Zitatform

Grossmann, Volker & David Stadelmann (2013): Wage effects of high-skilled migration. International evidence. In: The World Bank Economic Review, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 297-319. DOI:10.1093/wber/lht002

Abstract

"The international migration of high-skilled workers may trigger productivity effects at the macro level such that the wage rate of skilled workers increases in host countries and decreases in source countries. We exploit data on international bilateral migration flows and provide evidence consistent with this theoretical hypothesis. We propose various instrumentation strategies to identify the causal effect of skilled migration on log differences of GDP per capita, total factor productivity, and the wages of skilled workers between pairs of source and destination countries. These strategies aim to address the endogeneity problem that arises when international wage differences affect migration decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Guild, Elspeth, Sergio Carrera & Katharina Eisele (Hrsg.) (2013): Social benefits and migration. A contested relationship and policy challenge in the EU. Brüssel, 152 S.

Abstract

"Following the financial crisis that commenced in 2008, the relationship between migration and social benefits has become increasingly contested in a number of large EU member states. The Eastern expansion of the EU in 2004 and 2007 has added a new dimension to the relationship. Concerns have spread across a number of member states about the 'costs' and 'financial burdens' of migration and intra-EU mobility and there have been calls for restrictions of existing EU rights and freedoms in the areas of EU free movement, social security coordination, asylum and migration laws.
The collection of essays contained in this book examines the main policy controversies that have emerged in the EU regarding linkages between welfare and migration. Does migration constitute a disproportionate burden to member states' domestic labour markets and welfare systems? Should non-citizens be entitled to social benefits in the state where they live? Is there objective evidence and statistical data indicating abuse of social benefits and increasing financial burdens by non-citizens, 'social welfare tourism' or the so-called 'welfare magnet' hypothesis, whereby migrants are attracted to countries that provide more generous welfare?
The book analyses these controversies as they affect different categories of non-citizens in the framework of EU law and policy. This is coupled with an examination of the uses or misuses of data, information and social science knowledge in the debates on the reliance by non-citizens on social benefits. The book concludes with a set of recommendations addressed to EU policy-makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hawley, Zackary B. & Jonathan C. Rork (2013): The case of state funded higher education scholarship plans and interstate brain drain. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 242-249. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.07.003

Abstract

"This paper studies the impact of state funded higher education scholarship plans on interstate migration patterns of college educated individuals between 1980 and 2009. We find that these plans increase the in-state enrollment rate, but have no positive impact on the subsequent number of graduates. While aggregate migration trends remain unaffected as a result of these plans, we find the out-migration rate of young college educated individuals decreases 3 to 5 years after the adoption of a plan, but this effect is countered by an increase in the out-migration of older college educated adults in later years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jackson, Aaron L., David L. Ortmeyer & Michael A. Quinn (2013): Are immigrants really attracted to the welfare state? Evidence from OECD countries. In: International economics and economic policy, Jg. 10, H. 4, S. 491-519. DOI:10.1007/s10368-012-0219-2

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of fiscal policies on both the size and educational levels of immigrants in destination countries. We find that whether or not a country's policies are attracting highly educated immigrants goes beyond the issue of the 'welfare state'. Immigrants are making important distinctions between the different benefits provided by a receiving country's government. Health and education spending are found to have a positive impact on the education levels of immigrants while the reverse is true for unemployment and retirement benefits. Welfare programs are found to be insignificant once other government programs/taxes and other factors are taken into account. These results imply that countries should be less concerned about whether they are a 'big government' with regards to attracting immigrants, and more concerned with what types of benefits they offer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Juravle, Carmen, Tina Weber, Emanuela Canetta, Elena Fries Tersch & Martina Kadunc (2013): A fact finding analysis on the impact on the Member States' social security systems of the entitlements of non-active intra-EU migrants to special non-contributory cash benefits and healthcare granted on the basis of residence. Final report submitted by ICF GHK in association with Milieu Ltd. Brüssel, 276 S.

Abstract

"In the specific case of cash benefits such as social pensions, disability allowances and non-contributory job-seekers allowances financed by general taxation rather than contributions by the individual concerned (so-called special non-contributory cash benefits - SNCBs), the study shows that economically non-active EU mobile citizens account for a very small share of beneficiaries and that the budgetary impact of such claims on national welfare budgets is very low. They represent less than 1% of all such beneficiaries (of EU nationality) in six countries studied (Austria, Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Malta and Portugal) and between 1% and 5% in five other countries (Germany, Finland, France, The Netherlands and Sweden).
The study also found that:
- the vast majority of EU nationals moving to another EU country do so to work
- activity rates among such mobile EU citizens have increased over the last seven years
- on average EU mobile citizens are more likely to be in employment than nationals of the host country (partly because more EU mobile citizens than nationals fall in the 15-64 age bracket)
- the majority of currently non-active EU citizens who move have previously worked in their current country of residence (64%)
- non-active EU mobile citizens represent a very small share of the total population in each Member State and between 0.7% and 1.0% of the overall EU population.
- on average, the expenditures associated with healthcare provided to non-active EU mobile citizens are very small relative to the size of total health spending (0.2% on average) or the size of the economy of the host countries (0.01% of GDP on average)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lancee, Bram (2013): Ängste, die Abwehr auslösen - Wer den Job verliert, neigt eher zu migrantenfeindlichen Einstellungen. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 142, S. 16-17.

Abstract

"Aus welchen Quellen speisen sich Vorbehalte gegen Fremde? Die Analyse von Daten über die Jahre 1999 bis 2009 zeigt: In Deutschland dürfte ethnische Konkurrenz Hauptursache für Fremdenfeindlichkeit - und zwar in allen Bevölkerungsschichten. Menschen, die ihren Arbeitsplatz verlieren oder große Angst vor Arbeitsplatzverlust haben, haben deutliche mehr Tendenzen zu Fremdenfeindlichkeit. Wer in einer Gegend mit hoher Arbeitslosigkeit lebt, ist auch eher abweisend gegenüber Fremden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Landesmann, Michael, Isilda Mara, Hermine Vidovic, Helmut Hofer, Philip Schuster & Gerlinde Titelbach (2013): Auswirkungen der Arbeitsmarktöffnung am 1. Jänner 2014 auf den Wirtschafts- und Arbeitsstandort Österreich. (WIIW Forschungsarbeiten in deutscher Sprache 2013), Wien, 78 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert das Migrationspotential und die Auswirkungen auf Österreichs Volkswirtschaft, die nach der Aufhebung der Zugangsbeschränkungen gegenüber Staatsangehörigen aus Bulgarien und Rumänien (EU-2) mit 1. Jänner 2014 zu erwarten sind.
Die Studie setzt sich aus zwei Teilen zusammen. Der erste Teil hat drei Aufgaben zum Inhalt: die erste Aufgabe dokumentiert das Ausmaß und die Merkmale bulgarischer und rumänischer Arbeitskräfte in Österreich in den vergangenen zehn Jahren. Die zweite Aufgabe liefert Erkenntnisse über Erfahrungen anderer EU-Länder, die den Zugang zu ihren Arbeitsmärkten für Staatsangehörige der EU-8 und EU-2 bereits liberalisiert haben. Die dritte Aufgabe besteht aus der Projektion des zukünftigen Bestands an MigrantInnen aus der EU-2, zumindest für die Jahre 2014-2015, unter zwei unterschiedlichen Szenarien: Szenario 1 geht von der Annahme aus, dass die Übergangsfristen beibehalten werden; Szenario 2 geht von der vollständigen Liberalisierung aus." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lange, Thomas (2013): Return migration of foreign students and non-resident tuition fees. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 703-718. DOI:10.1007/s00148-012-0436-6

Abstract

"This paper challenges the notion that optimal non-resident tuition fees should necessarily be raised if the return rate of foreign students after graduation increases. The analysis of a host country's optimal pricing behavior therefore incorporates a specific student migration model. Students usually are aware of the fact that they might return to their home countries after being educated abroad, even if they initially intended to stay on in the host country. With rational expectations, a change in students' perceptions of the return probability after graduation can affect their first-round decisions whether to study abroad. The optimal adjustment of non-resident tuition fees in the host country has to take this behavioral response into account. Under certain conditions, the behavioral effect is dominant, and a decline in stay rates of students actually requires tuition fee cuts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mappes-Niediek, Norbert (2013): Arme Roma, böse Zigeuner. Was an den Vorurteilen über die Zuwanderer stimmt. (Schriftenreihe der Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung 1385), Bonn, 219 S.

Abstract

"Es gibt viele Gründe für Migration. Einer davon ist die Flucht aus prekären Lebensverhältnissen, auch innerhalb Europas: Armut mobilisiert Roma, insbesondere aus Staaten Ost- und Südosteuropas, zur Wanderung, und ihre Armut ist zugleich der Katalysator für Vorbehalte und Vorurteile den Roma gegenüber. Wie reagiert die Politik auf die Wanderungen der Roma? Welche Verwerfungen entstanden durch die wirtschaftlichen Umbrüche in ihren Herkunftsländern? Norbert Mappes-Niediek versucht das Ursache-Wirkungs-Geflecht zu entwirren, das den Nährboden für die verbreitete Ablehnung der Roma bildet. Sein rationales, auf Recherchen wie zahlreichen Gesprächen basierendes Buch zeigt, welche Probleme überwunden und welche Fakten hingenommen werden müssen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Naghsh Nejad, Maryam (2013): Institutionalized inequality and brain drain. An empirical study of the effects of women's rights on the gender gap in high-skilled migration. (IZA discussion paper 7864), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of institutionalized gender inequality, proxied by a women's rights index, on the female high-skilled migration rates relative to that of male (the female brain drain ratio). By developing a model of migration choice I find non-linear effects of gender inequality on the female brain drain ratio as a result of effects of gender inequality on both costs and benefits of migration. At low levels of women's rights, increases in the index lead to increases in the female brain drain ratio. This is consistent with, at low levels of women's rights, prohibitively high costs of migration for females. Once a certain level of protections has been afforded to them, the costs to migration are low enough that many women then decide to leave the oppressive society and migrate where the benefits associated with their human capital are higher. However, as women's rights continue to strengthen, those benefits to migration then tend to decrease. The effect on female brain drain then turns negative. Using a panel of up to 195 countries I find evidence consistent with this model which is robust to instrumental variable approach. A one-point increase in the above average level of this index is associated with an average of about a 25-percentage point decrease in the female brain drain ratio." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Palmer, John & Mariola Pytlikova (2013): Labor market laws and intra-European migration. The role of the state in shaping destination choices. (Norface migration discussion paper 2013-15), London, 34 S.

