Zitatform

Engdahl, Mattias, Sébastien Willis & Olof Åslund (2024): Professional networks and the labour market assimilation of immigrants. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2024,9), Uppsala, 41 S.

Abstract

"We study how professional networks are related to immigrant labor market integration. Matched employer-employee data for Sweden show that networks grow with time in the host country and that their composition changes from immigrant toward native network members. A firm-dyadic analysis of re-employment of displaced workers suggests that conational connections have a much larger positive effect than native connections. However, the employment effect of native connections grows with years since migration. Furthermore, native connections tend to be associated with higher earnings and increased hires in connected local industries. After 20 years in Sweden, the built-up connections raise immigrant re-employment rates by 0.7 to 1.1 percentage points, amounting to 10–20 percent of the observed difference by years since migration. Our findings indicate complete assimilation in the total productivity of professional connections for displaced workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gasperini, Michela & Matthew Geraci (2024): Cross-border work in EU and EFTA countries. Brussels, 39 S. DOI:10.2767/826498

Abstract

"Cross-border work is on the rise within the European Union. There were approximately 1.8 million cross-border workers reported in the EU and EFTA in 2022. This represents an increase of 8% compared to 2021 levels and a full recovery to pre-pandemic levels4. Using Eurostat data on employed persons aged 20-64, this report examines cross-border flows between NUTS-1 regions in the EU and EFTA. The analysis first identifies the main regions of destination for cross-border commuters as well as the key regions of origin for these workers. It then looks in more detail at the flows of workers between bordering and non-bordering regions in EU and EFTA countries. A comparison of these cross-border commuting hotspots with the geographical coverage of existing EURES cross-border partnerships highlights alignment and gaps in services for cross-border workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Georgieff, Alexandre (2024): Faces of joblessness in Switzerland: A people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 306), Paris, 36 S. DOI:10.1787/8a4440d0-en

Abstract

"Open unemployment and joblessness in Switzerland are low compared to OECD standards. Yet a comparatively high proportion of working-age individuals remain weakly attached to the labor market, with unstable jobs, or with limited working hours. As an initial step towards a possible in-depth project, this Faces of Joblessness feasibility study provides insight into the nature and incidence of the structural barriers that are likely to prevent individuals from fully engaging in employment and speculates on their possible links with underutilized employment potential. It shows that lack of recent work experience and substantial non-labour or partner income are two key employment barriers in Switzerland. Partner income can be a barrier for women in particular and might be one of the reasons why many women leave stable employment at childbearing age, alongside low supply and high cost of early childhood education and care programs. Workers over 60 also represent a significant underutilized employment potential, as many have taken early retirement. Non-EU migrant are particularly exposed to potential labor market difficulties at younger age, and many of them have low levels of education, poor professional skills or limited work experience. This study also suggests that many jobless are confronted with complex and inter-related employment obstacles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hassan, Emmanuel, Linus Siöland, Berkay Akbaba, Daniela Cinova, Michela Gasperini & Matthew Geraci (2024): Annual Report on Intra-EU Labour Mobility 2023. (... annual report on intra-EU labor mobility / European Commission), Luxembourg, 158 S. DOI:10.2767/388182

Abstract

"This annual report presents the latest findings on intra-EU labour mobility, offering updated insights into the trends observed in EU and EFTA countries using data from 2021 and 2022. The analysis encompasses the mobility of all working-age EU citizens (aged 20-64). In Chapter 2, the report delves into the movement and characteristics of the mobile population in the EU and EFTA. Chapter 3 expands on the labor market participation and integration of EU movers. Lastly, in Chapter 4 the intra-EU mobility of seniors and retired movers is analysed, also exploring the relationship between intra-EU mobility and exports of pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Spencer, Sarah, Ilker Ataç, Zach Bastick, Adrienne Homberger, Simon Güntner, Maren Kirchhoff & Marie Mallet-Garcia (2024): Migrants with a Precarious Status. Evolving Approaches of European Cities. (IMISCOE Research Series), Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, XV, 212 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-55851-1

Abstract

"This open access book is an exploration of city responses to migrants with a precarious status in Europe. It provides new evidence and analysis from research on three cities in Austria, Germany and the UK: Vienna, Frankfurt and Cardiff. The book explores strategies and services of municipal authorities towards precarious migrants and their cooperation with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in service provision. It focuses on healthcare, education, housing and access to advice; and particular attention is given to the situation of women.The book develops the concept of precarity in relation to migration status, and of horizontal governance arrangements within municipal authorities. It explores the tension between exclusion and inclusion of migrants who have limited rights of access to welfare services, and contributes evidence on the factors shaping municipal policy making, as well as on the framing of rationales for providing access to essential services." (Provided by publisher)

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Borjas, George J. (2023): Labor economics. New York: MacGraw-Hill, 494 S.

Abstract

"Labor Economics, ninth edition by George J. Borjas provides a modern introduction to labor economics, surveying the field with an emphasis on both theory and facts. Labor Economics is thoroughly integrated with the adaptive digital tools available in McGraw-Hill’s Connect, proven to increase student engagement and success in the course. All new Data Explorer questions using data simulation to help students grasp concepts Materials are fresh and up to date by introducing and discussing the latest research studies where conceptual or empirical contributions have increased our understanding of the labor market. The book has undergone Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion reviews to implement content around topics including generalizations and stereotypes, gender, abilities/disabilities, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, diversity of names, and age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bove, Vincenzo, Georgios Efthyvoulou & Harry Pickard (2023): Government ideology and international migration. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 125, H. 1, S. 107-138. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12506

Abstract

"We provide the first empirical evidence that government ideology affects the choice of migration destinations. As ruling political parties differ in their discourse, policies, and positions on migration, the ideology differential between the host and home country governments can shape the relative generosity of the welfare system, the degree of tolerance towards out-groups, and the restrictiveness of migration policies, all acting as important drivers of international migration. Using data on bilateral migration and government ideology for OECD countries between 1990 and 2016, we show that migration flows increase when the government at the destination becomes more left-wing relative to the government at the origin, particularly when both countries are members of the European Economic Area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Elwert, Annika, Henrik Emilsson & Nahikari Irastorza (2023): From state-controlled to free migration: The income effects of the 2008 Swedish labor-migration reform. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 11, H. 4, S. 721-745. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnad030

Abstract

"In 2008, Sweden changed its labor-migration policy to facilitate more labour migration from countries outside the EU. Most state ambitions to shape labor migration, including practices such as the use of labor-market tests and the assessment of migrants ’ human capital, were abandoned and the responsibility to select migrants was transferred to employers. We use Swedish register data and adopt a difference-in-differences approach to assess the effects of the policy change on labour migrants’ labor income, in comparison to non-EU migrants who moved to Sweden for reasons other than work. The effects of the policy change are substantial. Labor migration from outside the EU increased and its composition changed after the reform, resulting in a significant decrease in mean income. We conclude that changes in their occupational composition were the main drivers of the income drop for labour migrants. In sum, the new non-selective labor-migration policy lowered labor migrants’ mean income by opening the door to unskilled labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haas, Hein de (2023): Migration : 22 populäre Mythen und was wirklich hinter ihnen steckt. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 512 S.

Abstract

"In seinem faktenbasierten Buch liefert der Migrations-Experte Hein de Haas Wissen statt Meinung zu einem der drängendsten und umstrittensten Themen unserer Gegenwart: Migration. 'Das Migrationsaufkommen ist so hoch wie nie zuvor', 'Die Klimakrise wird zu einer Massenmigration führen', 'Wenn der Wohlstand in Herkunftsländern wächst, wird es weniger Migration geben'. Hein de Haas zeigt: All das sind Mythen, die zwar gerne von Politik und Medien verbreitet werden, aber jeglicher Faktengrundlage entbehren. Ausgehend von jahrzehntelanger Forschung bringt er Klarheit in die Gemengelage von Panikmache und naivem Optimismus und räumt mit 22 gängigen Mythen auf. Er zeigt: Migration ist weder ein Problem, das gelöst werden müsste, noch eine Lösung für andere Probleme. Auf Basis unzähliger Daten erklärt Hein de Haas, wie Migration wirklich funktioniert und befähigt uns, fundierte und differenzierte Debatten führen zu können - jenseits von politischen oder ideologischen Interessen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Solano, Giacomo & David De Coninck (2023): Explaining migrant integration policies: A comparative study across 56 countries. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 75-102. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnac032

Abstract

"This article provides novel insights into the main factors associated with integration policies at the national level. Existing literature has analysed specific factors in Western countries, while a comprehensive, theoretically informed, and up-to-date overview is missing, especially regarding non-Western countries. This article fills this gap by combining 2014 and 2019 Migrant Integration Policy Index data on integration policies in 56 countries—including non-Western countries—with publicly available international data on migration and asylum trends, economic conditions, and public opinion on migration. Building upon existing literature, we introduce three perspectives: evidence-based, institutionalist, and partisan perspectives. The evidence-based perspective assumes that policy-makers act based on objective factors related to the policy issue (e.g. the number of migrants). The institutionalist perspective points to the relevance of institutional conditions, such as labour markets and welfare institutions. The partisan perspective refers to the role of political ideologies and attitudes in public opinion and in the media. Results suggest that factors related to the institutionalist perspective play the most critical role, alongside factors linked to the partisan perspective. However, the results provide evidence for all three perspectives. Migrant integration policies are associated with several factors: the number of asylum applications and the number of refugees (evidence-based perspective); GDP (per capita) and welfare expenditure (institutionalist perspective); political ideology; and public opinion (partisan perspective)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Szelewa, Dorota & Michal Polakowski (2023): Labour market hierarchies within and beyond the EU: Poland's politics of migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4120-4139. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207331

Abstract

"This article shows how the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime is underpinned by member states' policies in a major country of emigration such as Poland. Drawing on historical institutionalism, this paper documents the path-dependent approach regarding policies that have contributed to the outflow of Polish workers and simultaneously to meet the demand for labour at home. While concerns about the consequences of emigration were raised already in 2005, Polish governments have kept defending the EU policies that underpin this outflow and its hierarchised nature. Rather than to improve the rights of Polish mobile workers, Polish governments have defended companies' rights to use "wage competitiveness" as a method of increasing mobility. In response to the increasing demand in the domestic labour market, governments first tried return campaigns, but they have since turned to importing labour, especially from Ukraine. In this way, the policies of the Polish state have helped reaffirm the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime by exporting workers to be subjected to poor conditions abroad while importing Ukrainian workers to experience poor conditions at home. Thus, Poland occupies an unusual place in the "migration chain", being, simultaneously, a source of as well as a destination for migrant workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zavodny, Madeline (2023): Should countries auction immigrant visas? Selling the right to immigrate to the highest bidders would allocate visas efficiently but might raise ethical concerns. (IZA world of labor 202), Bonn, 12 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.202.v2

Abstract

"Visa-Auktionen für Unternehmen sind besser als Versteigerungen von Visa unter Zuwanderungsinteressenten geeignet, den ökonomischen Nutzen der Zuwanderung zu steigern. Im Rahmen einer Auktion von Arbeitsvisa würden Arbeitgeber für das Recht zahlen, Arbeitnehmer im Ausland zu suchen und per befristetem Visum einzustellen. Die Politik sollte zugleich Regelungen finden, um ökonomisch erfolgreichen Immigranten den Daueraufenthalt zu ermöglichen. Ein effizientes Auktionsprogramm müsste ebenso Regelungen zum Weiterverkauf von ungenutzten Visa und die Portabilität von Visa unabhängig vom Arbeitgeber beinhalten und die Rechtsdurchsetzung gewährleisten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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OECD (2023): Indikatoren der Integration von Zugewanderten 2023. Settling In. (Indikatoren der Integration von Zugewanderten … 2023), Paris, 322 S. DOI:10.1787/150be71f-de

