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Bahar, Dany, Andreas Hauptmann, Cem Özgüzel & Hillel Rapoport (2024): Migration and Knowledge Diffusion: The Effect of Returning Refugees on Export Performance in the Former Yugoslavia. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 106, H. 2, S. 287-304., 2021-11-18. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01165

Abstract

"During the early 1990s Germany offered temporary protection to 700,000 Yugoslavian refugees fleeing war. By 2000, many had been repatriated. We exploit this natural experiment to investigate the role of returning migrants in boosting export performance upon their return. Using confidential German administrative data we find that industries with 10% more returning refugees exhibit larger exports between the pre- and post-war periods by 1 to 1.6%. We use exogenous allocation rules for asylum seekers within Germany as an instrument to deal with endogeneity concerns. We show evidence pointing to productivity shifts as the main mechanism behind our results. Consistently, we find our results are driven by refugees in occupations more apt to transfer knowledge, technologies and best-practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © MIT Press) ((en))

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Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2024): Rückkehrmigration am Beispiel Italiens: Steueranreize zeigen Wirkung. In: IAB-Forum H. 10.04.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240410.02

Abstract

"Seit vielen Jahren versucht Deutschland aufgrund des zunehmenden Fachkräftemangels hochqualifizierte Zuwandernde anzuziehen. Deutschland konkurriert hierbei nicht nur mit anderen Zielländern mit vergleichbarem Fachkräftemangel, sondern auch mit den Auswanderungsländern selbst. Einige Staaten, die vom Wegzug einheimischer Fachkräfte betroffen sind, versuchen diese zur Rückkehr ins Heimatland zu bewegen. Sie locken unter anderem mit hohen Steuerermäßigungen für Rückkehrende, wie sie beispielsweise Italien im Jahr 2010 eingeführt hat – mit nicht unerheblichem Erfolg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Teresa Freitas Monteiro (2024): Immigrants’ Returns Intentions and Job Search Behavior When the Home Country Is Unsafe. (CESifo working paper 10908), München, 51 S.

Abstract

"Migration is often temporary, and the intended length of stay in the host country is an important determinant of immigrants’ labor market behavior, human capital investment, and socioeconomic integration. In this paper, we investigate whether safety conditions in the home country affect immigrants’ return intentions and job search behavior. We combine administrative and survey data with precise information on terrorist attacks worldwide. Our identification strategy exploits the quasi-random occurrence of terrorist attacks in the home country relative to the timing of interviews and job separations in Germany. We show that immigrants interviewed after a terrorist attack in their home country are 12 percentage points more likely to wish to remain in Germany permanently. Immigrants react more strongly if they are less integrated in Germany and have close family members in their home country. Consistent with the prediction that revisions to the intended length of stay affect immigrants’ Labor market behavior, we show that immigrants who enter unemployment when a terrorist event hits their home country are 1.8 percentage points more likely to be employed within three months than immigrants who enter unemployment in quiet times. Among those who find employment within three months, immigrants who experience terror events receive lower hourly wages and are more likely to work part-time. These results suggest that immigrants who enter unemployment in a month with high levels of violence in the home country trade immediate job security for lower earnings and less-productive firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.11.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231128.01

Abstract

"For many years, Germany has been facing an increasing skills shortage in key occupations and has sought to attract a growing number of highly-skilled immigrants. In striving for this goal, Germany is competing not only with other countries with similar skills⎼demands but also with more traditional immigrant-sending countries. Some of these try to counterbalance the outflow of highly⎼skilled nationals by introducing large tax discounts for emigrants who eventually return. One example is the Italian returnees’ tax scheme “Legge Controesodo” (2010), which attracted back a sizeable proportion of highly-skilled young Italians who had been working in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Ette, Markus M. Grabka, Yuliya Kosyakova, Wenke Niehues, Nina Rother, C. Katharina Spieß, Sabine Zinn, Martin Bujard, Adriana Cardozo, Jean Philippe Décieux, Amrei Maddox, Nadja Milewski, Robert Naderi, Lenore Sauer, Sophia Schmitz, Silvia Schwanhäuser, Manuel Siegert, Kerstin Tanis & Hans Walter Steinhauer (2023): Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der ersten Welle der IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Befragung. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 02/2023), Nürnberg, 136 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2302

Abstract

"Der russische Angriffskrieg auf die Ukraine hat die größte Fluchtbewegung in Europa seit Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs ausgelöst. Seit Kriegsbeginn sind mehr als eine Million Menschen aus der Ukraine nach Deutschland geflohen. Erste repräsentative Erkenntnisse über deren Lebenssituation und Zukunftspläne ermöglicht die Studie „Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine in Deutschland (IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Befragung)“, eine gemeinsame Studie des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB), des Forschungszentrums des Bundesamts für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF-FZ) und des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) am DIW Berlin. Für diese Studie wurden 11.763 Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine in der Zeit zwischen August und Oktober 2022 befragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sallam, Hend (2023): Holding the Door Slightly Open: Germany's Migrants' Return Intentions and Realizations. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1181), Berlin, 35 S.

Abstract

"Return migration intentions are complex and are not necessarily followed by future return migration. Our study compares successful return or repeated migration with self-declared return intentions. We take advantage of the latest German Socio-Economic Panel survey dropout studies and fieldwork to observe a wider return migration window than reported in the literature to answer the question of whether return migration intentions eventually coincided with actual emigration behaviors. We also examine the validity of return migration estimates. This paper explores whether return intentions eventually materialize, whether they can eventually predict actual return behaviors, and if the determinants of actual and predicted return based on intentions are similar. Overall, our results support that migration intentions can predict actual return behavior. While our results show discrepancies in the predictors of return intentions and actual returns, they show emigration intentions as good predictors of actual future emigration. Moreover, we find that life satisfaction significantly impacts the individual intention to remigrate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Szelewa, Dorota & Michal Polakowski (2023): Labour market hierarchies within and beyond the EU: Poland's politics of migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4120-4139. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207331

Abstract

"This article shows how the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime is underpinned by member states' policies in a major country of emigration such as Poland. Drawing on historical institutionalism, this paper documents the path-dependent approach regarding policies that have contributed to the outflow of Polish workers and simultaneously to meet the demand for labour at home. While concerns about the consequences of emigration were raised already in 2005, Polish governments have kept defending the EU policies that underpin this outflow and its hierarchised nature. Rather than to improve the rights of Polish mobile workers, Polish governments have defended companies' rights to use "wage competitiveness" as a method of increasing mobility. In response to the increasing demand in the domestic labour market, governments first tried return campaigns, but they have since turned to importing labour, especially from Ukraine. In this way, the policies of the Polish state have helped reaffirm the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime by exporting workers to be subjected to poor conditions abroad while importing Ukrainian workers to experience poor conditions at home. Thus, Poland occupies an unusual place in the "migration chain", being, simultaneously, a source of as well as a destination for migrant workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Joseph-Simon Görlach (2022): The dynamics of return migration, human capital accumulation, and wage assimilation. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 89, H. 6, S. 2841-2871. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdac003

Abstract

"This article develops and estimates a dynamic model where individuals differ in ability and location preference to evaluate the mechanisms that affect the evolution of immigrants’ careers in conjunction with their re-migration plans. Our analysis highlights a novel form of selective return migration where those who plan to stay longer invest more into skill acquisition, with important implications for the assessment of immigrants’ career paths and the estimation of their earnings profiles. Our study also explains the willingness of immigrants to accept jobs at wages that seem unacceptable to natives. Finally, our model provides important insight for the design of migration policies, showing that policies that initially restrict residence or condition residence on achievement shape not only immigrants’ career profiles through their impact on human capital investment but also determine the selection of arrivals and leavers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bilecen, Tuncay (2022): To Stay or to Return? A Review on Return Migration Literature. In: Migration Letters, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 367-385. DOI:10.33182/ml.v19i4.2092

Abstract

"For a long time, return migration had been one of the neglected topics of migration literature. However, in recent years, many studies discussing return migration in various dimensions have been published. This paper aims to assess the main findings of return migration studies, particularly in recent years, with an emphasis on the multifaceted character of return migrations. This study also reveals that, in the last few decades, the transnational ties established by migrants with their homelands have changed their perspectives on return (i.e., re-migration). This trend shows that while human mobility increases with the development of transportation and communication technology, re-migration tends to take on a cyclical, rather than a permanent character in recent times." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brücker, Herbert & Philipp Jaschke (2022): Zur verfassungsrechtlichen Prüfung des Asylbewerberleistungsgesetzes. Stellungnahme des IAB vom 4.10.2022 zum Verfahren des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. (IAB-Stellungnahme 06/2022), Nürnberg, 16 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2206

Abstract

"Mit der Stellungnahme nimmt das IAB die Gelegenheit wahr, sich im Rahmen der verfassungsrechtlichen Prüfung des Asylbewerberleistungsgesetzes (AsylbLG) zu äußern. Im Fokus stehen empirische Erkenntnisse zu bedarfsrelevanten Minder- und Mehrbedarfen von Leistungsberechtigten nach dem AsylbLG sowie zu möglichen Zusammenhängen zwischen der Höhe von Leistungssätzen und dem aufenthaltsrechtlichen Status bzw. der Aufenthaltsdauer in Deutschland. Grundsätzlich geht es bei den zu prüfenden Regelungen im AsylbLG um die Gewährung von Leistungen zur Deckung des notwendigen Bedarfs und des notwendigen persönlichen Bedarfs durch Sachleistungen oder Wertgutscheine (anstatt Geldleistungen). Damit wird von der grundsätzlichen Systematik einer Orientierung der Leistungssätze an denen für Grundleistungsbeziehende nach dem SGB II bzw. SGB XII Abstand genommen. Insbesondere wird unterstellt, dass der Bedarf von Asylbewerberinnen und -bewerbern, die in Gemeinschaftsunterkünften untergebracht sind, geringer ist. Die Annahme, dass Personen, die in Gemeinschaftsunterkünften leben, ähnlich wie Ehe- und andere Partner/Partnerinnen eine Lebensgemeinschaft bilden, erscheint wenig realistisch. Zudem werden Kürzungen der Leistungssätze für die Bereiche Freizeit, Unterhaltung, Kultur (Abteilung 9) und Bildungswesen (Abteilung 10) vorgenommen. Die in dieser Stellungnahme zusammengefasste empirische Evidenz spricht dafür, dass sich Kürzungen der Leistungssätze in diesen Bereichen nachteilig auf die Integration der Asylsuchenden in Gesellschaft und Arbeitsmarkt auswirken. Die Kürzung der Leistungssätze für die Asylsuchenden im Vergleich zu Leistungsbeziehenden nach dem SGB II bzw. dem SGB XII steht im Kontext einer gesellschaftlichen Diskussion über die Anreizwirkungen, sogenannte Pull-Effekte, von sozialen Transferleistungen nach dem AsylbLG. Die Befürchtung, dass die Höhe der Leistungssätze des AsylbLG systematisch die Anreize für die Migration nach Deutschland bzw. die Rückkehr in die Herkunftsländer der Asylsuchenden beeinflusst – also die Aufenthaltsdauer und den Aufenthaltsstatus – wird allerdings nicht durch belastbare empirische Befunde aus der Migrationsforschung gestützt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Görlach, Joseph-Simon & Katarina Kuske (2022): Temporary migration entails benefits, but also costs, for sending and receiving countries. There are important trade-offs between temporary and permanent migration. (IZA world of labor 503), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.503

Abstract

"Migranten, die von vornherein planen, in ihre Heimatländer zurückzukehren, nehmen eher schlechter bezahlte Jobs an, sparen mehr und transferieren mehr Geld. Die Anreize sich zu integrieren und in aufnahmelandspezifische Qualifikationen zu investieren, sind entsprechend schwächer ausgeprägt. was ihre Karriere behindert. Diese Entscheidungen auf Mikroebene haben in Herkunfts- wie Aufnahmeländern makroökonomische Auswirkungen, von den Effekten der Rücküberweisungen und unternehmerischen Investitionen in der Heimat bis hin zu fiskalischen Folgen in den Zielländern. Diese Aufnahmeländer sehen sich mit einem Trade-off konfrontiert: Während die Rückkehrmigration vor dem Eintritt in den Ruhestand einerseits die Kosten für die öffentlichen Sozialsysteme begrenzt, steigern die Aussichten auf eine dauerhafte Niederlassung den beruflichen Erfolg und die Integration, wodurch Steuereinnahmen steigen und der soziale Zusammenhalt gestärkt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Joseph-Simon Görlach (2021): The dynamics of return migration, human capital accumulation, and wage assimilation. (CESifo working paper 9051), München, 90 S.