Abstract

"This article investigates the relationship between migrants' destination choices and the formal labor market access afforded by multiple potential host countries in the context of the EU's eastward enlargement. We use an index of labor market access laws combined with data on migration from new EU member states into the existing states of the EU and EFTA from 2004 through 2010 to test whether (1) migrants are attracted to destinations that give them greater formal labor market access, and (2) migration flows to any given destination are influenced by the labor market policies of competing destinations. Our data support both propositions: Migration between origin/destination pairs was positively associated with the loosening of destination labor market restrictions while negatively associated with the loosening of competing destinations' labor market restrictions. These relationships hold even when economic indicators, social welfare spending, and existing immigrant stocks are modelled. By combining rich EU data with a unique approach to evaluating competing legal regimes, the analysis helps us better understand how law shapes migration in a multi-destination world." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pantea, Maria-Carmen (2013): Policy implications for addressing Roma precarious migration through employment at home. In: International migration, Jg. 51, H. 5, S. 34-47. DOI:10.1111/imig.12069

Abstract

"Roma migration from Romania is often precarious and takes place in circumstances that increase pre-existent levels of vulnerability. For many, migration is a last resort solution for navigating an insecure economic environment. For others, it has become a source of profit they draw upon, sometimes at the expense of the most vulnerable members of Roma communities.
The major challenge this article addresses is how to create the enabling circumstances at home in order to provide alternatives to precarious migration for Roma. Informed by interviews with Roma migrants and with local authorities, this article examines the policy options at local level, addressing Roma precarious migration. It examines the limitations of the current employment policies in relation to Roma in order to identify what seem to work, what sounds promising and what does not work.
It advises that job fairs and counselling campaigns are likely to fail, as they do not tackle the structural constraints keeping Roma outside the labour market. Unless linked with realistic employment opportunities, training courses also remain precarious strategies for labour market integration. The article also argues that individualized interventions (including repatriation schemes) are likely to increase community divides.
The article supports structural, community-level measures for tackling unemployment and argues that future policies need to have Roma communities as the 'unit of intervention', because the social preconditions for migration are likely to be generated at this level. This policy proposal is grounded in the research finding that an apparently consistent group of Roma migrants, prone to deceitful recruitment and precarious migration, would endorse reasonable and stable economic solutions at home. Yet accepting that circular migration may be inevitable for a number of Roma is an important ingredient when designing policy interventions." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Paserman, M. Daniele (2013): Do high-skill immigrants raise productivity? Evidence from Israeli manufacturing firms, 1990-1999. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 2, S. 1-31. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-2-6

Abstract

"This paper exploits the episode provided by the mass migration from the former Soviet Union to Israel in the 1990s to study the effect high skill immigration on productivity. Using a unique data set on manufacturing firms, I investigate directly whether firms and industries with a higher concentration of immigrants experienced increases in productivity. The analysis finds no correlation between immigrant concentration and productivity at the firm level in cross-sectional and pooled regressions. First-differences estimates reveal, if anything, a negative correlation between the change in output per worker and the change in the immigrant share. The immigrant share was strongly negatively correlated with productivity in low-tech industries. In high-technology industries, the results point to a positive relationship, hinting at complementarities between technology and the skilled immigrant workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Piracha, Matloob, Teresa Randazzo & Florin Vadean (2013): Remittances and occupational outcomes of the household members left-behind. (IZA discussion paper 7582), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the role of remittances and migration on the occupational outcomes of the household members left behind in Tajikistan. Using the control function approach, we show that, contrary to some existing evidence, there is no 'dependency' effect of remittances. Our results show that remittances received by households in Tajikistan have an important contribution to generate employment opportunities for those remaining in the country. This is likely to have a positive impact on the growth and development in Tajikistan. The results obtained are likely to have policy implications for other developing countries as well." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Piracha, Matloob & Amrita Saraogi (2013): Remittances and migration intentions of the left-behind. (IZA discussion paper 7779), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Migration and the consequent flow of remittances are like a double-edged sword; while keeping many out of poverty, they can also result in further brain drain and demographic imbalance for the country. Using a large household survey data from Moldova and employing simultaneous equations model we show that there exists a dual causality between receipt of remittances by non-migrants and their migration intentions. Moreover, we add a novel element to the empirical literature by being the first to be able to specify the mechanism behind the link between remittances and migration. We find evidence that remittances not only relieve credit constraints in the home country but also act as a signalling device of success in the host country. These results provide a fresh outlook on the role of remittances in shaping migration flows in the migrant sending countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Piras, Romano (2013): Can the augmented Solow model with migration explain the Italian internal brain drain? In: Labour, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 140-163. DOI:10.1111/labr.12003

Abstract

"We extend the Dolado et al. (1994) model to both inflows and outflows of migrants and assume that they have a human capital endowment that contributes to increase/decrease the stock of human capital in the receiving/sending economy. We derive the conditional convergence equation in which the impact of migration flows on the growth rate is disentangled in a pure quantity effect and in a quality or composition effect of immigration and emigration rates that accounts for the relative human capital endowment of migrants with respect to resident population. Next, we test the model with Italian regional data for the 1970-2005 time period. We find that the model provides a good explanation of the Italian experience. The quantity effect is negative for the immigration rate and positive for the emigration rate, whereas the composition effect is positive for immigration and negative for emigration. Finally, we separate the centre-north from the south and find that the composition effect of emigration is stronger for the latter. We interpret these results as a clear evidence of a brain drain from the Mezzogiorno to the centre-northern regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Portes, Alejandro & Jessica Yiu (2013): Entrepreneurship, transnationalism, and development. In: Migration studies, Jg. 1, H. 1, S. 75-95. DOI:10.1093/migration/mns036

Abstract

"This article reviews the debate on economic and social consequences of immigrant entrepreneurship as well as theories advanced to explain different levels of self-employment among immigrant and ethnic minorities. We examine the impact of professional and entrepreneurial migration on sending countries from the viewpoint of traditional theories of the brain drain as well as from that of the more recent transnational perspective. Finally, we present the latest data on the effects of self-employment on income levels for various immigrant and ethnic groups. Results confirm the conclusion of a consistently positive net effect, both for annual incomes and hourly earnings. Implications of these results for theories of immigrant adaptation and policies implemented by sending and receiving countries are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rica, Sara de la, Albrecht Glitz & Francesc Ortega (2013): Immigration in Europe. Trends, policies and empirical evidence. (IZA discussion paper 7778), Bonn, 98 S.

Abstract

"This chapter summarizes the main trends, policies and empirical evidence regarding immigration in Europe. We start by providing descriptive evidence on long-term immigration trends and current characteristics of the immigrant populations in various important European destination countries and Europe as a whole. We then discuss key policy issues in the European context, focusing on access to citizenship, asylum seeking, border enforcement, amnesties and policies to attract talent. In the second part of the chapter, we provide a survey of the large and growing literature on the recent European immigration experience, focusing on two key questions: what has been the socio-economic performance of immigrants in their destination countries and how has immigration impacted these countries' economies and native populations. We find large and highly persistent gaps in the economic performance of immigrants relative to natives in most destination countries, with only few instances of encouraging progress. Overall, there is little evidence of a detrimental effect of immigration on the economies of the host countries, which appear to respond to immigrant inflows through mechanisms more complex than simple factor price adjustments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rodrigues, Margarida (2013): Does student mobility during higher education pay? Evidence from 16 European countries. (EUR. Scientific and Technical Research Reports 26089), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 53 S. DOI:10.2788/95642

Abstract

"We use data from 16 European countries to study the effects of student mobility during higher education on future mobility, on the transition from education to employment and on hourly earnings five years after graduation. We control for several important pre-determined individual characteristics and proxies for ability, motivation and initiative that are likely to be correlated with both the mobility decision and the outcomes. The findings point to a positive association between mobility and future mobility and earnings, while the transition to employment seems to be slightly delayed. While the effects on future mobility are found in all countries and fields of education, the ones related to the labour market are only found in few of them. We also discuss and present evidence on possible mechanisms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schroth, Jan (2013): Barriers for successful capitalization on returning migrants. International comparative working paper. Leipzig, 21 S.

Abstract

"The International comparative working paper on barriers for successful capitalization of returning migrants has been conducted by IOM International Organization for Migration in Prague.
The paper summarizes the activities and outputs of the research phase of the Re-Turn project, to give useful recommendations for the realization of the different pilot actions. In particular, the outcomes of the paper are focused on the identification of barriers and the needs for policy intervention. In summary it helps to answer these crucial questions:
- What problems do returnees face?
- What barriers make return migration difficult?
- What can we learn for the project's WP4 activities (development of tools, methods and service concepts for supporting capitalization on return migration) and for policy measures in general?
- How can we help return migrants and businesses in home regions?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Voigt, Claudius (2013): Ausgeschlossen oder privilegiert? Zur aufenthalts- und sozialrechtlichen Situation von Unionsbürgern und ihren Familienangehörigen. Berlin, 48 S.

Abstract

"Der Paritätische Wohlfahrtsverband hat eine neue, aktualisierte Auflage der Broschüre 'Ausgeschlossen oder privilegiert? Zur aufenthalts- und sozialrechtlichen Situation von Unionsbürgern und ihren Familienangehörigen' herausgegeben. Nach dem EU-Beitritt Kroatiens am 1. Juli 2013 geht die Broschüre nun auch auf die aufenthalts- und sozialrechtliche Situation von Kroaten und ihren Familienangehörigen in Deutschland ein und berücksichtigt die neue Rechtsprechung seit Januar 2013.
Die Publikation befasst sich mit den gesetzlichen Regelungen zur Einreise und Aufenthalt von Unionsbürgern in Deutschland und widmet sich im zweiten Teil dem Zugang von Unionsbürgern zu existenzsichernden Leistungen. In einem abschließenden Kapitel wird speziell auf den Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt für bulgarische, rumänische und kroatische Staatsbürger eingegangen. Durch die Auflistung von Praxistipps und hilfreicher Internetseiten sowie einer tabellarischen Zusammenfassung gesetzlicher Regelungen ist diese Publikation sehr praxisorientiert gestaltet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Walk, Marlene, Heike Schinnenburg & Femida Handy (2013): What do talents want? Work expectations in India, China, and Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 251-278. DOI:10.1177/239700221302700305

Abstract

"Internationales Talentmanagement gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, da Unternehmen in einem globalen Wettbewerb um qualifizierte Mitarbeiter stehen. Diese Studie befasst sich mit den Arbeitserwartungen von chinesischen (N=404), indischen (N=588) und deutschen (N=257) Studierenden -- der Gruppe, aus der Unternehmen ihre zukünftigen Arbeitskräfte rekrutieren. Die Einbeziehung spezifischer Arbeitserwartungen ist vor allem für qualifizierte Talente notwendig. Sollten ihre Arbeitserwartungen nicht erfüllt werden, ist eine Verringerung von Arbeitszufriedenheit, Commitment und Arbeitsleistung wahrscheinlich. Unter der Verwendung von faktoranalytischen Methoden wird in diesem Artikel ein Erhebungsinstrument entwickelt, welches studentische Arbeitserwartungen reliabel misst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Studierende aus allen Ländern mehr Gemeinsamkeiten aufweisen, als kulturelle Unterschiede vermuten lassen. Dennoch bieten die festgestellten Besonderheiten wichtige Einblicke für internationales Talentmanagement und fordern gezielte Rekrutierungs- und Bindungsstrategien." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2013): Soziale Rechte bulgarischer und rumänischer EU-Bürgerinnen und -Bürger in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 18/73). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 18/223 (20.12.2013)), 31 S.

Abstract

Vor der Hintergrund der mit der vom 1. Januar 2014 an geltenden Freizügigkeit für Arbeitnehmer aus Bulgarien und Rumänien befürchteten Zuwanderung in das deutsche Sozialsystem beantwortet die Bundesregierung damit in Zusammenhang stehende Einzelfragen. Sie stellt klar, dass die Zuwanderung aus diesen Ländern bundesweit keine Belastung der Sozialsysteme darstellt und wendet sich gegen eine Einschränkung des grundlegenden Prinzips der Freizügigkeit. Dargestellt werden Daten aus der amtlichen Wanderungsstatistik für Bulgaren und Rumänen sowie über die bisher erteilt Anzahl von Arbeitsgenehmigungen: Von Januar bis einschließlich Oktober 2013 wurden 43.038 (2012 gesamt: 43.652) Arbeitsgenehmigungen-EU für bulgarische und rumänische Staatsangehörige erteilt, darunter 9.648 (2012 gesamt: 8.562) für Fachkräfte und deren Familienangehörige ohne Vorrangprüfung. Die Bundesregierung geht davon aus, dass die Freizügigkeit keine erheblichen Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt haben wird. Der Anteil bulgarischer bzw. rumänischer Staatsangehöriger an allen SGB-II-Leistungsberechtigten betrug im Juli 2013 jeweils 0,3 Prozent. (IAB)

Abstract

"In der Hintergrundinformation werden die Auswirkungen der Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit und der EU-Schuldenkrise auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt mit wichtigen Eckzahlen beschrieben. In den Anhangtabellen finden sich zusätzlich Beschäftigtendaten in der Unterscheidung nach Beschäftigungsform, einzelnen Herkunftsländern, Wirtschaftszweigen und Bundesländern; die beiden letztgenannten Differenzierungen nach einer Wartezeit von 6 Monaten. Darüber hinaus sind noch Tabellen zur Arbeitslosigkeit und zum Leistungsbezug in der Grundsicherung enthalten. Weitere Informationen zur Beschäftigung werden quartalsweite nach einer Wartezeit von 6 Monaten in dem Statistikheft 'Auswirkungen der Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit und der EU-Schuldenkrise auf die Beschäftigung in Deutschland' veröffentlicht." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium des Innern (2013): Migrationsbericht des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung. Migrationsbericht 2012. (Migrationsbericht des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung 11), Berlin, 303 S.

Abstract

"Das Bundeskabinett hat am 15. Januar 2014 den vom Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) erarbeiteten Migrationsbericht 2012 verabschiedet. Der Bericht gibt auf der Grundlage der vorhandenen Daten einen Überblick über das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland. Er stellt die verschiedenen Migrationsarten detailliert dar und informiert über die Struktur der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund.
Wesentliche Ergebnisse:
- Deutschland gewinnt als Zielland von Migration weiter an Attraktivität.
- Die Zuwanderung hat sich 2012 im Vergleich zum Vorjahr um 13 Prozent erhöht, die Zahl der Fortzüge nahm um 7 Prozent zu.
- Die EU-Binnenmigration macht 58 Prozent des gesamten Zuwanderungsgeschehens nach Deutschland aus.
- Der Wanderungsgewinn beträgt 369.000 Personen, der höchste seit dem Jahr 1995.
- Beim Zuzug von Fachkräften war ein weiterer Anstieg zu verzeichnen.
- Auch begannen so viele junge Menschen, die ihre Hochschulreife im Ausland erworben haben, ihr Studium in Deutschland wie nie zuvor.
- Hauptherkunftsland der Zuwanderer war wie schon in den Vorjahren Polen.
- Die Zuzüge aus Rumänien und Bulgarien steigen seit dem EU-Beitritt im Jahr 2007 weiter an.
- Deutlich angestiegen ist auch die Zuwanderung aus den südeuropäischen EU-Staaten Spanien, Italien und Griechenland.
- Der Anstieg der Asylbewerberzahlen hat sich im Vergleich zum Vorjahr mit einem Zuwachs von 41 Prozent weiter fortgesetzt.
- In Deutschland hat jeder fünfte Einwohner einen Migrationshintergrund, bei Kindern unter zehn Jahren liegt dieser Anteil bereits bei etwa einem Drittel." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Sachverständigenrat Deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (2013): Erfolgsfall Europa? Folgen und Herausforderungen der EU-Freizügigkeit für Deutschland : Jahresgutachten 2013 mit Migrationsbarometer. (Jahresgutachten ... mit Migrationsbarometer / Sachverständigenrat Deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration 4), Berlin, 211 S.

Abstract

"Das vierte Jahresgutachten 2013 'Erfolgsfall Europa? Folgen und Herausforderungen der EU-Freizügigkeit für Deutschland' beschäftigt sich mit dem Migrationsraum Europäische Union. Nachdem in den bisherigen Gutachten v. a. die Migration von Drittstaatsangehörigen im Zentrum stand, wendet sich der SVR nun den Wanderungsverhältnissen innerhalb der EU und besonders ihren Auswirkungen auf Deutschland zu. Aus deutscher Sicht sind diese Binnenwanderungen von zentraler Bedeutung, denn die EU ist mittlerweile zum wichtigsten Herkunftsraum geworden, gerade für gut qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte. So kamen fast zwei Drittel der nichtdeutschen Personen, die 2011 nach Deutschland zugezogen sind, aus einem anderen EU-Mitgliedstaat. Auch damit hat Deutschland in den letzten beiden Jahren eine Trendänderung erfahren: Von einem Land mit zeitweise negativer Wanderungsbilanz, einer geringen Zuwanderung von Hochqualifizierten und anhaltend hoher Abwanderung hat es sich wieder zu einem wichtigen Zuwanderungsland entwickelt, das zunehmend auch qualifizierte Zuwanderer gewinnt. Nicht zuletzt durch die vergleichsweise günstige ökonomische Entwicklung, attraktive Universitäten und neue Arbeitsmöglichkeiten in einem wachsenden Dienstleistungssektor hat Deutschland wieder eine Chance bekommen, sich als Einwanderungsland in der Welt zu positionieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2013): International migration outlook 2013. (International migration outlook 37), Paris, 419 S. DOI:10.1787/migr_outlook-2013-en

Abstract

"Kernaussagen:
Die Zuwanderung machte im Zeitraum 2001-2011 40% des gesamten Bevölkerungswachstums im OECD-Raum aus.
Die dauerhafte Zuwanderung in die OECD-Länder nahm 2011 um 2% zu. Vorläufige Zahlen zeigen für 2012 einen ähnlichen Anstieg.
Die Zuwanderung im Rahmen der europäischen Freizügigkeitsregelungen ist 2011 wieder auf 15% gestiegen, nachdem sie während der Krise (2007-2010) um nahezu 40% gesunken war.
In Europa wird weniger als jede zweite zugewanderte Arbeitskraft im Ausland angeworben.
Die Zahl der internationalen Studierenden nimmt kontinuierlich zu und überstieg 2010 2,6 Millionen.
Der Anteil der asiatischen Migranten an der Zuwanderung in die OECD-Länder steigt weiter an und belief sich 2011 auf 36%. Damit liegt Asien als Herkunftskontinent dicht hinter Europa.
Die Zahl der Asylbewerber in den OECD-Ländern stieg 2011 um über 20% und 2012 um 7%.
Zehn neue Länder haben 2012 die EU-Richtlinie über die Blaue Karte EU umgesetzt; sie wird nunmehr von allen Unterzeichnerstaaten ausgestellt.
2011 und 2012 haben sieben OECD-Länder ihr System geändert, um ihre Arbeitsmärkte für ausländische Hochschulabsolventen attraktiver zu gestalten.
Im Durchschnitt der OECD-Länder sind Zuwanderer stärker von der steigenden Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen gewesen als die im Inland Geborenen, wobei die Arbeitslosenquote der Zuwanderer sich von 8,1% im Jahr 2008 auf 12,9% im Jahr 2012 erhöht hat ┐ gegenüber einem Anstieg von 5,4% auf 8,7% bei den im Inland Geborenen.
Zwischen 2008 und 2012 erhöhte sich der Anteil der arbeitslosen Zuwanderer, die über ein Jahr lang arbeitslos waren, in den OECD-Ländern von 31% auf 44%." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Anniste, Kristi, Tiit Tammaru, Enel Pungas & Tiiu Paas (2012): Dynamics of educational differences in emigration from Estonia to the old EU member states. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-17), London, 24 S.

Abstract

"The study analyzes the changes in emigration from Estonia in order to shed more light on East-West migration, contributing to the main debate on 'brain drain' by focusing on educational differences in emigration. We use anonymous individual level data for all emigrants from the register-based Estonian Emigration Database compiled by Statistics Estonia for the period 2000 - 2008. The analysis shows that there has been no significant brain drain from Estonia as the new EU member state during this period. Moreover, we find evidence of a spreading of the emigration norm into a wider range of population groups, including the less educated, since Estonia joined the European Union in 2004." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Antman, Francisca M. (2012): Gender, educational attainment, and the impact of parental migration on children left behind. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 1187-1214. DOI:10.1007/s00148-012-0423-y

Abstract

"Estimation of the causal effect of parental migration on children's educational attainment is complicated by the fact that migrants and nonmigrants are likely to differ in unobservable ways that also affect children's educational outcomes. This paper suggests a novel way of addressing this selection problem by looking within the family to exploit variation in siblings' ages at the time of parental migration. The basic assumption underlying the analysis is that parental migration will have no effect on the educational outcomes of children who are at least 20 years old because they have already completed their education. Their younger siblings, in contrast, may still be in school, and thus will be affected by the parental migration experience. The results point to a statistically significant positive effect of paternal US migration on education for girls, suggesting that pushing a father's US migration earlier in his daughter's life can lead to an increase in her educational attainment of up to 1 year relative to delaying migration until after she has turned 20 years old. In contrast, paternal domestic migration has no statistically significant effect on educational attainment for girls or boys, suggesting that father absence does not play a major role in determining children's educational outcomes. Instead, these results suggest that the marginal dollars from US migrant remittances appear to enable families to further educate their daughters. Thus, policymakers should view international migration as a potential pathway by which families raise educational attainments of girls in particular." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arntz, Melanie, Terry Gregory & Florian Lehmer (2012): Selektive Arbeitskräftemobilität in Deutschland: Beschäftigungschancen sind wichtiger als der Lohn. (IAB-Kurzbericht 13/2012), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die wirtschaftliche Prosperität von Regionen hängt unter anderem davon ab, ob sie ein attraktiver Standort für (Hoch-)Qualifizierte sind. Für die Gestaltung politischer Maßnahmen, die Brain-Drain-Phänomenen entgegenwirken sollen, ist es wichtig zu wissen, was die Wanderung von Arbeitskräften bestimmt. In diesem Beitrag wird deshalb untersucht, wie sich regionale Unterschiede in der Lohn- und Beschäftigungsverteilung auf die Bildungsstruktur in den Arbeitskräftebewegungen auswirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baas, Timo & Herbert Brücker (2012): The macroeconomic consequences of migration diversion. Evidence for Germany and the UK. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-10), London, 39 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the macroeconomic consequences of the diversion of migration flows away from Germany towards the UK in the course of the EU's Eastern Enlargement. The EU has agreed transitional periods for the free movement of workers with the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe. The selective application of migration restrictions during the transitional periods has resulted in a reversal of the pre-enlargement allocation of migration flows from the new member states across the EU. Based on a forecast of the migration potential under the conditions of free movement and of the transitional arrangements, we employ a CGE model with imperfect labour markets to analyse the macroeconomic effects of this diversion process. We find that EU Eastern enlargement has increased in the GDP per capita in the UK substantially, but that the diversion of migration flows towards the UK has reduced wage gains and the decline in unemployment there. The effects of the EU Eastern enlargement are less favourable for Germany, but the diversion of migration flows has protected workers there against a detrimental impact on wages and unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Baas, Timo & Silvia Maja Melzer (2012): The macroeconomic impact of remittances. A sending country perspective. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-21), London, 30 S.

Abstract

"Using data for Germany, we analyze the impact of migration and remittances by developing an open-economy general equilibrium model with heterogeneous households. Within the model, the flows of remittances depend on the altruism of households. Households with higher altruism coefficient derive a higher utility from consumption of distant household members. Estimating the interrelation between household characteristic and remittances, we are able to derive altruism coefficients for different types of households. Applying the coefficients to our model, we show that remittances affect the macroeconomy primarily through the real exchange rate channel. Stronger remittances outflows depreciate the real exchange rate and give incentives to reallocate resources from the non-tradable towards tradable goods sectors. In the case of Germany, this translates into a converse dutch disease phenomenon." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barcevicius, Egidijus, Krystyna Iglicka, Daiva Repeckaite & Dovile Zvalionyte (2012): Labour mobility within the EU. The impact of return migration. Dublin, 80 S.

Abstract

"As a relatively new mobility pattern within the EU, the post-accession return migration of workers from Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries has recently begun to generate increasing interest among academics, experts and practitioners. The return migration of these workers grew in importance in the context of the global economic crisis as it was believed that economic fluctuations across Europe might induce return migration of CEE nationals from the EU15 countries. This research aimed to contribute to a better understanding of return migration to CEE countries by generating new empirical evidence through an analysis of statistical data and literature and also through interviews with returnees, policymakers and experts on migration in the following four CEE countries: Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Romania." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Beaverstock, Jonathan V. & Sarah Hall (2012): Competing for talent: Global mobility, immigration and the City of London's labour market. In: Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 271-288.

Abstract

"The City of London's competitiveness is founded on its global talent pool and ability to attract and retain workers of all nationalities. Drawing on ONS Long-Term International Migration data and fieldwork-based studies of banking, professional services and business education, the argument of this paper is 2-fold: that the City's competitiveness is significantly dependent on the functioning of its global labour market, of which a key factor is the immigration of European Economic Area (EEA) and non-EEA talent, and that a central determinant of the City's position as a leading international financial centre based around a highly competitive global labour pool will be UK immigration policy in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and ensuing recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2012): Extending the case for a beneficial brain drain. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-08), London, 12 S.