Abstract

"Diese Gemeinschaftspublikation von OECD und Europäischer Kommission bietet einen umfassenden Vergleich der Integrationsergebnisse von Zugewanderten und ihren Kindern in den OECD- und EU-Ländern sowie ausgewählten anderen Ländern. Sie umfasst 83 Indikatoren, die 3 Hauptbereiche abdecken: Arbeitsmarkt und Kompetenzen, Lebensbedingungen sowie bürgerschaftliches Engagement und soziale Integration. Außerdem werden detaillierte Daten zu den Merkmalen der Zuwanderungsbevölkerungen und -haushalte aufgeführt. Drei Sonderkapitel befassen sich mit den Integrationsergebnissen spezifischer Gruppen: ältere Migrant*innen, junge Menschen mit im Ausland geborenen Eltern und Drittstaatsangehörige in der Europäischen Union und europäischen OECD-Ländern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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OECD (2023): International Migration Outlook 2023. (International migration outlook 47), Paris, 403 S. DOI:10.1787/b0f40584-en

Abstract

"The 2023 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters on the labour market integration of migrant mothers and on fertility patterns among migrant populations in OECD countries. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2023): Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2023. Settling in. (Indicators of immigrant integration ... : settling in / OECD 4), Paris, 319 S. DOI:10.1787/1d5020a6-en

Abstract

"This joint OECD-European Commission publication presents a comprehensive comparison of the integration outcomes of immigrants and their children in OECD, EU and selected other countries. It includes 83 indicators covering three main areas: labour market and skills; living conditions; and civic engagement and social integration. The publication also provides detailed data on the characteristics of immigrant populations and households. Three special chapters are dedicated to focusing on the integration outcomes of specific groups: elderly migrants, youth with foreign-born parents, and third-country nationals in the European Union and European OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Axelsson, Linn, Charlotta Hedberg, Nils Pettersson & Qian Zhang (2022): Re-visiting the 'black box' of migration: state-intermediary co-production of regulatory spaces of labour migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 594-612. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1978285

Abstract

"It is now widely held that a variety of intermediary actors, including recruitment and staffing agencies, multinational corporations and local brokers, shape labour migration. This paper argues that in order to better understand the global circulation of labour it is necessary to explore the involvement of these actors in the production of the regulatory spaces through which migrant labour is brokered. Indeed, migration intermediaries do not only navigate borders on behalf of their migrant clients. Nor is ‘the state’ primarily a backdrop against which the understanding of the role of intermediaries may be developed. Instead, we argue, regulatory spaces of labour migration are made and remade through direct and indirect exchanges and interactions between intermediaries and state actors. Through an analysis of three moments of regulatory change in Sweden, the paper shows that such interaction does not take place in an even landscape but, rather, that the ability of migration intermediaries to influence the regulation of migration lies in the capacity to form close relationships or establish a powerful presence. A focus on the dynamic co-production of regulatory spaces by intermediaries and state actors, in our view, offers a more nuanced account of how labour migration currently is brokered and regulated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernard, Aude & Francisco Perales (2022): Linking internal and international migration in 13 European countries: complementarity or substitution? In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 655-675. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1868983

Abstract

"Internal and international migration form part of the same continuum of population movement but are typically conceptualised, measured and studied separately. Despite early theoretical attempts at conceptualising internal and international migration jointly, existing evidence remains partial and fragmented, reflecting a diversity of traditions in migration research. To address this gap in knowledge, this paper takes a step towards integration by comparing the triggers, constraints and resources that shape internal and international migration decisions at the micro-level. To accomplish this, we analyse retrospective migration histories from a 13-country cross-national dataset (the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, n = 201,061 person-years from 6,112 individuals) using multinomial random-effect logistic regression models that account for duration dependence. The results show that internal and international migration are linked to the same life-course events, although economic-related transitions are more strongly associated with international than internal migration. We also find that the same resources (e.g. education) and constraints (e.g. homeownership) shape internal and international migration decisions. Altogether, our findings suggest that there is an opportunity for greater theoretical cross-fertilisation between internal and international migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bozhinoska Lazarova, Monika, Herbert Brücker & Christoph Deuster (2022): Wanderungsbewegungen in Deutschland: Starker Rückgang während der Covid-19-Pandemie. (IAB-Kurzbericht 10/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2210

Abstract

"Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Bedingungen für Migration nach Deutschland und in andere Zielländer verändert. Dabei haben sich Mobilitätsbeschränkungen, sinkende Beschäftigungschancen und Verdienstmöglichkeiten sowie die mit dem Infektionsgeschehen verbundenen Risiken unterschiedlich auf die Ziel- und Herkunftsländer der Migration ausgewirkt. In dem Kurzbericht wird untersucht, wie sich das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland im Vergleich zu anderen europäischen Zielländern in der Pandemie entwickelt hat. Mit ihrem Ausbruch im Jahr 2020 ist der Wanderungssaldo in Deutschland gegenüber 2019 um 34 Prozent gesunken, im ersten Halbjahr 2021 um 33 Prozent gegenüber dem ersten Halbjahr 2019. Die Nettomigration in Deutschland ist damit stärker eingebrochen als etwa in Österreich, der Schweiz und den skandinavischen Ländern. Dabei sind die Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie und ihre wirtschaftlichen Folgen zentrale Erklärungsfaktoren für den überdurchschnittlichen Rückgang der Migration in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bredtmann, Julia & Sebastian Otten (2022): Culture and the Labor Supply of Female Immigrants. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,27), London, 42 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the impact of source-country culture on the labor supply of female immigrants in Europe. We find that the labor supply of immigrant women is positively associated with the female-to-male labor force participation ratio in their source country, which serves as a proxy for the country’s preferences and beliefs regarding women’s roles. This suggests that the culture and norms of their source country play an important role for immigrant women’s labor supply. However, contradicting previous evidence for the U.S., we do not find evidence that the cultural effect persists through the second generation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burzynski, Michal, Christoph Deuster, Frédéric Docquier & Jaime de Melo (2022): Climate Change, Inequality, and Human Migration. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 1145-1197., 2021-10-11. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvab054

Abstract

"This paper investigates the long-term implications of climate change on global migration and inequality. Accounting for the effects of changing temperatures, sea levels, and the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, we model the impact of climate change on productivity and utility in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. By endogenizing people’s migration decisions across millions of 5 × 5 km spatial cells, our approach sheds light on the magnitude and dyadic, education-specific structure of human migration induced by global warming. We find that climate change strongly intensifies global inequality and poverty, reinforces urbanization, and boosts migration from low- to high-latitude areas. Median projections suggest that climate change will induce a voluntary and a forced permanent relocation of 62 million working-age individuals over the course of the twenty-first century. Overall, under current international migration laws and policies, only a small fraction of people suffering the negative effects of climate change manages to move beyond their homelands. We conclude that it is unlikely that climate shocks will induce massive international flows of migrants, except under combined extremely pessimistic climate scenarios and highly permissive migration policies. By contrast, poverty resulting from climate change is a real threat to all of us." (Author's abstract, Copyright Oxford University Press) ((en))

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Clemens, Michael A. (2022): Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,02), London, 15 S.

Abstract

"The past several decades have witnessed a rebirth of global labor mobility. Workers have begun to move between countries at rates not seen since before World War One. During the same period, economists' study of international migration has been framed by a particular textbook model of location choice. This paper reviews the evidence on the economic causes and effects of global migration during the past half century. That evidence falsifies most of the core predictions of the old model. The economics of migration will regain vitality and relevance by discarding and replacing its outworn paradigm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Franzke, Jochen & José M. Ruano de la Fuente (Hrsg.) (2022): Politik zur lokalen Integration von Migranten. Europäische Erfahrungen und Herausforderungen. Cham: Springer International Publishing, XXX, 371 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-21373-1

Abstract

"Jochen Franzke ist Professor für Verwaltungswissenschaft an der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam, Deutschland. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind vergleichende subnationale öffentliche Verwaltungsreformen und neue Formen der lokalen Governance und Bürgerbeteiligung. Er ist Mitglied des Vorstands des Institute of Local Government Studies (Universität Potsdam) und Ko-Vorsitzender der Permanent Study Group on Local Governance and Democracy bei der European Group of Public Administration (EGPA). Er war Gastwissenschaftler an mehreren europäischen Universitäten. José M. Ruano de le Fuente ist Professor an der Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spanien, und war Gastwissenschaftler an mehreren europäischen und amerikanischen Universitäten. Seine Hauptforschungsgebiete sind vergleichende öffentliche Verwaltung und lokale Regierungsführung. Derzeit ist er Vizepräsident der europäischen Vereinigung Entretiens Universitaires Réguliers pour l'Administration en Europe (EUROPA), Vorsitzender ihres wissenschaftlichen Ausschusses und Ko-Vorsitzender der Ständigen Studiengruppe für lokale Verwaltung und Demokratie bei der Europäischen Gruppe für öffentliche Verwaltung (EGPA). Er ist Mitherausgeber von The Palgrave Handbook of Decentralisation in Europe. Dieses Buch ist eine Übersetzung einer deutschen Originalausgabe. Die Übersetzung wurde mit Hilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz (maschinelle Übersetzung durch den Dienst DeepL.com) erstellt. Eine anschließende menschliche Überarbeitung erfolgte vor allem in Bezug auf den Inhalt, so dass sich das Buch stilistisch anders liest als eine herkömmliche Übersetzung." (Verlagsangaben)

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Jäggi, Christian J. (2022): Migration und Flucht. Wirtschaftliche Aspekte - regionale Hot Spots - Dynamiken - Lösungsansätze. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 193 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Fachbuch ordnet die hochaktuelle Fluchtthematik in größere theoretische Zusammenhänge ein. Dabei werden die wichtigsten globalen Fluchtbewegungen und Migrationsrouten und regionale Hot Spots skizziert, und zwar aus europäischer und insbesondere aus schweizerischer Sicht. Für Migration und Flucht gibt es ökonomische Ursachen, aber auch Krieg, Gewalt und Naturkatastrophen führen dazu, dass eine wachsende Zahl von Menschen ihre Heimat verlässt. Neben Fragen des Überlebens sind oft auch der Wunsch nach einem besseren Leben die Motivation dazu. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Darstellungen der Migrationsforschung geht der Schweizer Autor Christian J. Jäggi nicht von linearen Migrationsverläufen, sondern von gleichzeitigen, bilokalen Lebensformen aus. Die ökonomischen Implikationen von Migration und Flucht sowohl für die Migranten als auch für die Herkunfts- und für die Einwanderungsländer werden dargestellt. Zudem werden internationale und globale Strategien und Lösungsansätze analysiert." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Piton, Céline & Ilse Ruyssen (2022): Integration policies and their effects on labour market outcomes and immigrant inflows. (Working paper / National Bank of Belgium 411), Brussels, 30 S.

Abstract

"Throughout Europe, the labour market integration of immigrants tends to lag behind that of natives. This paper empirically analyses the role played by integration policies in closing this gap in EU countries, not only directly, through the employment rate but also indirectly by influencing the intensity and the composition of immigration flows. Relying on the Migration Integration Policy Indicator (MIPEX), we find that countries with more developed integration policies do not necessarily have higher immigrant employment rates. This finding is due to the fact that different types of policies have opposite effects: policies favouring family reunion, tackling discrimination and allowing for political participation seem to increase the labour market integration of immigrants, while the latter is negatively associated with a higher labour market mobility, as well as easier access to permanent residence and nationality. Only the positive effect of anti-discrimination policies survives the inclusion of country fixed effects though. Effects are found to vary across immigrants coming from EU versus non-EU countries, suggesting that there is no one-fits-all integration policy. Moreover, our results confirm that immigrants' labour market integration varies with the skill composition of the migrant population, a higher level of qualification favouring employment. The composition of the immigrant population within a country in terms of skill levels, however, could also be influenced by integration policies in potential destination countries, a premise which we also test. We show that integration policies indeed act as a pull factor for migration in a gravity model that controls also for the restrictiveness and skill selectivity of migration policies. Yet, it seems that more elaborate integration policies affect primarily the number of high-skilled immigrants entering the territory, but not the number of medium or low skilled, and this only for those from EU countries. Different" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2022): The Contribution of Migration to Regional Development. (OECD Regional Development studies), Paris, 135 S. DOI:10.1787/57046df4-en

Abstract

"With many regions in OECD countries facing declining working age populations, the geographical dimension of migration has become crucial for regional development. Where migrants settle within countries and how much they contribute to the local economies are important questions for policy makers. This report aims to address these questions using two novel datasets that offer internationally comparable information on migration and migrants' labour market integration across cities, towns and rural areas in OECD countries. The report also analyses different dimensions of regional development and provides new evidence on how migrants contribute to regional income, innovation, international trade and labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Azarnert, Leonid V. & Slava Yakubenko (2021): Effects of Emigration on Gender Norms in Countries of Origin. (CESifo working paper 9450), München, 44 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the effect of emigration on gender norms in countries of migrants' origin. We use an instrumental variable strategy that allows us to estimate a causal effect of emigration on gender inequality. Our findings suggest that emigration to countries with low (high) levels of gender inequality is associated with promotion of more (less) progressive gender norms. These effects are observed for a wide range of indicators and are robust to inclusion of a set of control variables. Moreover, countries with high levels of gender inequality benefit from this process disproportionately more. Based on the provided evidence we argue that this effect is channelled through “cultural remittances”." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brücker, Herbert, Christoph Deuster, Tanja Fendel, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita & Teresa Freitas Monteiro (2021): Nach der Machtübernahme der Taliban in Afghanistan: Erfahrungen aus der Vergangenheit und erste Einschätzungen der Folgen für Migration und Integration. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 09/2021), Nürnberg, 72 S.

