jobs is low because shorttime work targets those at risk of being destroyed. Using extremely detailed data on the administration of the program covering the universe of French establishments, we devise a causal identification strategy based on the geography of the program that demonstrates that short-time work saved jobs in firms faced with large drops in their revenues during the Great Recession, in particular when highly levered, but only in these firms. The measured cost per saved job is shown to be very low relative to that of other employment policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Short-time work in Luxembourg: Evidence from a firm survey (2018)
Zitatform
Efstathiou, Konstantinos, Thomas Y. Mathä, Cindy Veiga & Ladislav Wintr (2018): Short-time work in Luxembourg: Evidence from a firm survey. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0247-7
Abstract
"We analyse the use of short-time work (STW) by Luxembourg firms during the years of economic and financial crisis (2008 - 2009) and the subsequent European sovereign debt crisis (2010 - 2013). The economic and financial crisis saw a surge in the number of firms using short-time work. We find that the likelihood that a firm applied for or used short-time work increases with demand volatility, the degree of firm-specific human capital and is higher for firms that cannot shift workers between establishments or that are more export oriented. Firms reported that 20 - 25% of jobs in short-time work were saved by this measure." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The German labor market during the Great Recession: shocks and institutions (2018)
Zitatform
Gehrke, Britta, Wolfgang Lechthaler & Christian Merkl (2018): The German labor market during the Great Recession. Shocks and institutions. (IZA discussion paper 11858), Bonn, 36 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes Germany's unusual labor market experience during the Great Recession. We estimate a general equilibrium model with a detailed labor market block for post-unification Germany. This allows us to disentangle the role of institutions (short-time work, government spending rules) and shocks (aggregate, labor market, and policy shocks) and to perform counterfactual exercises. We identify positive labor market performance shocks (likely caused by labor market reforms) as the key driver for the 'German labor market miracle' during the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Gehrke, Britta;Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: Economic Modelling, online first (2018), o. Sz. -
Literaturhinweis
Subsidizing labor hoarding in recessions: the employment & welfare effects of short time work (2018)
Giupponi, Giulia; Landais, Camille;Zitatform
Giupponi, Giulia & Camille Landais (2018): Subsidizing labor hoarding in recessions. The employment & welfare effects of short time work. (CEP discussion paper 1585), London, 85 S.
Abstract
"The Great Recession has seen a revival of interest in policies encouraging labor hoarding by firms. Short time work (STW) policies, which consist in offering subsidies for hours reductions to workers in firms experiencing temporary shocks, are the most emblematic of these policies, and have been used aggressively during the recession. Yet, very little is known about their employment and welfare consequences. This paper leverages unique administrative social security data from Italy and quasiexperimental variation in STW policy rules to offer compelling evidence of the effects of STW on firms' and workers' outcomes, and on reallocation in the labor market. Our results show large and significant negative effects of STW treatment on hours, but large and positive effects on headcount employment. Results also show that employment effects disappear when the program stops, and that STW offers no long term insurance to workers. Finally, we identify the presence of significant negative reallocation effects of STW on employment growth of untreated firms in the same local labor market. We develop a simple conceptual framework to rationalize this empirical evidence, from which we derive a general formula for the optimal STW subsidy that clarifies the welfare trade-offs of STW policies. Calibrating the model to our empirical evidence, we conduct counterfactual policy analysis and show that STW stabilized employment during the Great Recession in Italy, and brought (small) positive welfare gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The German employment miracle in the Great Recession: the significance and institutional foundations of temporary working-time reductions (2018)
Zitatform
Herzog-Stein, Alexander, Fabian Lindner & Simon Sturn (2018): The German employment miracle in the Great Recession. The significance and institutional foundations of temporary working-time reductions. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 70, H. 1, S. 206-224. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpx047
Abstract
"We analyse the robust performance of the German labour market in the Great Recession, and investigate to what extent cyclical reductions in productivity and working time cushioned employment losses. We present stylized facts and apply time-series techniques to estimate counterfactual developments. Our results show that the magnitude of temporary working-time reductions was extraordinarily pronounced, whereas cyclical reductions in hourly productivity were in line with historical evidence. Using detailed information on instruments for the adjustment of working time, we uncover the institutional mechanisms behind this strong reduction. While short-time work played a significant role, even more important were working-time accounts and discretionary variations in regular working time, two new instruments which gained widespread use in the decade before the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Short-time work in the Great Recession: firm-level evidence from 20 EU countries (2018)
Lydon, Reamonn; Mathä, Thomas Y.; Millard, Stephen;Zitatform
Lydon, Reamonn, Thomas Y. Mathä & Stephen Millard (2018): Short-time work in the Great Recession. Firm-level evidence from 20 EU countries. (European Central Bank. Working paper series 2212), Frankfurt am Main, 34 S. DOI:10.2866/00433
Abstract
"Using firm-level data from a large-scale European survey among 20 countries, we analyse the determinants of firms using short-time work (STW). We show that firms are more likely to use STW in case of negative demand shocks. We show that STW schemes are more likely to be used by firms with high degrees of firm-specific human capital, high firing costs, and operating in countries with stringent employment protection legislation and a high degree of downward nominal wage rigidity. STW use is higher in countries with formalised schemes and in countries where these schemes were extended in response to the recent crisis. On the wider economic impact of STW, we show that firms using the schemes are significantly less likely to lay off permanent workers in response to a negative shock, with no impact for temporary workers. Relating our STW take-up measure in the micro data to aggregate data on employment and output trends, we show that sectors with a high STW take-up exhibit significantly less cyclical variation in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Short-time work subsidies in a matching model (2018)
Meier, Volker;Zitatform
Meier, Volker (2018): Short-time work subsidies in a matching model. (CESifo working paper 7281), München, 35 S.