Abstract

"To assess the implications of the interplay between anticipated migration durations and immigrants' behavior, we develop a lifecycle model in which immigrants decide labor market participation, consumption, and investment in human capital together with the optimal length of migration. We estimate this model using panel data that provide repeated information on immigrants' return intentions and realized return migrations. We show that the relation between return intentions and human capital investment leads to behavior-based selective outmigration, and that policies that influence migrants' return decisions may lead to suboptimal career profiles, inducing welfare losses for both immigrants and the host country's population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bakalova, Irina, Ruxanda Berlinschi, Jan Fidrmuc & Yuri Dzyuba (2021): COVID-19, Working from Home and the Potential Reverse Brain Drain. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 845), Maastricht, 14 S.

Abstract

"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial increase in the prevalence of working from home among white-collar occupations. This can have important implications for the future of the workplace and quality of life. We discuss an additional implication, which we label reverse brain drain: the possibility that white-collar migrant workers return to live in their countries of origin while continuing to work for employers in their countries of destination. We estimate the potential size of this reverse flow using data from the European Labor Force Survey. Our estimates suggest that the UK, France, Switzerland and Germany each have around half a million skilled migrants who could perform their jobs from their home countries. Most of them originate from the other EU member states: both old and new. We discuss the potential economic, social and political implications of such reverse brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bekaert, Els, Amelie F. Constant, Killian Foubert & Ilse Ruyssen (2021): Longing for Which Home. Evidence from Global Aspirations to Stay, Return or Migrate Onwards. (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2021,1028), Gent, 45 S.

Abstract

"Aspirations provide the underlying dynamics of the behavior of individuals whether they are realized or not. Knowledge about the characteristics and motives of those who aspire to leave the host country is key for both host and home countries to formulate appropriate and effective policies in order to keep their valued immigrants or citizens and foster their (re-)integration. Based on unique individual-level Gallup World Polls data, we model the aspirations or stated preferences to return or migrate onwards of immigrants across 138 countries worldwide. Our analysis reveals selection in characteristics, a strong role for soft factors like social ties and sociocultural integration, and a faint role for economic factors. Changes in circumstances in the home and host countries are also important determinants of aspirations. Results differ by the host countries’ level of economic development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaufmann, Marc, Joël Machado & Bertrand Verheyden (2021): Why Do Migrants Stay Unexpectedly? Misperceptions and Implications for Integration. (IZA discussion paper 14155), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"Empirical evidence suggests that a large proportion of immigrants who initially intended to stay temporarily in the destination country end up staying permanently, which may lead to suboptimal integration. We study systematic causes of unexpected staying that originate in migrant misperceptions. Our framework contains uncertainty about long-term wages, endogenous integration and savings in the short term, and return migration in the long term. We identify necessary and sufficient conditions on misperceptions that lead migrants to overestimate their probability of return migration, independently of their characteristics. We show that these conditions involve pessimism about the destination country, either in terms of short-term utility, of long-term utility, or of wage prospects. We then highlight specific behavioural biases that give rise to such forms of pessimism. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we find that relatively higher pessimism at arrival about future utility and wages is associated with migrants staying unexpectedly ex post." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schiele, Maximilian (2021): Life satisfaction and return migration: analysing the role of life satisfaction for migrant return intentions in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 110-129., 2020-04-28. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1763786

Abstract

"This study analyses the role of life satisfaction for the intention of migrants to return to their country of origin. It is argued that the utility function of return migration is a function of life satisfaction gains and losses due to migration. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel and the World Value Survey, first-generation migrants from 26 countries were studied on the country level and within a random intercept logistic regression framework. The results suggest that cross-country differences in the intended return rate can be explained by expected cross-country differences in the life satisfaction gains/losses of migrants that return. However, the effect might be quadratic rather than linear. On the micro data level as well, migrants tend to settle or return depending on the life satisfaction in Germany and their country of origin. This effect seems to be driven by relatively recent arrivals and migrants with transnational social ties. The study concludes that migration decisions are to some degree determined by life satisfaction maximisation and that this life satisfaction maximisation behaviour can be best observed when migrants know what to expect from their move." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Caron, Louise & Mathieu Ichou (2020): High Selection, Low Success: The Heterogeneous Effect of Migrants' Access to Employment on Their Remigration. In: International migration review, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 1104-1133. DOI:10.1177/0197918320904925

Abstract

"This article reconciles contrasting findings on the effect of access to employment on remigration by showing that this effect is actually heterogeneous and depends on migrants' initial educational selection from the origin country. Combining longitudinal data from England and Wales (1971–2011) with data on educational attainment distributions in migrants' origin countries, we find that the impact of being out of a job (unemployed or inactive) on the probability to remigrate is larger among migrants who were initially more positively selected in terms of educational attainment. This interaction effect appears stronger for male and recent migrants. Thus, in addition to migrants' access to employment in the host country, the mismatch between migrants' initial selection — that partly captures their premigration expectations — and their employment status at destination helps explain remigration behaviors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bizeul, Yves & Dennis Bastian Rudolf (Hrsg.) (2019): Politische Debatten um Migration und Integration. Konzepte und Fallbeispiele. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 229 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-23963-3

Abstract

"Der Sammelband kombiniert die Diskussion theoretischer Konzepte mit länderübergreifenden Analysen zu Migration und Integration. Im Mittelpunkt stehen einerseits Fragen bezüglich der Grenzen klassischer Migrations- und Integrationstheorien bzw. Möglichkeiten für deren Erweiterung und andererseits empirische Fallbeispiele, welche nach den Ursachen und Folgen von Flucht- und Migrationsbewegungen fragen, den länderspezifischen Umgang mit Migration und Integration beleuchten sowie Lösungsansätze und aktuelle Migrations- und Integrationspolitiken diskutieren." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Brücker, Herbert, Johann Fuchs, Eric Schuß, Doris Söhnlein, Parvati Trübswetter & Enzo Weber (2019): Kurzexpertise Zuwanderung. Nürnberg, 58 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Kurzexpertise untersucht, ob und inwieweit die jüngste Einwanderung seit 2005 einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann, das deutsche Rentensystem zu entlasten und den Beitragssatz in der GRV zu stabilisieren. Zur Analyse wird auf die IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichprobe und den Mikrozensus zurückgegriffen - die nach der Beschreibung des Forschungsvorhabens in Kapitel 1 - in Kapitel 2 zunächst beschrieben werden. In einem ersten Schritt werden in Kapitel 3 die individuellen Merkmale und der Bildungshintergrund der im Ausland geborenen Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer betrachtet. Anschließend wird in Kapital 4 die aktuelle Arbeitsmarktintegration der Zuzüge und ihre Beschäftigungssituation in Abhängigkeit von der Aufenthaltsdauer analysiert. Dabei wird auch erläutert, inwiefern das Rück- und Auswanderungsverhalten der Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer Einfluss auf die Beurteilung des Beitrages von Einwanderung für die Deutsche Rentenversicherung hat. Deshalb schließt sich mit Kapitel 5 eine Prognose an, die auf der Basis eines stochastischen Modells die künftige Bedeutung der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung mit ausländischer Nationalität, insbesondere für den Arbeitsmarkt, darstellt. Abschließend werde die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Kapitel zusammengefasst und diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Palmberger, Monika (2019): Relational ambivalence: Exploring the social and discursive dimensions of ambivalence. The case of Turkish aging labor migrants. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 1/2, S. 74-90. DOI:10.1177/0020715219832918

Abstract

"Many of Vienna's labor migrants who entered Austria as so-called 'guest workers' together with their spouses long nurtured the dream of returning to their country of origin, at the latest when they retired. By then, however, returning became less than straightforward leading to ambivalence regarding questions of belonging/return and transnational mobility and late-life care. Based on rich qualitative data, in this article, I show that ambivalences are found in the complexity of migrants' narratives, particularly in the way they (1) reassess past choices, (2) negotiate feelings of belonging, and (3) assess future options for late life and care. I argue that the social dimension of ambivalence, which I term 'relational ambivalence,' is crucial to understanding the labor migrants' experiences, reflections, and choices. The analysis shows that ambivalence must be understood as a product of relationships rather than solely an individual experience. The concept of relational ambivalence captures these social and discursive dimensions of ambivalence. The article ultimately carves out the particularity of ambivalence in the general context of migration and in the specific context of Vienna's labor migrants, while accepting feelings of ambivalence or the simultaneity of different, opposing positions in one and the same person as a core human experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scalettaris, Giulia & Flore Gubert (2019): Return Schemes from European Countries: Assessing the Challenges. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 91-104. DOI:10.1111/imig.12467

Abstract

"Drawing on a review of the academic literature on return migration and return migration policies, as well as on reports and project documentation, this article provides a general assessment of return schemes from European countries, with a focus on those targeting failed asylum-seekers and irregular migrants. The article first highlights the contrasted understanding of return and reintegration by migration policy-makers and migration scholars respectively. It then provides an overview of the main challenges, focusing on seven key issues: preparedness to return, the imbalance of represented interests, legal mobility, conditions in the countries of origin, the reintegration package, integration in Europe, and the specific obstacles to return faced by failed asylum-seekers. The article highlights the need to reassess return policies and frame more realistic schemes." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sener, Meltem Yilmaz (2019): Perceived discrimination as a major factor behind return migration? The return of Turkish qualified migrants from the USA and Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 15, S. 2801-2819. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1524292

Abstract

"This paper explains discrimination perceptions of Turkish qualified migrants who returned from Germany and the United States, and the impact of perceived discrimination on their return. It depends on in-depth interviews with 80 qualified Turkish returnees. Our findings indicate that: (i) returnees from Germany think they experienced ethnic discrimination; (ii) discrimination is a major reason behind their return; (iii) returnees from the US did not mention discrimination; (iv) discrimination is not a reason for return for them. We discuss these findings and explain the differences between German and American contexts in terms of ethnic boundaries. We use Alba's (2005) distinction between bright and blurry ethnic boundaries to explain the difference between the two countries. However, going beyond his argument, we also connect this distinction to cultural capital. We argue that in a context where there are bright ethnic boundaries, high cultural capital does not free the individual from experiences of discrimination, whereas it can make a difference in a context where there are blurry ethnic boundaries. Qualified migrants choose to return from contexts where there are bright ethnic boundaries to escape from experiences of discrimination, as they can afford return due to their high levels of cultural and economic capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2019): International migration outlook 2019. (International migration outlook 43), Paris, 407 S. DOI:10.1787/c3e35eec-en

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Coniglio, Nicola Daniele & Jan Brzozowski (2018): Migration and development at home: Bitter or sweet return? Evidence from Poland. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 85-105. DOI:10.1177/0969776416681625

Abstract

"The existing economic literature focuses on the benefits that return migrants offer to their home country in terms of entrepreneurship and human and financial capital accumulation. However, return migration can have modest or even some detrimental effects if the migration experience was unsuccessful and/or if the migrant fails to re-integrate into the home country's economy. In our paper, we empirically show which factors - both individual characteristics and features related to the migration experience - influence the likelihood of a sub-optimal employment of returnees' human capital employing an original dataset on a representative sample of return migrants in Silesia (Poland)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dadush, Uri (2018): The economic effects of refugee return. (Economics. Discussion papers 2018-22), Kiel, 16 S.

Abstract

"The recent surge in the number of forcibly displaced persons who cross international borders in search of protection has prompted interest in evaluating policies that achieve the possible 'end points' of the phenomenon. As envisaged by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), these are the integration of the forcibly displaced persons in the country of destination, relocation in a third country, and return to the country of origin. The focus of this brief is on the third aspect, namely the appropriate conduct of return policy viewed from the perspective of the host country and, although the vast majority of forcibly displaced people are found in developing countries, the object here are policies in advanced countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dadush, Uri (2018): The economic effects of refugee return. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-17. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-33

Abstract

"The recent surge in the number of forcibly displaced persons who cross international borders in search of protection has prompted interest in evaluating policies that achieve the possible 'end points' of the phenomenon. These are the integration of the forcibly displaced persons in the country of destination, relocation in a third country, and return to the country of origin. The focus of this paper is on the third aspect, and more specifically on the appropriateness of return policy viewed from an economic perspective. Although the vast majority of forcibly displaced people is found in developing countries, the object of this paper are the return policies of advanced countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duda-Mikulin, Eva A. (2018): Should I stay or should I go now? Exploring Polish women's returns "home". In: International migration, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 140-153. DOI:10.1111/imig.12420

Abstract

"At a time when there are more people on the move than ever before, it is pivotal to explore people's motivations and experiences of return migration. Whilst motivations for migration are comparatively well explored, return migrants' experiences are less well-known and migrants' gender is rarely considered. This article addresses these gaps. It is based on qualitative research and in-depth interviews with 32 Polish women: 16 migrants and 16 return migrants. Considered through the lens of agency and structure, this research uncovers how fluid the process of migration has become; migration motivations and patterns are blurred and interlinked with one another while classic migration theories seem outdated. The study uses an 'intersection of motivations' to show how inseparable migration-related motivations have become. This article contributes to the growing literature on East-West return migration and highlights women as migrants and the gendered nature of their mobility." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Grabowska, Izabela (2018): Social skills, workplaces and social remittances: A case of post-accession migrants. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 5, S. 868-886. DOI:10.1177/0950017017719840

Abstract

"This article examines how the social skills of migrants are moulded in workplaces and employment-related situations. It surveys literature on social skills, workplaces, social remittances and relational learning. It devotes attention to destination workplaces as spaces where people who left their comfort zones experience disjuncture between origin and destination. This can bring insights, noticing differences and making comparisons. On return to their workplaces in their origin countries, migrants are able to reflect upon and eventually remit these experiences, packaged as social remittances. Three categories of social skill were distilled from biographical interviews with returnees to Poland: (1) the capability for cross-cultural communication; (2) the capability for dealing with emotional labour; (3) the capability for taking initiative and acting independently. The study analysed situations of disjuncture as a result of migration which led to learning, non-learning and alienation. By bringing migration to the forefront, we consider social skills as social remittances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hausmann, Ricardo & Ljubica Nedelkoska (2018): Welcome home in a crisis. Effects of return migration on the non-migrants' wages and employment. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 101, H. January, S. 101-132. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.10.003

Abstract

"The recent economic depression in Greece hit the population of Albanian migrants in Greece particularly hard, spurring a wave of return migration that increased the Albanian labor force by 5% in less than four years, between 2011 and 2014. We study how this return migration affected the employment chances and earnings of Albanians who never migrated. We find positive effects on the wages of low-skilled non-migrants and overall positive effects on employment. The gains partially offset the sharp drop in remittances in the observed period. An important part of the employment gains are concentrated in the agricultural sector, where most return migrants engage in self-employment and entrepreneurship. Businesses run by return migrants seem to pull Albanians from non-participation, unemployment and subsistence agriculture into commercial agriculture." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Naufal, George & Froilan Jr. Malit (2018): Exploitation and the decision to migrate. The role of abuse and unfavorable working conditions in Filipina domestic workers' desire to return abroad. (IZA discussion paper 11677), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries host at least 2.4 million foreign domestic workers, who are legally excluded from national labor laws and regulations, thus placing them in precarious social, legal, and economic conditions in the GCC labor markets. Despite the recent growth of academic scholarship on domestic work in the GCC and beyond, little attention has been paid to absconding foreign domestic workers and the complex role abuse plays in determining their future decision to migrate. This paper examines the likelihood that Filipina domestic workers will migrate after absconding from their previous employer. Applying a unique dataset of absconding Filipina domestic workers collected at the Philippine Labor Office (POLO) in Qatar between 2013-2015, we find that abuse and poor working conditions do not act as deterrents for future migration. Paradoxically, absconding domestic workers who have been financially abused are more likely to want to return and seek employment abroad. This study offers empirical and theoretical insights into the connection between migrant exploitation and domestic workers' desire to migrate once again." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bazillier, Rémi, Francesco Magris & Daniel Mirza (2017): Out-migration and economic cycles. In: Review of world economics, Jg. 153, H. 1, S. 39-69. DOI:10.1007/s10290-016-0267-8

Abstract

"Out-migration concerns foreigners who decide to leave a country where they used to live. Taking advantage of the OECD bilateral IMS database, we analyze the short-run determinants of out-migration using a panel of Schengen countries between 1995 and 2011. We find that out-migration is counter-cyclical: foreign nationals tend to leave host countries with high unemployment, while they are likelier to stay in good times (i.e. low unemployment). Typically, a 10 % increase in the unemployment rate leads to a 5 % increase in out-migration. Thus, short-term economic fluctuations have the same qualitative effect as restrictive migration policies in economic downturns. However, we find mixed evidence for the role of economic cycles in the potential destination countries of those flows. Movers appear to be sensitive to unemployment changes in their country of origin, but they do not seem to be sensitive to business cycles in potential destinations." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Crescenzi, Riccardo, Nancy Holman & Enrico Orru' (2017): Why do they return? Beyond the economic drivers of graduate return migration. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 603-627. DOI:10.1007/s00168-016-0762-9

Abstract

"This paper explores the factors that shape the location choices of formerly mobile graduates (FMGs) initially resident in Sardinia, Italy, a less developed European region. Combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, the paper examines the reasons why some individuals decide to return after their studies, the factors that shape their decisions and how these choices unfolded in space and time. It counters the literature, which suggests that migration is a one-off linear process driven only by wealth-maximising behaviour, positing rather that access to opportunities in open meritocratic job markets and circular migration trajectories are far more salient to FMGs. This suggests that policy makers should concentrate on promoting labour market opportunities and invest in social networks that will aid brain circulation." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Depew, Briggs, Peter Norlander & Todd A. Sørensen (2017): Inter-firm mobility and return migration patterns of skilled guest workers. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 681-721. DOI:10.1007/s00148-016-0607-y

Abstract

"Two concerns central to the debate over skilled guest worker programs in the USA are that (1) guest workers are restricted from inter-firm mobility and are 'effectively tied' to their firms, and (2) guest workers provide cheap and immobile labor that crowds out natives, especially during times of heightened unemployment. We address these concerns by using a unique dataset of employee records from six large Indian IT firms operating in the USA. We find that the guest workers in our sample exhibit a significant amount of inter-firm mobility that varies over both the earnings distribution and the business cycle. We also find that these workers exit the USA during periods of heightened unemployment. These findings provide new evidence on the implications of the institutional features and debate surrounding guest worker programs." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Einem, Eberhard von (2017): International transfer of knowledge via Turkish re-migrants returning from Germany. In: A. Pyka, Y. Kustepeli & D. Hartmann (Hrsg.) (2017): International innovation networks and knowledge migration : the German-Turkish nexus (Routledge/Lisbon civic forum studies in innovation, 03), S. 201-222.

Abstract

"This chapter studies how Turkish re-migrants contribute to the transfer of knowledge from Germany to Turkey, shedding some light on those interlinked causal factors that allow Turkey's current economy to boom, both in manufacturing and services. The chapter starts from the assumption that Turkish re-migrants returning from Germany or other Western European countries help to improve the level of skills and competences in Turkish labour markets thus helping Turkey to develop its industry from low to medium tech. Because knowledge, once generated is only imperfectly spilling over spatially, capabilities to generate and absorb both codified and tacit new knowledge is unevenly distributed among countries and regions worldwide." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Paula (2017): Rückkehrpolitik in Deutschland im Kontext europarechtlicher Vorschriften. Fokusstudie der deutschen nationalen Kontaktstelle für das Europäische Migrationsnetzwerk (EMN). (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Working paper 77), Nürnberg, 68 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie beleuchtet Rückkehr aus Deutschland aus der rechtlichen Perspektive - von der Rückkehrentscheidung über die Möglichkeiten zur freiwilligen Rückkehr bis hin zur Abschiebung. Dabei steht im Vordergrund, wie das EU-Recht die jeweiligen Schritte beeinflusst.
Rückkehr steht immer wieder im Zentrum der migrationspolitischen Debatte. In Folge der hohen Zuzugszahlen von Schutzsuchenden in den Jahren 2015 und 2016 ist auch die Zahl der abgelehnten Asylanträge gestiegen. Dadurch ist die Rückkehr von Personen ohne Aufenthaltsrecht zur politischen Priorität und zu einem kontrovers diskutierten Thema geworden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kilinç, Nilay & Russell King (2017): The quest for a 'better life'. Second-generation Turkish-Germans 'return' to 'paradise'. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 36, S. 1491-1514. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.49

Abstract

"Background: This paper uses a lifestyle-migration lens to analyse the 'return' of the Turkish-German second generation to their parents' homeland, Turkey. It focuses on a scenically attractive touristic region, Antalya on the south coast, where second-generation 'returnees' find a highly congenial environment to pursue their project of living a 'better life' in the ancestral homeland.
Methods: Thirty in-depth interviews with second-generation Turkish-Germans, mostly in their 30s and 40s, were carried out in and around Antalya in 2014. Narratives were coded and prepared for thematic analysis using NVivo.
Results: According to thematic analysis of interview narratives, many respondents were seeking to 'escape' from difficult personal, family, and economic situations. They mobilised their human capital of educational qualifications, language skills, and life experience to set up or get jobs in hotels, restaurants, and other tourist services, combining work with a relaxed attitude to life in what they saw as a 'paradise' of natural beauty and social open-mindedness. Alongside these practical considerations of seeking a better work-life balance were more existential themes of rediscovering their 'true selves' and reinventing the meaning of 'home' in this cosmopolitan niche.
Contribution: The first contribution relates to the use of the concept of lifestyle migration to explain the experiences of second-generation Turkish-German 'returnees' who resettle in Turkey. Secondly we focus on a particular place in Turkey - Antalya - which offers a particular 'space' for the study population to achieve what they perceive as a 'better life'." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Kuschminder, Katie (2017): Interrogating the relationship between remigration and sustainable return. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. 6, S. 107-121. DOI:10.1111/imig.12378

Abstract

"Assisted voluntary return is a central component of many countries managed migration policies. Within these programmes achieving a sustainable return is a common policy goal, which is often measured through remigration. In this paper, it is argued that remigration is not a valid indicator to measure sustainable return. A new definition and approach to defining and measuring sustainable return is presented based on a multidimensional return and reintegration index, which is tested with a sample of 118 returnees in six countries. Due to small sample size a chi-square test is used to examine the correlation between the return and reintegration index and remigration intentions. The results demonstrate the relationship between having a concrete remigration plan and the return and reintegration index is insignificant. This relationship between remigration and sustainable return is further interrogated throughout the paper." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lietaert, Ine, Eric Broekaert & Ilse Derluyn (2017): From social instrument?to migration management tool. Assisted voluntary return programmes - the case of Belgium. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 7, S. 961-980. DOI:10.1111/spol.12185

Abstract

"The return of migrants to their country of origin and the development of efficient return measures have become more prominent on the political agenda of many Western European countries. Since policymakers prefer 'voluntary' return, governmental programmes to support the return of migrants - Assisted Voluntary Return (AVR) programmes - were developed as far back as the 1970s and have played an increasingly important role in migration policy over the last three decades. At the same time, general migration policy and welfare systems have undergone profound change, including in the meanings and connotations attached to social welfare, return support and return policy. This raises questions about the implications of these broader societal and policy changes for the widely implemented AVR programmes. In this article, we discuss the interpretation and evolution of AVR programmes by analyzing how one particular European country, Belgium, has developed its AVR programme over time. We explore the evolution of the programme's content, target group and institutional positioning, which shed light on its changing goals and are closely linked to a broader shift towards a 'managerial' approach to migration policy and the welfare state. We argue that return support may become decontextualized when it adopts 'conditional entitlement' as a central principle. This leads to strong differentiation, based on personal responsibility, between 'deserving' and 'undeserving' migrants, the levelling down of the support given to returnees, and a more coercive voluntary return policy in which social support is linked to deportation." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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McGhee, Derek, Chris Moreh & Athina Vlachantoni (2017): An 'undeliberate determinacy'? The changing migration strategies of Polish migrants in the UK in times of Brexit. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 13, S. 2109-2130. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1299622

Abstract

"This paper reformulates classical questions regarding the plans and strategies of Polish migrants in the UK - such as decisions to leave or remain in the host country, or be 'deliberately indeterminate' about future plans - from a sociologically situated 'rights-based' perspective. This approach considers migrants' attitudes towards specific 'civic integration' measures in a medium-term time frame, as well as in the new context created by the UK's vote to leave the EU. Based on the quantitative analysis of original survey data, we investigate the factors behind Polish migrants' migration strategies, and we argue that basic socio-economic and demographic factors are inadequate, on their own terms, to explain future migration and civic integration plans. Instead, we find that aspects such as interest in and awareness of one's rights, as well as anxieties about the ability to maintain one's rights in the future are stronger determinants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mäkelä, Erik (2017): The effect of mass influx on labor markets. Portuguese 1974 evidence revisited. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 98, H. September, S. 240-263. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.016

Abstract

"This paper provides a reappraisal of the evidence from the influx that has been unique in the recent European history, the flood of half a million returnees from Mozambique and Angola to Portugal in the mid-1970s. The objective of this paper is to study the impacts of a large supply shock on aggregate labor productivity, wages and unemployment. In contrast to the previous evidence, the synthetic control analyses find that the influx had a significant adverse effect on labor market outcomes. The results suggest that the Portuguese labor market responded precisely the same way as the standard textbook model predicts: an increase in the number of workers lowered average labor productivity and wages." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Nisrane, Beza L., Ann Morissens, Ariana Need & René Torenvlied (2017): Economic reintegration of Ethiopian women returned from the Middle East. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. 6, S. 122-136. DOI:10.1111/imig.12358

Abstract

"Current migration studies and policy reviews neglect the vital link between migration experiences of labour migrants and their return and reintegration process. The objective of this study is to highlight the phenomenon and bring the matter to policy makers' attention. This study uses in-depth interviews and a series of focus group discussions to explore the relationship between migration experiences and economic reintegration of unskilled Ethiopian women who are return migrants from Middle Eastern countries. Economic reintegration, which in its basic form is about securing a livelihood, is a challenge for most returnees. The reason relates to the migration settings, preparedness and reintegration assistance in the home county. Reintegration assistance for involuntary returnees is beneficial only for those who manage to obtain some savings out of their migration. The findings imply the need for policy improvements regarding the working conditions of female domestic workers in the host countries and reintegration programmes in the home countries." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Paparusso, Angela & Elena Ambrosetti (2017): To stay or to return? Return migration intentions of Moroccans in Italy. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. 6, S. 137-155. DOI:10.1111/imig.12375

Abstract

"Using data from the Statistics on Income and living conditions of families with migrants carried out by ISTAT in 2009, we empirically examine the effect of micro level determinants on Moroccans' return migration intentions. Although Moroccans living in Italy do not have a clear aspiration to return, the socio-economic and work conditions in Italy determine their migration intentions. Furthermore, our research led us to argue that macro-level determinants should also be considered. In particular, emigration, immigration and integration policies represent key elements in the analysis of the dilemma between to stay or to return. Therefore, the promotion of long-term immigration policies, which allow the achievement of a permanent residence in the host country, combined with institutional reforms, which make the origin country socially, economically and politically more attractive for migrants are essential to complete the debate about to stay or to return." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Saarela, Jan & Kirk Scott (2017): Mother tongue, host country earnings, and return migration. Evidence from cross-national administrative records. In: International migration review, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 542-564. DOI:10.1111/imre.12230

Abstract

"Using a unique database constructed through the merging of administrative records from Sweden and Finland, we provide the first detailed examination of differential return migration risks by people's mother tongue within a given nationality. We analyze whether the divergence in return migration risk between Swedish-speaking and Finnish-speaking Finns in Sweden relates to host country earnings, considering that the former group are in parity with native Swedes. Host country earnings and other background variables are found to explain only a modest part of the difference in return migration risk. Variation in the return migration risk of labor migrants is consequently not solely a result of earnings differentials." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zhang, Kaikai (2017): Berufserfolg und Bleibeabsichten hochqualifizierter Chinesen in Deutschland. (International labor migration 21), Kassel: Kassel University Press, 189 S. DOI:10.19211/KUP9783737601870

Abstract

"China ist eines der wichtigsten Herkunftsländer hochqualifizierter ausländischer Arbeitskräfte in Deutschland. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht auf der Grundlage einer Umfrage den Berufserfolg und die Bleibeabsichten dieser Gruppe und identifiziert die entsprechenden Einflussfaktoren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass vorwiegend das erworbene Humankapital zur Erhöhung des Einkommens und des Berufsstatus beiträgt, während die im sozialen Netzwerk eingebetteten Ressourcen die Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit und der Karriere sowie die Berufsaussichten signifikant beeinflussen. Weiterhin bestätigt die Studie, dass das Einkommen und die Berufsperspektiven die mittel- bzw. langfristigen Bleibeabsichten dominierend bestimmen. Aus den erhobenen Befunden lassen sich relevante Schlussfolgerungen sowohl für das praktische Handeln der Akteure als auch für die weitere Forschung ableiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (2017): Effektivität eines sogenannten Migrationsberatungszentrums in Tunesien. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 18/11865). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 18/12292 (10.05.2017)), 5 S.

Abstract

"Geplante Finanzmittel, Anzahl der Mitarbeiter und räumliche Ausstattung, konzeptuelle Basis der Jobprogramme für Rückkehrer, Kooperation mit tunesischen Behörden, Weitergabe von Personendaten, Arbeitsvermittlung für jugendliche Arbeitslose im ländlichen Raum, verfügbare Arbeits- und Ausbildungsplätze, Zielvorgaben des Beratungszentrums, Zahlenangaben zu registrierten und rückreisepflichtigen Flüchtlingen aus Tunesien, weitere arbeitsmarkt-, sozial- und entwicklungspolitische Maßnahmen für Rückkehrer in die Maghreb-Staaten" (Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP)

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Anghel, Remus Gabriel, Alina Botezat, Anatolie Cociug, Ioana Manafi & Monica Roman (2016): International migration, return migration, and their effects. A comprehensive review on the Romanian case. (IZA discussion paper 10445), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"Romanian migration is today one of the biggest, complex, and dynamic migration to Western Europe. This paper is a comprehensive review of the existing literature that aims at providing a full picture of this dynamic migratory process and discusses its far-reaching consequences. It first presents and characterizes the Romanian migration through the different phases during and after state socialism. The second part of the paper is dedicated to unfolding the socio-economic effects of the Romanian migration addressing the remitting behavior and its development over the past years. The issue of return migration is also addressed stressing that return is not much developed, however it has significant impacts through the emergence of returnees' entrepreneurship. Finally we address some of the consequences of the medical doctors' migration which is today considered one of the main migration challenges the country is facing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barcevicius, Egidijus (2016): How successful are highly qualified return migrants in the Lithuanian labour market? In: International migration, Jg. 54, H. 3, S. 35-47. DOI:10.1111/imig.12224

Abstract

"This article analyses whether the human capital gained abroad helps returning migrants to integrate into the Lithuanian labour market. The analysis focuses on highly qualified migrants, defined narrowly as people with higher education who held qualified jobs when working abroad. The article found that for this group of returnees professional aims were important when taking a decision to return, together with other motives such as family reasons and home-sickness. Most of the returnees were able to find employment and pursue their careers without major difficulties, although a significant minority signalled an intention to emigrate again. The article examines the key factors that sometimes helped and sometimes hindered integration of the returnees and discusses the role of the public policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bijwaard, Govert E. & Christian Schluter (2016): Interdependent hazards, local interactions, and the return decision of recent migrants. (CReAM discussion paper 2016,20), London, 42 S.

Abstract

"Consider the duration of stay of migrants in a host country. We propose a statistical model of locally interdependent hazards in order to examine whether interactions at the level of the neighbourhood are present and lead to social multipliers. To this end, we propose and study a new two-stage estimation strategy based on an inverted linear rank test statistic. Using a unique large administrative panel data set for the population of recent labour immigrants to the Netherlands, we quantify the local social multipliers in several factual and counterfactual experiments, and demonstrate that these can be substantial." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grasmuck, Sherri & Annika Marlen Hinze (2016): Transnational heritage migrants in Istanbul. Second-generation Turk-American and Turk-German 'Returnees' in their parents' homeland. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 42, H. 12, S. 1959-1976. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1142365

Abstract

"This paper addresses several less-explored dimensions of current scholarship on globalisation, migration and transnationalism: north - south migration streams, the role of second-generation 'heritage migrants' and the importance of social capital within unequal transnational social fields. We compare two circuits of second-generation migrants, Turk-Germans and Turk-Americans, engaged in 'intensive transnationalism' having independently moved to reside in their parents' homeland. Istanbul becomes the site of homeland return for these distinct streams of educated heritage migrants. Cross-national comparison of the children of the more stigmatised Turk-German 'guest workers' with the socially less salient Turk-Americans of middle-class backgrounds offers insight into the way class networks and national capital are distinctly leveraged by adult children with immigrant parents of distinct contexts of homeland exit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Houte, Marieke Van, Melissa Siegel & Tine Davids (2016): Deconstructing the meanings of and motivations for return. An Afghan case study. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1186/s40878-016-0042-y

Abstract

"Return migration after conflict is the result of a complex decision-making process. However, our understanding of this complexity is blurred by changing politicized understandings of return. In this paper, we compare the autobiographical narratives of return of 'early' and 'late' (post-mid-1990s) arrivals of Afghans who met with changing reception regimes in Europe and returned to Kabul under a wide range of circumstances. We first develop a framework that attempts to understand migration from an actor-based rather than a bureaucratic perspective. We then deconstruct how Afghan migrants made sense of their own return migration, and analyse the ambivalences and seeming contradictions we find in them. The findings show that there are no clear-cut boundaries between voluntary and involuntary return decisions: almost no decision to return was entirely free, as there were legal constraints, family pressure, economic needs or socio-cultural difficulties at the basis of this decision. Almost no return decision was entirely forced, either, as most people did have the choice not to return, however harsh the alternative to returning would have been. At the same time, the analysis shows a strong empirical watershed between the post-return experiences of returnees who continue to have the capacity to be transnationally mobile and the experiences of those who do not. Concluding, we propose to centralize agency over mobility, facilitated by legal status and other factors, in the analysis of return. Concluding, the findings challenge the current policy-oriented binary categories. Alternatively, we propose to centralize the level of agency in decisions of transnational mobility as a more relevant factor in the analysis of return." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konzett-Smoliner, Stefanie (2016): Return migration as a 'family project'. Exploring the relationship between family life and the readjustment experiences of highly skilled Austrians. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 42, H. 7, S. 1094-1114. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1138853

Abstract

"Most research studies on return migration analyse remigration and reintegration as individual projects, without considering the interconnectedness of remigrants with their family members. This article addresses this research gap and seeks to add to our understanding of the role which the family plays in shaping reintegration outcomes through a qualitative analysis of the experiences of highly skilled Austrians who returned, with their co- or inter-ethnic family members, in the last 10 years. Results show that the relationship between family and reintegration is complex. Core family members may act both as constraints and as enablers of readjustment. Partners and children ease reintegration by providing enthusiasm, motivation and emotional support. At the same time, family members may also complicate the reintegration process by increasing the amount of administrative work to be done in order to re-organise family life or by triggering feelings of alienation, when family members face (re)-integration challenges. The reintegration process was also found to have a significant impact on highly skilled returnees' family life. The problem-solving strategies which returnees develop during their process of reintegration either impede the formation of new families, impact on the structure of existing families or change the division of family work in the household." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sabharwal, Meghna & Roli Varma (2016): Return migration to India. Decision-making among academic engineers and scientists. In: International migration, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 177-190. DOI:10.1111/imig.12265

Abstract

"The decision-making process among migrants, whether to leave their country of birth for a foreign country or deciding to return to their native country is complex and laden with challenges. This article seeks to understand the decision-making process by which immigrant engineers and scientists select to return to India after study and work in the United States. It is based on in-depth interviews conducted with 54 returned engineers and scientists. Results indicate that the decision to return is anything but a linear process as highlighted in rational choice theory. Prospect and planned behaviour theories are better positioned to explain the decision- making process among returned migrant engineers and scientists." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schuss, Eric (2016): Between life cycle model, labor market integration and discrimination. An econometric analysis of the determinants of return migration. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 881), Berlin, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the determinants of return migration by applying the Cox hazard model to longitudinal micro data from 1996 to 2012, including immigrants of a wide range of nationalities. The empirical results reveal the validity of the life cycle model of Migration Economics and a strong return probability decreasing effect of labor market integration and societal integration.
Modelling non-proportional effects of qualification and social benefits supports the human capital thesis and supplies new insights with regard to the supranational European labor market and to development policy. At the beginning of residence highly qualified immigrants as well as immigrants obtaining social benefits display a rather high hazard ratio that, however, decreases each additional year of residence afterwards. Via survivor functions further remarkable results about non-proportional adverse selection effects and about the interaction between qualification and labor market integration can be found.
Finally, the paper derives important policy implications from the empirical analysis with a special focus on the interface between public economics and development policy and on combining classical guest worker approaches with modern concepts of brain gain and the human capital hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vandevoordt, Robin (2016): Judgement and ambivalence in migration work. On the (dis)appearance of dilemmas in assisting voluntary return. In: Sociology, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 282-297. DOI:10.1177/0038038516656318

Abstract

"Street-level bureaucrats implementing nation states' migration policies increasingly find themselves in a structural tension between providing social assistance and regulating the flows of people entering and leaving the national territory. As a result, doing migration work involves a wide range of difficult, ambivalent situations. This article examines how and under which conditions these tensions translate into moral and political dilemmas in street-level bureaucrats' everyday work. In doing so, it draws upon original qualitative research with street-level bureaucrats working in the Belgian programme for assisted voluntary return. The article concludes by proposing an approach centred around the notion of immunisation so as to understand the social context in which ambivalence and its contraries are produced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Joseph-Simon Görlach (2015): The dynamics of return migration, human capital accumulation, and wage assimilation. London, 70 S.

Abstract

"To assess the implications of the interplay between anticipated migration durations and immigrants' behavior, we develop a lifecycle model in which immigrants decide labor market participation, consumption, and investment in human capital together with the optimal length of migration. We estimate this model using panel data that provide repeated information on immigrants' return intentions and realized return migrations. We show that the relation between return intentions and human capital investment leads to behavior-based selective outmigration, and that policies that influence migrants' return decisions may lead to suboptimal career profiles, inducing welfare losses for both immigrants and the host country's population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ambrosini, J. William, Karin Mayr, Giovanni Peri & Dragos Radu (2015): The selection of migrants and returnees in Romania. Evidence and long-run implications. In: Economics of Transition, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 753-793. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12077

Abstract

"This paper uses census and survey data to identify the wage earning ability and the selection of recent Romanian migrants and returnees on observable characteristics. We construct measures of selection across skill groups and estimate the average and the skill-speci?c premium for migration and return for three typical destinations of Romanian migrants after 1990. Once we account for migration costs, we ?nd evidence that the selection and sorting of migrants are driven by different returns to skills in countries of destination. Our identi?cation strategy for the effects of work experience abroad permits a cautious causal interpretation of the premium to return migration. This premium increases with migrants' skills and drives the positive selection of returnees relative to non-migrants. Based on the compatibility of the results with rationality in the migration decisions, we simulate a rational-agent model of education, migration and return. Our results suggest that for a source country like Romania relatively high rates of temporary migration might have positive long-run effects on average skills and wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cohen, Nir & Dani Kranz (2015): State-assisted highly skilled return programmes, national identity and the risk(s) of homecoming. Israel and Germany compared. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 5, S. 795-812. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2014.948392

Abstract

"State-assisted return programmes (SARPs) have emerged as key components of diaspora mobilisation strategies in countries of origin. Especially in countries where the principle of jus sanguinis underpins citizenship regimes, these programmes have often been drawn from ostensibly national(istic) discourses in order to encourage the repatriation of (mostly highly skilled) citizens residing abroad. Drawing on interviews with public officials and migrants as well as content analysis of primary and secondary materials, this paper examines SARPs deployed by Israel and Germany. It argues that while the discourse and practice within which state programmes are embedded (re-)construct the nation in certain ways that are commensurate with perceived determinants of return, migrants have often rejected these formulations, underscoring instead a range of neglected personal and professional return-oriented risks. The paper's main contribution lies in better clarifying the links between highly skilled return migration policy, national identity and migration determinants and uncovers the diverging articulations of return used by state and migrants alike." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Diehl, Claudia & Elisabeth Liebau (2015): Turning back to Turkey - or turning the back to Germany? Remigration intentions and behavior of Turkish immigrants in Germany between 1984 and 2011. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 22-41. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2015-0104

Abstract

"Der Beitrag der Frage nach, wie sich die Remigrationsabsichten und das Remigrationsverhalten türkischstämmiger Einwanderer in Deutschland im Zeitverlauf verändert haben, und wertet dazu alle Erhebungswellen des sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) ereignisdatenanalytisch aus. Die Befunde zeigen, dass Remigrationsabsichten und -raten türkischstämmiger Einwanderer seit der Jahrtausendwende angestiegen sind, nachdem sie zuvor vor allem in Folge zunehmender Integration abgenommen hatten. Diejenigen Einwanderer, die ihre Remigration planen, haben eine stärkere emotionale Bindung an die Türkei als diejenigen, die dauerhaft in Deutschland bleiben wollen. Beide Gruppen unterscheiden sich weder im Hinblick auf ihr Bildungsniveau noch im Ausmaß ihrer Wahrnehmungen von Diskriminierung in Deutschland. Ähnliches gilt für die kleine, aber leicht wachsende Gruppe tatsächlicher Remigranten. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die Remigrationsabsichten und -raten der Einwanderer der ersten Generation unabhängig von Integrationsprozessen angestiegen und vermutlich eher dem sozialenWandel in der Türkei geschuldet sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ette, Andreas, Lenore Sauer, Friedrich Scheller, Dawid Bekalarczyk, Marcel Erlinghagen, Marcus Engler, Jan Schneider & Caroline Schultz (2015): International Mobil. Dokumentation der Befragung von Auswanderern und Rückwanderern aus Deutschland. (BiB Daten- und Methodenbericht 2015,01), Wiesbaden, 106 S.

Abstract

"Die Pilotstudie International Mobil wurde im Jahr 2014 vom Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB) in Wiesbaden, dem Forschungsbereich beim Sachverständigenrat deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (SVR) in Berlin und dem Lehrstuhl 'Empirische Sozialstrukturanalyse' an der Universität Duisburg-Essen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden erstmals auf Basis von Melderegisterstichproben ausgewählter Großstädte deutsche Aus- und Rückwanderer angeschrieben und zu ihren Migrationsmotiven und zu ihrer gegenwärtigen und vergangenen Lebenssituation befragt. Für die Studie konnten insgesamt 1.700 Personen gewonnen werden, darunter knapp 800 Auswanderer und rund 900 Rückwanderer. Der Methodenbericht beschreibt detailliert die Konzeption und Durchführung dieser international mobilen Bevölkerungsgruppe. Neben Forschungsdesign und Stichprobenverfahren dokumentiert er das Erhebungsinstrument, den Erhebungsmodus sowie den Feldverlauf der Befragung. Auf Grundlage der Sampling-Frame Daten sowie durch den Vergleich mit der amtlichen Statistik präsentiert der Methodenbericht Analysen zur Datenqualität und zur Machbarkeit dieses Forschungsdesigns." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Haas, Hein de, Tineke Fokkema & Mohamed Fassi Fihri (2015): Return migration as failure or success? In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 415-429. DOI:10.1007/s12134-014-0344-6

Abstract

"Different migration theories generate competing hypotheses with regard to determinants of return migration. While neoclassical migration theory associates migration to the failure to integrate at the destination, the new economics of labour migration sees return migration as the logical stage after migrants have earned sufficient assets and knowledge and to invest in their origin countries. The projected return is then likely to be postponed for sustained or indefinite periods if integration is unsuccessful. So, from an indication or result of integration failure return is rather seen as a measure of success. Drawing on recent survey data (N?=?2,832), this article tests these hypotheses by examining the main determinants of return intention among Moroccan migrants across Europe. The results indicate that structural integration through labour market participation, education and the maintenance of economic and social ties with receiving countries do not significantly affect return intentions. At the same time, investments and social ties to Morocco are positively related, and socio-cultural integration in receiving countries is negatively related to return migration intentions. The mixed results corroborate the idea that there is no uniform process of (return) migration and that competing theories might therefore be partly complementary." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Seele, Peter (2015): Region, Religion und Rücküberweisung. Zur Migration Hochqualifizierter aus Indien und China in deutschsprachige Länder und der Einfluss informeller Institutionen. (Institutionelle und Evolutorische Ökonomik 47), Marburg: Metropolis, 260 S.

Abstract

"Ausgangspunkt der Monographie über Wanderungsbewegungen Hochqualifizierter ist die Kritik am bestehenden 'methodologischen Nationalismus' (per-head-count-metric), durch welchen nur der Wanderungssaldo gemäss der ermittelten Wohnsitzstatistiken herangezogen werden kann. Diese Datensituation ist nach Ansicht des Verfassers unzureichend, die in der jüngeren Forschung diskutierten Konzepte der Transnationalisierung und der zirkulären Prozess der Migration Hochqualifizierter (brain circulation) zu erfassen. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Arbeit der 'methodologische Transnationalismus' vorgeschlagen. Entscheidend ist dabei zur Erfassung der Wanderungsbewegungen Hochqualifizierter nicht mehr nur der Wanderungssaldo, sondern deren Partizipation am Transnationalismus im Professionellen wie im Privaten/Sozialen. Konzeptionell wird die Institutionenökonomie (nach D. North) als Theorierahmen zur Anwendung gebracht. Besonderer Schwerpunkt sind dabei die informellen Institutionen. Dabei wurden insbesondere drei institutionelle Arrangements identifiziert, die sowohl dem Charakter formloser Institutionen wie dem methodologischen Transnationalismus gerecht werden. Region, Religion und Rücküberweisungen. Um diese theoretischen Kriterien institutioneller Arrangements empirisch zu überprüfen wurde eine Befragung von Hochqualifizierten mit Erfahrungen in einem der drei deutschsprachigen Länder Deutschland, Österreich oder Schweiz aus Indien oder China durchgeführt. Aufgrund der Fragebogendaten wurden die statistisch signifikanten Aufbruchs- und Rückkehrkriterien ermittelt, um der zirkulären, transnationalen Migration eine empirische Untermauerung zu verschaffen. Für die Aufbruchentscheidung waren die Kriterien Bezahlung, Offenheit des Ziellandes, Ausbildungssystem, Positives Image des Ziellandes sowie die Suche nach Herausforderungen signifikant wichtiger. Für die Rückkehrentscheidung waren die Kriterien Arbeitslosenquote, Altersvorsorge, Familiengründe, Sprache sowie Kulturelle/Religiöse Gründe statistisch signifikant wichtiger. Die empirischen Ergebnisse werden anhand der abgeleiteten Konzepte 'affirmativer Karriereaufbruch' und 'restitutive Heimatrückkehr' diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bijwaard, Govert E. & Qi Wang (2014): Return migration of foreign students. (CReAM discussion paper 2014,27), London, 37 S.

Abstract

"Using administrative panel data, this paper presents a comprehensive empirical analysis of the return of recent foreign students in the Netherlands. We focus on how individual labour market changes and marriage formation influence their decision to leave. Our model allows for correlated unobserved heterogeneity across the migration, the labour market and the marriage formation processes. The large size of the data permits us to stratify the analysis by five groups based on the country of birth. The empirical analyses reveal that employment hardly affects return behaviour of students and unemployment induces them to leave. Marriage in the Netherlands makes the students more prone to stay. The size of the impact of these life course experiences on return differs by income, age at entry, business cycle and gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Diehl, Claudia & Elisabeth Liebau (2014): Turning back to Turkey - or turning the back to Germany? Remigration intentions and behavior of Turkish immigrants in Germany between 1984 and 2011. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 637), Berlin, 33 S.

Abstract

"By applying event-history analysis to all available waves of the German Socio- Economic Panel, we analyze how remigration intentions and actual remigration of Turkish migrants to Germany have evolved over time. The study draws from a broad set of theoretical approaches to remigration and it takes a different focus than previous studies by concentrating on long-term change in these rates. Our findings reveal an increase in remigration intentions and rates for first generation migrants after the turn of the millennium. Those who plan to return have a stronger emotional attachment to Turkey than those who plan to stay. Nevertheless, the two groups differ neither with respect to their educational levels nor in terms of their identification with Germany and perceptions of discrimination. Similarly, the small though slightly increasing group of immigrants that actually returns does not have a clear profile in terms of educational level, national identification, and perceptions of being disadvantaged in Germany. We thus argue that for first-generation migrants from Turkey after 2001, rising remigration intentions and actual remigration are unrelated to their integration into German society. Rather, the increase seems to be triggered by macro-structural changes in the country of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Güngör, Nil Demet & Aysit Tansel (2014): Brain drain from Turkey: return intentions of skilled migrants. In: International migration, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 208-226. DOI:10.1111/imig.12013

Abstract

"The study estimates an empirical model of return intentions using a dataset compiled from an internet survey of Turkish professionals residing abroad. In the migration literature, wage differentials are often cited as an important factor explaining skilled migration. The findings of our study suggest, however, that non-pecuniary factors, such as the importance of family and social considerations, are also influential in the return or non-return decision of the highly educated. In addition, economic instability in Turkey, prior intentions to stay abroad, and work experience in Turkey also increase non-return. Female respondents also appear less likely to return indicating a more selective migration process for females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kreienbrink, Axel & Stefan Alscher (Hrsg.) (2014): Abwanderung von Türkeistämmigen. Wer verlässt Deutschland und warum? (Beiträge zu Migration und Integration 06), Nürnberg: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, 231 S.

Abstract

"Wanderungsbewegungen zwischen der Türkei und Deutschland, die in größerem Umfang seit den frühen 1960er Jahren bestehen, verlaufen nicht nur von der Türkei nach Deutschland, sondern auch in umgekehrter Richtung. Sie haben in erheblichem Maße zur Herausbildung vielfältiger kultureller, sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Beziehungen zwischen beiden Ländern beigetragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Yahirun, Jenjira J. (2014): Take me "home": return migration among Germany's older immigrants. In: International migration, Jg. 52, H. 4, S. 231-254. DOI:10.1111/imig.12009

Abstract

"This paper examines the determinants of return migration as foreign-born men approach old age in Germany. Return migration in later life engages a different set of conditions from return migration earlier on, including the framing of return as a possible retirement strategy. Using 23 years of longitudinal data from the German Socioeconomic Panel, this paper investigates how social and economic resources of immigrant men influence decisions to return 'home.' Results suggest that immigrants from former guest worker recruitment countries within the European Union are more likely to return than non-EU immigrants. In addition, return migrants are 'negatively selected' so that those with the least education and weakest attachments to the labor force are more likely to emigrate. However, findings vary greatly depending on the immigrant's age and country of origin. Results from this paper highlight the heterogeneity of older immigrants and the factors that motivate their return 'home'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aydin, Yasar (2013): "Transnational" statt "nicht integriert". Abwanderung türkeistämmiger Hochqualifizierter aus Deutschland. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, 135 S.

Abstract

"Immer mehr türkeistämmige Hochqualifizierte in Deutschland entscheiden sich für ein Leben und eine Erwerbstätigkeit in der Türkei. Haben wir es hier mit einem 'Scheitern der Integration', einem fehlenden Heimatgefühl oder mit Benachteiligung und Diskriminierung zu tun? Der Autor lässt die Betroffenen selbst zu Wort kommen und zeigt, dass es sich vielmehr um eine transnationale Lebensführung handelt: Zwischen den Welten nationaler, kultureller und religiöser Grenzen entstehen 'soziale Landschaften', welche Auswanderungs- und Ankunftsorte verbinden und verändern. Zum Anlass für dieses Buch nahm Yasar Aydin die medialen und wissenschaftlichen Debatten über Fachkräftemangel und die Dramatisierung der Abwanderung als 'Exodus' und 'Brain Drain'. Auf Grundlage einer empirischen Feldstudie am Hamburgischen Welt-Wirtschafts-Institut (HWWI) 2011 untersucht er, was tatsächlich hinter dieser Abwanderung steht. Ausgehend von entsprechenden sozialwissenschaftlichen Debatten geht Aydin der Frage nach, ob dies ein Indiz einer transnationalen Partizipation an beiden Gesellschaften sein könnte. Er berücksichtigt dabei historische Aspekte und soziopolitische Faktoren und setzt sich mit Grundfragen der Migrationssoziologie auseinander. Damit soll die zuweilen sichtbare Begriffsblindheit sozialwissenschaftlich informierter Sachbücher als auch die Erfahrungsleere mancher Fachpublikationen überwunden werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baraulina, Tatjana & Axel Kreienbrink (Hrsg.) (2013): Rückkehr und Reintegration. Typen und Strategien an den Beispielen Türkei, Georgien und Russische Föderation. (Beiträge zu Migration und Integration 04), Nürnberg, 323 S.

Abstract

"Die Rückkehr von Migranten in die Türkei, Georgien und die Russische Föderation stehen im Mittelpunkt des vierten Bandes der Reihe Beiträge zu Migration und Integration.
In diesem Projekt wurden verschiedene Gruppen von Rückkehrern im Hinblick auf die Umstände und Motive ihrer Rückkehrentscheidung, ihre Reintegrationsstrategien und ihre Weiterwanderungspläne befragt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen können Impulse für die Weiterentwicklung der Rückkehr- und der Reintegrationsförderung geben.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Rückkehrorientierung im Wesentlichen aufgrund der Befürchtung entsteht, in Deutschland nicht die gleichen Teilhabechancen zu haben. Zur tatsächlichen Rückkehr entscheidet man sich allerdings nicht nur aufgrund von Unzufriedenheit. Einschätzung der eigenen Partizipationschancen im Herkunftsland spielt hierbei eine wesentliche Rolle. Zudem erleichtert die Unterstützung durch familiäre, freundschaftliche und andere relevante soziale Netzwerke den Rückkehrentschluss. Den Zuwanderern in schwierigen Lebenslagen fällt eine Rückkehrentscheidung schwer, weil sie ihre Perspektiven in den Rückkehrregionen negativ einschätzen und selten auf die soziale Unterstützung dort zurückgreifen können. Bei Rückkehrern in schwierigen Lebenslagen besteht ein Beratungs- und Förderungsbedarf.
Reintegrationsverläufe hängen davon ab, wie Rückkehrer ihre erworbenen Fähigkeiten und Qualifikationen sowie angespartes Kapital und soziale Kontakte nutzen können. Maßnahmen der Reintegrationsförderung sollten die Nutzung vorhandener Fähigkeiten und erworbener Qualifikationen erleichtern und die soziale Inklusion von Rückkehrern fördern.
Die Nachhaltigkeit einer Rückkehr kann nicht am Kriterium einer dauerhaften Niederlassung im Rückkehrkontext bzw. der dauerhaften Immobilität der Rückkehrer gemessen werden. Eine weitere Migration kommt sowohl für zufriedene als auch für unzufriedene Rückkehrer in Frage. Erneute Mobilität wird durch das Vorhandensein ökonomischer Ressourcen und grenzüberschreitender sozialer Beziehungen begünstigt.
Die hier vorgelegte zusammenfassende Analyse sowie die drei englischsprachigen Länderstudien basieren auf Interviews mit 90 Rückkehrern und deren Familienangehörigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bijwaard, Govert E. & Jackline Wahba (2013): Do high-income or low-income immigrants leave faster? (IZA discussion paper 7732), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the impact of the income earned in the host country on return migration of labor migrants from developing countries. We use a three-state correlated competing risks model to account for the strong dependence of labor market status and the income earned. Our analysis is based on administrative panel data of recent labor immigrants from developing countries to the Netherlands. The empirical results show that intensities of return migration are U-shaped with respect to migrants' income, implying a higher intensity in low- and high-income groups. Indeed, the lowest-income group has the highest probability of return. We also find that ignoring the interdependence of labor market status and the income earned leads to an overestimating the income effect on departure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönisch, Peter, Philipp Gaffert & Joachim Wilde (2013): The impact of skills on remigration flows. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 45, H. 4, S. 511-524. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.605765

Abstract

"More than 10 years after the seminal paper by Borjas and Bratsberg (1996), modelling the impact of skills on remigration, the empirical evidence on that theory is still mixed. Our article is to shed light on that issue. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) we test two hypotheses derived from Borjas and Bratsberg (1996) while allowing for endogeneity of host country-specific capital. Our results give strong support for their theory. Additionally a sensitivity analysis shows that the insignificance of education in previous studies is due to the test design conducted and cannot be interpreted as falsification of Borjas and Bratsberg's (1996) theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. & Steven Stillman (2013): Return migration and the age profile of retirement among immigrants. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 2, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-2-20

Abstract

"We analyze the relationship between the age profile of retirement within an immigrant population and aggregate return migration rates for individuals from different countries of origin. The latter serves as a proxy for the relative net benefits of return migration to that origin country. Our simple theoretical model illustrates that under reasonable conditions the probability of return migration is maximized at retirement. This implies that different immigrant populations will have different retirement profiles, not only because individual retirement behavior differs, but also because the propensity for return migration varies. Consistent with our theoretical model, we estimate a negative relationship between immigrants' retirement status and the aggregate return migration rate of their fellow countrymen. As theory suggests, this link is strongest for immigrants who are near the retirement age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kırdar, Murat G. (2013): Source country characteristics and immigrants' optimal migration duration decision. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 2, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-2-8

Abstract

"This paper examines how immigrants' optimal migration duration in the host country responds to the purchasing power parity (ppp) and relative wages between the host and source countries. A theoretical model of joint migration duration and saving decisions reveals that the optimal migration duration decreases in ppp unless the elasticity of intertemporal substitution of consumption is well above typical estimated values for this parameter. In fact, empirical results from immigrants in Germany reveal that optimal migration duration decreases in ppp. The empirical findings also imply that -- holding individual immigrant characteristics constant -- immigrants from poorer source countries have shorter predicted migration duration than immigrants from wealthier source countries. In addition, this paper shows that longitudinal data on intentions can be informative by examining how observed event realizations lead to revisions to intentions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lange, Thomas (2013): Return migration of foreign students and non-resident tuition fees. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 703-718. DOI:10.1007/s00148-012-0436-6

Abstract

"This paper challenges the notion that optimal non-resident tuition fees should necessarily be raised if the return rate of foreign students after graduation increases. The analysis of a host country's optimal pricing behavior therefore incorporates a specific student migration model. Students usually are aware of the fact that they might return to their home countries after being educated abroad, even if they initially intended to stay on in the host country. With rational expectations, a change in students' perceptions of the return probability after graduation can affect their first-round decisions whether to study abroad. The optimal adjustment of non-resident tuition fees in the host country has to take this behavioral response into account. Under certain conditions, the behavioral effect is dominant, and a decline in stay rates of students actually requires tuition fee cuts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schroth, Jan (2013): Barriers for successful capitalization on returning migrants. International comparative working paper. Leipzig, 21 S.

Abstract

"The International comparative working paper on barriers for successful capitalization of returning migrants has been conducted by IOM International Organization for Migration in Prague.
The paper summarizes the activities and outputs of the research phase of the Re-Turn project, to give useful recommendations for the realization of the different pilot actions. In particular, the outcomes of the paper are focused on the identification of barriers and the needs for policy intervention. In summary it helps to answer these crucial questions:
- What problems do returnees face?
- What barriers make return migration difficult?
- What can we learn for the project's WP4 activities (development of tools, methods and service concepts for supporting capitalization on return migration) and for policy measures in general?
- How can we help return migrants and businesses in home regions?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Barcevicius, Egidijus, Krystyna Iglicka, Daiva Repeckaite & Dovile Zvalionyte (2012): Labour mobility within the EU. The impact of return migration. Dublin, 80 S.

Abstract

"As a relatively new mobility pattern within the EU, the post-accession return migration of workers from Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries has recently begun to generate increasing interest among academics, experts and practitioners. The return migration of these workers grew in importance in the context of the global economic crisis as it was believed that economic fluctuations across Europe might induce return migration of CEE nationals from the EU15 countries. This research aimed to contribute to a better understanding of return migration to CEE countries by generating new empirical evidence through an analysis of statistical data and literature and also through interviews with returnees, policymakers and experts on migration in the following four CEE countries: Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Romania." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bartmann, Sylke, Detlef Garz & Hyo-Seon Lee (2012): Rückwanderer und Weiterwanderer. Ein Aspekt der südkoreanischen Arbeitsmigration nach Deutschland. In: Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung, Jg. 13, H. 1-2, S. 111-124.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag thematisiert Fragestellungen und Ergebnisse, die in einem internationalen Forschungsprojekt entstanden sind, in dem koreanische und deutsche WissenschaftlerInnen gemeinsam zur südkoreanischen Migration arbeiten. Diskutiert werden zwei mögliche Wege der Migration - die Rück- und Weiterwanderer - als spezifische Formen von Migrationsverläufen. Die Thematisierung wird sowohl mit Blick auf die Migrationsforschung als auch auf die Biographieforschung vollzogen und es wird nach dem Verhältnis der beiden Forschungsrichtungen gefragt. Beispielhaft wird anhand von zwei Kontrastfällen der Verlauf einer triangle-migration skizziert. Auf Grundlage der gemeinsamen Forschungsarbeit werden auch Aspekte des methodischen Vorgehens angesprochen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bijwaard, Govert E., Christian Schluter & Jackline Wahba (2012): The impact of labour market dynamics on the return-migration of immigrants. (CReAM discussion paper 2012,27), London, 48 S.

Abstract

"Using administrative panel data on the entire population of new labour immigrants to The Netherlands, we estimate the causal effects of labour dynamics on their return decisions. Specifically, the roles of unemployment and re-employment spells on immigration durations are examined. The endogeneity of labour market outcomes and the return migration decision, if ignored, confounds the causal effect. This empirical challenge is addressed using the 'timing-of-events' method. We estimate the model separately for distinct immigrant groups, and find that, overall, unemployment spells shorten immigration durations, while reemployment spells delay returns for all but one group. The magnitude of the causal effect differs across groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Borsic, Darja & Polona Pasic (2012): Synthesis report: Supply of remigrants and demand of businesses. Leipzig, 20 S.

Abstract

"The Synthesis Report on Supply of remigrants and demand of businesses brings together results from different activities that were carried out in the analytical part of the Re-Turn project. As information on the phenomenon of return migration is not available from census data or public registries, an online survey was conducted among emigrants and returned migrants from Central European countries. The survey results were then mirrored in a series of workshops with returned migrants in the Re-Turn case study regions.
The overall aim of the Re-Turn project is to provide original knowledge to 'home regions' about efficient ways of capitalizing on return migration. Therefore, also a look on the local labour demand was necessary. Methodologically, we gathered information through expert interviews with representatives of local businesses as well as business intermediaries (e.g. labour office representatives, chambers of trade and commerce, business associations etc.). Additionally, a set of feedback workshops was organized in the Re-Turn case study regions, during which other business representatives commented and discussed the former interview results. A final conclusion discusses the findings and derives some recommendations for the further pilot activities in the Re-Turn project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert & Philipp J.H. Schröder (2012): International migration with heterogeneous agents. Theory and evidence for Germany, 1967-2009. In: The World Economy, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 152-182., 2011-04-29. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01426.x

Abstract

"Temporary migration, though empirically relevant, is often ignored in formal models. This paper proposes a migration model with heterogeneous agents and persistent cross country income differentials that features temporary migration. In equilibrium there exists a positive relation between the stock of migrants and the income differential, while the net migration ?ow becomes zero. Consequently, existing empirical migration models, estimating net migration ?ows, instead of stocks, may be misspeci?ed. This suspicion appears to be con?rmed by our investigation of the cointegration relationships of German migration stocks and ?ows since 1967. We ?nd that (i) panel-unit root tests reject the hypothesis that migration ?ows and the explanatory variables are integrated of the same order, while migration stocks and the explanatory variables are all I(1) variables, and (ii) the hypothesis of cointegration cannot be rejected for the stock model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kuhlenkasper, Torben & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2012): Neue Ergebnisse zur Struktur der Auswanderer mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 92, H. 11, S. 784-786. DOI:10.1007/s10273-012-1455-3

Abstract

"In den letzten Jahren hat sich die deutsche Öffentlichkeit zunehmend für das Phänomen der Auswanderung interessiert. Dies drückt sich unter anderem in einer Vielzahl von Fernsehsendungen aus, die sich exemplarisch mit den Schicksalen und Lebenswegen von Deutschen befassen, die sich zur Auswanderung entschlossen haben. Aber auch in den politischen Diskursen hat das Thema Auswanderung im Zuge der Debatten um einen möglichen Fachkräftemangel und dessen ökonomische Konsequenzen stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Während sich die Diskussionen lange Zeit nahezu ausschließlich auf die Zuwanderung von ausländischen Arbeitskräften und Flüchtlingen fokussierten, wird in den letzten Jahren verstärkt darüber diskutiert, ob Deutschland durch Abwanderung von inländischen Fach- und Führungskräften wichtiges Humankapital verlieren könnte. Im gleichen Zusammenhang wird vermehrt die Befürchtung geäußert, dass sich insbesondere gut qualifizierte Personen mit Migrationshintergrund für eine Aus- bzw. Rückwanderung in das Heimatland bzw. das Land ihrer Eltern entscheiden und dadurch dem inländischen Arbeitsmarkt nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen. Ein Charakteristikum dieser Debatten, die in der Konsequenz von der Sorge um einen 'Brain Drain' für Deutschland getrieben werden, ist die relativ geringe empirische Evidenz über das Ausmaß der qualifizierten Abwanderung, da nur unzureichende Informationen über die Bildungsstruktur der Auswanderung vorhanden sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kuhlenkasper, Torben & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2012): Who leaves and when? Selective outmigration of immigrants from Germany. (HWWI research paper 128), Hamburg, 29 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides new evidence on the outmigration behaviour of foreign-born immigrants. Our analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the period 1984 to 2010. A unique feature of our paper is the use of new data from panel-drop out studies, which allows us to identify outmigration. As statistical technique, we employ penalized spline smoothing in the context of a Poisson-type Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM), which enables us to incorporate bivariate interaction effects. For Non-Turkish immigrants we find a u-shaped pattern between human capital endowment and outmigration. For Turkish immigrants, outmigration is characterized by a positive self-selection with respect to skill intensifying the initial negative selection process. In addition to this, family characteristics have strong effects on emigration decisions. Finally, our results highlight substantial variation in outmigration behaviour during the life cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kuhlenkasper, Torben & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2012): Who leaves and when? Selective outmigration of immigrants from Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 490), Berlin, 38 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides new evidence on the outmigration behaviour of foreign-born immigrants. Our analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the period 1984 to 2010. A unique feature of our paper is the use of new data from panel-drop out studies, which allows us to identify outmigration. As statistical technique, we employ penalized spline smoothing in the context of a Poisson-type Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM), which enables us to incorporate bivariate interaction effects. For Non-Turkish immigrants we find a u-shaped pattern between human capital endowment and outmigration. For Turkish immigrants, outmigration is characterized by a positive self-selection with respect to skill intensifying the initial negative selection process. In addition to this, family characteristics have strong effects on emigration decisions. Finally, our results highlight substantial variation in outmigration behaviour during the life cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lang, Thilo, Aline Hämmerling, Jan Keil, Robert Nadler, Anika Schmidt, Stefan Haunstein & Stefanie Smoliner (2012): Re-Turn migrant survey report. The migrants' potential and expectations. Leipzig, 122 S.

Abstract

"During a period of eight months between December 2011 and August 2012 over 3,000 participants answered the survey. After data cleansing almost 2,000 cases remained in the sample, providing valid information for the main variables. Although the sampling population shows big differences in the number of participants concerning their nationality and has a well above average educational background, important information regarding the motives, prerequisites and labour market performance was provided.
The results of the Re-Turn survey are, among others, that the return of emigrants results out of differing qualifications, experiences in the host country and motives of staying, or respectively leaving. The survey also shows that most of the emigrants return successfully and consider the return easy. Another exemplary conclusion is that return is less driven by economic reasons than private and social motives.
The report below provides an insight into current research on return migration, especially in Central Europe, and presents findings of the empirical study conducted within the project Re-Turn." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lang, Thilo, Robert Nadler, Stefan Haunstein & Stefanie Smoliner (2012): Business survey report. The companies' view on return migrants and foreign work experience. Leipzig, 66 S.

Abstract

"This report aims at highlighting the perspectives of the regional employers in the home countries on topics such as brain drain, labour shortages and human resource (HR) strategies. We have conducted interviews with managers, business owners, representatives of business associations, HR managers in the following 8 case study regions: Usti (CZ); Görlitz (DE); Harz (DE); Mid-Pannon (HU); Piedmont (IT); Lodz (PL); Swietokrzyskie (PL); Podravska (SI). These regions share the fact that they were subject to massive emigration and that their labour markets show structural problems (below average wage levels; long-term and sectoral unemployment combined with labour shortages). In particular, we were interested in the employers' experience with and attitudes towards return migrants as a potential labour force in these regions. The interviewees were selected according to economic sector and company size, and we looked for heterogeneity in these criteria." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Martin, Reiner & Dragos Radu (2012): Return migration: the experience of Eastern Europe. In: International migration, Jg. 50, H. 6, S. 109-128. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00762.x

Abstract

"Over the last decade, a significant share of the labour force in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has been exposed to work spells abroad followed by return migration. Although there is a growing literature on CEE return migration, most previous studies are country-specific and no enquiry for the region as a whole has been undertaken so far. In this paper, we attempt to fill this gap. We collate data from the European Union (EU) Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for a cross-country analysis of return migration in CEE countries. The aim of the paper is threefold. We first review the available evidence and literature on the characteristics and labour market behaviour of return migrants in CEE countries. Second, we provide a descriptive analysis of recent returnees using EU-LFS data. Third, we specifically analyse the income premia for work experience abroad, the occupational choices and the selectivity patterns of recent returnees in CEE countries from a cross-country perspective. Consistent with previous results, we find that the average income premia for work abroad range between 10 per cent and 45 per cent. Migrants are less likely to actively participate in the labour market upon return. They are, however, more likely to choose self-employment rather than dependent employment upon return. Recent migrants are also more likely to experience spells of unemployment in the first year after their return. The latter two findings are reversed, however, when adjusting for the unobserved heterogeneity of return migrants and for regional effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Plewa, Piotr (2012): Die Auswirkungen von Programmen zur freiwilligen Rückkehr auf Migrationsströme im Kontext der Wirtschaftskrisen 1973/74 und 2008/09. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 37, H. 1-2, S. 177-212. DOI:10.4232/10.CPoS-2012-03de

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag analysiert Spaniens Strategien für die freiwillige Rückkehr, einschließlich des Programms, das speziell zur Unterstützung der Migranten eingeführt wurde, die von den Auswirkungen der Wirtschaftskrise 2008/09 betroffen waren. Im Kontext der Krise 1973/74 wurde in Europa erstmalig eine Politik der freiwilligen Rückkehr verfolgt. Genauso wie die westeuropäischen Programme der 1970er und 1980er Jahre konnten auch die aktuellen spanischen Programme für die freiwillige Rückkehr nur eine geringe Anzahl von Migranten und Herkunftsländern zur Kooperation bewegen. Zur Unterstützung bei der Bewältigung dieser Herausforderung werden in diesem Beitrag vier breiter angelegte politische Maßnahmen vorgestellt, die dem sich abzeichnenden Trend entgegenwirken sollen, wonach ein beträchtlicher Anteil der Migranten in Spanien verbleibt anstatt in das jeweilige Heimatland zurückzukehren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pungas, Enel, Ott Toomet, Tiit Tammaru & Kristi Anniste (2012): Are better educated migrants returning? Evidence from multi-dimensional education data. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-18), London, 33 S.

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between migrants' education and their intentions to return. Previous research has presented mixed evidence on the association between the level of education and return migration. This study takes a multidimensional approach by analysing, aside from the level of education, the type and country of education and over-education as predictors of intentions to return based on a unique survey of Estonian migrants in Finland. The results indicate that the level of education is not related to the tendency to return. The most important education variable that shapes return migration is over-education - migrants who work below their training express higher intentions to return back home. We also find some evidence that education obtained in the host country improves the socialisation prospects later on." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Smoliner, Stefanie, Michael Förschner, Josef Hochgerner & Jana Nová (2012): Comparative report on re-migration trends in Central Europe. Leipzig, 77 S.

Abstract

"Although return migration is of high importance in Central Europe, no comparative report on the region as a whole had been written so far. To provide a better understanding of the existing situation of return migration in Central Europe, and especially in the seven Project Partner Countries: AT, DE, CZ, IT, HU, PL, SI of the Re-Turn Project, similarities and differences between involved states and regions as well as the unexploited potentials of returnees to foster knowledge development have been analysed.
Skilled return migrants can stimulate knowledge-based development in their home country, but this is dependent on institutional and regional factors as well as context conditions. Returnees have to prepare for their return by mobilizing resources (human capital, financial capital and social capital). Further, they need time. Migrants have to stay in the destination country sufficiently long to allow accumulating knowledge and absorbing certain experiences and values. Here, especially the membership in various networks is important to link return migrants? capital with local resources. Also existing traditional power relations and local values shape return outcomes and may impact on the behaviour of returnees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zaiceva, Anzelika & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2012): Returning home at times of trouble? Return migration of EU enlargement migrants during the crisis. (IZA discussion paper 7111), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"The eastern enlargements of the EU in 2004 and 2007 have stimulated the mobility of workers from the new EU8 and EU2 countries. A significant proportion of these migrants stayed abroad only temporarily, and the Great recession may have triggered return intentions. However, a return may be postponed if the economic situation in a sending region is persistently worse. This paper documents emerging evidence on return migration in post enlargement Europe combining several data sources to describe the characteristics and selection of the returnees, as well as the determinants of return migration and potential remigration decisions. The findings suggest that brain circulation rather than brain drain is relevant for several new member states and that returnees are most likely to migrate again. Moreover, the proportion of potential movers is larger in countries most affected by the crisis. Repeat and circular migration is expected to alleviate the potential negative impacts of the crisis, leading to a more efficient allocation of resources within the enlarged EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bijwaard, Govert E., Christian Schluter & Jackline Wahba (2011): The impact of labour market dynamics on the return-migration of immigrants. (IZA discussion paper 5722), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"Using administrative panel data on the entire population of new labour immigrants to The Netherlands, we estimate the causal effects of labour dynamics on their return decisions. Specifically, the roles of unemployment and re-employment spells on immigration durations are examined. The endogeneity of labour market outcomes and the return migration decision, if ignored, confounds the causal effect. This empirical challenge is addressed using the 'timing-of-events' method. We estimate the model separately for distinct immigrant groups, and find that, overall, unemployment spells shorten immigration durations, while reemployment spells delay returns for all but one group. The magnitude of the causal effect differs across groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bijwaard, Govert E., Christian Schluter & Jackline Wahba (2011): The impact of labour market dynamics on the return-migration of immigrants. (Norface migration discussion paper 2011-07), London, 28 S.

Abstract

"Using administrative panel data on the entire population of new labour immigrants to The Netherlands, we estimate the causal effects of labour dynamics on their return decisions. Specifically, the roles of unemployment and re-employment spells on immigration durations are examined. The endogeneity of labour market outcomes and the return migration decision, if ignored, confounds the causal effect. This empirical challenge is addressed using the 'timing-of-events' method. We estimate the model separately for distinct immigrant groups, and find that, overall, unemployment spells shorten immigration durations, while reemployment spells delay returns for all but one group. The magnitude of the causal effect differs across groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert & Philipp J.H. Schröder (2011): International migration with heterogeneous agents. Theory and evidence for Germany, 1967-2009. (Norface migration discussion paper 2011-27), London, 49 S.

Abstract

"Temporary migration, though empirically relevant, is often ignored in formal models. This paper proposes a migration model with heterogeneous agents and persistent cross country income differentials that features temporary migration. In equilibrium there exists a positive relation between the stock of migrants and the income differential, while the net migration flow becomes zero. Consequently, existing empirical migration models, estimating net migration flows, instead of stocks, may be misspecified. This suspicion appears to be confirmed by our investigation of the cointegration relationships of German migration stocks and flows since 1967. We find that (i) panel-unit root tests reject the hypothesis that migration flows and the explanatory variables are integrated of the same order, while migration stocks and the explanatory variables are all I(1) variables, and (ii) the hypothesis of cointegration cannot be rejected for the stock model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ivanova, Renata & Byeongju Jeong (2011): Why don't migrants with secondary education return? (CERGE-EI working paper 449), Prag, 45 S.

Abstract

"The paper attempts to explain a U-shaped pattern of return migration rates with respect to educational attainment. We develop a two period OLG model with emigration and return migration decisions undertaken by agents heterogeneous in terms of educational attainment. The immigration policy is considered as an additional determinant for the migration decision. The model predicts that the combination of two forces - relative returns to schooling and uncertain opportunities for status adjustment - results in favorable conditions for migrants with secondary education to remain abroad permanently." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Klein-Hitpaß, Katrin (2011): Remigration und Regionalentwicklung. Der Einfluss hochqualifizierter Remigranten auf die wirtschaftliche Regionalentwicklung in Polen. (Wirtschaftsgeographie 49), Berlin: LIT, 264 S.

Abstract

"Hochqualifizierte Remigranten können durch den Transfer ihres kulturellen und finanziellen Kapitals die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in den Regionen beeinflussen, in die sie zurückkehren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieser Zusammenhang am Beispiel von Polen untersucht. Dabei werden Ansätze der Migrationsforschung mit wirtschaftsgeographischen Konzepten verknüpft. So können neben den Merkmalen und Aktivitäten der Remigranten auch die konkreten Mechanismen und potenziellen Wirkungen ihres regionalökonomischen Einflusses theoretisch erfasst und empirisch untersucht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Vysotskaya, Volha (2011): Who goes? Who stays? Who returns? Migration journeys of highly skilled workers from Russia to Germany and back home. (Europäische Hochschulschriften. Reihe 22, Soziologie 441), Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 133 S.

Abstract

"The subject of this book are migration journeys of highly skilled workers. By focusing on migration as a journey, the research considers all stages of migration (remigration in particular) and complements the approach to the phenomenon with a life-long perspective. In this sense, the prism of migration journeys allows to look at migration motives in a novel manner. The book discloses motive as a complex phenomenon, which may also change over time. The chosen perspective helps to explain why under similar conditions some workers migrate while others do not, and in the same manner, why some remigrate, while others stay put in destination countries. The empirical basis for the case of highly skilled (re)migration from Russia to Germany has been constituted by unstructured interviews with narrative parts, which were conducted by the author in various cities of Germany and Russia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))