Abstract

"The recent literature about the so-called beneficial brain drain assumes that destination countries are characterized not only by higher wages than the source country, but also by a higher or at least not lower relative return to education. However, it is a well known stylized fact that the returns to education are higher in rich than in poor countries. Against this background, we assess whether the main prediction of this literature, namely the possibility of a beneficial brain gain, still holds under the reverse assumption. We show that there is a still a strong case for a beneficial brain drain, even if the returns to education in the source country exceed those in the destination country. Immigration policies that are biased against unskilled workers are not necessary for a beneficial brain drain to occur once one considers that agents face heterogeneous migration costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biondo, A.E., S. Monteleone, G. Skonieczny & B. Torrisi (2012): The propensity to return: Theory and evidence for the Italian brain drain. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 115, H. 3, S. 359-362. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.12.046

Abstract

"Return migration is the positive counterpart of the brain drain. The effects of the brain drain in Italy could be negative: this paper shows that highly skilled migrants decide not to return to their native country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Borsic, Darja & Polona Pasic (2012): Synthesis report: Supply of remigrants and demand of businesses. Leipzig, 20 S.

Abstract

"The Synthesis Report on Supply of remigrants and demand of businesses brings together results from different activities that were carried out in the analytical part of the Re-Turn project. As information on the phenomenon of return migration is not available from census data or public registries, an online survey was conducted among emigrants and returned migrants from Central European countries. The survey results were then mirrored in a series of workshops with returned migrants in the Re-Turn case study regions.
The overall aim of the Re-Turn project is to provide original knowledge to 'home regions' about efficient ways of capitalizing on return migration. Therefore, also a look on the local labour demand was necessary. Methodologically, we gathered information through expert interviews with representatives of local businesses as well as business intermediaries (e.g. labour office representatives, chambers of trade and commerce, business associations etc.). Additionally, a set of feedback workshops was organized in the Re-Turn case study regions, during which other business representatives commented and discussed the former interview results. A final conclusion discusses the findings and derives some recommendations for the further pilot activities in the Re-Turn project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brozovicova, Klara, Brian Fabo, Martin Kahanec & Vera Messing (2012): Overview of the labour market situation of low-educated and Roma population and regulations affecting their employment. (Neujobs state of the art report D19.1), Brüssel, 64 S.

Abstract

"The report serves an important function in accomplishing the WP19 of NEUJOBS project by providing background against which the fieldwork may be designed and its results evaluated. It gives a broad overview of the working of the labour market for low educated population and within this, Roma population specifically. As such, it comprises three consecutive sections - (1) situation of the labour market situation of low educated population, (2) the situation and chances of employment of the Roma/Gypsy population, and (3) labour market regulators and that may have an important role in the employability of the population in question. We are investigating low educated population because this is the reference group against which Roma's labour market situation may be contrasted. It is hoped that the combination of these three sections will give a decent background to understanding the circumstances of Roma employment (or the lack of it) in European countries. The report summarizes existing knowledge on the questions.
The first section compares the relative position of low educated individuals vis-à-vis their more educated counterparts across the labour markets of five European Union (EU) countries - Bulgaria, Spain, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia. It is needless to say that the majority of the low skilled population is not Roma, still the generally low educational level of the Roma population in all of the countries may legitimize out decision to contrast Roma's labour market characteristics to this population subgroup. We specifically look at the odds of a) labour market participation b) chances of finding employment c) quality of their employment. Rather than treating the low educated population as a homogenous group, the internal structure of the low educated population in each country is subjected to an analysis and the final results are presented with respect to this heterogeneity. The primary method of our analysis is desk research of existing literature and original statistical analysis - including descriptive statistics as well as binary probabilistic models - of the data from the EU Labour Force Survey.
The second part of the paper summarizes available data on Roma employment in the countries researched. This part scrutinizes upon possible reasons behind the low employment rates as well as provides a comparison of labour market position of Roma across the five countries. It utilizes available national data as well as the crosscomparative data of the most recent UNDP survey in 2011.
The third section of the report introduces and contrasts labour market and welfare regulators between countries, because they provide the framework in which decisions both on the supply and demand side are taken by labour market actors. Based on available information, it overviews macro level regulations that define the frame of employment opportunities of the targeted population: it gives an estimation of the costs of workforce, their distribution across educational level (level of minimal wage, level of taxes and allowance imposed on wages) and welfare allowances (including family allowances, early pension, disability pension and other welfare allowances) which frame the supply side of the labour market.
The report ends with concluding the various aspects of employment of Roma people and molds the knowledge pools provided by various disciplines such as economics, labour economics, sociology and anthropology." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Böhme, Marcus (2012): Migration and educational aspirations. Another channel of brain gain? (Kieler Arbeitspapier 1811), Kiel, 34 S.

Abstract

"International migration not only enables individuals to earn higher wages but also exposes them to new environments. The norms and values experienced at the destination country could change the behavior of the migrant but also of family members left behind. In this paper we argue that a brain gain could take place due to a change in educational aspirations of caregivers in migrant households. Using unique survey data from Moldova, we find that international migration raises parental aspirations in households located at the lower end of the human capital distribution. The identification of these effects relies on GDP growth shocks in the destination countries and migration networks. We conclude that aspirations are a highly relevant determinant of intergenerational human capital transfer and that even temporary international migration can shift human capital formation to a higher steady state by inducing higher educational aspirations of caregivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Capuano, Stella (2012): The south-north mobility of Italian college graduates. An empirical analysis. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 538-549., 2011-02-14. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcr023

Abstract

"In this article, I address the issue of whether 'brain drain' is taking place from the South to the North of Italy, i.e. whether the most skilled individuals have a greater propensity to move away from the South. I find evidence that the best college graduates have a higher probability of choosing Northern or Central Italy as a place of residence. The above results raise concerns about the growth potential of the South of Italy, which is already less developed than the rest of the country. Moreover, I consider the impact of family background on mobility. According to my results, having high-level self-employed parents significantly deters mobility, whereas parental education has no significant effect. I suggest an interpretation of this outcome that links social class membership to the individual propensity to move, and I provide some additional evidence in support of this hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cattaneo, Cristina (2012): Migrants' international transfers and educational expenditure. Empirical evidence from Albania. In: Economics of Transition, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2011.00414.x

Abstract

"The primary objective of this article is to cast some light upon the relationship between education expenditure and the volume of remittances sent to Albania from abroad by international migrants. To assess the existence of an education enhancing effect of remittances, an Engel curve framework is used. In addition, quintile regression analysis is employed to investigate whether migrants' remittances have a differentiated effect on various quantiles of the conditional distribution of education consumption. The two main empirical findings are that household income has a positive and well-determined impact on education expenditure, whereas international transfers do not influence education spending." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Clemens, Michael A. & Erwin Tiongson (2012): Split decisions. Family finance when a policy discontinuity allocates overseas work. (IZA discussion paper 7028), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"Labor markets are increasingly global. Overseas work can enrich households but also split them geographically, with ambiguous net effects on decisions about work, investment, and education. These net effects, and their mechanisms, are poorly understood. We study a policy discontinuity in the Philippines that resulted in quasi-random assignment of temporary, partial-household migration to high-wage jobs in Korea. This allows unusually reliable measurement of the reduced-form effect of these overseas jobs on migrant households. A purpose-built survey allows non-experimental tests of different theoretical mechanisms for the reduced-form effect. We also explore how reliably the reduced-form effect could be measured with standard observational estimators. We find large effects on spending, borrowing, and human capital investment, but no effects on saving or entrepreneurship. Remittances appear to overwhelm household splitting as a causal mechanism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frederic, Hillel Rapoport & Sara Salomone (2012): Remittances, migrants' education and immigration policy. Theory and evidence from bilateral data. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 42, H. 5, S. 817-828. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.06.001

Abstract

"We investigate the relationship between remittances and migrants' education both theoretically and empirically, using original bilateral remittance data. At a theoretical level we lay out a model of remittances interacting migrants' human capital with two dimensions of immigration policy: restrictiveness, and selectivity. The model predicts that the relationship between remittances and migrants' education is ambiguous and depends on the immigration policy conducted at destination. The effect of education is more likely to be positive when the immigration policy is more restrictive and less skill-selective. These predictions are then tested empirically using bilateral remittance and migration data and proxy measures for the restrictiveness and selectivity of immigration policies at destination. The results strongly support the theoretical analysis, suggesting that immigration policies determine the sign and magnitude of the relationship between remittances and migrants' education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frédéric & Hillel Rapoport (2012): Quantifying the impact of highly-skilled emigration on developing countries. In: T. Boeri, H. Brücker, F. Docquier & H. Rapoport (Hrsg.) (2012): Brain drain and brain gain : the global competition to attract high-skilled migrants, S. 209-296.

Abstract

"Part II first provides (in Chapter 8) a quantitative assessment of the evolution and spatial distribution of the brain drain using updated data an emigration rates to the OECD by educational attainment. We expand the coverage of the database by introducing non-OECD host countries, study the age of entry structure of skilled emigration, and document the brain drain of scientists and of health-care professionals. In Chapter 9 we review the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. In particular, recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network effects favouring international transactions and technology diffusion, as well as brain gain channels, may compensate the sending countries for their loss of human capital. We divide these channels into 'human capital', 'screening-selection', 'productivity', and 'institutional' channels, and also analyse the links between brain drain and remittances. The development of a simple partial equilibrium model allows us to combine these various channels in an integrated setting. Using numerical experiments and parameters taken from existing empirical studies, we then quantify the costs and gains of the brain drain for developing countries and analyse how these balance out." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Docquier, Frédéric & Hillel Rapoport (2012): Globalization, brain drain, and development. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 50, H. 3, S. 681-730. DOI:10.1257/jel.50.3.681

Abstract

"This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity, and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming a dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's information technology sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dälken, Michaela (2012): Grenzenlos faire Mobilität? Zur Situation von mobilen Beschäftigten aus den mittel- und osteuropäischen Staaten. Berlin, 72 S.

Abstract

"Die Analyse nimmt die Arbeitssituation von Beschäftigen aus den EU- 8-Staaten und den EU-2-Staaten in den Blick. Dazu werden zunächst die Daten- und Rechtslage untersucht und die Problemlagen der Arbeits- und Beschäftigungssituation von mobilen Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern analysiert. Anschließend werden Möglichkeiten zur Durchsetzung von Arbeitnehmerrechten diskutiert sowie Kontroll- und Sanktionsmöglichkeiten beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend werden vorhandene Beratungs- und Informationsangebote für mobile Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer hinsichtlich ihrer Zielgruppen, Zielsetzungen und Inhalte ausgewertet und offene Bedarfe formuliert. Zudem werden transnationale Kooperationen der Gewerkschaften vorgestellt und auf ihre Ausrichtung hin untersucht. Als Schlussfolgerung werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Verbesserung der Arbeits- und Beschäftigungssituation mobiler Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer entwickelt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Fadinger, Harald & Karin Mayr (2012): Skill-biased technological change, unemployment and brain drain. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-11), London, 46 S.

Abstract

"We develop a general equilibrium model of technological change and migration to examine the effects of a change in skill endowments on wages, employment rates and emigration rates of skilled and unskilled workers. We find that, depending on the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled workers, an increase in the skill ratio can increase the expected wage of the skilled and decrease the brain drain. We provide empirical estimates and simulations to support our findings and show that effects are empirically relevant and potentially sizeable. Our findings fit the stylized facts on educational upgrading in developing countries during the 1980s and the subsequent decrease in the brain drain from those countries during the 1990s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Felbermayr, Gabriel, Volker Grossmann & Wilhelm Kohler (2012): Migration, international trade and capital formation. Cause or effect? (IZA discussion paper 6975), Bonn, 152 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we provide an overview of the relationship between international migration and international trade as well as capital movements. After taking a brief historical perspective, we first investigate migration flows between two countries in a static, neoclassical context. We allow for a disaggregated view of migration that distinguishes between different types of labor and emphasizes the distinction between migration flows and pre-existing stocks. We focus on different welfare channels, on internal income distribution, international income convergence and on whether migration and trade are substitutes or complements. Complementarity/substitutability hinges on whether countries share the same technology, and the pivotal question is whether or not technology is convex. Generally, under substitutability between trade and migration and with convex technology, globalization tends to lead to convergence. Moreover, under non-convex technology trade and migration tend to be complements. Turning to dynamic models with capital adjustment costs and capital mobility, the same is true for the relationship between migration and capital flows. Nevertheless, in neoclassical models, we may observe emigration at the same time as capital accumulates during the transition to a steady state. Moreover, we can explain reverse migration. We also touch upon the effects of migration on the accumulation of both knowledge and human capital, by invoking endogenous growth theory. Finally, we review the empirical literature exploring the link between migration and trade. The discussion is based on the so called gravity model of trade, in which trade between pairs of countries is related to measures of their respective sizes, preferences, and trade costs. We revisit the identification of the overall trade-creating effect of migration and its break-down into the trade channel and the preference channel. We clarify the role of product differentiation for the size of estimated effects, discuss the role of immigrants' education and occupation, and emphasize direct and indirect networks and their trade-enhancing potential." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Felbermayr, Gabriel J. & Isabella Reczkowski (2012): International student mobility and high-skilled migration. The evidence. (Ifo working paper 132), München, 48 S.

Abstract

"Using information from the UNCTAD, we construct a new balanced panel database of bilateral international student mobility for 150 origin countries, 23 host countries, and the years 1970-2000. We match these data with information on bilateral stocks of international migrants by educational attainment from census data, available for 1990 and 2000. We estimate a theory-founded gravity model by conditional fixed effects Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood to investigate the question: To what extent do countries that attract foreign students benefit from an increased stock of educated foreign workers? We find that, on average, an increase of students by 10 percent increases the stock of tertiary educated workers in host countries by about 0.9 percent. That average effect is, however, entirely driven by Anglo-Saxon countries. On average, our results imply a student retention rate of about 70 percent. These results suggest that the costs of educating foreign students are at least partly offset by increased availability of foreign talent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Galgoczi, Bela, Janine Leschke & Andrew Watt (Hrsg.) (2012): EU labour migration in troubled times. Skills mismatch, return and policy responses. Farnham: Ashgate, 290 S.

Abstract

"The debate on the free movement of labour within the EU has gained new momentum in the wake of the economic crisis. Building on the earlier Ashgate publication EU Labour Migration Since Enlargement, the editors have assembled a team of experts from across Europe to shed light on the critical issues raised by internal labour mobility within the EU in the context of economic crisis and labour market pressures. The book's chapters tease out the links between economic developments, regulatory frameworks and migration patterns in different European countries. A central focus is on issues of skills and skills mismatch and how they relate to migration forms, duration and individual decisions to stay or return. Based on detailed analysis of European and national-level sources, the results presented clearly contradict assumptions about a 'knowledge driven migration'. Rather, over-qualification and the corresponding underutilisation of migrant workers' skills emerge as a pervasive phenomenon. At the same time the characteristics of migrants - not just skills, but socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes - and also their labour market integration are shown to be very diverse and to vary substantially between different sending and receiving countries. This calls for a differentiated analysis and raises complex issues for policymakers. Examples where policy has contributed to positive outcomes for both migrants and domestic workforces are identified." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2012): The economic consequences of 'brain drain' of the best and brightest. Microeconomic evidence from five countries. In: The economic journal, Jg. 122, H. 560, S. 339-375. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02498.x

Abstract

"This article presents results of innovative surveys that tracked academic high achievers from five countries to wherever they moved in the world to directly measure at the micro level the channels through which high-skilled emigration affects sending countries. There are high levels of emigration and of return and the income gains to the best and brightest from migrating are an order of magnitude greater than any other effect. Most high-skilled migrants from poorer countries remit but involvement in trade and foreign direct investment is rare. Fiscal costs vary widely but are much less than the benefits to the migrants themselves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grignon, Michel, Yaw Owusu & Arthur Sweetman (2012): The international migration of health professionals. (IZA discussion paper 6517), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Health workforce shortages in developed countries are perceived to be central drivers of health professionals' international migration, one ramification being negative impacts on developing nations' healthcare delivery. After a descriptive international overview, selected economic issues are discussed for developed and developing countries. Health labour markets' unique characteristics imply great complexity in developed economies involving government intervention, licensure, regulation, and (quasi-)union activity. These features affect migrants' decisions, economic integration, and impacts on the receiving nations' health workforce and society. Developing countries sometimes educate citizens in expectation of emigration, while others pursue international treaties in attempts to manage migrant flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grossmann, Volker & David Stadelmann (2012): Does high-skilled migration affect publicly financed investments? (IZA discussion paper 6610), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the interaction between migration of high-skilled labor and publicly financed investment. We develop a theoretical model with multiple, ex ante identical jurisdictions where individuals decide on education and subsequent emigration. Migration decisions are based on differences in net income across jurisdictions which may occur endogenously. The interaction between income differences and migration flows gives rise to the potential of multiple equilibria: a symmetric equilibrium without migration and an asymmetric equilibrium in which net income levels differ among jurisdictions and trigger migration flows. In the former equilibrium, all jurisdictions have the same public investment level. In the latter one, public investment is high in host economies of skilled expatriates and low in source economies. We empirically test the hypothesis that emigration rates are negatively associated with publicly financed investment levels for OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haapanen, Mika & Hannu Tervo (2012): Migration of the highly educated. Evidence from residence spells of university graduates. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 52, H. 4, S. 587-605. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2011.00745.x

Abstract

"We examine the inter-regional migration of university graduates from 1991 to 2003 in Finland. The results show that time matters: two-years before and during the graduation year the hazard rates of migration increase, and then decrease thereafter. Although university graduates are particularly mobile, we find that most of them do not move from their region of studies within 10 years after graduation. The out-migration, i.e., brain drain, is much higher among graduates in the more peripheral universities than in the growth centers (Helsinki in particular). Migration is also substantially more likely for those studying away from the home region than for those studying at home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heid, Benedikt & Mario Larch (2012): Migration, trade and unemployment. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 6, S. 1-41.

Abstract

"A source of anxiety of policy makers and the public in general is the detrimental impact of trade and immigration on unemployment. The transitory restrictions for worker migration after the EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007 exemplify the supposed negative effect of immigration on labor markets. This paper aims to identify the effects of immigration alongside trade on unemployment controlling for the high correlation between immigration and goods flows in order to prevent an omitted variable bias. The authors use data from 24 OECD countries over the period from 1997 to 2007 and employ instrumental variables fixed effects and dynamic panel estimators in order to account for unobserved heterogeneity as well as the potential endogeneity of migration flows and the high persistence of unemployment. We find no significant effect of immigration on unemployment on average." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Holst, Elke, Andrea Schäfer & Mechthild Schrooten (2012): Gender and remittances. Evidence from Germany. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 201-230. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2012.692478

Abstract

"This study focuses on gender-specific determinants of remittances in Germany. The conceptual approach considers gender roles and naturalization to be crucial in the immigrant's decision to remit. For the empirical investigation, the authors use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study for the years 2001 - 6. The findings show, first, that individual income differences in the country of residence cannot sufficiently explain why foreign national women remit less than men in absolute terms. Second, men who are naturalized citizens remit far less than men who are foreign nationals. Thus, in the group of naturalized German citizens, gender differences in the amount of remittances disappear. This can be explained by the fact that acquisition of citizenship makes family reunification in Germany more likely. Third, network structures in the country of origin might help to explain differences between men and women and between foreign nationals and naturalized citizens in the amount remitted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kahanec, Martin (2012): Labor mobility in an enlarged European Union. (IZA discussion paper 6485), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"The 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the EU extended the freedom of movement to workers from the twelve new member states mainly from Central Eastern Europe. This study summarizes and comparatively evaluates what we know about mobility in an enlarged Europe to date. The pre-enlargement fears of free labor mobility proved to be unjustified. No significant detrimental effects on the receiving countries' labor markets have been documented, nor has there been any discernible welfare shopping. Rather, there appear to have been positive effects on EU's productivity. The sending countries face some risks of losing their young and skilled labor force, but free labor mobility has relieved them of some redundant labor and the associated fiscal burden. They have also profited from remittances. Of key importance for the sending countries is to reap the benefits from brain gain and brain circulation in an enlarged EU. For the migrants the benefits in terms of better career prospects have with little doubt exceeded any pecuniary and non-pecuniary costs of migration. In conclusion, the freedom of movement in the EU provides for a triple-win situation for the receiving and sending countries as well as for migrants themselves, provided the risks are contained and efficient brain circulation is achieved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kuhlenkasper, Torben & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2012): Neue Ergebnisse zur Struktur der Auswanderer mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 92, H. 11, S. 784-786. DOI:10.1007/s10273-012-1455-3

Abstract

"In den letzten Jahren hat sich die deutsche Öffentlichkeit zunehmend für das Phänomen der Auswanderung interessiert. Dies drückt sich unter anderem in einer Vielzahl von Fernsehsendungen aus, die sich exemplarisch mit den Schicksalen und Lebenswegen von Deutschen befassen, die sich zur Auswanderung entschlossen haben. Aber auch in den politischen Diskursen hat das Thema Auswanderung im Zuge der Debatten um einen möglichen Fachkräftemangel und dessen ökonomische Konsequenzen stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Während sich die Diskussionen lange Zeit nahezu ausschließlich auf die Zuwanderung von ausländischen Arbeitskräften und Flüchtlingen fokussierten, wird in den letzten Jahren verstärkt darüber diskutiert, ob Deutschland durch Abwanderung von inländischen Fach- und Führungskräften wichtiges Humankapital verlieren könnte. Im gleichen Zusammenhang wird vermehrt die Befürchtung geäußert, dass sich insbesondere gut qualifizierte Personen mit Migrationshintergrund für eine Aus- bzw. Rückwanderung in das Heimatland bzw. das Land ihrer Eltern entscheiden und dadurch dem inländischen Arbeitsmarkt nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen. Ein Charakteristikum dieser Debatten, die in der Konsequenz von der Sorge um einen 'Brain Drain' für Deutschland getrieben werden, ist die relativ geringe empirische Evidenz über das Ausmaß der qualifizierten Abwanderung, da nur unzureichende Informationen über die Bildungsstruktur der Auswanderung vorhanden sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mandelman, Federico S. & Andrei Zlate (2012): Immigration, remittances and business cycles. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 59, H. 2, S. 196-213. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2012.01.004

Abstract

"Using data on border enforcement and macroeconomic indicators from the U.S. and Mexico, we estimate a two-country business cycle model of labor migration and remittances. The model matches the cyclical dynamics of unskilled migration, and documents the insurance role of remittances in consumption smoothing. Over the cycle, immigration increases with the expected stream of future wage gains, but it is dampened by a sunk emigration cost. Migration barriers slow the adjustment of the stock of immigrant labor, enhancing the volatility of unskilled wages and remittances. Changes in border enforcement have asymmetric welfare implications for the skilled and unskilled households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mara, Isilda (2012): Surveying Romanian migrants in Italy before and after the EU accession. Migration plans, labour market features and social inclusion. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-24), London, 134 S.

Abstract

"The study reports the main results of the survey conducted by ISMU in January 2011 with Romanian migrants who migrated to Italy starting from May 2004. The survey was conducted mainly in Rome, Turin and Milan including some other sub-urban areas of the respective cities. The results are based on interviews with 1000 individuals. This report is structured as follows: firstly, it presents the methodology used in carrying out the survey. Secondly, it provides the main results of the survey divided into five broad areas: i) Migration plans; ii) Location choice and regional differences; iii) Labour market features and dynamics; iv) social issues, access to social security - health system and the effect on migration decision and v) self-assessment of the migration experience. Finally, the report summarizes the main findings, conclusions and policy implications derived from the analysis." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mayer, Matthias M., Sakura Yamamura, Jan Schneider & Andreas Müller (2012): Zuwanderung von internationalen Studierenden aus Drittstaaten. Studie der deutschen nationalen Kontaktstelle für das Europäische Migrationsnetzwerk (EMN). (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Working paper 47), Nürnberg, 87 S.

Abstract

"Zuzüge zum Zweck des Studiums in Deutschland haben in den letzten Jahren zugenommen und machen die drittgrößte Gruppe aller Zuzüge von Ausländern nach Deutschland aus. Die Studie stellt die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und praktischen Maßnahmen zur Gewinnung von Studierenden dar und bietet einen statistischen Überblick der Zuwanderung von internationalen Studierenden nach Deutschland. Der Fokus liegt auf Studierenden aus Drittstaaten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Naufal, G. & I. Genc (2012): Expats and the Labor Force. The Story of the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. (The Economics of the Middle East), New York: Palgrave Macmillan US - Palgrave Macmillan, XVIII, 179 S. DOI:10.1057/9781137117854

Abstract

"An investigation into the labor force in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries primarily focusing on labor migration and remittances. The GCC countries have the highest share of foreign labor in the world. The authors examine the multidimensional aspects of such a large foreign population." (Verlagsangaben)

Zitatform

Razin, Assaf & Jackline Wahba (2012): Welfare magnet hypothesis, fiscal burden and immigration skill selectivity. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-36), London, 42 S.

Abstract

"This paper revisits the magnet hypothesis and investigates the impact of the welfare generosity on the difference between skilled and unskilled migration rates. The main purpose of the paper is to assess the role of mobility restriction on shaping the effect of the welfare state generosity. In a free migration regime, the impact is expected to be negative on the skill composition of migrants while in a restricted mobility regime, the impact will be the opposite, as voters will prefer selective migration policies, favoring skilled migrants who tend to be net contributors to the fiscal system. We utilize the free labor movement within EUR (the EU, Norway and Switzerland) and the restricted movement from outside of the EUR to compare the free migration regime to the restricted migration regime. We find strong support for the 'magnet hypothesis' under the free-migration regime, and the ' fiscal burden hypothesis' under the restricted-migration regime even after controlling for differences in educational quality and returns to skills in source and host countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rosewarne, Stuart (2012): Trading on gender. The perversity of Asian labour exports as an economic development strategy. In: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, Jg. 6, H. 1, S. 81-94.

Abstract

"The Philippines, Sri Lanka and Indonesia have promoted female labour migration as a strategy for generating export revenue in the form of income remittances in order to relieve external balance problems and as a source of investment funds. This strategy has relied largely on these countries' exploitation of their comparative advantage in the supply of workers for low-paid service sector work, and especially domestic work, on limited-term work permits and on conditions of employment that leave women vulnerable to a range of abuses. Labour market disadvantage has become institutionalised in this global labour market and, while there has been substantial growth in its scale, the evidence that labour exports provide the basis for delivering and maintaining economic benefits for individuals or the broader economy is questionable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sampson, Thomas (2012): Brain drain or brain gain? Technology diffusion and learning on-the-job. (CEP discussion paper 1168), London, 45 S.

Abstract

"This paper develops a theory of technology transfer when technology is embodied in human capital and learning requires on-the-job communication between managers and workers. Patterns of knowledge diffusion depend on where high knowledge managers work and how much time they allocate to training workers. Managers appropriate the surplus training creates and in the open economy managers face a cross-country trade-off between labor costs and the value of knowledge transfer. Complementarity between country-wide efficiency and managerial knowledge makes learning more valuable in the North meaning that high knowledge managers choose to work in the North and globalization precipitates a brain drain of high knowledge Southern agents to the North. The brain drain reduces learning opportunities in the South and exacerbates cross-country knowledge differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stark, Oded & Łukasz Byra (2012): A back-door brain drain. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 116, H. 3, S. 273-276. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2012.03.002

Abstract

"The long run effect of migration solely by unskilled workers is that skilled workers in the home country acquire additional human capital yet their share in the country's workforce falls. Consequently, the country's average level of human capital is lowered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stolz, Yvonne & Joerg Baten (2012): Brain drain in the age of mass migration. Does relative inequality explain migrant selectivity? (CESifo working paper 3705), München, 52 S.

Abstract

"Brain drain is a core economic policy problem for many developing countries today. Does relative inequality in source and destination countries influence the brain-drain phenomenon? We explore human capital selectivity during the period 1820-1909.We apply age heaping techniques to measure human capital selectivity of international migrants. In a sample of 52 source and five destination countries we find selective migration determined by relative anthropometric inequality in source and destination countries. Other inequality measures confirm this. The results remain robust in OLS and Arellano-Bond approaches. We confirm the Roy-Borjas model of migrant self-selection. Moreover, we find that countries like Germany and UK experienced a small positive effect, because the less educated emigrated in larger numbers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ugarte Ontiveros, Darwin & Vincenzo Verardi (2012): Does aid induce brain drain? A panel data analysis. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-1-13

Abstract

"Recent evidence suggests that aid induces migration. This result is nevertheless not very informative from a policy perspective since what counts in terms of welfare consequences is the composition of migration. In this paper we focus on education and study which of skilled or unskilled migration is more sensitive to aid. More specifically we investigate the possible channels through which aid might affect self-selection among international emigrants and find that aid induces positive selection by easing the movement of highly qualified workers. Interestingly, we find that technical cooperation and bilateral aid have a significant influence on skilled migration but do not seem to affect unskilled migration significantly. On the other hand, aid targeted to development enhancement affects both categories but seems to have a larger effect on the former." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ulku, Hulya (2012): Remitting behaviour of Turkish migrants. Evidence from household data in Germany. In: Urban studies, Jg. 49, H. 14, S. 3139-3158. DOI:10.1177/0042098012437747

Abstract

"This paper provides an empirical analysis of the remittances of Turkish migrants using novel data from 589 households in Berlin, which holds the largest Turkish community outside Turkey. The findings suggest that the remittances of Turkish migrants are determined mainly by a combination of self-interest and tempered altruism. Comparison of migrant groups who do and do not intend to return to Turkey shows that those intending to return remit mostly for self-interest and remit larger amounts, while those with no such intention remit mainly due to implicit loan agreement within the family. There is no evidence of pure altruism in any of the samples. In addition, remitters are more likely to increase the amount of remittances where they are to be spent on education and investment. The same relationship does not hold for basic needs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wolfeil, Nina (2012): Auswirkungen des Auslandsstudiums auf spätere Mobilitäts- und Karrieremuster. Das Beispiel der polnischen Studierenden an deutschen Hochschulen. (Migrations- und Integrationsforschung. Multidisziplinäre Perspektiven 03), Göttingen: V&R unipress, 379 S.

Abstract

"Welchen Einfluss hat ein Auslandsstudium auf spätere Mobilitäts- und Karrieremuster? Die Autorin nimmt diese Frage am Beispiel von polnischen Studierenden in den Blick, die ab ca. 1995 in Deutschland studierten. Im Mittelpunkt der qualitativen und quantitativen Untersuchung stehen AbsolventInnen, die nun in Polen oder Deutschland zur Gruppe der jungen Berufstätigen zählen. Anhand von qualitativen Interviews wurden zwei Typologien zur Arbeitsmarktpositionierung der ehemaligen BildungsmigrantInnen in Deutschland und Polen entwickelt. Sie zeigen, dass Interviewpartner mit dem jeweils anderen Land im Berufsleben in engem Kontakt stehen. Die Online-Befragung deckt auf, dass rund 70 Prozent der BildungsmigrantInnen nach dem Studium in Deutschland wieder nach Polen zurückgekehrt sind. Die Arbeit liefert der politischen Ebene Steuerungsansätze für Bildungsmigration und zeigt Handlungsoptionen für Mittlerorganisationen und einzelne Hochschulen im Bereich der studentischen Mobilität auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zaiceva, Anzelika & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2012): Returning home at times of trouble? Return migration of EU enlargement migrants during the crisis. (IZA discussion paper 7111), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"The eastern enlargements of the EU in 2004 and 2007 have stimulated the mobility of workers from the new EU8 and EU2 countries. A significant proportion of these migrants stayed abroad only temporarily, and the Great recession may have triggered return intentions. However, a return may be postponed if the economic situation in a sending region is persistently worse. This paper documents emerging evidence on return migration in post enlargement Europe combining several data sources to describe the characteristics and selection of the returnees, as well as the determinants of return migration and potential remigration decisions. The findings suggest that brain circulation rather than brain drain is relevant for several new member states and that returnees are most likely to migrate again. Moreover, the proportion of potential movers is larger in countries most affected by the crisis. Repeat and circular migration is expected to alleviate the potential negative impacts of the crisis, leading to a more efficient allocation of resources within the enlarged EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zakharenko, Roman (2012): Human capital acquisition and international migration in a model of educational market. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 42, H. 5, S. 808-816. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.11.002

Abstract

"This paper analyzes international high-skilled migration caused by financial frictions in educational market. I develop a model of learning in which acquisition of skill is only possible through personal interaction with a skilled individual; the income of the skilled is sensitive to financial constraints for the unskilled. Cross-country differences in such constraints have a multiplicative effect on the skill premium, causing outmigration of skilled individuals from a less developed country. I study welfare implications of such brain drain for the sending and receiving countries. Although it makes more difficult skill acquisition in the sending country, the unskilled may still be better off: increased cost of skill acquisition is offset by higher income once the skill has been acquired. For the receiving country, I identify a phenomenon of immiserizing immigration: a depletion of the stock of skill in the sending country due to brain drain hinders further production of skill, which may hurt the receiving country. Additionally, I find that increased openness of the sending country to migration and the resultant accelerated brain drain increase the incentives of the country government to reduce financial frictions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Österreich, Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Soziales und Konsumentenschutz (2012): Arbeitsmarktöffnung 2011. Monitoring der Arbeitsmarktauswirkungen der Zuwanderung aus den neuen EU-Mitgliedsländern im Regime der Freizügigkeit - Begleitende Beratung und Analyse. Monitoring der Arbeitsmarktöffnung - Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigungsformen und auf Lohndumping. (Sozialpolitische Studienreihe 12), Wien, 479 S.

Abstract

"Seit 1. Mai 2011 ist der österreichische Arbeitsmarkt für acht der 2004 zur EU beigetretenen Staaten - Tschechien, Slowakei, Ungarn, Slowenien, Polen, Estland, Lettland und Litauen - geöffnet. In Band 12 der Sozialpolitischen Studienreihe werden zwei Studien behandelt, die ein umfassendes Bild der Auswirkungen der Arbeitsmarktöffnung hinsichtlich quantitativer und qualitativer Aspekte liefern:
- Monitoring der Arbeitsmarktauswirkungen der Zuwanderung aus den neuen EU-Mitgliedsländern im Regime der Freizügigkeit - Begleitende Beratung und Analyse
- Monitoring der Arbeitsmarktöffnung - Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigungsformen und auf Lohndumping
Neben dem Ausmaß der Immigration seit dem 1. Mai 2011 untersuchte das WIFO auch die Struktur und Mobilität der zugewanderten Arbeitskräfte. So konnten Aussagen u. a. über Pendeln, geringfügige Beschäftigung sowie Übergänge aus und in Selbständigkeit getroffen werden. L&R Sozialforschung analysierte qualitative Veränderungen am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt (allgemeine Situation, Beschäftigungsformen und Schwarzarbeit), Entsendungen nach Österreich sowie das Phänomen und die Bekämpfung des Lohndumpings. Aus den wichtigsten Ergebnissen wurden wirtschaftspolitische Schlussfolgerungen gezogen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Agrawal, Ajay, Devesh Kapur, John McHale & Alexander Oettl (2011): Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation. In: Journal of urban economics, Jg. 69, H. 1, S. 43-55. DOI:10.1016/j.jue.2010.06.003

Abstract

"The development prospects of a poor country or region depend in part on its capacity for innovation. In turn, the productivity of its innovators, whom are often concentrated around urban centers, depends on their access to technological knowledge. The emigration of highly skilled individuals weakens local knowledge networks (brain drain) but may also help remaining innovators access valuable knowledge accumulated abroad (brain bank). We develop a model in which the size of the optimal innovator Diaspora depends on the competing strengths of co-location and Diaspora effects for accessing knowledge. Then, using patent citation data associated with inventions from India, we estimate the key co-location and Diaspora parameters. The net effect of innovator emigration is to harm domestic knowledge access, on average. However, knowledge access conferred by the Diaspora is particularly valuable in the production of India's most important inventions as measured by citations received. Thus, our findings imply that the optimal emigration level may depend, at least partly, on the relative value resulting from the most cited compared to average inventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Arntz, Melanie, Terry Gregory & Florian Lehmer (2011): Unequal pay or unequal employment? What drives the skill-composition of labor flows in Germany? (ZEW discussion paper 2011-074), Mannheim, 32 S.

Abstract

"Die wirtschaftliche Prosperität von Regionen hängt unter anderem von ihrer Fähigkeit ab, ein für Hochqualifizierte attraktiver Standort zu sein. Ein besseres Verständnis der Bestimmungsgründe selektiver Migrationsströme ist daher eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Gestaltung politischer Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Brain-Drain-Phänomenen.
Die bisherige Literatur geht davon aus, dass Individuen die Region wählen, die für ihre Humankapitalausstattung die beste Rendite verspricht. Bei der Wahl zwischen zwei Regionen mit demselben durchschnittlichen Lohnniveau sollte ein Hochqualifizierter daher die Region mit der größeren Bildungsrendite und damit der größeren Lohnungleichheit wählen. Gering Qualifizierte sollten hingegen diese Regionen meiden, da eine höhere Lohnungleichheit für sie geringere Lohneinkommen erwarten lässt. Empirische Studien für die USA konnten die Relevanz eines solchen Selektionsmechanismus wiederholt nachweisen, während dies im deutschen Kontext bisher kaum gelang. Eine mögliche Ursache dafür könnten regionale Lohnrigiditäten als Folge nationaler, auf Branchenebene geführter Lohnverhandlungen sein. In diesem Fall kommen regionale Einkommensunterschiede vermutlich eher über Beschäftigungsunterschiede zustande, so dass ein beschäftigungsbasierter Selektionsmechanismus wirksam werden könnte. Da Beschäftigungschancen tendenziell mit dem Humankapital eines Individuums steigen, sollten gering Qualifizierte wiederum Regionen meiden, die für sie aufgrund einer hohen Beschäftigungsungleichheit mit einem hohen Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko einhergehen.
In einem um diesen Beschäftigungsmechanismus erweiterten theoretischen Rahmen zeigt das Papier, dass Regionen eine umso qualifiziertere Zuwanderung erfahren, je höher sowohl das regionale Lohn- und Beschäftigungsniveau als auch die Lohn- und Beschäftigungsungleichheit sind. Anschließend werden diese Vorhersagen für Bruttowanderungsströme zwischen 27 Regionen in Deutschland getestet. Dafür wird zunächst die durchschnittliche Humankapitalausstattung eines jeden Stroms über einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren geschätzt und anschließend auf interregionale Unterschiede in den Parametern der regionalen Lohn- und Beschäftigungsverteilungen regressiert. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Bedeutung eines beschäftigungsbasierten Selektionsmechanismus. Eine Region zieht eine umso qualifiziertere Zuwanderung an, je höher die durchschnittlichen Beschäftigungschancen (je niedriger die Arbeitslosenrate) und je ungleicher die Beschäftigungschancen unter den regionalen Erwerbspersonen verteilt sind. Regionale Lohnunterschiede spielen für die selektive Wanderung in Deutschland hingegen keine Rolle. Im Vergleich zum Standardmodell zeigt sich, dass das erweiterte Modell besser in der Lage ist, den beobachteten Nettoverlust an Humankapital aus Ostdeutschland zu erklären. Im Fall regional wenig flexibler Löhne, wird die räumliche Allokation von Humankapital somit stärker über die Beschäftigungsseite determiniert, ein Ergebnis, dass auch in anderen Ländern von Relevanz sein dürfte. Wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung eines Brain Drains sollten daher nicht allein auf Lohnkonvergenz zielen, sondern auch Wirkungen ungleicher Beschäftigungschancen berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Azarnert, Leonid V. (2011): Guest-worker migration, human capital and fertility. (CESifo working paper 3429), München, 24 S.

Abstract

"This work focuses on a temporary guest-worker-type migration of individuals from the middle class of the wealth distribution. The article demonstrates that the possibility of a lowskilled guest-worker employment in a higher wage foreign country lowers the relative attractiveness of the skilled employment in the home country. Thus it prevents a fraction of individuals from acquiring human capital. Therefore, even if all individuals who acquired education remain in the home country, the actual number of educated workers in the source economy decreases, and the aggregate level of human capital in this economy would thus be negatively affected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Baas, Timo & Herbert Brücker (2011): Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit zum 1. Mai 2011: Mehr Chancen als Risiken für Deutschland. (IAB-Kurzbericht 10/2011), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit ist eine Grundfreiheit in der Europäischen Union. Für die acht mittel- und osteuropäischen Mitgliedsstaaten, die im Mai 2004 beigetreten sind, endet die Übergangsfrist für die Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit im Mai 2011. In diesem Kurzbericht stellen die Autoren drei Szenarien der Zuwanderung dar, ermitteln deren Arbeitsmarkteffekte und beschreiben die mögliche Alters- und Qualifikationsstruktur der Migranten. Die Simulationsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Deutschland insgesamt von der zu erwartenden Zuwanderung profitiert und dass Befürchtungen bezüglich starker Verwerfungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt unbegründet sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baas, Timo & Herbert Brücker (2011): EU eastern enlargement: The benefits from integration and free labour movement. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 44-51.

Abstract

Der Beitrag analysiert die Auswirkungen der Integration der neuen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten aus Mittel- und Osteuropa in die Güter- und Faktormärkte der EU in den ersten sieben Jahren der EU-Osterweiterung. Die Auswirkungen von Handel und Migration werden gemeinsam behandelt, da eine separate Analyse aufgrund der vielfältigen Interaktionen zwischen Güter- und Arbeitsmärkten keinen Sinn ergibt. (IAB)

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Baas, Timo, Elke Jahn, Marion König, Joachim Möller & Kerstin Ziegler (2011): Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit in der Europäischen Union - Konsequenzen für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Öffentliche Anhörung von Sachverständigen vor dem Ausschuss für Arbeit und Soziales des Deutschen Bundestags am 4. April 2011. (IAB-Stellungnahme 04/2011), Nürnberg, 17 S.

Abstract

"In seiner Stellungnahme zu den Anträgen der SPD-Fraktion und der Fraktion Die Linke zu der am 1. Mai 2011 in Kraft tretenden Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit in der Europäischen Union geht das IAB im ersten Teil auf die Folgen der asymmetrischen Anwendung der Übergangsfristen, das Problem der Erstellung von Wanderungsprognosen und auf die Schätzung der Arbeitsmarkteffekte der Migration ein. Grundsätzlich ist eine Projektion der Zuwanderung unter anderem wegen der möglichen Umlenkung bisheriger Migrationsströme mit erheblichen Unsicherheiten verbunden. Dies gilt auch für das Qualifikationsniveaus der zukünftigen Migranten. Eine Abschätzung der Arbeitsmarktwirkung der Migration setzt deshalb einen Kranz von Annahmen voraus, die nur teilweise empirisch belegt sind. Das IAB teilt zwar die Einschätzung des SPD-Antrags, dass die volle Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit in den Ländern, die die Arbeitsmärkte bereits geöffnet haben, zu keinen Verwerfungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt geführt hat. Ob dies aber auf klare Regelungen zu Lohn- und Arbeitsbedingungen zurückzuführen ist, kann aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht zum gegebenen Zeitpunkt nicht beurteilt werden.
Im zweiten Teil der Stellungnahme äußert sich das IAB zu den Forderungen der Fraktionen der SPD und der Linken, einen flächendeckenden gesetzlichen Mindestlohn einzuführen sowie das Prinzip 'Gleicher Lohn für gleiche Arbeit am gleichen Ort' insbesondere auch für die Leiharbeit anzuwenden.
Angesichts der zu erwartenden Wanderungsbewegungen befürwortet das IAB ein Monitoring der Auswirkungen der Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bang, James T. & Aniruddha Mitra (2011): Gender bias and the female brain drain. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 18, H. 9, S. 829-833. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2010.503928

Abstract

"This article contributes to the emerging literature on gender differences in the causes and consequences of brain drain. Differentiating between gender bias in the access to economic opportunities and gender differentials in economic outcomes, we find that differences in access have a significant impact on the emigration of highly skilled women relative to that of men. However, differentials in outcomes do not have a significant impact. Additionally, the structure of political institutions in the source countries does not have a significant impact on the difference in emigration rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bang, James T. & Aniruddha Mitra (2011): Brain drain and institutions of governance. Educational attainment of immigrants to the US 1988-1998. In: Economic Systems, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 335-354. DOI:10.1016/j.ecosys.2010.09.003

Abstract

"We investigate the impact of home country institutions on the skill level of immigrants to the United States over 1988-1998. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that institutions are multidimensional and that the different dimensions have conflicting impacts on the migration of skilled labor. Using an exploratory factor analysis on fifteen institutional variables, we identify the following dimensions of institutional character: credibility, transparency, democracy, and the security of civil society. We find that credibility and transparency increase the magnitude of brain drain, security reduces it, and democracy has no significant impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Extending the case for a beneficial brain drain. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 231, H. 4, S. 466-478., 2010-10-01. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2011-0402

Abstract

In vielen Einwanderungsländern herrscht noch eine allgemeine Einwanderungspolitik und der Bildungsertrag der Einwanderer ist in diesen Ländern niedriger als in ihrem Herkunftsland. Diese Fakten stellen die Literatur über den Nutzen von brain drain vor eine Herausforderung, welche demonstriert, dass Migration das Humankapital in den Herkunftsländern erhöhen kann, wenn Einwanderungspolitik selektiv ist oder der Bildungsertrag im Einwanderungsland höher ist als im Herkunftsland. Die Autoren entwickeln ein Modell mit empirisch sensiblen Annahmen über Einwanderungspolitik und Bildungserträge, in dem Individuen mit heterogenen und korrelierten Bildungs- und Migrationskosten konfrontiert werden. Dieses Modell befindet sich in Übereinstimmung mit der Tatsache, dass die Migrationsquote mit dem Bildungsniveau steigt, und es zeigt, dass das Bildungsniveau der Daheimgebliebenen mit der Aussicht auf eine eventuelle Migration gesteigert werden kann. Die Simulation bestätigt dies und führt den Fall eines nützlichen brain drain in eine neue Richtung. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Selective immigration policies, migrants' education and welfare at origin. (CEPR discussion paper 8196), London, 12 S.

Abstract

Einwanderungsländer tendieren zunehmend zu einer selektiven Einwanderungspolitik. Dies kann zu einer Erhöhung des durchschnittlichen Bildungsniveaus der Einwanderer führen, gerade wenn man endogene Bildungsentscheidungen und die Bildungspolitik im Herkunftsland berücksichtigt. Trotzdem verringert eine selektivere Einwanderungspolitik die gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt im Herkunftsland. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Selective immigration policies, migrants' education and welfare at origin. (Norface migration discussion paper 2011-03), London, 11 S.

Abstract

Einwanderungsländer tendieren zunehmend zu einer selektiven Einwanderungspolitik. Dies kann zu einer Erhöhung des durchschnittlichen Bildungsniveaus der Einwanderer führen, gerade wenn man endogene Bildungsentscheidungen und die Bildungspolitik im Herkunftsland berücksichtigt. Trotzdem verringert eine selektivere Einwanderungspolitik die gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt im Herkunftsland. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Selective immigration policies, migrants' education and welfare at origin. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 113, H. 1, S. 19-22., 2011-05-14. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.05.036

Abstract

Einwanderungsländer tendieren zunehmend zu einer selektiven Einwanderungspolitik. Dies kann zu einer Erhöhung des durchschnittlichen Bildungsniveaus der Einwanderer führen, gerade wenn man endogene Bildungsentscheidungen und die Bildungspolitik im Herkunftsland berücksichtigt. Trotzdem verringert eine selektivere Einwanderungspolitik die gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt im Herkunftsland. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bollard, Albert, David McKenzie, Melanie Morten & Hillel Rapoport (2011): Remittances and the brain drain revisited. The microdata show that more educated migrants remit more. In: The World Bank Economic Review, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 132-156. DOI:10.1093/wber/lhr013

Abstract

"Two of the most salient trends in migration and development over the last two decades are the large rise in remittances and in the flow of skilled migrants. However, recent literature based on cross-country regressions has claimed that more educated migrants remit less, leading to concerns that further increases in skilled migration will impede remittance growth. Microdata from surveys of immigrants in 11 major destination countries are used to revisit the relationship between education and remitting behavior. The data show a mixed pattern between education and the likelihood of remitting, and a strong positive relationship between education and amount remitted (intensive margin), conditional on remitting at all (extensive margin). Combining these intensive and extensive margins yields an overall positive effect of education on the amount remitted for the pooled sample, with heterogeneous results across destinations. The microdata allow investigation of why the more educated remit more, showing that the higher income earned by migrants, rather than family characteristics, explains much of the higher remittances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brenke, Karl (2011): Arbeitskräfte aus Mittel- und Osteuropa: bisher keine starke Zuwanderung - und auch keine Belastungen für den Arbeitsmarkt zu erwarten. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 78, H. 18, S. 2-17.

Abstract

"Die Erweiterung der EU im Jahr 2004 hat sich auch auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt bemerkbar gemacht. Vor allem wurde von Arbeitsmigranten die Möglichkeit genutzt, eine selbständige Beschäftigung aufzunehmen. Trotz Hindernissen bei der Zuwanderung und der Gewährung von Arbeitsgenehmigungen hat auch die abhängige Beschäftigung von Personen aus den Beitrittsländern zugelegt. Insgesamt war aber das Wachstum bei der Zahl der Erwerbstätigen mit schätzungsweise 100 000 bis 150 000 nicht groß. Offenbar hat die Attraktivität Deutschlands für Arbeitsmigranten aus den EU-8-Staaten nachgelassen. Das zeigt sich an einer seit 2006 verringerten Zuwanderung und an einer schrumpfenden Zahl von Arbeitsgenehmigungen. Zwar sind nicht wenige Zuwanderer bereit, trotz abgeschlossener Berufsausbildung nur einfache Jobs auszuüben, es deutet sich aber an, dass die Ansprüche an eine Beschäftigung gestiegen sind. In die entstehenden Lücken stoßen offenbar Arbeitskräfte aus Bulgarien und Rumänien. Die Konsequenzen der Öffnung des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes sind derzeit nicht abzuschätzen. Für einen massenhaften Zustrom aus den EU-8-Staaten gibt es kaum Indizien. Nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen dürfte es Migranten künftig vor allem in die wirtschaftlich starken Regionen ziehen, weil dort der Arbeitsmarkt besonders aufnahmefähig ist und relativ hohe Einkommen erzielt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Cekota, Jaromir & Claudia Trentini (2011): The educational attainment, labour market participation and living conditions of young Roma in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Discussion paper series 2011,2), Genf, 47 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the educational attainment, employment and living conditions of young Roma adults in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania with the aid of national generations and gender surveys and other sources of information. It shows that in spite of a small improvement in the educational attainment of young Roma in comparison to the generation of their parents, the educational achievement and employment gaps have increased considerably during the post-communist period. The paper also compares living conditions of the Roma with other population groups. It concludes with a discussion of policy challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Delpierre, Matthieu & Bertrand Verheyden (2011): Student and worker mobility under university and government competition. (CESifo working paper 3415), München, 22 S.

Abstract

"We provide a normative analysis of endogenous student and worker mobility in the presence of diverging interests between universities and governments. Student mobility generates a university competition effect which induces them to overinvest in education, whereas worker mobility generates a free-rider effect for governments, who are not willing to subsidize the education of agents who will work abroad. At equilibrium, the free-rider effect always dominates the competition effect, resulting in underinvestment in human capital and overinvestment in research. This inefficiency can be corrected if a transnational transfer for mobile students is implemented. With endogenous income taxation, we show that the strength of fiscal competition increases with human capital production. Consequently, supranational policies aimed at promoting teaching quality reduce tax revenues at the expense of research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dequiedt, Vianney & Yves Zenou (2011): International migration, imperfect information, and brain drain. (IZA discussion paper 5786), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We consider a model of international migration where skills of workers are imperfectly observed by firms in the host country and where information asymmetries are more severe for immigrants than for natives. There are two stages. In the first one, workers in the South decide whether to move and pay the migration costs. These costs are assumed to be sunk. In the second stage, firms offer wages to the immigrant and native workers who are in the country. Because of imperfect information, firms statistically discriminate high-skilled migrants by paying them at their expected productivity. The decision of whether to migrate or not depends on the proportion of high-skilled workers among the migrants. The migration game exhibits strategic complementarities, which, because of standard coordination problems, lead to multiple equilibria. We characterize them and examine how international migration affects the income of individuals in sending and receiving countries, and of migrants themselves. We also analyze under which conditions there is positive or negative self-selection of migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dequiedt, Vianney & Yves Zenou (2011): International migration, imperfect information, and brain drain. (Norface migration discussion paper 2011-09), London, 44 S.

Abstract

"We consider a model of international migration where skills of workers are imperfectly observed by firms in the host country and where information asymmetries are more severe for immigrants than for natives. There are two stages. In the first one, workers in the South decide whether to move and pay the migration costs. These costs are assumed to be sunk. In the second stage, firms offer wages to the immigrant and native workers who are in the country. Because of imperfect information, firms statistically discriminate high-skilled migrants by paying them at their expected productivity. The decision of whether to migrate or not depends on the proportion of high-skilled workers among the migrants. The migration game exhibits strategic complementarities, which, because of standard coordination problems, lead to multiple equilibria. We characterize them and examine how international migration affects the income of individuals in sending and receiving countries, and of migrants themselves. We also analyze under which conditions there is positive or negative self-selection of migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dequiedt, Vianney & Yves Zenou (2011): International migration, imperfect information, and brain drain. (CReAM discussion paper 2011,15), London, 45 S.

Abstract

"We consider a model of international migration where skills of workers are imperfectly observed by firms in the host country and where information asymmetries are more severe for immigrants than for natives. There are two stages. In the first one, workers in the South decide whether to move and pay the migration costs. These costs are assumed to be sunk. In the second stage, firms offer wages to the immigrant and native workers who are in the country. Because of imperfect information, firms statistically discriminate high-skilled migrants by paying them at their expected productivity. The decision of whether to migrate or not depends on the proportion of high-skilled workers among the migrants. The migration game exhibits strategic complementarities, which, because of standard coordination problems, lead to multiple equilibria. We characterize them and examine how international migration affects the income of individuals in sending and receiving countries, and of migrants themselves. We also analyze under which conditions there is positive or negative self-selection of migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frederic & Hillel Rapoport (2011): Globalization, brain drain and development. (IZA discussion paper 5590), Bonn, 62 S.

Abstract

"This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming the dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the recent exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's IT sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frederic, Hillel Rapoport & Sara Salomone (2011): Remittances, migrants' education and immigration policy. Theory and evidence from bilateral data. (IZA discussion paper 6104), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the relationship between remittances and migrants' education both theoretically and empirically, using original bilateral remittance data. At a theoretical level we lay out a model of remittances interacting migrants' human capital with two dimensions of immigration policy: restrictiveness, and selectivity. The model predicts that the relationship between remittances and migrants' education is ambiguous and depends on the immigration policy conducted at destination. The effect of education is more likely to be positive when the immigration policy is more restrictive and less skill-selective. These predictions are then tested empirically using bilateral remittance and migration data and proxy measures for the restrictiveness and selectivity of immigration policies at destination. The results strongly support the theoretical analysis, suggesting that immigration policies determine the sign and magnitude of the relationship between remittances and migrants' education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frederic & Hillel Rapoport (2011): Globalization, brain drain and development. (CReAM discussion paper 2011,08), London, 60 S.

Abstract

"This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming the dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the recent exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's IT sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fan, Xiaofeng & Akira Yakita (2011): Brain drain and technological relationship between skilled and unskilled labor. Brain gain or brain loss? In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 1359-1368. DOI:10.1007/s00148-010-0321-0

Abstract

"This study analyzes the effect of an increase in the foreign skilled wage rate on the emigration and education decisions of individuals in the home economy. An increase in the foreign skilled wage rate encourages emigration of skilled workers out of the home country, while possible increase in the supply of skilled labor in the home depends on the technological relationship between skilled and unskilled labor in production. Although the average education level will rise when they are complements, the average education level may not necessarily be raised when they are substitutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fic, Tatiana, Dawn Holland, Pawel Paluchowski, Ana Rincon-Aznar & Lucy Stokes (2011): Labour mobility within the EU. The impact of enlargment and transitional arrangements. (NIESR discussion paper 379), London, 71 S.

Abstract

"The main focus of this study is an assessment of the macro-economic impact on both host and home countries of the increased labour mobility that has resulted from the two recent EU enlargements. We first look at the macro-economic impact of the total population flows from the EU-8 and EU-2 to the EU-15 economies between 2004 and 2009, adjusting for the age structure and education level of the mobile population. We then attempt to quantify the share of population movements that have occurred since 2004 and 2007 that can be attributed to the enlargement process itself, and the share that is likely to have occurred even in the absence of EU expansion. We finally look at the impact that transitional restrictions on the free mobility of labour have had on the distribution of EU-8 and EU-2 citizens across the EU-15 countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2011): Migrationsland 2011 : Jahresgutachten 2011 mit Migrationsbarometer. (Jahresgutachten ... mit Migrationsbarometer / Sachverständigenrat Deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration 2), Berlin, 272 S.

Abstract

"Das Jahresgutachten 2011 ist in drei große Blöcke untergliedert: Nach dem vorangestellten Migrationsbarometer fragt der erste Block (A) nach dem notwendigen Umfang und der adäquaten Steuerung von Arbeitsmigration (A). Im zweiten Block (B, C, D) geht es um die quantitativ ebenso bedeutsame Zuwanderung jenseits wirtschaftlicher Interessen, um geeignete Steuerungsformen und Probleme der Grenzsicherung. Dazu gehören die Flüchtlingszuwanderung und, als stärkster Zuzugskanal von Drittstaatsangehörigen, die Familienmigration. Der dritte Block (E) kehrt die Beobachtungsperspektive um und fragt nach den Auswirkungen von Migration und Migrationspolitik auf die Herkunfts- und Entsendeländer. Im Zentrum steht dabei die vor allem unter Fachpolitikern und in den Ministerien intensiv geführte Diskussion um Instrumente, die helfen könnten, Migrationspolitik stärker als bisher für eine entwicklungspolitische Neuausrichtung nutzbar zu machen.
Alle Teile des Gutachtens haben eine möglichst identisch gehaltene Binnengliederung: Kapitelübergreifend werden zunächst die jeweiligen Wanderungsverhältnisse statistisch überblickt. Dann werden die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und die politischen Handlungsspielräume analysiert und die getroffenen Gestaltungsentscheidungen dargestellt und bewertet. Alle Teilkapitel schließen mit politischen Empfehlungen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2011): Eight questions about brain drain. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 107-128. DOI:10.1257/jep.25.3.107

Abstract

"The term 'brain drain' dominates popular discourse on high-skilled migration, and for this reason, we use it in this article. However, as Harry Johnson noted, it is a loaded phrase implying serious loss. It is far from clear that such a loss actually occurs in practice; indeed, there is an increasing recognition of the possible benefits that skilled migration can offer both for migrants and for sending countries. This paper builds upon a recent wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2011): Eight questions about brain drain. (IZA discussion paper 5730), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"High-skilled emigration is an emotive issue that in popular discourse is often referred to as brain drain, conjuring images of extremely negative impacts on developing countries. Recent discussions of brain gain, diaspora effects, and other advantages of migration have been used to argue against this, but much of the discussion has been absent of evidence. This paper builds upon a new wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? and 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))