Abstract

"In Afghanistan ist nach dem Abzug der Truppen der Vereinigten Staaten und der Nordatlantischen Vertragsorganisation (US- und NATO-Truppen) sowie der Machtübernahme der Taliban eine starke Zunahme von Verfolgung, politischer Gewalt und Menschenrechtsverletzungen zu erwarten. Von den Beschränkungen politischer und persönlicher Freiheiten sind Frauen und Mädchen sowie ethnische und religiöse Minderheiten besonders betroffen. Zugleich kann die weitere Verschlechterung der wirtschaftlichen Lage zu einer umfassenden Versorgungskrise der Bevölkerung führen. In der Vergangenheit haben Pakistan und der Iran rund 80 Prozent der in das Ausland geflüchteten Afghaninnen und Afghanen aufgenommen. Aufgrund veränderter geopolitischer Interessen, zunehmender wirtschaftlicher Probleme und wachsenden Widerständen in der Bevölkerung lehnen Pakistan und der Iran die weitere Aufnahme von Geflüchteten aus Afghanistan jedoch ab. Ähnliches gilt für die meisten zentralasiatischen Staaten der früheren Sowjetunion und China. Insofern ist nicht zu erwarten, dass die politische und humanitäre Krise in Afghanistan durch die Aufnahme von Geflüchteten in der Region sowie die finanzielle und technische Unterstützung der Nachbarländer durch die Vereinigten Staaten Amerikas (USA), die Europäische Union (EU) und andere Hocheinkommensländer entschärft werden kann. Zugleich sind die Fluchtrouten in die EU fast vollständig geschlossen, so dass nicht mit einem erheblichen Anstieg der Fluchtmigration nach Europa ähnlich wie im Jahr 2015 zu rechnen ist. Die EU, die USA und andere Hocheinkommensländer können deshalb nur durch die freiwillige Aufnahme von Personen, die besonderen Gefährdungen ausgesetzt sind, einen Beitrag zum Schutz vor Verfolgung und anderen Menschenrechtsverletzungen leisten. Zu solchen Maßnahmen gehören die Aufnahme von Ortskräften, die Aufnahme anderer besonders gefährdeter Personengruppen, die Erweiterung von Resettlement-Programmen sowie von Kontingenten für die Aufnahme von Afghaninnen und Afghanen. Theoretisch wie auch praktisch ist zu erwarten, dass durch Politikkoordination und eine faire Verteilung der Kosten der Aufnahme von Geflüchteten die Bereitschaft zur Aufnahme von Geflüchteten auch in den Nachbarregionen steigt. Bei der Aufnahme von Geflüchteten handelt es sich um eine humanitäre Aufgabe, die Kosten aufwirft. Diese Kosten hängen vom Erfolg und der Geschwindigkeit der Integration ab. In Deutschland haben sich die Geflüchteten aus Afghanistan ähnlich wie andere Geflüchtete in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert, obwohl ihre Voraussetzungen im Hinblick auf das Bildungsniveau beim Zuzug, den Ausgang und die Länge der Asylverfahren und den Zugang zu Integrationskursen und anderen Integrationsprogrammen schlechter waren. Zum Jahresende 2020 belief sich die Beschäftigungsquote der afghanischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland auf 40 Prozent, die der 2015 zugezogenen Kohorte dürfte etwas darüber gelegen haben. Die neu aufgenommenen Afghaninnen und Afghanen werden in Hinblick auf das Bildungsniveau, Deutsch- und Fremdsprachenkenntnisse bessere Voraussetzungen als die früher zugezogenen Schutzsuchenden mitbringen. Gleiches gilt für den Aufenthaltsstatus und den Zugang zu Integrationsprogrammen. Zudem ist die Integrationsinfrastruktur besser als beispielsweise 2015 ausgebaut und weniger Schutzsuchende konkurrieren um knappe Ressourcen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind eine schnellere Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt und andere gesellschaftliche Bereiche sowie geringere Kosten der Integration zu erwarten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Federico, Veronica & Simone Baglioni (Hrsg.) (2021): Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers’ Integration in European Labour Markets. A Comparative Approach on Legal Barriers and Enablers. (IMISCOE Research Series), Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, XI, 258 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67284-3

Abstract

"This open access book discusses how, and to what extent, the legal and institutional regimes and the socio-cultural environments of a range of European countries (the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland Greece, Italy, Switzerland and the UK), in the framework of EU laws and policies, have a beneficial or negative impact on the effective capacity of these countries to integrate migrants, refugees and asylum seekers into their labour markets. The analysis builds on the understanding of socio-cultural, institutional and legal factors as “barriers” or “enablers”; elements that may facilitate or obstruct the integration processes. The book examines the two dimensions of integration being access to the labour market (which, translated into a rights language means the right to work) with its corollaries (recognition of qualifications, vocational training, etc.), and non-discriminatory working conditions (which, translated into a rights language means right to both formal and substantial equality) and its corollaries of benefits and duties deriving from joining the labour market. It thereby offers a novel approach to labour market integration and migration/asylum issues given its focus on legal aspects, which includes most recent policy changes and legal decisions (including litigation cases). The robust, evidence-based and comparative research illustrated in the book provides academics and students, but also practitioners and policy makers, with updated knowledge that will likely impact positively on policy changes needed to better address integration conundrums." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grieveson, Richard, Michael Landesmann & Isilda Mara (2021): Potential Mobility from Africa, Middle East and EU Neighbouring Countries to Europe. (WIIW working paper 199), Wien, 35 S.

Abstract

"Migration from Africa and the Middle East to the EU has intensified over the last two decades. Relative differences between developed EU and less developed African and Middle East countries have not declined that much and continue to drive mobility. Also, demographic trends show a strong contrast between the population of the EU (ageing and shrinking rapidly) and that of Africa and the Middle East (young and continuously increasing). Apart from demographic pressures and development gaps, other forces related to conflicts and wars, as well as climate risks, have become important drivers of mobility and are not expected to fade away soon. Anticipating migration flows in order to ensure better management and regulated mobility has become essential, although this is an exercise subject to high uncertainty. With these caveats in mind, this study seeks to calculate long-term potential mobility from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern EU neighbouring countries to EU28 and EFTA by applying a migration gravity model following a scenario-based approach. Projections for 2020-2029 suggest that migration flows to the EU from Africa, in particular, will dominate the South-North mobility corridor. Migration policies will also play a role in shaping future migration trends, as migration flows are subject to EU destination countries' applying restrictive migration policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guzi, Martin, Martin Kahanec & Lucia Mýtna Kureková (2021): What explains immigrant–native gaps in European labor markets: The role of institutions. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 1823-1856. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnab044

Abstract

"The understanding of how institutional and policy contexts affect immigrant integration is essential for any effort to foster a sustainable and effective migration and integration policy framework. Immigrant–native labor market gaps may arise not only due to differences in human capital or other socio-economic and demographic characteristics, but also due to differentiated impacts of institutions and policies on otherwise similar immigrants and natives. Different integration policy approaches are needed to close the gaps arising through these different mechanisms. This article exploits the variation across Europe to study the institutional and policy determinants of immigrant–native gaps in host labor markets. Using the EU Labor Force Survey as the primary source of data and a novel analytical approach, we study immigrant–native gaps in labor force participation, unemployment, low-skilled employment, and temporary employment and measure the contribution of institutional and policy contexts to the part of these gaps that cannot be explained by immigrant–native differences in characteristics. Our findings confirm that institutional and policy contexts play a significant role in immigrant integration and highlight the importance of tailoring policy approaches with regard to the causes of immigrant–native gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Helgesson, Petter, Erik Jönsson, Petra Ornstein, Magnus Rödin & Ulfhild Westin (2021): Geschlechtergerechte Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migrant_innen. Erfahrungen aus dem schwedischen Projekt „Equal Entry“. (WISO direkt 2021,12), Bonn, 4 S.

Abstract

"Wie kann die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migrantinnen im selben Maße wie die von Migranten befördert werden? Das Projekt „Equal Entry“ wurde als randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie (RCT) angelegt und setzt ein intensives Arbeitsmarktförderprogramm (JSA) ein. Das Programm erhöht den Anteil der in Arbeit vermittelten Personen um 30 Prozent. Es zeigt: Das Erzielen gleicher Effekte für Frauen wie Männer ist möglich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hodkinson, Stuart N., Hannah Lewis, Louise Waite & Peter Dwyer (2021): Fighting or fuelling forced labour? The Modern Slavery Act 2015, irregular migrants and the vulnerabilising role of the UK’s hostile environment. In: Critical Social Policy, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 68-90. DOI:10.1177/0261018320904311

Abstract

"Abolishing ‘modern slavery’ has now achieved international policy consensus. The most recent UK initiative – the 2015 Modern Slavery Act (MSA) – includes amongst other aspects tougher prison sentencing for perpetrators and the creation of an independent anti-slavery commissioner to oversee its implementation. However, drawing on research into forced labour among people seeking asylum in England, this article argues that when considered alongside the UK government’s deliberate creation of a ‘hostile environment’ towards migrants, not least in the Immigration Acts of 2014 and 2016, state action to outlaw modern slavery is flawed, counter-productive and disingenuous. We show how the MSA focuses only on the immediate act of coercion between ‘victim’ and ‘criminal’, ignoring how the hostile state vulnerabilises migrants in ways that compel their entry into and continued entrapment within severe labour exploitation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Liu-Farrer, Gracia & Karen Shire (2021): Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 10, S. 2305-2322. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731987

Abstract

"Faced with demographic as well as economic changes, Germany and Japan have liberalised immigration controls for skilled migrants, set targets for foreign student enrolments in university, and introduced visa categories to enable foreign graduates to enter their labour markets. Yet a relatively modest share of foreign graduates actually receives jobs appropriate to their skill-level and remain in these labour markets. In this article, we focus on organisational recruitment and employment practices, especially those related to skill formation and the structuring of careers, as factors affecting the remain rates of foreign graduates. Our analysis shows that while obtaining the same educational credentials as native students, foreign graduates are disadvantaged because the employment systems of the host countries operate according to the logic of national labour markets, entailing institutionally and culturally specific skill expectations as well as formation processes. Consequently, foreign graduates either fail to enter the market, or are placed in lower or niche categories in a differentiated labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schieckoff, Bentley & Maximilian Sprengholz (2021): The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe. Context, theory and evidence. (Working Paper / Universität Konstanz, Cluster of Excellence "The Politics of Inequality" 02), Konstanz, 52 S.

Abstract

"Women represent an important component of the immigration population in Europe and have increasingly been a group of interest in academic studies, especially with regard to their integration outcomes. In this overview, we seek to provide a comprehensive resource for scholars of female immigrant labor market integration in Europe, to act both as a reference and a roadmap for future studies in this domain. We begin by presenting a contextual history of immigration to and within Europe since the Second World War, before outlining the major theoretical assumptions about immigrant women's labor market disadvantage from economics and sociology. We then synthesize the empirical findings published between 2000 and 2020 and analyze how they line up with the theoretical predictions. We also present descriptive analyses with data from 2019, which expose any discrepancies between the current situation in European countries and the situation during the time periods considered in the reviewed studies. As a group, immigrant women are often reported to experience significant disadvantages in their labor market integration, both compared to immigrant men and to native women. However, this type of approach glosses over the substantial heterogeneity in immigrant women's experiences. Instead, our overview points to a selective disadvantage for immigrant women that is highly dependent on their country of origin and the reception context they encounter after immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schieckoff, Bentley & Maximilian Sprengholz (2021): The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe. Context, theory and evidence. In: SN Social Sciences, Jg. 1, H. 11 Konstanz. DOI:10.1007/s43545-021-00279-3

Abstract

"In this overview, we seek to provide a comprehensive resource for scholars of female immigrant labor market integration in Europe, to act both as a reference and a roadmap for future studies in this domain. We begin by presenting a contextual history of immigration to and within Europe since the Second World War, before outlining the major theoretical assumptions about immigrant women's labor market disadvantage. We then synthesize the empirical findings from quantitative studies published between 2000 and 2020 and analyze how they line up with the theoretical predictions. We supplement the review with descriptive analyses using data from 2019, which expose any discrepancies between the current situation in European countries and the situation during the time periods considered in the reviewed studies. Our review has three main take-aways. First, the theoretically relevant determinants of immigrant women's labor market integration are generally supported by empirical evidence, but the unexplained heterogeneity that remains in many cases between immigrant women and other groups on the labor market calls for more systematic and comprehensive investigations. Second, quantitative studies which take a holistic approach to studying the labor market disadvantages of immigrant women—and all the considerations related to their gender and nativity that this entails—are rare in this body of literature, and future studies should address this. Third, fruitful avenues for future contributions to this field include expanding on certain overlooked outcomes, like immigrant women's self-employment, as well as geographic regions that until now have received little attention, especially by employing the most recent data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Slettebak, Marie H. (2021): Labour migration and increasing inequality in Norway. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 314-330. DOI:10.1177/0001699320930261

Abstract

"This paper explores the contested relationship between migration and income inequality, using labour migration to Norway as a case. The enlargements of the European Union starting in 2004 were followed by an unprecedented increase in labour migration to Norway. In particular, many rural regions, previously unfamiliar with immigration, have experienced a large influx of labour migrants. In the same period, income inequality has increased. This paper uses register data on the municipality level from 2005-2016 to discuss (a) the direction of the relationship between labour migration and income inequality; (b) the degree to which labour migration affects inequality (in general and within the native population) compared to other immigrant groups; and (c) whether the effects are different in rural and urban municipalities. Findings show that labour migration from the "new" European Union countries is followed by higher income inequality in Norway. No support is found for the reversed causal relationship that increasing inequality causes higher numbers of labour migrants. The effect of labour migration on overall inequality is considerable, but not as strong as the effect of refugees. However, as opposed to refugees, labour migration also affects income inequality within the native population, but this effect is only significant in rural areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2021): International Migration Outlook 2021. (OECD economic outlook 45), Paris, 439 S. DOI:10.1787/29f23e9d-en

Abstract

"The 2021 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters, one providing an in-depth analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in OECD countries since the mid 2000s and another on the causes and consequences of the residential segregation of immigrants. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson & Madeline Zavodny (2020): The economics of immigration. Boca Raton: Routledge, 470 S.

Abstract

"This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world. This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets. Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Informa UK Limited) ((en))

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Bonoli, Giuliano (2020): Integrating refugees through active labour market policy. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 616-627. DOI:10.1177/0958928720950619

Abstract

"This article offers an overview of scholarship on social investment policies in relation to the integration of immigrants and the role they can play in multicultural societies. At first sight, social investment is a promising strategy to deal with the inequalities in human capital and life chances that plague multicultural societies. However, on the basis of the available knowledge, the article shows that the benefit of social investment interventions for immigrants may be lower than expected for two main reasons. First, there are access biases in most typical social investment policies (for example, childcare, active labour market policies, training) that tend to limit participation by non-natives. Second, employers’ recruitment preferences and labour market discrimination are also likely to limit the potential of social investment interventions for immigrants. I conclude that to exploit the full potential of social investment policies in the promotion of immigrant integration, these policies need to be adapted, particularly by taking into account the essential role played by employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Edo, Anthony, Lionel Ragot, Hillel Rapoport, Sulin Sardoschau, Andreas Steinmayr & Arthur Sweetman (2020): An Introduction to the Economics of Immigration in OECD Countries. (IZA discussion paper 13755), 33 S.

Abstract

"The share of the foreign-born in OECD countries is increasing, and this article summarizes economics research on the effects of immigration in those nations. Four broad topics are addressed: labor market issues, fiscal questions, the political economy of immigration, and productivity/international trade. Extreme concerns about deleterious labour market and fiscal impacts following from new immigrants are not found to be warranted. However, it is also clear that government policies and practices regarding the selection and integration of new migrants affect labour market, fiscal and social/cultural outcomes. Policies that are well informed, well crafted, and well executed beneficially improve population welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ennerberg, Elin (2020): Unemployment services for newly arrived migrants in Sweden. The privatization and rebureaucratization of the introduction programme. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 719-732. DOI:10.1111/spol.12571

Abstract

"A recent policy reform in Sweden reorganized the management of newly arrived migrants' entrance into the labour market, which resulted in the Swedish Public Employment Service being given coordinating responsibility and introducing private service providers. Building on qualitative interviews with public employment officers and private actors, this study focuses on how the political contradictions in the new 2-year introduction programme are managed at the organizational level. In the article, it is argued that although both public employment officers and private actors experience difficulty separating unemployed migrants' need for social support from the workfare ambitions of the programme, aspects of privatization?such as freedom of choice and the service specification?further complicate this situation. Thus, the individualization aspects of the policy should be viewed as countering some of the more controlling aspects of the reform, thus, in effect, neutralizing its liberalizing tendencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Korntheuer, Annette, Paul Pritchard, Débora B. Maehler & Lori Wilkinson (Hrsg.) (2020): Refugees in Canada and Germany. From Research to Policies and Practice. (GESIS-Schriftenreihe 25), Köln, 244 S. DOI:10.21241/ssoar.66728

Abstract

"Dieses Sammelwerk beschreibt die Reaktionen Deutschlands und Kanadas auf das 'age of displacement' des 21. Jahrhunderts. Es zeigt Lösungsansätze und gemeinsame Anstrengungen auf, die unternommen wurden, um die seit 2015 Neuzugewanderten zu unterstützen. Zudem werden kritische, gesellschaftliche und politische Antworten auf Fluchtzuwanderung analysiert. Die Zuwanderung einer hohen Anzahl von Asylsuchenden und Geflüchteten zwischen 2015 und 2018 stellte Deutschland und Kanada zwar vor große Herausforderungen, eröffnete jedoch auch die Chance, effektiv mit den Erwartungen unterschiedlicher Interessengruppen umzugehen. Beide Länder zeigen sich als wichtige Akteure, die sich bemühen, diese auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene zu vernetzen, um geeignete und innovative Antworten auf drängende gesellschaftliche Fragen zu finden. Dieser Band ist das Ergebnis einer internationalen Zusammenarbeit, um diese Antworten und Reaktionen - from research to policies and practice - zu analysieren und zu evaluieren. Ziel ist es, neue Forschungsergebnisse zu Schlüsselthemen im Zusammenhang mit Fluchtmigration und Integration in Deutschland und Kanada zugänglich und nutzbar zu machen. Die hier vorgestellten Beiträge diskutieren nicht nur evidenzbasierte Ergebnisse zur Integration von Asylsuchenden und Geflüchteten in Kanada und Deutschland, sondern sie liefern auch wertvolle Ansätze, um öffentliche Akteure, soziale Institutionen und Mitglieder der Zivilgesellschaft dabei zu unterstützen, das Wohlbefinden und die Integration von Neuzugewanderten zu sichern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Quintano, Claudio, Paolo Mazzocchi & Antonella Rocca (2020): Immigrants in the EU5 labour markets: what happened during the economic crisis? In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 68-83. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0161

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to understand: whether the changes that have occurred in migrants' conditions over time are smaller than the differences in their conditions existing across countries; and whether the comparison between immigrants and native-born conditions allows the verification of the levels of disparities between them and, therefore, the relative disadvantage suffered by migrant. After a general overview of the 28 European Union countries, this paper analyses the changes that have occurred from 2006 to 2017 in the conditions of migrants in the labour market in the big five European countries (Italy, Spain, France, Germany and the UK). Design/methodology/approach: Various statistical methodologies were used. First, to gain an overall picture, taking into account both the spatial and the temporal dimensions, dynamic factor analysis (DFA) was applied. Second, time-dependent and cross-sectional time-series models were estimated to better understand the DFA results. Findings: The results highlight very different scenarios in terms of labour market vulnerabilities, both affecting immigrants and native-born workers. The results also highlight the existence of a very complex framework, due to the high heterogeneity of immigrants' characteristics and labour market capacities to integrate migrants and also to promote good conditions for the native-born population. Originality/value: The picture emerging from this study and the evaluation of the policies and legislation in force to cope with migration and to promote integration suggests some reflections on the most efficacious actions to take in order to improve migrants' integration, counteracting social exclusion and promoting economic growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Røysum, Anita (2020): The job-seeking experiences of resourceful female immigrants and the impact on their self-efficacy beliefs. In: European Journal of Social Work, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 173-184. DOI:10.1080/13691457.2018.1476328

Abstract

"The purpose of this article is to examine how resourceful, job-seeking immigrant women in Norway perceive that the competences and education they acquired from their home country are received in Norway and how their job-seeking experiences influence their work-related self-efficacy and identity. The study is based on 26 in-depth interviews with female immigrants aged 25 - 67 years from 21 different countries, mostly non-Western. They have lived in Norway for an average of six years. They have clear career ambitions, have deliberately acted to achieve their goal, and are highly active in job seeking, and most of them obtained higher education in their home country. The interviewees exert considerable effort in seeking work, but their efforts are not fruitful. They experience a downgrading of their education, as well as their competences, from their home country. Because their active efforts have not led to work, they have nearly given up trying to gain entry into the Norwegian workforce, and their self-efficacy beliefs and identity regarding having a professional career are weakened. Their affiliation and position conflict with both what they expected to achieve and workfare in Norwegian society; their competences from their home countries are not perceived as valuable in terms of Norwegian expertise and employee qualities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sandoz, Laure (2020): Understanding access to the labour market through migration channels. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 222-241. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1502657

Abstract

"The mobility of the 'highly skilled' has become widely researched but only a few researchers have approached this category of migrants from a critical perspective. This article argues that understanding how 'highly skilled migrants' are constructed necessitates considering the conditions in which migration takes place as well as the perceptions and practices associated with these conditions. It uses the concept of 'migration channels' to investigate the enabling and disabling factors associated with different migration situations. The analysis draws on biographic interviews with highly educated migrants in Switzerland, and supplements these with expert interviews and ethnographic observations of people working in institutions that support, guide, or control migrants' access to the labour market. The article shows that categories of migrants are artificial and often do not coincide with lived realities. Migrants actively develop strategies to achieve their personal aspirations, but they also depend on the opportunities available in their environment. The concept of 'migration channels' enables us to capture this interplay between structures and agency by showing how different actors shape the opportunities and constraints faced by different groups of migrants, and how migrants actively deal with them. This concept thus fosters a critical yet empathic understanding of migration experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zwysen, Wouter & Neli Demireva (2020): Ethnic and migrant penalties in job quality in the UK. The role of residential concentration and occupational clustering. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 200-221. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1498777

Abstract

"Migrants and ethnic minorities in the UK are found to be disadvantaged in their access to work and earnings, but little is known about the characteristics of the jobs they occupy. This paper studies whether migrants and UK-born ethnic minorities attain similar jobs compared to their white British peers by clustering 17 indicators of job quality - covering intrinsic quality, work-life balance, monetary rewards, and employment conditions - into 5 latent classes. We find that non-white migrants are clustered in the worst jobs, while white migrants do relatively well. UK-born ethnic minorities are indeed less likely to work on the best jobs, but the type of disadvantage differs strongly between ethnic groups. Local deprivation drives some of the worse job quality of UK-born minorities while selection into lower-quality occupations and sectors drives much of the disadvantage of migrants. Co-ethnic support and particularly an economically stronger co-ethnic community in the locality can help shield ethnic minorities from the worst jobs, while ethnic niches in the occupation are associated with low-quality work. Finally, working in migrant-heavy occupations is associated with somewhat lower job quality; primarily affecting other migrants in a possible race to the bottom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"No one knows with certainty how migration flows and integration trends will develop in the mid-term or long-term. What will drive migration flows in the future? What will integration look like? They are unlikely to be identical to the past, but we don’t have a crystal ball. Even the most sophisticating modelling cannot capture all the relevant drivers. This report provides policy makers with two guides to migration and integration policy making for the future. The first is an inventory of megatrends already underway and which will transform the environment for policy making. The second identifies weak signals of potential transformations and explores what would happen if these were to become major game changers. The scenarios include technological change; a shift in the very way people think about “integration”; the emergence of new stakeholders in migration and integration policy; and rising importance of non-OECD countries as actors in migration and integration. Each scenario comprises challenges and opportunities, which depend on how well-prepared States are to address them. No one knows whether any of these scenarios will develop as outlined, but each one is plausible and momentous enough for public authorities to take seriously." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albouy, David, Alex Chernoff, Chandler Lutz & Casey Warman (2019): Local labor markets in Canada and the United States. (NBER working paper 25709), Cambrige, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w25709

Abstract

"We examine local labor markets in the U.S. and Canada from 1990 to 2011 using comparable household and business data. Wage levels and inequality rise with city population in both countries, albeit less in Canada. Neither country saw wage levels converge despite contrasting migration patterns from/to high-wage areas. Local labor demand shifts raise nominal wages similarly, although in Canada they attract immigrant and highly-skilled workers more, while raising housing costs less. Chinese import competition had a weaker negative impact on manufacturing employment in Canada. These results are consistent with Canada's more redistributive transfer system and larger, more-educated immigrant workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ansems de Vries, Leonie & Elspeth Guild (2019): Seeking refuge in Europe. Spaces of transit and the violence of migration management. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2156-2166. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468308

Abstract

"In the past few years, spaces of transit have become prominent sites for people seeking refuge in Europe. From railway stations and parks in European cities, to informal settlements around Calais, to the hotspots in Italy and Greece, the movements of people and the techniques that govern them are at the heart of what has been misnamed the 'European refugee crisis'. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, this article takes spaces of transit as a vantage point for interrogating the relationship between mobility, migration management and violence, focusing on the fracturing of journeys due to forced and obstructed mobility both outside and within the EU. We develop the notion of 'politics of exhaustion' to highlight the impact and protracted character of these forms of migration management - its accumulated effects over time and across spaces - yet without reducing people seeking refuge to passive victims. Struggles for mobility are closely related to the existence and continued adaptation of migration management practices. The notion of fracturing can thus be employed not only to make sense of the violent effects of migration management but also the ways in which conventional conceptions of state and citizenship are challenged by the emergence of alternative living spaces, communities and politics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Asali, Muhammad & Rusudan Gurashvili (2019): Labor market discrimination and the macroeconomy. (IZA discussion paper 12101), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"Using Integrated Household Survey data from Georgia, we measure the observable and discriminatory ethnic wage gap, among male and female workers, and the gender wage gap, among Georgians and non-Georgians. The gender wage discrimination is larger than the ethnic wage discrimination. In the second estimation stage, these wage discrimination estimates are used in a general-to-specific vector autoregression framework to test for the Granger causality between discrimination and growth. A general, negative, bidirectional Granger causality is found between these two variables: in the long-run, discrimination reduces economic growth, and economic growth lowers discrimination. Also, we find that higher unemployment rates are associated with increased ethnic wage discrimination - in line with the predictions of Becker's theory of discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Babar, Zahra, Michael Ewers & Nabil Khattab (2019): Im/mobile highly skilled migrants in Qatar. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1553-1570. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1492372

Abstract

"Most studies on the mobility of highly skilled migrants have been examined with a framework of global talent mobility and under conditions of neoliberal governance and economic globalization. In this study we challenge the notion of the hypermobile knowledge worker. Utilizing mixed methods, we examine the factors that attracted highly skilled migrants to Qatar and the conditions under which they might leave in the future. Rather than finding a group of footloose migrants attracted primarily to high-wage jobs, a lack of taxation or amenities, and with multiple alternative locations of residence, we find that highly skilled migrants exist on a spectrum of immobility. More significantly, this immobility depends on the migrant's region of origin. For Asian and Western migrants immobility is attributed to the Kafala system or employer sponsorship, which hinders occupational and spatial mobility and ties workers to their sponsors. Arab highly skilled migrants are especially affected by lack of security and stability in their home countries, which makes these workers involuntarily immobile. The former group seem to be willing to accept a reduced level of agency and mobility for high income, whereas for the latter security and stability are more fundamental to their decision to come to Qatar." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Elisa & Livia Elisa Ortensi (2019): Satisfied after all? Working trajectories and job satisfaction of foreign-born female domestic and care workers in Italy. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 13, S. 2527-2550. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1465401

Abstract

"Foreign-born women frequently find their first job in the domestic sector. This is usually considered a stepping-stone, but it is rather a definitive condition. We analyse the working trajectory of foreign-born women with a first job in domestic work using sequence analysis and studying their association with job satisfaction by means of logistic regression models. The data were collected as part of the Foreigners' Job Trajectories project conducted by the ISMU Foundation in Italy in 2009. We found that, after all, domestic and care workers can be satisfied with their job if basic decent working conditions are guaranteed. Particular attention is paid to the high rate of job satisfaction for women with a trajectory from live-out to live-in jobs. Possible explications for job satisfaction are extensively discussed focusing on economic drivers, the agency of domestic workers, and the emotive dimension of domestic and care works." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Elisa (2019): The occupational (im)mobility of migrants in Italy. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1571-1594. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1414585

Abstract

"Migrants usually experience a downward mobility in their host country's economy and are over-represented among lower status jobs. The present study contributes to the knowledge on migrant occupation mobility in Italy, assuming a longitudinal perspective and focusing on two aspects: first, the entry of migrants into the Italian labour market and, second, the working trajectories of migrants in Italy, reflecting the role of the first step in determining the following trajectory and migrants' strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bevelander, Pieter, Fernando Mata & Ravi Pendakur (2019): Housing policy and employment outcomes for refugees. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 134-154. DOI:10.1111/imig.12569

Abstract

"With the rise of refugee flows in both Europe and North America, resettlement policies and programmes aimed at enhancing the integration of refugees have come to the fore. The goal of this article is to look at the impact of asylum reception policies on longer term integration. Internationally such policies can range from placing asylum seekers in reception centres (the Netherlands) to dispersal policies aimed at locating asylum seekers in smaller centres (Denmark) to an open system such as Canada in which asylum seekers are pushed into the free market as soon as they are processed. Our study explores this issue through the analysis of a unique policy in Sweden allowing us to focus on the housing choice made by asylum seekers arriving at the border." (Text excerpt, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bizeul, Yves & Dennis Bastian Rudolf (Hrsg.) (2019): Politische Debatten um Migration und Integration. Konzepte und Fallbeispiele. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 229 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-23963-3

Abstract

"Der Sammelband kombiniert die Diskussion theoretischer Konzepte mit länderübergreifenden Analysen zu Migration und Integration. Im Mittelpunkt stehen einerseits Fragen bezüglich der Grenzen klassischer Migrations- und Integrationstheorien bzw. Möglichkeiten für deren Erweiterung und andererseits empirische Fallbeispiele, welche nach den Ursachen und Folgen von Flucht- und Migrationsbewegungen fragen, den länderspezifischen Umgang mit Migration und Integration beleuchten sowie Lösungsansätze und aktuelle Migrations- und Integrationspolitiken diskutieren." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Bormann, Sven-Kristjan, Svetlana Ridala & Ott-Siim Toomet (2019): Language skills in an ethnically segmented labour market. Estonia 1989-2012. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 304-327. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2017-0115

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between skills in the Estonian, Russian and English language, and labour market outcomes in Estonia, a linguistically divided country.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use the Estonian Labour Force Surveys 1992 - 2012. The authors rely on multivariate linear regression models to document the relationship between language skills and labour market outcomes.
Findings
Estonian language knowledge (for ethnic Russians) are important determinants of unemployment. Wage, in contrary, is closely related to English skills. Ethnic Russian men do not earn any premium from speaking Estonian, while women, fluent in Estonian earn approximately 10 per cent more. For ethnic Estonians, Russian fluency is associated with a similar income gain.
Research limitations/implications
Due to the observational nature of the data, the effects reported in this study are not causal effects. As a second limitation, the self-reported language skills data may be imprecise and hence the effects the authors report may be too small.
Practical implications
The results stress the role of workplace segregation, both along gender and ethnic lines, in determining the individual labour market experience.
Originality/value
The authors provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of language skills in a rapidly developing labour market in a linguistically divided economy. The authors analyse several languages with different legal status and document long-term trends in the effects." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Bryson, Alex & Michael White (2019): Migrants and low-paid employment in British workplaces. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 759-776. DOI:10.1177/0950017019832509

Abstract

"Using nationally representative workplace data for Britain, we identify where migrants work and examine the partial correlation between workplace wages and whether migrants are employed at a workplace. Three-in-ten workplaces with five or more employees employ migrant workers, with the probability rising substantially with workplace size. We find the bottom quartile of the log earnings distribution is 4 - 5% lower in workplaces employing migrants, ceteris paribus. However, the effect is confined to workplaces set up before the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the late 1990s, consistent with the proposition that minimum wage regulation limits employers' propensity to pay low wages in the presence of migrant workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christiaensen, Luc, Alvaro Gonzalez & David Robalino (2019): Migration and jobs. Issues for the 21st Century. (Policy research working paper 8867), Washington, DC, 34 S.

Abstract

"With an estimated 724 million extreme poor people living in developing countries, and the world's demographics bifurcating into an older North and a younger South, there are substantial economic incentives and benefits for people to migrate. There are also important market and regulatory failures that constrain mobility and reduce the net benefits of migration. This paper reviews the recent literature and proposes a conceptual framework for better integration and coordination of policies that can address the different market and regulatory failures. The paper advances five types of interventions in need of particular attention in design, implementation, and evaluation; namely, (1) active labor market programs that serve local, regional, and foreign markets; (2) remittances and investment subsidies to promote job creation and labor productivity growth; (3) social insurance programs that cover all jobs and facilitate labor mobility; (4) labor taxes to internalize the social costs of migration in receiving regions; and (5) more flexible private sector driven schemes to regulate the flow of migrants and minimize irregular migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Clark, Ken, Lindsey Garratt, Yaojun Li, Kitty Lymperopoulou & William Shankley (2019): Local deprivation and the labour market integration of new migrants to England. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 17, S. 3260-3282. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1481000

Abstract

"Using data on new migrants to England from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey, we show how a key component of migrant integration - labour market progress in terms of wages and unemployment rates - is broadly positive in the early years after arrival across a range of migrant groups and across gender. However, the precise level of labour market success achieved varies considerably across groups reflecting both the initial entry-level and labour market trajectories after migration. Migrants from Western Europe and the Old Commonwealth countries have unemployment rates (wages) which are generally lower (higher) than other groups, particularly non-white groups, while migrants from the Accession countries experience relatively low unemployment but also low wages. Groups which have better outcomes on entry also tend to experience higher rates of progress over time in England. However, the extent of multiple deprivation in the local authority where migrants reside interacts with years since migration to dampen wage trajectories for some groups and accounting for deprivation highlights the importance of internal migration for access to employment. The results emphasise structural explanations for patterns of labour market integration of new migrants to England." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Confurius, Diane, Ruben Gowricharn & Jaco Dagevos (2019): Labour market participation of Sub-Saharan Africans in the Netherlands. The limits of the human capital approach. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 13, S. 2328-2347. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1497956

Abstract

"This paper focuses on the labour disparities between Sub-Saharan African immigrants in the Netherlands, a hitherto undescribed ethnic group, and the native Dutch population. Using unique data with nationwide coverage, the analysis reveals that the labour market position of Sub-Saharan Africans displays an exceptionally large disparity with the native Dutch, compared with discrepancies found in previous research on other immigrant groups. The outcomes also show great differences across the Sub-Saharan groups with Cape Verdeans and South Africans deviating the least from the native Dutch, Ghanaians occupying an intermediate position, while people from Somalia, Eritrea, Congo, Sudan and Sierra Leone are in the worst position. Most importantly, we found that the conventional human capital model does not account for much of the disparity between Sub-Saharan Africans and the native Dutch, even when the model is expanded with language proficiency as an additional variable. Considering these findings, we suggest that alternative explanations, such as society of origin, the operation of norm images and ethnic concentration in specific sectors impeding mobilities should be researched further." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Corneo, Giacomo & Guido Neidhöfer (2019): Income redistribution and self-selection of immigrants. (ZEW discussion paper 2019-005), Mannheim, 47 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the effects of governmental redistribution of income on migration patterns, using an Italian administrative dataset that includes information on almost every Italian citizen living abroad. Since Italy takes a middle ground in terms of redistribution, both the welfare-magnet effect from more redistributive countries and the propensity of the high-skilled to settle in countries with lower taxes can be empirically studied. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that destination countries with more redistribution receive a negative selection of Italian migrants. This holds true after accounting for many individual and country level covariates, migration costs, and when testing for stochastic dominance of the skill distributions of migrants and stayers. Policy simulations are run in order to gauge the magnitude of these migration effects. Based on estimated elasticities, we find that sizable increases in the amount of redistribution in Italy have small effects on the skill composition of the resident population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Djajic, Slobodan & Alexandra Vinogradova (2019): Immigration policies and the choice between documented and undocumented migration. In: Economica, Jg. 86, H. 341, S. 201-228. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12255

Abstract

"What determines whether a temporary migrant chooses to go abroad as a documented worker or as an illegal alien? We address the question from a theoretical perspective by focusing on how immigration policies, aimed at both documented and undocumented foreign workers, influence the choice between the two modes of migration. Calibrating our model to the specific case of temporary emigration from Thailand, we provide estimates of the relative policy effectiveness. The deportation rate facing undocumented aliens is shown to be the most potent instrument, while some of the measures directed at documented contract workers are found to be more effective in influencing the choice of emigration mode than border controls and employer sanctions aimed at illegal immigrants." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Docquier, Frédéric, Zovanga L. Kone, Aaditya Mattoo & Caglar Ozden (2019): Labor market effects of demographic shifts and migration in OECD countries. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 113, H. April, S. 297-324. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.11.007

Abstract

"The labor force of each industrial country is being shaped by three forces: ageing, education and migration. Drawing on a new database for the OECD countries and a standard analytical framework, this paper focuses on the relative and aggregate effects of these three forces on wages across different skill and age groups over 2000-2010. The variation in the age and educational structure of the labor force emerges as the dominant influence on wage changes. The impact is uniform and egalitarian: in almost all countries, the changes in the age and skill structure favor the low-skilled and hurt the highly skilled across age groups. Immigration plays a relatively minor role, except in a handful of open countries, like Australia and Canada, where it accentuates the wage-equalizing impact of ageing and education. Emigration is the only inegalitarian influence, especially in Ireland and a few Eastern European countries which have seen significant outflows of high-skilled labor to Western European Union countries." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Drange, Ida & Håvard Helland (2019): The sheltering effect of occupational closure? Consequences for ethnic minorities' earnings. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 45-89. DOI:10.1177/0730888418780970

Abstract

"It has been widely documented that immigrants receive lower earnings than the majority of the population in most Western countries. Previous research has pointed to various forms of discrimination that affect immigrants' wage rates. The authors discuss whether the source of this wage inequality can be found at the occupational level. In this article, the authors argue that occupational closures reduce within-occupation wage inequality. To test their expectations, the authors use Norwegian register data that span all employees. The results align with their expectations, as both occupational licensing and union density strongly reduce immigrant-majority earnings' inequality. However, neither certifications nor credentialization reduces the immigrant-majority earnings gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Felbo-Kolding, Jonas, Janine Leschke & Thees F. Spreckelsen (2019): A division of labour? Labour market segmentation by region of origin. The case of intra-EU migrants in the UK, Germany and Denmark. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 15, S. 2820-2843. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1518709

Abstract

"The 2004/2007 EU enlargements rendered CEE citizens legally equal to EU labour market participants. However, CEE migrants still face 'racialisation' and segmentation in North-Western European labour markets. Similar processes might extend to EU-South migrants, giving rise to a division of labour, whereby CEE and EU-South migrants end up in poor-quality, low-pay jobs. We compare the labour market integration of recent intra-EU migrants (EU8, EU2, EU-South, EU-West/EEA) in the UK, Germany and Denmark. Using labour force, microcensus and register data, we model quantitative and qualitative integration through labour force participation and wages. We find no significant differences in labour force participation between nationals and migrants in the UK. Whilst in both Denmark and Germany, the labour force participation of EU-migrants is significantly lower. Notwithstanding differences in migration trends, labour markets and welfare regimes, we find evidence of a division of labour along occupational and industry lines - that translates into wage differences. EU-West/EEA migrants occupy better jobs (even outperforming nationals), followed by EU-South and CEE migrants. In Denmark and Germany, EU8 and EU2 migrants' wages are lower than those of nationals even after controlling for differences in occupations. These findings suggest that inequalities across the EU are reproduced rather than converging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fries-Tersch, Elena, Tugce Tugran, Agnieszka Markowska & Matthew Jones (2019): 2018 annual report on intra-EU labour mobility. Final report December 2018. (... annual report on intra-EU labour mobility / European Commission), Luxembourg, 194 S. DOI:10.2767/25927

Abstract

"The annual report on intra-EU labour mobility provides updated information on labormobility trends in EU and EFTA countries. Annual developments in stocks and flows are analyzed in the perspective of longer-term trends. The analysis considers the mobility of all working-age citizens (20-64 years) as well as the mobility of those who are active (employed and unemployed). The report also looks at indicators of economic integration of mobile citizens, such as employment/unemployment rates and occupations. This year, two specific topics on the qualifications and the household composition of the EU-28 movers are further analyzed. The two main data sources used are Eurostat population and migration statistics – for mobility of all citizens – and the European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for the analysis of mobility of active citizens and economic integration. For methodological reasons estimated numbers of EU movers differ." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Furtado, Delia, Kerry L. Papps & Nikolaos Theodoropoulos (2019): Who goes on disability when times are tough? The role of social costs of take-up among immigrants. (IZA discussion paper 12097), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) take-up tends to increase during recessions. We exploit variation across immigrant groups in the non-pecuniary costs of participating in SSDI to examine the role that costs play in applicant decisions across the business cycle. We show that immigrants from country-of-origin groups that have lower participation costs are more sensitive to economic conditions than immigrants from high cost groups. These results do not seem to be driven by variation across groups in sensitivity to business cycles or eligibility for SSDI. Instead, they appear to be primarily driven by differences in work norms across origin countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gibbons, Eric M., Allie Greenman, Peter Norlander & Todd Sørensen (2019): Monopsony power and guest worker programs. (IZA discussion paper 12096), Bonn, 91 S.

Abstract

"Guest workers on visas in the United States may be unable to quit bad employers due to barriers to mobility and a lack of labor market competition. Using H-1B, H-2A, and H-2B program data, we calculate the concentration of employers in geographically defined labor markets within occupations. We find that many guest workers face moderately or highly concentrated labor markets, based on federal merger scrutiny guidelines, and that concentration generally decreases wages. For example, moving from a market with an HHI of zero to a market comprised of two employers lowers H-1B worker wages approximately 10 percent, and a pure monopsony (one employer) reduces wages by 13 percent. A simulation shows that wages under pure monopsony could be 47 percent lower, suggesting that employers do not use the extent of their monopsony power. Enforcing wage regulations and decreasing barriers to mobility may better address issues of exploitation than antitrust scrutiny." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Imoagene, Onoso (2019): The Nigerian second generation at work in Britain. Ethnoracial exclusion and adaptive strategies. In: Sociology, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 264-279. DOI:10.1177/0038038518776866

Abstract

"This article examines the workplace experiences of upwardly mobile second generation Nigerians in Britain. It uses data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 73 second generation Nigerian adults. The analysis distinguishes between incidents of discrimination and stigmatization (assaults on worth) and finds that incidents of stigmatization were more common than incidents of racial discrimination among the Nigerian second generation. Contextual factors, specifically Britain's colonial history, national identity, and the cultural repertoire of the British class system shaped how individuals perceived, recognized, and interpreted incidents of ethnoracial exclusion. Strategies of non-response, social adaptability, and conciliation were used both to respond to these incidents of ethnoracial exclusion and facilitate economic mobility. The findings present a more complex story than one of simple racial discrimination for second generation Africans in British workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jakobsen, Vibeke, Tomas Korpi & Thomas Lorentzen (2019): Immigration and integration policy and labour market attainment among immigrants to Scandinavia. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 305-328. DOI:10.1007/s10680-018-9483-3

Abstract

"Insufficient integration of immigrants into the labour market has been identified as a major problem in the Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Integration depends, inter alia, on immigration and integration policy, and for most of the post-war period the policies of the three countries displayed strong similarities. However, in the early 2000s Denmark increasingly deviated from its two neighbours, introducing more restrictive immigration and stricter integration policies. Comparing both pre- and post-reform immigrants across Scandinavia, we assess the wider impact of this comprehensive policy reversal by tracking the evolution of employment and earnings gaps between 1993 and 2006. We use large data sets with individual-level register information allowing us to account for immigrant labour force composition and to examine sub-groups of immigrants. The results do not indicate that the Danish reforms had any clear-cut effect on either employment or earnings among non-Western immigrants. Moreover, integration in Norway and Sweden was not unequivocally worse despite the absence of similar reforms, raising questions regarding the aptness of the Danish reversal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kennedy, Andrew (2019): The Politics of Skilled Immigration: Explaining the Ups and Downs of the US H-1B Visa Program. In: International migration review, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 346-370. DOI:10.1177/0197918318769312

Abstract

"The United States has long been a magnet for skilled immigrants, but its openness to these immigrants has varied considerably over time. Focusing on the H-1B visa program, this article explains why the program's annual cap has risen and fallen from the mid-1990s to the present. Whereas recent studies of skilled immigration policy have focused on struggles between capital and labor, this article contends that US policy also reflects a struggle between capital and citizen groups' one that has changed considerably over the past two decades. The findings challenge recent work on skilled immigration and US immigration policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kolbe, Melanie & Elif Naz Kayran (2019): The limits of skill-selective immigration policies. Welfare states and the commodification of labour immigrants. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 478-497. DOI:10.1177/0958928718819609

Abstract

"Why do some countries have more skill-selective labour immigration policies than others? Despite general agreement that high-skilled immigrants are economically and socially desirable, some countries extensively select high-skilled from low-skilled labour immigrants, while others do not. While most political economy accounts indicate an explicit connection between relative skill selectivity and welfare states, two different hypotheses emerge regarding the direction of this relationship. The fiscal cost hypothesis puts forward that the tension between welfare state generosity and immigration motivates greater selectivity as states try to reconcile fiscal pressures for closure with continuing needs for immigration. The decommodification hypothesis, in contrast, holds that the capabilities of generous welfare states to decommodify their citizens also decrease rationales to be more skill-selective towards labour immigrants. Developing an original measure of skill selectivity in labour immigration policies for 20 developed democracies from 2000 to 2010, we test these two hypotheses. Our results indicate that differences in decommodification levels appear to be substantively and negatively associated with differences in skill selectivity levels, while changes in welfare spending over time, particularly among high-spending countries, rather than differences in spending levels, seem to be positively associated with increasing skill selectivity. This suggests potential tensions between the political responses to economic and demographic changes in the form of immigration policy adjustments and the underlying social logic of modern welfare states. The findings contribute not only to the study of high-skilled immigration, but also advance the current research on the tension between immigration and the welfare state." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Könönen, Jukka (2019): Becoming a 'labour migrant': Immigration regulations as a frame of reference for migrant employment. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 777-793. DOI:10.1177/0950017019835133

Abstract

"This article addresses the role of immigration regulations as a frame of reference for migrant employment before obtaining permanent residency status. Drawing on interviews with non-EU migrants and service sector employers in the Helsinki area, the article examines how immigration regulations inform migrant employment and contribute to the hierarchisation of labour markets. The analysis focuses on the legal significance of employment for migrants during the immigration process, which is related to the financial requirements for residence permits and manifested in the work permit process in particular. Immigration regulations increase migrants' dependency on paid employment, consequently decreasing their bargaining power in the labour market. The findings demonstrate the changing dynamics of the supply and demand of labour in the low-paid service sector, where employers prefer to recruit migrants in temporary legal positions over local workers and 'labour migrants', resulting in what the author calls the juridical division of labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lofstrom, Magnus & Chunbei Wang (2019): Immigrants and entrepreneurship: Business ownership is higher among immigrants, but promoting self-employment is unlikely to improve outcomes for the less skilled. (IZA world of labor 85), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.85.v2

Abstract

"Gemessen an der Zahl der Geschäftsinhaber sind Zuwanderer überdurchschnittlich oft unternehmerisch aktiv. In der wissenschaftlichen Forschung werden die Auswirkungen auf das Gastland durchweg positiv bewertet, während es zu möglichen Nachteilen kaum ernstzunehmende Erkenntnisse gibt. Allerdings hat die Förderung der Selbstständigkeit nicht verbreitet zur Verbesserung der wirtschaftlichen Lage von Migranten mit geringem Qualifikationsniveau beigetragen. Solange spezielle Visa-Programme den wirtschaftlichen Nutzen von Zuwanderung nicht nachweislich in besonderem Maße steigern, sollten Bildungs- und Ausbildungsabschlüsse als Hauptkriterien für die Auswahl von Zuwanderern herangezogen werden, da sich an ihnen die Erfolgsaussichten der Migranten am besten ablesen lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Neureiter, Michael (2019): Evaluating the effects of immigrant integration policies in Western Europe using a difference-in-differences approach. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 15, S. 2779-2800. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1505485

Abstract

"In recent years, several European countries have adopted mandatory language and civic education requirements for immigrants with the hope that they will lead to improved integration outcomes. This study evaluates whether these integration requirements have been successful at achieving their intended goals. Analysing immigrants' responses to the European Social Survey (2002 - 2015) in 15 EU member states via a difference-in-differences approach, I find that mandatory integration requirements have a strong and positive effect on immigrants' level of economic integration, but no impact on their degree of social and political integration. Supplementary evidence, which includes 23 original interviews as well as analyses of country-level data, indicates that the positive effect of mandatory integration requirements on economic integration is due to a true treatment effect rather than a selection effect. Therefore, this study suggests a differential impact of integration policy across different dimensions of immigrant integration, but overall makes a case for the adoption of robust language and civic education requirements for immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scalettaris, Giulia & Flore Gubert (2019): Return Schemes from European Countries: Assessing the Challenges. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 91-104. DOI:10.1111/imig.12467

Abstract

"Drawing on a review of the academic literature on return migration and return migration policies, as well as on reports and project documentation, this article provides a general assessment of return schemes from European countries, with a focus on those targeting failed asylum-seekers and irregular migrants. The article first highlights the contrasted understanding of return and reintegration by migration policy-makers and migration scholars respectively. It then provides an overview of the main challenges, focusing on seven key issues: preparedness to return, the imbalance of represented interests, legal mobility, conditions in the countries of origin, the reintegration package, integration in Europe, and the specific obstacles to return faced by failed asylum-seekers. The article highlights the need to reassess return policies and frame more realistic schemes." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sener, Meltem Yilmaz (2019): Perceived discrimination as a major factor behind return migration? The return of Turkish qualified migrants from the USA and Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 15, S. 2801-2819. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1524292

Abstract

"This paper explains discrimination perceptions of Turkish qualified migrants who returned from Germany and the United States, and the impact of perceived discrimination on their return. It depends on in-depth interviews with 80 qualified Turkish returnees. Our findings indicate that: (i) returnees from Germany think they experienced ethnic discrimination; (ii) discrimination is a major reason behind their return; (iii) returnees from the US did not mention discrimination; (iv) discrimination is not a reason for return for them. We discuss these findings and explain the differences between German and American contexts in terms of ethnic boundaries. We use Alba's (2005) distinction between bright and blurry ethnic boundaries to explain the difference between the two countries. However, going beyond his argument, we also connect this distinction to cultural capital. We argue that in a context where there are bright ethnic boundaries, high cultural capital does not free the individual from experiences of discrimination, whereas it can make a difference in a context where there are blurry ethnic boundaries. Qualified migrants choose to return from contexts where there are bright ethnic boundaries to escape from experiences of discrimination, as they can afford return due to their high levels of cultural and economic capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tian, Yunchen (2019): Workers by any other name: comparing co-ethnics and 'interns' as labour migrants to Japan. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1496-1514. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1466696

Abstract

"In the field of comparative immigration politics, Japan has been described as a 'negative case': despite structural shortages in the domestic labour supply, scholars have commonly pointed to the nation's extremely restrictive, ethno-nationalist policies as an antithetical case against which traditional migration states can be compared. Applying an approach focused on the viewpoint of the state, I argue that in response to market pressures, Japan simultaneously implemented two schemes: an ethnic return migration programme centred on the discourse of rekindling ancestral ties, and a de facto guest worker programme officially represented as an internship initiative to disseminate Japanese technical knowledge. The perceived failure of co-ethnic migrants to integrate themselves on Japanese terms led to the expansion of the latter programme. Juxtaposing the two, I examine the processes through which the Japanese state 'learned' and reacted to differing policy outcomes. In doing so, I argue that policy revisions since the early 2000s have signalled the birth of a Japanese 'developmental migration state', in which restrictive immigration policies that uphold a narrow view of a homogenous nation are repeatedly reoriented to accommodate economic and development goals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Weber, Enzo (2019): Folgen des Brexit für Deutschland: Dämpfer für die Konjunktur, nicht für den Arbeitsmarkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 07.02.2019, o. Sz., 2019-02-04.

Abstract

"Ein harter Brexit würde sich auf die Konjunktur in Deutschland voraussichtlich negativ auswirken. Die Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung dürften sich jedoch in engen Grenzen halten, da sich die Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarkts seit geraumer Zeit sehr robust gegenüber konjunkturellen Fluktuationen zeigt. Deutschland könnte durch den Brexit zudem verstärkt zum Ziel innereuropäischer Migrationsströme werden, mit positiven Folgen für Arbeitskräftepotenzial und Beschäftigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zehavi, Amos & Dan Breznitz (2019): The neoliberal targeted social investment state. The case of ethnic minorities. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 48, H. 2, S. 207-225. DOI:10.1017/S004727941800034X

Abstract

"Neoliberal governance has been associated with rising inequality and economic exclusion. Recent scholarship proposes that the social investment state (SIS) is a turn away from such inequality and exclusion-enhancing neoliberalism. The ideal SIS responds to neoliberalism-generated social ills by investing in the productive capacities of all its citizens. However, commentators ask whether an SIS addresses the plight of weaker elements in society, specifically that of disadvantaged ethnic minorities. This paper looks specifically at this question by utilising a critical-case study research design of a surprising example of social investment in disadvantaged ethnic minorities: the extensive labour market policies for Israeli Arabs. This paper introduces the concept of a neoliberal targeted SIS in which social investment programmes are developed for economic reasons, promoted by neoliberal actors (right-wing parties and Ministries of Finance), target narrow groups instead of being applied to all, and the preferred mode for the delivery of services is private. Egalitarian outcomes - to the extent that they materialise - might be thought of as a policy by-product." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2019): International migration outlook 2019. (International migration outlook 43), Paris, 407 S. DOI:10.1787/c3e35eec-en

Abstract

"This report looks at ways to improve the resilience of systems to deal with the unexpected arrival of large inflows of refugees and other vulnerable migrants. It begins with an overview of the recent flows of migrants seeking protection, discusses the expected economic impact of these flows, and notes what has been an unprecedented multilateral response. It then examines the process of integrating refugees and other vulnerable migrants, in terms of their economic and social outcomes, as well as specific factors of vulnerability. It also provides a comprehensive assessment of the transition policies in place to support their livelihood in destination and transit countries, as well as in origin countries upon return. Finally, the report tackles issues of anticipation, monitoring and reacting, examining the role of early warning mechanisms and the challenge of improving information so as to better monitor integration outcomes and frame policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Abel, Guy J. (2018): Estimates of global bilateral migration flows by gender between 1960 and 2015. In: International migration review, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 809-852. DOI:10.1177/0197918318781842

Abstract

"An indirect estimation method is used to derive country to country migration flows from changes in global bilateral stock data. Estimates are obtained over five- and 10-year periods between 1960 and 2015 by gender, providing a comprehensive picture of past migration patterns. The estimated total of global international migrant flows generally increases over the 55-year time frame. The global rate of migration over five- and 10-year periods fluctuate at around 0.65 and 1.25 percent of the population, respectively. The sensitivity of estimates to alternative input stock and demographic data are explored." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adamuti-Trache, Maria, Paul Anisef & Robert Sweet (2018): Differences in language proficiency and learning strategies among immigrant women to Canada. In: Journal of language, identity and education, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 16-33. DOI:10.1080/15348458.2017.1390433

Abstract

"Immigrant women to Canada face unique challenges in gaining mastery of English or French, the country's two official languages. The study focuses on differences among women with respect to pre-migration and post-migration characteristics that position them differently with respect to language learning in the social contexts where they assert their immigrant identity. This study examines issues in language acquisition among adult immigrant women and their strategies to improve language skills within four years of arrival, using nationally representative data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC). The study shows that older women, less educated women, and some immigration class groups (i.e., spouse/dependents, family class, refugees) have lower language proficiency at arrival and less chances to improve. Since immigrant women represent a heterogeneous group in terms of pre-migration language skills and access to language learning, adequate language learning support is required to facilitate their effective integration in the Canadian society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ala-Mantila, Minna & Fenella Fleischmann (2018): Gender differences in labour market integration trajectories of recently arrived migrants in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 11, S. 1818-1840. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1382340

Abstract

"This study investigates gender differences in recently arrived migrants' labour market activity and occupational status both shortly after arrival and with increasing length of stay. We examine the role of education, household composition and traditional gender role values by estimating multi-group multilevel models based on three waves of the New Immigrants to the Netherlands Survey. In line with findings regarding gender gaps in labour market behaviour, recent female migrants are less active on labour market than their male counterparts, and we observe a clear motherhood penalty and fatherhood premium on the number of hours worked. Men and women show only marginal differences in their occupational statuses. Changes over time do not differ between men and women, indicating persistent gender inequality in labour market attainment. Moreover, interesting differences between the nationalities were found. Polish migrants show the highest activity levels and lowest occupational status, also when compared to Bulgarians. Spanish migrants hold the highest occupational statuses. Recent Turkish migrants seem to be better integrated and show fewer gender differences than the more established Turkish minority in the Netherlands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amior, Michael (2018): The contribution of foreign migration to local labor market adjustment. (CEP discussion paper 1582), London, 86 S.

Abstract

"The US suffers from large regional disparities in employment rates which have persisted for many decades. It has been argued that foreign migration offers a remedy: it 'greases the wheels' of the labor market by accelerating the adjustment of local population. Remarkably, I find that new migrants account for 30 to 60 percent of the average population response to local demand shocks since 1960. However, population growth is not significantly more responsive in locations better supplied by new migrants: the larger foreign contribution is almost entirely offset by a reduced contribution from internal mobility. This is fundamentally a story of 'crowding out': I estimate that new foreign migrants to a commuting zone crowd out existing US residents one-for-one. The magnitude of this effect is puzzling, and it may be somewhat overstated by undercoverage of migrants in the census. Nevertheless, it appears to conflict with much of the existing literature, and I attempt to explain why. Methodologically, I offer tools to identify the local impact of immigration in the context of local dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina & Mary J. Lopez (2018): Impeding or accelerating assimilation? Immigration enforcement and its impact on naturalization patterns. (CReAM discussion paper 2018,14), London, 56 S.

Abstract

"Naturalization bestows economic benefits to immigrants, their families and communities through greater access to employment opportunities, higher earnings, and homeownership. It is the cornerstone of immigrant assimilation in the United States. Yet, less than 800,000 of the estimated 8.8 million legal permanent residents eligible to naturalize do so on a yearly basis. Using data from the 2008-2016 American Community Survey, we analyze how the expansion of interior U.S. immigration enforcement affects naturalization patterns. We find that the intensification of interior enforcement increases migrants' propensity to naturalize and accelerates their naturalization, possibly in response to increased uncertainty about future immigration policy. Yet, the impacts are highly heterogeneous. For eligible-to-naturalize immigrants living in mixed-status households - households with at least one unauthorized member, we find the opposite effects. Intensified enforcement makes them less likely to naturalize or to delay their status adjustment, possibly to avoid any contact with immigration officials. Understanding how immigration policy influences naturalization decisions is important given the benefits to naturalization and the potential to counter the adverse impacts of tougher enforcement on the 16 million individuals, many of them U.S. citizens, residing in mixed-status households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ansala, Laura, Olof Åslund & Matti Sarvimäki (2018): Immigration history, entry jobs, and the labor market integration of immigrants. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2018,20), Uppsala, 50 S.

Abstract

"We examine how immigrants enter the labor market and whether their integration process varies by host country's immigration history. We focus on two countries - Finland and Sweden - that have similar formal institutions, but differ vastly in their past immigration experience. Nevertheless, in both countries, immigrants tend to find their first jobs in low-paying establishments where the manager and colleagues often share their ethnic background. Time to entry and entry job characteristics vary widely by region of origin. Furthermore, entry job characteristics predict earnings dynamics and job stability. The patterns and associations are remarkably similar in Finland and Sweden. These findings suggest strong regularities in labor market integration and ethnic segregation that are independent of immigration history and ethnic diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baltagi, Badi H., Ying Deng & Xiangjun Ma (2018): Network effects on labor contracts of internal migrants in China. A spatial autoregressive model. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 55, H. 1, S. 265-296. DOI:10.1007/s00181-017-1333-3

Abstract

"This paper studies the fact that 37% of the internal migrants in China do not sign a labor contract with their employers, as revealed in a nationwide survey. These contract-free jobs pay lower hourly wages, require longer weekly work hours, and provide less insurance or on-the-job training than regular jobs with contracts. We find that the co-villager networks play an important role in a migrant's decision on whether to accept such insecure and irregular jobs. By employing a comprehensive nationwide survey in 2011 in the spatial autoregressive logit model, we show that the common behavior of not signing contracts in the co-villager network increases the probability that a migrant accepts a contract-free job. We provide three possible explanations on how networks influence migrants' contract decisions: job referral mechanism, limited information on contract benefits, and the 'mini-labor union' formed among co-villagers, which substitutes for a formal contract. In the subsample analysis, we also find that the effects are larger for migrants whose jobs were introduced by their co-villagers, male migrants, migrants with rural Hukou, short-term migrants, and less educated migrants. The heterogeneous effects for migrants of different employer types, industries, and home provinces provide policy implications." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Baum, Christopher F., Hans Lööf & Andreas Stephan (2018): Economic impact of STEM immigrant workers. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 257), Maastricht, 22 S.

Abstract

"STEM-focused industries are critical to the innovation-driven economy. As many firms are running short of STEM workers, international immigrants are increasingly recognized as a potential for high-tech job recruitment. This paper studies STEM occupations in Sweden 2011-2015 and tests hypotheses on new recruitment and the economic impact of foreign STEM workers. The empirical analysis shows that the probability that a new employee is a STEM immigrant increases with the share of STEM immigrants already employed, while the marginal effect on average firm wages is positively associated with the share of immigrant STEM workers. We also document heterogeneity in the results, suggesting that European migrants are more attractive for new recruitment, but non-EU migrants have the largest impact on wage determination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baysu, Gülseli, Ahu Alanya & Helga AG de Valk (2018): School trajectories of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, and Germany. The role of school systems. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 59, H. 5/6, S. 451-479. DOI:10.1177/0020715218818638

Abstract

"In this article, we aim to explain the school careers of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in nine cities in five Western European countries and show the influence of the national school systems ranging from comprehensive to hierarchical tracking structures. We apply sequence analyses, optimal matching, and cluster analyses to define school trajectories complemented with propensity score matching to study the differences between young adults of different origin. Participants were 4516 young adults of Turkish second generation and native origin aged between 18 and 35. Findings show that the school system makes a difference for school careers: (1) in rigid systems with higher differentiation and early tracking, the gap between the second-generation and native school trajectories begins to unfold early in the school career; (2) in the rigid systems, the track in which students enter secondary education determine the routes they take as well as their final outcomes; and (3) more open systems allow for 'second-chance' opportunities for immigrant students to improve their track placement. However, across school systems, second-generation youth follow more often non-academic or short school careers, while native youth follow academic careers. When individual and family background are controlled via propensity score matching, the ethnic gap is explained better in more stratified systems highlighting the important role of family background in more stratified school systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertoli, Simone & Ilse Ruyssen (2018): Networks and migrants' intended destination. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 705-728. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby012

Abstract

"Social networks are known to influence migration decisions, but connections between individuals remain usually unobserved. Surveys conducted by Gallup in 147 countries provide information on migration intentions and on distance-one connections in each destination. The distribution of distance-one connections mirrors the one of migrant stocks, and intentions are informative about actual decisions. The estimation of origin-specific conditional logit models reveals that distance-one connections can alter the ranking of most pairs of destinations. We test the validity of the distributional assumptions that underlie identification and perform extensive robustness checks, thus mitigating the concerns about the threats to identification posed by unobservables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bia, Michela, Alfonso Flores-Lagunes & Andrea Mercatanti (2018): Evaluation of language training programs in Luxembourg using principal stratification. (GLO discussion paper 289), Maastricht, 46 S.

Abstract

"In a world increasingly globalized, multiple language skills can create more employment opportunities. Several countries include language training programs in active labor market programs for the unemployed. We analyze the effects of a language training program on the re-employment probability and hourly wages of the unemployed simultaneously, using highquality administrative data from Luxembourg. We address selection into training by exploiting the rich administrative information available, and account for the complication that wages are 'truncated' by unemployment by adopting a principal stratification framework. Estimation is undertaken with a mixture model likelihood-based approach. To improve inference, we use the individual's hours worked as a secondary outcome and a stochastic dominance assumption. These two features considerably ameliorate the multimodality problem commonly encountered in mixture models. We also conduct sensitivity analysis to assess the unconfoundedness assumption employed. Our results strongly suggest a positive effect (of up to 12.7 percent) of the language training programs on the re-employment probability, but no effects on wages for those who are observed employed regardless of training participation. It appears that, in the context of an open and multilingual economy, language training improve employability but the language skills acquired are not sufficiently rewarded to be reflected in higher wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biagi, Bianca, Alessandra Faggian, Isha Rajbhandari & Viktor A. Venhorst (Hrsg.) (2018): New frontiers in interregional migration research. (Advances in spatial science), Cham: Springer London, 252 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-75886-2

Abstract

"This book focuses on the latest advances and challenges in interregional migration research. Given the increase in the availability of 'big data' at a finer spatial scale, the book discusses the resulting new challenges for researchers in interregional migration, especially for regional scientists, and the theoretical and empirical advances that have been made possible. In presenting these findings, it also sheds light on the different migration drivers and patterns in the developed and developing world by comparing different regions around the globe. The book updates and revisits the main academic debates in interregional migration, and presents new emerging lines of investigation and a forward-looking research agenda." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Biavaschi, Constanza, Giovanni Facchini, Anna Maria Mayda & Mariapia Mendola (2018): South-South migration and the labor market. Evidence from South Africa. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 823-853. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby010

Abstract

"Using census data for 1996, 2001 and 2007, we study the labor market effect of immigration to South Africa. We exploit the variation - both at the district and at the national level - in the share of foreign-born male workers across schooling and experience groups over time. In addition, we use an instrumental variable empirical strategy to estimate the causal effect of immigration on the local labor market. At the district level, we show that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' employment rates but not on total income. At the national level, we find that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' total income but not on employment rates. Our results are consistent with outflows of natives to other districts as a consequence of migration, as in Borjas (2006)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Birkelund, Gunn E., Edvard N. Larsen & Adrian F. Rogne (2018): Perfect for the job? Overqualification of immigrants and their descendants in the Norwegian labor market (2018). In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 6, H. 3, S. 78-103. DOI:10.17645/si.v6i3.1451

Abstract

"Compared to the majority population, studies have shown that non-western immigrants are more likely to work in jobs for which they are overqualified. These findings are based on coarse measures of jobs, and an important question is how sensitive these findings are to the definition of jobs. By using detailed information from Norwegian register data 2014, we provide a methodological innovation in comparing individuals working in the same occupation, industry, sector, firm, and municipality. In this way, we measure the degree of overqualification among workers within more than 653,000 jobs. We differentiate between immigrants and their descendants originating from Western Europe, the New EU countries, other Western countries, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Africa and Asia (except MENA countries), and South and Central America, and compare their outcomes with the majority population holding the same jobs. We find that immigrants from all country of origin groups are more likely to be overqualified compared to the majority population and to descendants of immigrants. However, the prevalence of overqualification decreases with time since immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borowczyk-Martins, Daniel, Jake Bradley & Linas Tarasonis (2018): Racial discrimination in the U.S. labor market. Employment and wage differentials by skill. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 45-66. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.02.010

Abstract

"In the U.S. the average black worker has a lower employment rate and earns a lower wage compared to his white counterpart. Lang and Lehmann (2012) argue that black-white wage and employment gaps are smaller for high-skill workers. We show that a model combining employer taste-based discrimination, search frictions and skill complementarities can replicate these regularities, and estimate it using data from the U.S. manufacturing sector. We find that discrimination is quantitatively important to understand differences in wages and job finding rates across workers with low education levels, whereas skill differences are the main driver of those differences among workers with high education levels." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Burzynski, Michal, Frédéric Docquier & Hillel Rapoport (2018): The changing structure of immigration to the OECD. What welfare effects on member countries? (CESifo working paper 6992), München, 38 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the welfare implications of two pre-crisis immigration waves (1991-2000 and 2001-2010) and of the post-crisis wave (2011-2015) for OECD native citizens. To do so, we develop a general equilibrium model that accounts for the main channels of transmission of immigration shocks - the employment and wage effects, the fiscal effect, and the market size effect - and for the interactions between them. We parameterize our model for 20 selected OECD member states. We find that the three waves induce positive effects on the real income of natives, however the size of these gains varies considerably across countries and across skill groups. In relative terms, the post-crisis wave induces smaller welfare gains compared to the previous ones. This is due to the changing origin mix of immigrants, which translates into lower levels of human capital and smaller fiscal gains. However, differences across cohorts explain a tiny fraction of the highly persistent, cross-country heterogeneity in the economic benefits from immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carey, David (2018): Making the most of immigration in Canada. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1520), Paris, 54 S. DOI:10.1787/6813672e-en

Abstract

"Canada's immigration policy aims to promote economic development by selecting immigrants with high levels of human capital, to reunite families and to respond to foreign crises and offer protection to endangered people. Economic-class immigrants, who are selected for their skills, are by far the largest group. The immigration system has been highly successful and is well run. Outcomes are monitored and policies adjusted to ensure that the system's objectives are met. A problematic development, both from the point of view of immigrants' well-being and increasing productivity, is that their initial earnings in Canada relative to the native-born fell sharply in recent decades to levels that are too low to catch up with those of the comparable native-born within immigrants' working lives. Important causes of the fall include weaker official language skills and a decline in returns to pre-immigration labour market experience. Canada has responded by modifying its immigration policy over the years to select immigrants with better earnings prospects, most recently with the introduction in 2015 of the Express Entry system. It has also developed a range of settlement programmes and initiatives to facilitate integration. This chapter looks at options for further adjusting the system to enhance the benefits it generates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carling, Jørgen & Kerilyn Schewel (2018): Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 6, S. 945-963. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146

Abstract

"It is a refreshingly simple thought that migration is the combined result of two factors: the aspiration to migrate and the ability to migrate. Without having to resort to overly structural or individualistic explanations, this analytical distinction helps disentangle complex questions around why some people migrate but others do not. Still, aspiration and ability raise their own thorny theoretical and methodological questions. To begin with, what does it mean to have migration aspirations? How can such concepts be objects of empirical research? And is it meaningful to say that individuals possess the ability to migrate if their preference is to stay? The aspiration/ability model was originally proposed in this journal and has since been diversely applied and adapted. In this article, we look back at more than a decade of research to examine a series of theoretical and empirical developments related to the aspiration/ability model and its extensions. We identify two-step approaches as a class of analytical frameworks that share the basic logic of the aspiration/ability model. Covering expansive theoretical, methodological and empirical ground, we seek to lay a foundation for new research on global migration in its diverse forms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))