Abstract
"We consider positive and normative aspects of subsidizing work arrangements where subsidies are paid in time of low demand and reduced working hours so as to stabilize workers' income. In a matching framework such an arrangement increases labor demand. Tightening eligibility to short-time work benefits tends to reduce the wage while the impact on unemployment remains ambiguous. We develop a modified Hosios condition characterizing an efficient combination of labor market tightness and short-time benefit loss rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Heterogeneous layoff effects of the US Short-Time Compensation program (2018)
Tracey, Marlon R.; Polachek, Solomon W.;Zitatform
Tracey, Marlon R. & Solomon W. Polachek (2018): Heterogeneous layoff effects of the US Short-Time Compensation program. (IZA discussion paper 11746), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"The Short-Time Compensation (STC) program enables US firms to reduce work hours via pro-rated Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits, rather than relying on layoffs as a cost-cutting tool. Despite the program's potential to preclude skill loss and rehiring/ retraining costs, firms' participation rates are still very low in response to economic downturns. Using firm-level UI administrative data, we show why by illustrating which type firms benefit from the program and which do not. Semiparametric estimation indicates STC reduces layoff rates for cyclically sensitive firms by about 15%, but has no effect for more cyclically stable firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: Labour, 34 (2020), 4, 399-426 -
Literaturhinweis
Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Verlängerung befristeter Regelungen im Arbeitsförderungsrecht und zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 über den barrierefreien Zugang zu den Websites und mobilen Anwendungen öffentlicher Stellen: Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung (2018)
Zitatform
Bundesregierung (2018): Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Verlängerung befristeter Regelungen im Arbeitsförderungsrecht und zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 über den barrierefreien Zugang zu den Websites und mobilen Anwendungen öffentlicher Stellen. Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/2072 (09.05.2018)), 39 S.
Abstract
"Verlängerung befristeter Regelungen im SGB III: Assistierte Ausbildung um 2 Ausbildungsjahrgänge, Sonderregelungen zur Eingliederung von Ausländern mit Aufenthaltsgestattung und für die Ausbildungsförderung jeweils um 1 Jahr, Saisonkurzarbeitergeld im Gerüstbauerhandwerk bis zum 31. März 2021, verkürzte Anwartschaftszeit auf Arbeitslosengeld für überwiegend kurz befristet Beschäftigte bis zum 31. Juli 2021; Änderung der Abrufzeiträume und Meldetermine im SGB XII betr. Erstattung der Nettoausgaben der Länder für die Grundsicherung im Alter und bei Erwerbsminderung und Meldung der Anzahl der Bezieher eines Barbetrags; Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinie: Erweiterung des Anwendungsbereichs auf barrierefreie Informationstechnik öffentlicher Stellen des Bundes, Angleichung der Regelungen für Internet und Intranet, Umsetzungsfristen, Ausnahmeregelung für den Fall unverhältnismäßiger Belastung, Regelung einer Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit, Einrichtung einer Überwachungsstelle bei der Bundesfachstelle Barrierefreiheit, periodisches Monitoring, periodische Berichterstattung; Einfügung 'Abschnitt 2a Barrierefreie Informationstechnik öffentlicher Stellen des Bundes' (§§ 12 - 12d) und Änderung versch. §§ Behindertengleichstellungsgesetz, Änderung §§ 130, 131, 133 und 142 SGB III sowie §§ 46a und 136 SGB XII, Folgeänderungen in 3 Rechtsverordnungen" (Textauszug, (Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP))