Zitatform

Bujard, Martin & Leonie Kleinschrot (2024): Wie viel sollten Mütter und Väter arbeiten? Idealvorstellungen variieren in und nach der Rushhour des Lebens. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell H. 1, S. 3-9.

Abstract

"Der Artikel betrachtet die Rushhour des Lebens, die durch die Doppelbelastung aus Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit für Mütter und Väter insbesondere in der Lebensphase mit kleinen Kindern entsteht. Basierend auf Daten des familiendemografischen Panels FReDA wird gezeigt, dass die von den Befragten als ideal angesehene Erwerbsarbeitszeit für Mütter mit Kindern im Alter von 4 bis 18 Jahren deutlich höher ist als deren tatsächliche Arbeitszeit. Für Väter dagegen werden geringere Erwerbsarbeitszeiten als die tatsächlich von ihnen geleisteten als ideal angesehen, vor allem mit jungen Kindern. Die Studienergebnisse haben familienpolitische und arbeitsmarktbezogene Relevanz, auch vor dem Hintergrund des Arbeitskräftemangels. Mütter könnten durch Politik und Arbeitgebende eine stärkere Unterstützung bei der schrittweisen Erhöhung ihrer Arbeitszeit mit zunehmendem Alter der Kinder erfahren. Während für Väter in der Rushhour des Lebens die Realisierung einer vollzeitnahen Teilzeit hilfreich wäre." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Elass, Kenza (2024): Male and female selection effects on gender wage gaps in three countries. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102506

Abstract

"A vast literature on gender wage gaps has examined the importance of selection into employment. However, most analyses have focused only on female labor force participation and gaps at the median. The Great Recession questions this approach because of the major shift in male employment that it implied. This paper uses the methodology proposed by Arellano and Bonhomme (2017) to estimate a quantile selection model over the period 2007–2018. Using a tax and benefit microsimulation model, I compute an instrument capturing both male and female decisions to participate in the labor market: the potential out-of-work income. Since my instrument is crucially determined by the welfare state, I consider three countries with notably different benefit systems – the UK, France and Finland. My results imply different selection patterns across countries and a sizeable male selection in France and the UK. Correction for selection bias lowers the gender wage gap and reveals a substantial glass ceiling with different magnitudes. Findings suggest that disparities between these countries are driven by occupational segregation and public spending on families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Kowalewska, Helen & Agnese Vitali (2024): The female-breadwinner well-being 'penalty': differences by men's (un)employment and country. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 293-308. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad034

Abstract

"This article examines the relationship between female breadwinning and life satisfaction in heterosexual couples. We extend previous research by treating the man’s employment status as a variable that helps to explain rather than confounds this relationship, and by comparing multiple countries through regression analyses of European Social Survey data (Rounds 2–9). Results provide evidence of a female-breadwinner well-being ‘penalty’: men and women are less satisfied with their lives under the female-breadwinner arrangement versus the dual-earner and male-breadwinner alternatives. The penalty is marginal when the male partner is part-time employed but sizeable when he is jobless. However, there are gender differences: after controls for composition, gender-role attitudes, and partners’ relative incomes, the penalty becomes negligible for women while remaining large for men. Analyses suggest these gender differences are linked to high male unemployment among female-breadwinner couples: whereas women appear roughly equally adversely affected by a male partner’s unemployment as by their own, men report substantially higher well-being when she is unemployed instead of him. Country comparisons indicate that while this female-breadwinner well-being penalty is largest in more conservative contexts, especially Germany, it is fairly universal across Europe. So, even in countries where women’s employment is more widespread and cultural and institutional support for the male-breadwinner model is weaker, unemployed men with breadwinner wives are not immune from the social stigma and psychological difficulties associated with their gender non-conformity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Matysiak, Anna, Anna Kurowska & Alina Maria Pavelea (2024): Adjustments in women's labour force participation in response to the deterioration of the labour market situation of the male partner. (SocArXiv papers), 86 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/bn4re

Abstract

"Earnings constitute one of the most important sources of income for most of the European families. In this context, growing instability of employment relations and the spread of nonstandard employment – which is usually less secure and less paid than standard employment – pose serious financial risks to families, especially the traditional and modernised male breadwinner couples which rely on one income. Such couples still constitute around 20%-50% of couples in the European Union. In this report, we examined one particular resilience strategy these couples may develop in case of men's entry to unemployment or involuntary nonstandard employment, namely woman's increase in her labor supply. We also investigate the role of country-specific policies in moderating her response. To this end, we conducted three empirical studies based on EU-SILC and EU LFS data which were complemented with policy indicators derived from EUROMOD and UKMOD. Our findings suggest that women living in (modernized) male breadwinner couples indeed react to the deterioration in men’s employment situation though this reaction is relatively weak. Namely, not more than 10% of women who were inactive or worked part-time prior to the deterioration of his employment situation increase their labor supply. This response is stronger in countries with better public childcare (though only in case of his entry into involuntary nonstandard employment and not unemployment) and lower marginal tax rates. Notably, it is not affected by the generosity of the social benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andersen, Asger Lau, Amalie Sofie Jensen, Niels Johannesen, Claus Thustrup Kreiner, Søren Leth-Petersen & Adam Sheridan (2023): How Do Households Respond to Job Loss? Lessons from Multiple High-Frequency Datasets. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1257/app.20210206

Abstract

"How much and through which channels do households self-insure against job loss? Combining data from a large bank and from government sources, we quantify a broad range of responses to job loss in a unified empirical framework. Cumulated over a two-year period, households reduce spending by 30 percent of their income loss. They mainly self-insure through adjustments of liquid balances, which account for 50 percent of the income loss. Other channels—spousal labor supply, private transfers, home equity extraction, mortgage refinancing, and consumer credit—contribute less to self-insurance. Both overall self-insurance and the channels vary with household characteristics in intuitive ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fasang, Anette Eva, Emanuela Struffolino & Hannah Zagel (2023): Household-level Prevalence and Poverty Penalties of Working in Non-teleworkable and Non-essential Occupations: Evidence from East and West Germany in 2019. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 85-117. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2022-0107

Abstract

"In Haushalten werden Risiken gepoolt und umverteilt. Das heißt, inwiefern Krisen wie die Covid-19 Pandemie oder steigende Inflation im Haushalt abgefedert werden können, wird unter anderem durch die Anzahl der Erwerbstätigen im Haushalt und deren Berufe bestimmt. Für Ost- und Westdeutschland lassen sich aufgrund der weiterhin bestehenden Differenzen in der Berufsstruktur und der soziodemographischen Zusammensetzung von Haushalten Unterschiede in dieser Kapazität von Haushalten erwarten. Vor dem Hintergrund steigender Erwerbsarmut in den letzten Jahren erweitern wir den ‚prevalence and penalties‘ Ansatz (Brady et al. 2017) aus der internationalen Armutsforschung um zwei berufsspezifische Risiken, die in Post-Covid-19 Arbeitsmärkten an Relevanz gewannen. Wir fragen: 1) Wie verbreitet waren Haushaltskonstellationen, in denen die einzige oder beide erwerbstätige Personen in Haushalt in einem nicht-telearbeitsfähigen und nicht-systemrelevanten Beruf gearbeitet haben in Ost- und Westdeutschland 2019? 2) Inwiefern unterschieden sich die Armutsrisiken dieser Haushaltskonstellationen in Ost- und Westdeutschland 2019? Für die Analyse kombinieren wir die aktuellste Welle des Mikrozensus (2019, N=179,755 Haushalte) mit einem neu erhobenen Datensatz zur Telearbeitsfähigkeit von Berufen und der Klassifikation von Systemrelevanz aus Länderdekreten, die im Zuge der Covid-19 Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 verabschiedet wurden. Anhand deskriptiver Analysen und Regressionsmodellen zeigen wir, dass die Verbreitung (prevalence) von Haushaltskonstellationen, in denen die einzige oder beide erwerbstätige Personen in Haushalt in einem nicht-telearbeitsfähigen und nicht-systemrelevanten Beruf gearbeitet haben, in Ost- und Westdeutschland relativ ähnlich war. Allerdings zeigt sich auch, dass das Armutsrisiko dieser Haushaltskonstellationen in Ostdeutschland stark erhöht war. Unter Kontrolle bekannter beruflicher Nachteile wie niedrige Bildung, befristeter Arbeitsvertrag, Schichtarbeit und geringe Führungsverantwortung verringern sich die festgestellten Unterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland zwar leicht, bleiben aber deutlich sichtbar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)

Zitatform

Gambaro, Ludovica, C. Katharina Spieß, Katharina Wrohlich & Elena Ziege (2023): Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-14

Abstract

"Employment among mothers has been rising in recent decades, although mothers of young children often work fewer hours than other women do. Parallel to this trend, approval of maternal employment has increased, albeit not evenly across groups. However, differences in attitudes remain unexplored despite their importance for better understanding mothers’ labour market behaviour. Meanwhile, the employment of fathers has remained stable and attitudes towards paternal employment do not differ as much as attitudes towards maternal employment do between socio-economic groups. This paper examines attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. It focuses on Germany, drawing on data from the German Family Demography Panel Study (FReDA). The survey explicitly asks whether mothers and fathers should be in paid work, work part-time or full-time, presenting respondents with fictional family profiles that vary the youngest child’s age. Unlike previous studies, the analysis compares the views of respondents with different origins: West Germany, East Germany, immigrants from different world regions, and second-generation migrants in West Germany. The results highlight remarkable differences between respondents from West and East Germany, with the former group displaying strong approval for part-time employment among mothers and fathers of very young children and the latter group reporting higher approval for full-time employment. Immigrant groups are far from homogenous, holding different attitudes depending on their region of origin. Taken together, the results offer a nuanced picture of attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. We discuss these findings in relation to labour markets participation in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gerlitz, Jean-Yves (2023): The end of the golden age: on growing challenges for male workers and their partners to secure a family income. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 247-261. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcac039

Abstract

"Thanks to the male breadwinner model with wages sufficient to support a family, working-class families used to be financially secure. The transformation towards the adult worker model (AWM) saw an accumulation of adverse employment characteristics—especially among manual and non-manual routine occupations—and a rise in poverty risks. However, there is a lack of research that combines these strands. I ask to what extent male Western German workers and their partners’ ability to secure labour earnings that support a family has changed, and to what degree this was hampered by various adverse employment characteristics. Focusing on service and production workers with cohabiting partners, I analyse whether their individual and combined labour income is sufficient to support a family. Performing descriptive trend analysis and linear probability models with German Socio-Economic Panel data for 1985–2013, I compare class effects of four periods. I find that since the end of the 1990s, male service and production workers increasingly struggle to secure a family income—mainly driven by low wages and low work intensity, while partners’ labour market participation has gained relevance. The transformation towards the AWM coincided with a devaluation of the most privileged group among workers and thus the working class as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haapanen, Mika, Jaakko Pehkonen & Ville Seppälä (2023): Couples' joint retirement by household type: Evidence from Finland. In: Labour, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 409-436. DOI:10.1111/labr.12253

Abstract

"This study examines joint retirement in Finland. Employing a regression discontinuity design, the study leverages the exogenous variation provided by the eligibility age for earnings-related pensions. The analysis yields three key findings. First, reaching the eligibility age has a significant effect on an individual's retirement. Second, male spouses' retirement at the age of 63 has a spillover effect on their female spouses. Third, disaggregated analyses show that older spouses in low-income households delay their retirement, older male (female) spouses with female (male) primary earners postpone their retirement, and younger female spouses with male primary earners expedite their retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Hiekel, Nicole & Katya Ivanova (2023): Changes in Perceived Fairness of Division of Household Labor Across Parenthood Transitions. Whose Relationship Satisfaction Is Impacted? In: Journal of Family Issues, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 1046-1073. DOI:10.1177/0192513X211055119

Abstract

"Using a nationally representative, prospective study of young German adults, we address two research questions: First, are changes in the perceptions of the fairness of (un)paid labor division associated with changes in men’s and women’s partnership satisfaction across fertility transitions? Second, is this association moderated by men and women’s pre-birth gender role attitudes? Our results indicate that differences between respondents in changes in relationship satisfaction after fertility transitions could be observed across perceptions of the fairness of the division of labor, rather than across differing actual divisions of household labor. That effect was found for women, but not men. Across gender role attitudes, the perception of a stable fair arrangement was detrimental to traditional men’s relationship satisfaction, whereas the perception of increased fairness protected against declines in relationship satisfaction only for egalitarian women. We discuss how the mismatch between imagined and lived realities might affect relationship dynamics across fertility transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Keller, Matthias & Thomas Körner (2023): Closing the gap? Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern nach 15 Jahren Elterngeld. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 88-101.

Abstract

"Erwerbsbeteiligung und Arbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern unterscheiden sich stark; das ist einer der Hauptgründe für die geringeren Verdienste von Frauen im Vergleich zu Männern. Wie sich die Erwerbstätigkeit und die Aufteilung der Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern seit dem Jahr 2005 entwickelt haben, insbesondere seit der Einführung des Elterngelds im Jahr 2007, hat das Statistische Bundesamt auf Grundlage von Ergebnissen des Mikrozensus untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen hierbei die Erwerbskonstellationen von Paaren mit und ohne Kinder. Ergebnisse zur Erwerbssituation alleinerziehender Mütter und Väter ergänzen die Analyse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)

Zitatform

Lück, Detlev, Lena C. Frembs, Martin Bujard & Ulrich Weih (2023): Geschlechterrollen, Hausarbeit, Paarkonflikte. Ein erster Blick in „FReDA – Das familiendemografische Panel“. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 3-8.

Abstract

"Die neue familiendemografische Panelstudie FReDA bietet mit etwa 30.000 Befragten und einer repräsentativen Datengrundlage vielfältige Möglichkeiten für empirische Studien, unter anderem zum Beziehungsleben und zu den Geschlechterrollen in Deutschland. Erste Analysen zeigen, dass vor allem Hausarbeit und Freizeitgestaltung häufige Konfliktthemen in Partnerschaften sind und dass eine einseitige Aufteilung der Hausarbeit zu großer Unzufriedenheit führt. Die Geschlechterrollen unterscheiden sich bezüglich der als ideal angesehenen Erwerbsarbeitszeit von Eltern erheblich. Auch die Sorgen durch die Corona-Pandemie weisen deutliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Moreno-Mínguez, Almudena, Ángel L. Martín-Román & Alfonso Moral (2023): Father Parental Leave Use in Spain: The Role of the Female Partner Labour Situation. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 293-305. DOI:10.1177/09500170211062808

Abstract

"This article presents novel empirical evidence of fathers’ parental leave usage by introducing a family dimension in Spain. To test this hypothesis, a bivariate probit estimation was used to analyse the effect of the mother’s labour force participation on the father’s decision to take parental leave. This procedure allowed us to address the issue of simultaneous factors affecting the decisions of both the man and the woman, which were relevant to interpreting for the phenomenon. The results suggested that successfully using fathers’ paternity leave as a tool to promote gender equality depends on the family household’s characteristics and the woman’s connection to the job market. The bivariate probit estimation revealed that the effect of the woman’s decision on the man’s choice is much stronger than a naive regression would suggest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Righetto, Giovanni (2023): Marriage patterns and the gender gap in labor force participation: Evidence from Italy. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102359

Abstract

"The Italian rate of gender participation gap, defined as the differential between female and male rates of labor force participation, was 18.2% in 2020, the second highest among EU countries. In this paper, we present evidence highlighting a new possible determinant of this unbalance in the labor force: endogamy intensity. We define endogamy as “marriage within the community”, and we argue that it helps preserve and reinforce social norms stigmatizing working women, along with reducing the probability of divorce, which in turn disincentivizes women's participation in the labor force. We proxy the endogamy rate of a community by the degree of concentration of its surnames' distribution, and we provide evidence that a more intense custom of endogamy contributed to enlarging gender participation gaps across Italian municipalities in 2001. In order to deal with endogeneity issues, we make use of an instrumental variable strategy, by instrumenting the endogamy measure of a municipality by the degree of ruggedness of its territory: the asperity of a municipality's surface indeed contributes to its geographical isolation, thus incentivizing in- marriage. In our main 2SLS result, a standard deviation increase in our proxy of endogamy is linked to roughly a 0.3 standard deviation increase in the gender participation gap of 2001. In addition, we provide evidence supporting our main hypothesis, documenting how higher rates of in-marriage are linked to the preservation of social norms and to greater marriage stability, with a lower probability of divorce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Albrecht, Clara, Elena Herold & Jennifer Steigmeier (2022): Die langfristigen Folgen von ehelicher Spezialisierung bei Scheidung. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 10, S. 41-46.

Abstract

"Bei einem Großteil der deutschen Ehepaare herrscht eine traditionelle Arbeitsteilung vor, in der der Mann Hauptverdiener ist, während die Ehefrau ihre Arbeitszeit reduziert und sich auf den Haushalt konzentriert. In der Familienökonomik wird diese Spezialisierung mit durch komparative Vorteile entstehenden Effizienzgewinnen begründet. Es bleibt jedoch unberücksichtigt, dass damit für den*die Zweitverdiener*in, im Falle einer Ehescheidung, als Folge der Haushaltsspezialisierung, Humankapitalverluste einhergehen, die zu einer verschlechterten Arbeitsmarktposition führen und somit langfristige negative finanzielle Konsequenzen haben. Dieses finanzielle Risiko wurde durch die Unterhaltsreform von 2008 insbesondere für alleinerziehende geschiedene Mütter verstärkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Belloc, Ignacio, José Alberto Molina & Jorge Velilla (2022): How does intrahousehold bargaining power impact labor supply? European cross-country evidence (2004-2019). (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1132), Essen, 35 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes how intrahousehold bargaining power impacts labor supply, for seventeen European countries. To that end, we estimate a collective model using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the period 2004-2019, and we study the validity of several potential distribution factors; that is to say, variables that impact labor supply only through intrahousehold bargaining power. Results show some degree of heterogeneity in the responses of labor supply to intrahousehold bargaining power. Spouses' education and the age gap operate as distribution factors in central European countries, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. On the other hand, in the Mediterranean South countries, the share of unearned income of the wife operates as a distribution factor in Italy, Portugal, and Spain, and in countries of Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, and Lithuania), the sex ratio, wives' non-labor income share, spouses' age and education gap, and the fertility rate all operate as distribution factors. In northern economies, such as Denmark and Estonia, we find evidence for share of unearned income, age gap, and fertility rate, while in islands, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, the sex ratio, the share of unearned income, the age and education gap, and the fertility rate are suitable bargaining power variables. The results are consistent with theoretical sharing rules, and distribution factors that empower a given spouse are mainly positively correlated with increases in the share of income they attract from intrahousehold bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bjuggren, Carl Magnus & Magnus Henrekson (2022): Female self-employment: prevalence and performance effects of having a high-income spouse. In: Small business economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 163-181. DOI:10.1007/s11187-021-00526-0

Abstract

"Little is known about self-employment as a career choice for women who marry a high-income spouse. Using rich Swedish register data, we show that Swedish women who are married to a high-income spouse are, on average, highly educated and more likely to pursue self-employment than those married to a spouse in the middle of the income distribution. Our results indicate that the likelihood of entering self-employment increases by 128-176% for women who marry a spouse in the top of the income distribution, and the shift into self-employment is associated with a lower income. This can be interpreted as a career choice that produces a more flexible work schedule in return for lower income. In a Nordic welfare state, where work is the norm for women, self-employment offers a way to avoid the stay-at-home stigma. It allows one to stay in the workforce while enjoying approval from society and being in control of one's work schedule and personal demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Brehmer, Wolfram, Christina Klenner & Tanja Schmidt (2022): Was macht Frauen in Deutschland zu Familienernährerinnen. (WSI-Report 70), Düsseldorf, 28 S.

Abstract

"Das Spektrum der Arrangements, in denen sich Paare Erwerbs- und Fürsorgearbeit teilen, wandelt sich. Jeder zehnte (Erwerbs-)Paarhaushalt in Deutschland hat eine weibliche Haupteinkommensbezieherin. Dabei liegt der Anteil in Westdeutschland deutlich niedriger als in Ostdeutschland. Dieser Report geht mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels der Frage nach, was dazu führt, dass Frauen den größten Teil des Haushaltseinkommens erwirtschaften und somit Familienernährerinnen werden. Werden Frauen zu Familienernährerinnen, weil Paare auf der Basis ihrer Einstellungen und nicht-traditionellen Geschlechterrollenorientierungen ein solches Arrangement wählen? Oder führen andere Umstände zu Familienernährerinnen-Konstellationen? Unsere Analysen zeigen: Viel spricht dafür, dass die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/09 die Tendenz zu Familienernährerinnen-Haushalten verstärkt hat. Dort, wo Frauen die Familienernährerinnen sind, steht das häufig mit Arbeitslosigkeit oder atypischer Beschäftigung des Mannes im Zusammenhang und von 2007 an wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Familienernährerinnen-Haushalte von Jahr zu Jahr signifikant größer. Für den Einfluss der Wirtschaftskrise - wie sich die Coronakrise auswirkt, ist bisher nicht klar - spricht auch, dass Familienernährerinnen-Haushalte überdurchschnittlich häufig arm sind oder armutsnah leben. In vielen Fällen müssen Familienernährerinnen auch mit unterer beruflicher Stellung, in Teilzeit und mit entsprechend niedrigen Einkünften die Familie ernähren. Dass Familienernährerinnen-Konstellationen auf bewusst gewählten Strategien der Paare beruhen, lässt sich anhand der verfügbaren Daten nicht bestätigen. Allerdings haben Frauen, die Familienernährerinnen sind, häufiger egalitäre Einstellungen. Sie haben auch häufiger eine hohe Bildung, eine hohe berufliche Stellung und sind überdurchschnittlich in Vollzeit, in Großbetrieben und im öffentlichen Dienst tätig. Das heißt, dass berufliche Positionen von Frauen mit guten Einkommenschancen also ebenfalls das Überwiegen des weiblichen Einkommensanteils begünstigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Eriksson, Helen, Sunnee Billingsley & Maria Branden (2022): Parental Leave within the Workplace: A Re-assessment of Opposite Educational Gradients for Women and Men. In: Sociology, Jg. 56, H. 5, S. 1032-1044. DOI:10.1177/00380385221109743

Abstract

"Educational gradients in parental leave length are opposite for women and men: highly educated women return to work faster than those with low education while highly educated men are absent longer than less educated men. Explanations for the opposite gradients are typically made at the individual- or couple-level. To date, no quantitative study has documented whether the opposite educational gradients hold also within workplaces. In this study, we use employer-employee matched Swedish register data with fixed-effects models to examine whether the educational gradient applies also among co-workers in the same workplace. The results show that three-quarters of the educational effect typically attributed to the individual father disappeared when comparing fathers within workplaces. The educational gradient of mothers remained largely unchanged. These findings provide the first population-level evidence for the primacy of the workplace in determining fathers? care choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gaunt, Ruth, Ana Jordan, Anna Tarrant, Nicola Chanamuto, Mariana Pinho & Agata Wezyk (2022): Caregiving Dads, Breadwinning Mums. Transforming Gender in Work and Childcare? 61 S.

Abstract

"This mixed methods study investigates opposite-sex couples who share childcare equally or reverse roles so that the father is the primary caregiver. Comparing these couples with traditional couples, the project will explore what exactly their work and care arrangements look like, and what effects these arrangements have on their well-being and relationship satisfaction. A new survey questionnaire will be distributed online to collect quantitative data on time investment and the allocation of tasks from samples of mothers and fathers of young children with either traditional family roles (male breadwinner, female caregiver), reversed roles (male caregiver, female breadwinner), or equal sharing arrangements. A novel aspect of the research is the consideration of the socio-psychological processes that may contribute to a decision to adopt non-gendered arrangements – for example, the survey will also measure respondents’ identities, ideologies, and implicit gender attitudes. In addition to the quantitative data, ten couples from each of the three sample groups will be recruited for an in-depth face-to-face interview, with the partners interviewed separately. Interviews will more fully uncover the complex dynamics involved in the construction and maintenance of different work and care arrangements, and further explore the facilitators and barriers to downplaying gender-based considerations in parenting arrangements. The findings will inform discussions on better ways to support fathers’ caring responsibilities through workplace policies and legislation around paternity and shared parental leave. Ultimately, this project seeks to identify the means to create more balanced, fulfilling lives for both men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gerber, Christine (2022): Gender and precarity in platform work: Old inequalities in the new world of work. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 206-230. DOI:10.1111/ntwe.12233

Abstract

"Platform work creates a work model that is both a curse and a blessing for vulnerable labour market segments. Based on research on female precarity, the article expects that remote platform work—so-called crowdwork—could especially attract women who need to combine income and care responsibilities. This article investigates whether women experience more precarity on crowdwork platforms than men, and why their risks differ. It analyses data from a quantitative survey with crowdworkers in Germany and the United States. The results indicate higher precarity risks for women due to care work, which are also indirectly mediated via the employment status. The higher commodification of labour and weaker social infrastructure lead to generally greater precarity risks for platform workers in the United States. The high differences between women and men in Germany underline the gendered nature of labour market dualization and precarization as well as the traditional division of housework. Policy measures should address both platform work and these structural inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hederos, Karin & Anders Stenberg (2022): Gender identity and relative income within households. Evidence from Sweden. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 124, H. 3, S. 744-772. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12477

Abstract

"Bertrand et al. (2015) show that the U.S. distribution of the wife’s share of household income drops sharply where the wife starts earning more than her husband. They attribute the drop to a gender norm prescribing that a wife's income should not exceed her husband’s income. We document a similar drop in Swedish data. However, we also show that there is a spike where spouses earn exactly the same. Excluding the equal-earning spouses, the drop is small and mostly statistically insignificant. We conclude that, if anything, we find only weak evidence that Swedish couples comply with this gender norm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Heyne, Stefanie & Tobias Wolbring (2022): Do Mothers and Fathers in Germany Really Prefer a Traditional Division of Labor? The Impact of Working Hours on Life Satisfaction Reconsidered. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 298-306. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2022-0013

Abstract

"In dieser Studie unterziehen wir die Ergebnisse einer Studie zum Einfluss der Arbeitszeit auf die Lebenszufriedenheit einer kritischen Überprüfung. Zunächst replizieren wir die Befunde der Ausgangsstudie, welche nahelegen, dass eine traditionelle Arbeitsteilung zwischen Müttern und Vätern deren Lebenszufriedenheit maximiert. Bei Lockerung parametrischer Annahmen, Kontrolle auf Konfundierung durch Elternschaft sowie der Berücksichtigung von Ost-West-Unterschieden zeigt sich, dass (1) Väter, die zwischen 35 und 60 Stunden pro Woche arbeiten, am zufriedensten mit Ihrem Leben sind, (2) Mütter, die mindestens ~25 Stunden pro Woche arbeiten, zufriedener mit ihrem Leben sind als nicht-erwerbstätige Mütter und (3) verschiedene Formen der Arbeitsteilung innerhalb von Haushalten zu vergleichbaren Niveaus in der Lebenszufriedenheit führen. Im Gegensatz zur Ausgangsstudie legt unsere Replikation daher nahe, dass das männliche Alleinverdienermodell keineswegs der einzige Weg zur Maximierung der elterlichen Lebenszufriedenheit ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)

Zitatform

Thielemans, Gert & Dimitri Mortelmans (2022): Divorce and female labour force participation: Do women who expect an upcoming divorce increase their employment? Evidence from Flanders. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 65, H. 1, S. 3-23. DOI:10.1177/0001699321994189

Abstract

"Women who expect an upcoming divorce have the possibility of taking action in order to protect themselves against the projected negative financial consequences. In this paper we investigate whether they do. Using retrospective data for a sample of 884 divorced women from the Divorce in Flanders (DiF)-survey, we estimate the difference in the probability that women increase their employment intensity surrounding the time a couple stops living together between women who expected the divorce and those who did not. We find that in the year leading up to the factual separation, women who expect the divorce are three to five times more likely to increase their employment. Our results suggest that when anticipatory employment behaviour is not considered when researching the negative consequences of relationship dissolution, both the magnitude of the downturn as well as the time to recovery is likely underestimated for a large group of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Almås, Ingvild, Charlotte Ringdal & Ingrid Hoem Sjursen (2021): Understanding inequality within households. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 961), Essen, 31 S.

Abstract

"To describe and understand the economic inequality in a given society, it is necessary to understand intra-household inequality. House- holds can hide important inequalities, but can also be essential units for redistribution in society. This paper gives an overview of within- household distributions in different settings, both between the adults and also between adults and children. It documents that there are substantial inequalities within households in some contexts and that these often, but not always, disfavor women and children. The paper also discusses the importance of intra-household allocations for poverty and inequality measurement. Methods that assign each household member a per-adult share of household consumption leads to underestimation of inequalities and miss-classification of poverty. In comparison, structural models seem to do better in predicting individual poverty when disaggregated data on allocation within households are not available. Main determinants of power in household decision-making are also discussed, and relatedly, so are two important policy questions: Are targeted transfers to women good for female empowerment? And, are targeted transfers to mothers good for child outcomes? The empirical evidence is clearly pointing to targeting being beneficial for female empowerment, but the evidence is less clear when it comes to child outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Anderson, Lewis R., Erzsébet Bukodi & Christiaan W. S. Monden (2021): Double Trouble: Does Job Loss Lead to Union Dissolution and Vice Versa? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 379-398. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa060

Abstract

"A now-substantial literature claims that job loss and union dissolution (the end of a marriage or cohabiting relationship) each increase individuals' risk of the other, highlighting that major negative life events in the labour market and family can spill over across domains. We address three limitations of this research using UK data. First, these associations might arise from unmeasured factors which jointly predispose individuals to the two events. Second, the distinction between job loss (an event) and unemployment (the state it may lead to) has been neglected. Third, where the impact of unemployment has been considered, its duration has not. We simultaneously model both processes: does job loss (or being unemployed) lead to union dissolution, and does union dissolution (or being divorced/separated) lead to job loss? To investigate the role of unobserved, time-invariant confounders, we model the individual-specific effects as random variables allowed to correlate across the models for the two outcomes. Upon allowing such cross-process correlations, we find that job loss and union dissolution have modest and non-significant prospective associations with one another. We also find no support for a connection between being divorced/separated and subsequent job loss. Unemployment appears to increase risk of union dissolution; by attending to duration we uncover gender differences in this relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bloemen, Hans (2021): Labor Market Transitions of Members of Opposite-Sex Couples: Nonparticipation, Unemployed Search, and Employment. (IZA discussion paper 14673), Bonn, 74 S.

Abstract

"An empirical analysis of labor market transitions for spouses in couples is implemented. Object of study are transitions between the states of nonparticipation, unemployed search, and employment. Motivated by a model of household search, the emphasis is on spousal variables and interactions. Additionally, a proxy for the business cycle is included in the analysis, and household specific unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. Results show that female transitions into nonparticipation (both out of unemployed search and employment) are positively affected by the husband's income (while no effect is found for transitions out of nonparticipation). Men seem to move from employment into unemployed search easier the higher is the wife's income. Since the wife having an income is in turn strongly accociated with female participation, this suggests that households with a participating wife are better able to deal with unemployment of the husband. A supplementary analysis with reservation wages and numbers of applications points in the same direction. Husbands' reservation wages are only sensitive to his own unemployment income if the wife is nonparticipating. This implies that unemployment benefits have a different role in households with the husband as a sole earner compared to dual earner households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blömer, Maximilian, Przemyslaw Brandt & Andreas Peichl (2021): Raus aus der Zweitverdienerinnenfalle. Reformvorschläge zum Abbau von Fehlanreizen im deutschen Steuer- und Sozialversicherungssystem. Gütersloh, 45 S. DOI:10.11586/2021077

Abstract

"In der diesem Bericht zugrunde liegenden Studie haben wir häufig diskutierte Vorschläge für Reformen untersucht, die dem Ziel dienen sollen, die Beschäftigungsanreize für Zweitverdienende zu verbessern. Bei den Zweitverdienenden handelt es sich häufig um Ehefrauen und Mütter. Wir haben uns in unserer Analyse auf die Regelungen zum Mini- und Midijob, das Ehegattensplitting und verschiedene Kombinationen der diskutierten Reformelemente konzentriert. Zur Quantifizierung der Wirkungen der vorgeschlagenen Reformen auf das Arbeitsangebot haben wir das ifo-Mikrosimulationsmodell verwendet, ein empirisch geschätztes strukturelles Arbeitsangebotsmodell im Haushaltskontext." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Calvo, Paula A., Ilse Lindenlaub & Ana Reynoso (2021): Marriage Market and Labor Market Sorting. (NBER working paper 28883), Cambridge, MA, 67 S. DOI:10.3386/w28883

Abstract

"We build a novel equilibrium model in which households' labor supply choices form the link between sorting on the marriage market and sorting on the labor market. We first show that in theory, the nature of home production – whether partners' hours are complements or substitutes – shapes marriage market sorting, labor market sorting and labor supply choices in equilibrium. We then estimate our model on German data to assess the nature of home production in the data, and find that spouses' home hours are complements. We investigate to what extent complementarity in home hours drives sorting and inequality. We find that the home production complementarity – by strengthening positive marriage sorting and reducing the gender gap in hours and labor sorting – puts significant downward pressure on the gender wage gap and within-household income inequality, but it fuels between-household inequality. Our estimated model sheds new light on the sources of inequality in today's Germany and – by identifying important shifts in home production technology towards more complementarity – on the evolution of inequality over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fernández-Kranz, Daniel & Jennifer Louise Roff (2021): The Effect of Alimony Reform on Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey. (IZA discussion paper 14949), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"Reforms that reduce alimony can affect married couples in two different ways. First, reduced alimony lowers the bargaining power of the payee, usually the wife. Second, reduced alimony lowers the incentives of wives to engage in the traditional male breadwinner model of household specialization. Using the American Time Use Survey and exploiting a series of recent reforms in several US states that reduced the entitlements of eligible spouses, we find that wives surprised by the reforms reacted by moving away from the traditional male breadwinner model of household specialization. We also find that highly educated women substituted work for time devoted to housework and childcare, while less educated wives substituted work for leisure and personal time. We find no effects for men. The fact that the reforms reduced fertility only among women with higher education suggests that the difference between them and less educated wives in the response to reduced alimony is due, at least in part, to differences in their preferences and costs for children. The estimated effects are larger among couples with a large difference in the earnings potential of spouses and are robust to several sensitivity tests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Geis-Thöne, Wido & Axel Plünnecke (2021): Familienpolitik - Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile stärken. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,45), Köln, 3 S.

Abstract

"Um Familien wirtschaftlich besser zu stellen und gegen Risiken abzusichern, ist die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile hilfreich. Daher sollte die Familienpolitik die U3-Betreuung und Ganztagsgrundschulen ausbauen, die Qualität der Betreuungsangebote erhöhen und Elterngeld und Ehegattenbesteuerung weiterentwickeln." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Geis-Thöne, Wido (2021): Mütter haben unterschiedliche Erwerbswünsche und erwerbsbezogene Normen. Ergebnisse einer empirischen Analyse auf Basis des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP). (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,28), Köln, 48 S.

Abstract

"In den letzten 20 Jahren hat sich das Rollenbild der Mütter in Deutschland sehr stark gewandelt, wie eine Auswertung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) zeigt. Wollten im Jahr 1998 noch 26,3 Prozent der Frauen im Alter zwischen 25 und 54 Jahren mit minderjährigen oder volljährigen Kindern keiner Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen, lag dieser Anteil im Jahr 2018 nur noch bei 12,4 Prozent. Gleichzeitig ist im letzten Jahrzehnt auch eine starke Tendenz weg von der kleinen Teilzeit mit weniger als 20 Stunden in der Woche und hin zur Vollzeit oder vollzeitnahen Teilzeit zu beobachten. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Erwerbswünsche je nach sozioökonomischem Hintergrund stark. So wollten Mütter ohne berufsqualifizierenden Abschluss im Jahr 2018 mit 25,4 Prozent mehr als dreimal so häufig keiner Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen wie Mütter mit Hochschulabschluss mit 8,0 Prozent. Ebenso findet sich ein derartiges traditionelles Rollenbild auch bei zugewanderten Müttern und Müttern mit drei und mehr Kinder besonders oft. Auch wollen Mütter mit gutverdienenden Partnern unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen häufiger in Teilzeit und seltener in Vollzeit arbeiten. Überdies zeigt sich auch über ein Vierteljahrhundert nach der Wiedervereinigung noch ein so starkes Ost-Westgefälle, dass die Anforderungen an die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als strukturell unterschiedlich einzustufen sind. Betrachtet man die im SOEP ebenfalls erhobenen Einschätzungen der Mütter dazu, ob Männer und Frauen möglichst gleich viel erwerbstätig sein und sich um Haushalt und Familie kümmern sollten sowie ob Kinder im Alter unter drei und unter sechs Jahren unter einer Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter leiden, wird deutlich, dass sich nicht nur die Erwerbswünsche, sondern auch die erwerbsbezogenen Normen der Mütter stark unterscheiden. So lehnen Mütter mit gutverdienenden Partnern eine gleiche Aufgabenteilung unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen besonders häufig ab und Mütter ohne berufsqualifizierenden Abschluss, zugewanderte Mütter und Mütter mit drei und mehr Kindern sehen sie besonders häufig im Hinblick auf das Wohlergehen kleinerer Kinder als kritisch an. Auch wenn die Lage dieser Mütter im öffentlichen Diskurs wenig präsent ist, muss die Familienpolitik auch hier unterstützende Maßnahmen anbieten. Wichtig ist zunächst, dass sie für die Risiken der von ihnen gewählten Erwerbsbiografien im Falle der Trennung und des Todes oder der unerwarteten Arbeitslosigkeit des Partners sensibilisiert werden. Zudem sollte die Familienpolitik bei der Gestaltung finanzieller Anreize für eine stärkere Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter die Vielfalt der Lebenswirklichkeiten der Familien im Blick behalten und diese nicht, wie beim Konzept der Familienarbeitszeit, nur auf sehr spezifische Erwerbskonstellationen ausrichten, sondern möglich breit anlegen. Dabei ist auch zu beachten, dass zunächst die bestehenden Hemmnisse abgebaut und insbesondere die Betreuungsangebote tatsächlich bedarfsgerecht ausgebaut werden müssen. Dies hilft den Müttern mit älteren und erwachsenen Kindern allerdings wenig, die meist ebenfalls nur in beschränktem Umfang einer Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen wollen. Hier wären weitergehende wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen notwendig, um festzustellen, wie sich ihr mit Blick auf die Fachkräftesicherung bedeutendes Potenzial für den Arbeitsmarkt heben lässt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Grunow, Daniela & Torsten Lietzmann (2021): Women's employment transitions: The influence of her, his, and joint gender ideologies. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 45, S. 55-86., 2021-05-19. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.3

Abstract

"Research suggests that women’s employment decisions are influenced by not only their own gender ideologies but also their partners’. This paper is the first study examining the role of a couple’s joint gender ideology on the female partner’s employment transitions, specifically her work hours and employment breaks. The authors seek to advance research on the effects of gender ideologies on paid work transitions conceptually, arguing that a couple’s (dis)agreement on gender ideologies may be important. The authors use data from the German panel study Labour Market and Social Security (PASS) and logistic regression models estimating the probability of reducing work hours or taking an employment break between two successive panel waves. Women’s gender ideologies impact their likelihood of reducing work hours and taking an employment break. The more egalitarian women are, the less likely they are to reduce their labor market participation. The male partner’s gender ideology initially appears irrelevant. However, when considering the couple as a unit, the authors find a couple effect of joint ideology: Women are more likely to reduce their work hours when both partners believe in gender essentialism as opposed to other couple-ideology constellations. For women’s employment breaks, findings also point to a couple-ideology effect, though with less statistical certainty. The couple perspective shows that his gender ideology matters only in relation to hers. Introducing the couple perspective reveals that individual ideology measures provide a skewed picture of how gender ideologies actually work in couples to influence the gender division of paid work." (Author's abstract, © 1999–2021 Max Planck Society) ((en))

Zitatform

Grübener, Philipp, Dominik Sachs, Annika Bacher, Lukas Nord, Filip Rozsypal, Axelle Ferriere, Gaston Navarro & Oliko Vardishvili (2021): Essays in Quantitative Macroeconomics: Income, Inequality, Income Risk and Optimal Redistribution. Florenz, 191 S.

Abstract

"This thesis contains four independent essays in heterogeneous agent macroeconomics. They explore the sources of income inequality and income risk and study the optimal design of public redistribution and insurance. The first chapter, joint with Filip Rozsypal, studies the origins of idiosyncratic earnings risk in frictional labor markets, with a particular focus on the role of firms for worker earnings risk. First, using administrative matched employer-employee data from Denmark, we document key properties of the worker earnings growth distribution, the firm revenue growth distribution, and their joint distribution. The worker earnings and firm revenue growth distributions exhibit strong deviations from normality, in particular excess kurtosis, with many workers and firms experiencing very small changes to their earnings/revenues, but a significant minority experiencing very large changes. Large earnings losses are more likely for workers in firms with negative revenue growth, driven both by separations to unemployment and earnings losses on the job. Second, we develop a model framework consistent with the data, with four key features: i) frictional labor markets and on the job search to capture unemployment risk and wage growth through a job ladder, ii) multi-worker firms to capture gross and net worker flows, iii) risk averse workers such that earnings risk matters, and iv) contracting with two-sided limited commitment because earnings of job stayers are changing infrequently in the data. Third, we use the model to explore policies designed to mitigate earnings fluctuations. The second chapter, joint with Annika Bacher and Lukas Nord, studies one particular private insurance margin against individual income risk only available to couples, which is the so called added worker effect. Specifically, we study how this intra-household insurance against individual job loss through increased spousal labor market participation varies over the life cycle. We show in U.S. data that the added worker effect is much stronger for young than for old households. A stochastic life cycle model of two-member households with job search in a frictional labor market is capable of replicating this finding. The model suggests that a lower added worker effect for the old is driven primarily by better insurance through asset holdings. Human capital differences between employed young and old contribute to the difference but are quantitatively less important, while differences in job arrival rates play a limited role. In the third chapter, joint with Axelle Ferriere, Gaston Navarro, and Oliko Vardishvili, we study optimal redistribution, taking into account not just the large income and wealth inequality in the data, but also the distribution of income risk that is key in the first two chapters. The U.S. fiscal system redistributes through a rich set of taxes and transfers, the latter accounting for a large part of the income of the poor. Motivated by this, we study the optimal joint design of transfers and income taxes. Within a simple heterogeneous-household framework, we derive analytical results on the optimal relationship between transfers and tax progressivity. Higher transfers are associated with lower optimal income tax progressivity. Redistribution is achieved with generous transfers while efficiency is preserved via a lower progressivity of income taxes. As such, the optimal tax-and-transfer system features larger progressivity of average than of marginal tax rates. We then quantify the optimal tax-and-transfer system in a rich incomplete-market model with realistic distributions of income, wealth, and income risk. The model features a novel flexible functional form for progressive income taxes and means-tested transfers. Relative to the current U.S. fiscal system, the optimal policy consists of more generous means-tested transfers, which phase-out at a slower rate. These larger transfers are financed with higher tax rates, but the taxes are not more progressive than the current system. The fourth chapter, joint with Axelle Ferriere and Dominik Sachs, also studies optimal redistribution, but instead of considering a stationary environment it analyzes the dynamics of the equity-efficiency trade-off along the growth path. To do so, we incorporate the optimal income taxation problem into a state-of-the-art multi-sector structural change general equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences. We identify two key opposing forces. First, long-run productivity growth allows households to shift their consumption expenditures away from necessities. This implies a reduction in the dispersion of marginal utilities, and therefore calls for a welfare state that declines along the growth path. Yet, economic growth is also systematically associated with an increase in the skill premium, which raises inequality and the desire to redistribute. We quantitatively analyze these opposing forces for two countries: the U.S. from 1950 to 2010, and China from 1989 to 2009. Optimal redistribution decreases at early stages of development, as the role of non-homotheticities prevails. At later stages of development the rising income inequality dominates and the welfare state should become more generous." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jessen, Jonas, C. Katharina Spieß & Katharina Wrohlich (2021): Sorgearbeit während der Corona-Pandemie: Mütter übernehmen größeren Anteil – vor allem bei schon zuvor ungleicher Aufteilung. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 88, H. 9, S. 131-139. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2021-9-1

Abstract

"Eltern haben im Zuge der ersten coronabedingten Kita- und Schulschließungen einen Großteil der Bildungs- und Betreuungsarbeit übernommen. Vielfach wurde in der Öffentlichkeit diskutiert, inwiefern die Corona-Pandemie die Aufteilung von Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit zwischen Müttern und Vätern verändert hat. Eine Auswertung neuer pairfam-Daten zeigt ein differenziertes Bild: Einerseits hat sich der Anteil der Paare, die sich Kinderbetreuung und Hausarbeit egalitär aufteilen, nicht signifikant verändert. Andererseits ist bei Paaren, bei denen die Frauen bereits vor der Pandemie den überwiegenden Teil der Sorgearbeit übernommen haben, das Ungleichgewicht in der Pandemie noch größer geworden. Im Frühjahr und Sommer 2020 haben Frauen in rund 16 Prozent und damit im Vorjahresvergleich in etwa doppelt so vielen Familien (fast) vollständig die Kinderbetreuung übernommen. Wenn Mütter im Homeoffice arbeiten, erledigen sie auch mehr Sorgearbeit, während dies bei Vätern nicht der Fall ist. Die Aufteilung der Sorgearbeit wird dabei von Müttern und Vätern sehr unterschiedlich wahrgenommen. Die Politik sollte aus einer gleichstellungspolitischen Perspektive bei neuen familienbezogenen Leistungen die ungleiche Verteilung der Sorgearbeit stärker in den Blick nehmen. Helfen könnten beispielsweise finanzielle Anreize für eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Elternzeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kowalewska, Helen & Agnese Vitali (2021): Breadwinning or on the breadline? Female breadwinners' economic characteristics across 20 welfare states. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 125-142. DOI:10.1177/0958928720971094

Abstract

"In analysing heterosexual couples’ work–family arrangements over time and space, the comparative social policy literature has settled on the framework of the ‘male-breadwinner’ versus the ‘dual-earner’ family. Yet, in assuming men in couple-families are (full-time) employed, this framework overlooks another work–family arrangement, which is the ‘female-breadwinner’ couple. Including female-breadwinner couples matters because of their growing prevalence and, as our analysis shows, greater economic vulnerability. We perform descriptive and regression analyses of Luxembourg Income Study microdata to compare household incomes for female-breadwinner couples and other couple-types across 20 industrialized countries. We then consider how labour earnings and benefit incomes vary for ‘pure’ breadwinner couples – comprising one wage-earner and one inactive/unemployed partner – according to the gender of the breadwinner. We find that pure female breadwinners have lower average individual earnings than male breadwinners, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and occupational and working-time differences. Furthermore, welfare systems across most countries are not working hard enough to compensate for the female breadwinner earnings penalty, including in social-democratic countries. Once controls are included in our regression models, it never happens that pure female breadwinners have higher disposable household incomes than pure male breadwinners. Thus, our study adds to a growing body of evidence showing that female-breadwinner families sit at the intersection of multiple disadvantages. In turn, these couples offer comparative scholars of the welfare state an ‘acid test’ case study for how effectively families are protected from social risk. Our results additionally highlight how cross-national differences in the female breadwinner income disadvantage do not fit neatly with established welfare typologies, suggesting that other factors – in particular, labour market characteristics and the economic cycle – are also at play." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kuehnle, Daniel, Michael Oberfichtner & Kerstin Ostermann (2021): Revisiting Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households - A cautionary tale on the potential pitfalls of density estimators. In: Journal of Applied Econometrics, Jg. 36, H. 7, S. 1065-1073., 2021-04-13. DOI:10.1002/jae.2853

Abstract

"We show that Bertrand et al.’s (QJE 2015) finding of a sharp drop in the relative income distribution within married couples at the point where wives start to earn more than their husbands is unstable across different estimation procedures and varies across contexts. We apply the estimators by McCrary (JoE, 2008, McC) and Cattaneo et al. (JASA, 2020, CJM) to administrative data from the US and Germany and compare their performance in a simulation. Large bins cause McC to substantially over-reject the null hypothesis, and mass points close to the potential discontinuity affect McC more than CJM." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Kunaschk, Max (2021): Essays in Applied Labor Economics. Erlangen, 175 S.

Abstract

"Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier unabhängigen Studien und behandelt die Themen Mindestlöhne, Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die Effekte einer großen Elterngeldreform, und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit. Die breite der analysierten Themen zeigt die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten auf, die administrative Daten für die Forschung in der angewandten Wirtschaftswissenschaft bieten und diese Dissertation trägt damit neue Erkenntnisse zu zentralen Themen der Arbeitsmarktökonomik bei. Die erste Studie befasst sich mit den kausalen Effekten der Einführung eines Mindestlohns im deutschen Friseurgewerbe. Besonders an dem Sektor ist, dass er viele Charakteristika aufweist, die man von einem Arbeitsmarkt mit vollständiger Konkurrenz erwarten würde. Mithilfe der Vollerhebung aller abhängig beschäftigten Friseure in Deutschland und eines Difference-in-Differences-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass selbst Mindestlöhne die, im Vergleich zum herrschenden Lohnniveau, relativ hoch sind, nicht zwangsläufig zu negativen Beschäftigungseffekten führen müssen, wie man es in einem Arbeitsmarkt mit vollständiger Konkurrenz eigentlich erwarten würde. Stattdessen zeigt die Studie, dass die Mindestlohneinführung zu einer Erhöhung der Verbraucherpreise geführt hat. Dies zeigt, dass zwar auch relativ hohe Mindestlöhne nicht zwangsläufig zu Arbeitsplatzverlusten führen, dies aber unter Umständen durch höhere Preise für Konsumenten kompensiert wird. Die zweite Studie befasst sich mit den kausalen Effekten der Einführung des nationalen Mindestlohns im Jahr 2015 auf geplante Humankapitalinvestitionen von Jugendlichen. Für diese Studie kombinieren wir Befragungsdaten mit einem Fokus auf Bildung mit administrativen Arbeitsmarktdaten. Mithilfe eines Difference-in-Differences-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass die Reform die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht hat, dass Jugendliche einen höheren Schulabschluss erreichen wollen. Weiterhin zeigt die Studie mithilfe eines Triple Differencein-Differences-Ansatzes, dass dieser positive Effekt durch leistungsschwächere Jugendliche getrieben wird. Insgesamt implizieren die Ergebnisse, dass Jugendliche vorausschauend handeln und hinsichtlich ihrer Humankapitalentscheidungen sowohl auf Veränderungen von Löhnen, als auch auf Veränderungen der Wahrscheinlichkeit einen Arbeitsplatz zu finden reagieren. Die dritte Studie befasst sich mit Unterschieden in den Effekten des Kinderkriegens auf Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in West- und Ostdeutschland, sowie mit den kausalen Effekten einer großen Elterngeldreform auf die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Müttern und Vätern. Diese Studie kombiniert verschiedene neue Ansätze, welche die Analysemöglichkeiten der administrativen Daten stark erweitern. Mithilfe eines Event-Study-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass die Geburt des ersten Kindes die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Frauen in West- und in Ostdeutschland noch deutlich unterschiedlich beeinflusst, während es bei Männern kaum Unterschiede gibt. Hinsichtlich der Elterngeldreform zeigt die Studie, dass diese den Anteil der Väter, die Elternzeit nehmen, stark erhöht hat. Mithilfe eines neuen empirischen Ansatzes, der einen Event-Study-Ansatz mit einem Difference-in-Differences-Ansatz kombiniert, zeigt die Studie weiterhin, dass die Elterngeldreform das Arbeitsangebot von Männern und Frauen im ersten Jahr nach der Geburt des Kindes verringert hat, die Reform aber nach Ablauf der Periode während der Elterngeld gezahlt wird keine Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung beider Partner hatte. Letztlich zeigt die Studie noch, dass es keine langfristigen Effekte auf die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit beider Partner hat, wenn der Vater Elternzeit nimmt. Die vierte Studie vergleicht verschiedene statistische Methoden zur Vorhersage von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit. Die Studie vergleicht Vorhersagen basierend auf logistischen Regressionsmodellen mit Vorhersagen basierend auf Random Forest Modellen und zeigt, dass, abhängig davon welche Ziele verfolgt werden und welche Budgetrestriktionen die Möglichkeiten staatlicher Jobvermittlung einschränken, eine der beiden Methoden zu bevorzugen ist. Vorhersagen basierend auf logistischen Regressionsmodellen identifizieren einen größeren Anteil der Personen, die Langzeitarbeitslos werden, während Vorhersagen basierend auf Random Forest Modellen einen geringeren Anteil an nicht-Langzeitarbeitslosen falsch als solche klassifizieren. Weiterhin zeigt die Studie, wie staatliche Arbeitsvermittlung potenzielle statistischer Diskriminierung adressieren kann und diskutiert Fragen hinsichtlich der praktischen Implementierung statistischer Vorhersagemethoden. Durch die Nutzung qualitativ hochwertiger administrativer Daten in Kombination mit einer Vielfalt empirischer Methoden trägt diese Dissertation somit zum Feld der angewandten Arbeitsmarktökonomik bei, indem sie neue Erkenntnisse zu wichtigen Themen des Feldes liefert. Während die ersten drei Studien hauptsächlich auf die Identifikation kausaler Effekte von Arbeitsmarktreformen abzielen, beschäftigt sich die vierte Studie vornehmlich mit den praktischen Implikationen der Nutzung statistischer Vorhersagemethoden in staatlicher Arbeitsvermittlung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lembcke, Franziska, Lukas Nöh & Milena Schwarz (2021): Anreizwirkungen des deutschen Steuer- und Transfersystems auf das Erwerbsangebot von Zweitverdienenden. (Arbeitspapier / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung 2021,06), Wiesbaden, 49 S.

Abstract

"Ökonomische Anreize in der Familienpolitik spielen eine wichtige Rolle für das Potenzialwachstum, vor allem vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und familienpolitischer Maßnahmen, die sich auf die Produktivität und das Erwerbsangebot auswirken können. Hierbei steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, wie sich familienpolitische Leistungen auf die ökonomische Zielsetzung auswirken, das Erwerbsangebot von Zweitverdienenden - die oftmals Frauen sind – zu erhöhen. In diesem Beitrag werden vor dem Hintergrund dieser Zielsetzung etwaige Fehlanreize im deutschen Steuer-, Abgaben- und Transfersystem sowie verschiedene Reformansätze diskutiert. Darunter fallen steuerliche Leistungen, wie das Ehegattensplitting, Leistungen der Sozialversicherungen, wie die beitragsfreie Mitversicherung von Ehepartnern, monetäre Transfers, wie das Kindergeld und Realtransfers, etwa durch subventionierte Kinderbetreuungsangebote. Dabei identifizieren wir zentrale Bausteine beim Übergang zu einem integrierten und ganzheitlichen System aus Steuern, Transfers und Sozialabgaben, bei dem sich einzelne Maßnahmen nicht konterkarieren, sondern gemeinsam in Richtung einer Ausweitung des Erwerbsangebots von Zweitverdienenden wirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Nassal, Lea & Marie Paul (2021): Couples, Careers, and Spatial Mobility. (Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2021: Climate Economics), Kiel, 41 S.

Abstract

"We examine the employment and earnings effects of long-distance moves for married couples based on a new administrative data set from Germany. Using difference-in-difference propensity score matching, we estimate the average treatment effect for moving couples while precisely accounting for pre-move employment dynamics. Our results show that men’s earnings increase significantly after the move, while women suffer large losses in the first years after the move. We shed light on potential mechanisms and show that spouses’ earnings response is driven by men moving to larger, higher paying establishments, whereas women move to smaller, lower paying establishments. We explore effect heterogeneity by spouses’ relative earnings before the move and find evidence for gender asymmetries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nylin, Anna-Karin, Kelly Musick, Sunnee Billingsley, Ann-Zofie Duvander & Marie Evertsson (2021): Trends in Women's Relative Earnings Within Couples Across the Transition to Parenthood in Sweden, 1987–2007. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 349-364. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa056

Abstract

"This article applies a couple perspective to assessing gender inequality in Sweden—a setting with high maternal labour force participation, a long history of family policy investment, and strong norms of gender equality. We address open questions about how couples' earnings following parenthood have changed over time, and how patterns of inequality in couples' earnings have played out across educational groups. Our study uses fixed effects methods and register data covering the total population of heterosexual couples giving birth in Sweden between 1987 and 2007 (N = 587,414 couples). It examines change in the female partner's share of total couple earnings from 2 years before to 8 years after first birth across parent cohorts differentiated by his and her education. Women's earnings share declines steeply following birth, across all groups. Results show modestly smaller declines among parents in the latest cohort in the year directly following childbirth. Change is most pronounced among couples with a highly educated female partner, and it appears driven by a marked dip in fathers' earnings that is new to this recent generation of men. Recent movement towards within-couple equality in Sweden appears driven by men's work adjustments, pointing to an important shift in the allocation of care work within couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olsen, Karen M. (2021): Employment Trade-Offs under Different Family Policy Constellations. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 37-56. DOI:10.1177/0950017019892827

Abstract

"This article examines how employees consolidate the spheres of work and family in three countries with different family policy constellations: Sweden, Germany and Great Britain. The analyses are based on data from the International Social Survey Programme, 2015. Building on family policy typologies, the study demonstrates how gender and family and employment demands interact with the institutional setting regarding how people make employment trade-offs. The results show that (1) employees in Sweden make the fewest employment trade-offs, (2) family demands exert a gendered effect on employment trade-offs in Germany and (3) employment demands have both similar and distinct gender effects across countries. The article contributes to the literature by showing how individual characteristics interact with family policy constellations. The findings provide little support for a welfare-state paradox regarding family demands but some support with regard to employment demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rodríguez Sánchez, Alejandra, Anette Fasang & Susan Harkness (2021): Gender division of housework during the COVID-19 pandemic: Temporary shocks or durable change? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 45, S. 1297-1316. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.43

Abstract

"Background: First evidence shows that lockdown and confinement measures were associated with a more egalitarian gender division of housework in the United Kingdom. However, we know little about how the gender division of housework adjusted in different phases of the pandemic. Objective: We ask: (1) How did the gender division of housework change with the first national lockdown in March 2020? (2) Did observed changes persist when the lockdown measures were lifted or did couples revert to the gender division of housework observed before lockdown? Methods: We describe changes in the share of housework done by women before, during, and after the first lockdown using data from the Understanding Society COVID-19 study and employing fixed effects regression for couples with pre-school or school age children and couples without children living at home. Results: The lockdown measures affected the gender division of housework with differential effects by the age of the youngest child in the household. After the initial shock, couples with younger children and couples with school-age children reverted to their pre-pandemic gender division of housework. However, couples without children living at home sustained a more equal share of housework. Conclusions: Like other shocks to the division of labor, couples tend to adapt to new circumstances, sustaining previous patterns of within household inequality. Initial signs of increasing gender equality at the start of the pandemic had already started to vanish for some by September 2020. Contribution: We show the effects of lockdown depend on couples’ life course stage at the time of the shock." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Abstract

Der Expertisenband versammelt die Expertisen für den neunten Familienbericht "Eltern sein in Deutschland - Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote bei wachsender Vielfalt". Wie auch bei vorangegangenen Berichten war der Entstehungsprozess des Berichts nicht nur von intensiven kommissionsinternen Diskussionen geprägt, es wurde auch auf Fachkenntnisse externer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zurückgegriffen. Die Kommission hat beschlossen, die Expertisen als Online-Publikation einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. (IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bach, Stefan, Björn Fischer, Peter Haan & Katharina Wrohlich (2020): Reform des Ehegattensplittings: Realsplitting mit niedrigem Übertragungsbetrag ist ein guter Kompromiss. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 87, H. 41, S. 785-794. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2020-41-1

Abstract

"Ein Realsplitting wie bei Geschiedenen oder eine Individualbesteuerung mit übertragbarem Grundfreibetrag sind traditionelle Reformoptionen für das Ehegattensplitting. Ihr Nachteil ist, dass sie die Grenzbelastungen des Einkommens von zweitverdienenden PartnerInnen kaum reduzieren und somit die Erwerbsbeteiligung von verheirateten Frauen nur wenig fördern. Ein weiterer Reformvorschlag sind Zusatzfreibeträge für Ehepaare. Diese sind aber schwer verständlich und begünstigen Beidverdiener-Paare mit mittleren und höheren Einkommen zusätzlich. Ein alternativer Steuerabzugsbetrag für Ehepaare stößt in Deutschland auf rechtliche Vorbehalte. Ein guter Kompromiss zwischen den verschiedenen Reformanforderungen wäre ein Realsplitting für Ehepaare mit einem Übertragungsbetrag in Höhe des Grundfreibetrags. Dieser Vorschlag genügt den rechtlichen Anforderungen, ist leicht verständlich, vermeidet Belastungen in den unteren und mittleren Einkommensgruppen, fördert die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Zweitverdienenden und erzielt ein gewisses Steuermehraufkommen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bautista Lacambra, Sergio (2020): Household labor supply: Collective results for certain developed countries. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 101514), München, 29 S.

Abstract

"This paper shows some empirical results for the collective labor supply of households in thirteen developed countries (USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Japan, and China). I have reviewed a significant number of papers in order to aggregate information for future investigations. Among the conclusions obtained are a gender differential in labor supply when the household includes a child, and a greater level of female household production. This analysis shows that gender differences observed in other literature persist throughout the consulted literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blömer, Maximilian & Andreas Peichl (2020): Für wen lohnt sich Arbeit? Partizipationsbelastungen im deutschen Steuer-, Abgaben- und Transfersystem. Gütersloh, 34 S. DOI:10.11586/2020074

Abstract

"Die gegenwärtige Corona-Pandemie hat die Schwächen des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts deutlich vor Augen geführt. Gerade geringfügig Beschäftigte sind besonders hart von Arbeitsplatzverlusten betroffen, da sie keinen Anspruch auf Arbeitslosengeld haben und auch kein Kurzarbeitergeld erhalten. Vor allem für viele Haushalte mit niedrigem Einkommen ist damit in der aktuellen Krise ein erheblicher Teil des verfügbaren Einkommens weggebrochen. Dabei erweisen sich die besonderen Regelungen für Minijobs nicht erst jetzt als Hemmschuh für substanzielle, nachhaltige Beschäftigung. Neben fehlender sozialer Absicherung leiden Minijobber:innen unter mangelnden Weiterbildungs- und Entwicklungschancen und arbeiten häufig in niedrig entlohnten Tätigkeiten. Auf der Haben-Seite steht aus Sicht der Beschäftigten einzig die Steuer- und Abgabenfreiheit, das bekannte „brutto gleich netto“. Doch dieser kurzfristige Vorteil erweist sich allzu oft als Bumerang. Denn das Zusammenwirken im deutschen Steuer-, Abgaben- und Transfersystem trägt dazu bei, dass viele Frauen und Mütter sowie zahlreiche Beschäftigte insbesondere im Niedriglohnsektor in Kleinstjobs, geringfügiger Beschäftigung oder Teilzeit mit niedriger Stundenzahl gefangen sind – ein Mehr an Arbeit lohnt sich finanziell häufig nicht. Doch wie sehen die Anreizwirkungen auf das Arbeitsangebot für verschiedene Haushaltskonstellationen konkret aus, die sich durch das Zusammenspiel aus Steuern, Abgaben und Transferentzug ergeben? Diese Frage steht im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Studie. Die Analyse nimmt dabei die sogenannte Partizipationsbelastung in den Blick, die aufzeigt, wie viel Prozent des gesamten individuellen Bruttoeinkommens bei der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit als Steuern und Abgaben sowie durch Transferentzug vom Staat einbehalten werden. Damit beantwortet die Studie die Frage, für wen sich Arbeit lohnt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bähr, Holger, Corinna Frodermann, Michaela Fuchs, Torsten Lietzmann, Anja Rossen & Cordula Zabel (2020): Frauen müssen mitunter höhere Hürden überwinden, um aus der Grundsicherung heraus eine Arbeit aufzunehmen. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.03.2020, o.Sz., 2020-03-10.

Abstract

"Frauen beziehen im Schnitt länger Leistungen aus der Grundsicherung als Männer. Das liegt auch daran, dass sie sich schwerer tun, eine bedarfsdeckende Erwerbsarbeit zu finden. So bietet der Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort Frauen und Männern zum Teil unterschiedlich gute Beschäftigungschancen. Hinzu kommt, dass sich Frauen häufiger um die Betreuung von Kindern oder um die Pflege von Angehörigen kümmern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Carlson, Matthew W. & Jason D. Hans (2020): Maximizing benefits and minimizing impacts: Dual-earner couples' perceived division of household labor decision-making process. In: Journal of family studies, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 208-225. DOI:10.1080/13229400.2017.1367712

Abstract

"Researchers have thoroughly documented the various factors that influence couples' division of household labor. Although numerous approaches have been taken to explain these factors that influence the division of household labor, perceptions of the decision-making process of dividing household labor within a marriage is seldom considered and is therefore the focus of this study. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 heterosexual, dual-earner couples. Data were analyzed with grounded theory methodology. Findings included that couples viewed themselves as first attempting to divide household labor in ways that they perceived as being the most beneficial for them as a couple. When issues arose with a particular task or arrangement, or with the division of labor more generally, they made adjustments intended to minimize the negative impact of those issues. Findings are contextualized within the major theories surrounding quantitative data on household labor (i.e. time availability, relative resources, and gender ideology perspectives). Implications for family researchers, educators, and practitioners are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Guner, Nezih, Yuliya Kulikova & Arnau Valladares-Esteban (2020): Does the added worker effect matter? (IZA discussion paper 12923), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"The added worker effect (AWE) measures the entry of individuals into the labor force due to their partners’ job loss. We propose a new method to calculate the AWE, which allows us to estimate its effect on any labor market outcome. We show that the AWE reduces the fraction of households with two non-employed members. The AWE also accounts for why women’s employment is less cyclical and more symmetric compared to men. In recessions, while some women lose their employment, others enter the labor market and find jobs. This keeps the female employment relatively stable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kim, Younga & Ester Rizzi (2020): Who does not intend to retire? Mothers' opportunity costs and compensation at later ages in Europe. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 40, H. 10, S. 2128-2154. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X19000503

Abstract

"Research investigating the association between women's work - family trajectories and their retirement intentions is limited. Studies considering how different institutional conditions affect this association are even more limited. To fill this gap, we use the first three waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, 2004 - 2009, and apply two-level random effects models with country-level fixed effects to a sample of mothers aged 50 - 64 years. Our dependent variable is the intention to retire as early as possible. We found that the following two different mechanisms are associated with mothers' early retirement intentions: (a) strategies to compensate for opportunity costs and (b) work attachment. When all other factors are equal, mothers with a work career characterised by interruptions and part-time work intend to work longer than other mothers, indicating the need to compensate for lower lifelong earnings at older ages. Some compensatory strategies are also observed among mothers who are classified as 'never married', 'divorced' or 'widowed', who wish to continue their careers. In other cases, evidence supporting work attachment mechanisms is found; for instance, working when the youngest child is younger than six years predicts the intention to delay retirement. These results change according to the welfare regime, underlining the importance of family policies and pension benefits to counterbalance the effect of opportunity costs on mothers' earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

McMunn, Anne, Lauren Bird, Elizabeth Webb & Amanda Sacker (2020): Gender divisions of paid and unpaid work in contemporary UK couples. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 155-173. DOI:10.1177/0950017019862153

Abstract

"This article uses data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study to describe how contemporary British couples divide a range of work types. Our findings support the hypothesis, suggested by previous authors, that a shared egalitarian ideology is required for gender equality in divisions of work. In response to bargaining theories, the article also hypothesises that differentials in educational attainment within couples are more strongly associated with gender divisions of work when a couple's gender ideology is in conflict. Interaction analysis does not support this hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sydra, Joanna (2020): Spousal relative income and male psychological distress. In: Personality and social psychology bulletin, Jg. 46, H. 6, S. 976-992. DOI:10.1177/0146167219883611

Abstract

"Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2001-2015 dataset (6,035 households, 19,688 observations), this study takes a new approach to investigating the relationship between wife's relative income and husband's psychological distress, and finds it to be significantly U-shaped. Controlling for total household income, predicted male psychological distress reaches a minimum at a point where wives make 40% of total household income and proceeds to increase, to reach highest level when men are entirely economically dependent on their wives. These results reflect the stress associated with being the sole breadwinner, and more significantly, with gender norm deviance due to husbands being outearned by their wives. Interestingly, the relationship between wife's relative income and husband's psychological distress is not found among couples where wives outearned husbands at the beginning of their marriage pointing to importance of marital selection. Finally, patterns reported by wives are not as pronouncedly U-shaped as those reported by husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aunkofer, Stefanie, Christine Wimbauer, Benjamin Neumann, Michael Meuser & Katja Sabisch (2019): Väter in Elternzeit. Deutungen, Aushandlungen und Bewertungen von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit im Paar. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, Jg. 29, H. 1/2, S. 93-125. DOI:10.1007/s11609-019-00391-5

Abstract

"Der Anteil von Vätern, die Elternzeit beanspruchen, ist mittlerweile auf über ein Drittel angestiegen. Der Beitrag analysiert Deutungen väterlicher Elternzeitnahme anhand narrativer Interviews mit Paaren, in denen der Vater Elternzeit beansprucht(e). Um Aufschluss über die - zwischen den Partner*innen konsensuellen oder nicht konsensuellen - Deutungen der Elternzeit, Bewertungen von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit und der paarinternen Arbeitsteilung zu erlangen, fokussiert der Artikel aus einer wissenssoziologisch-sozialkonstruktivistischen Perspektive die (inter-)subjektiven Deutungen und Aushandlungen (im Sinne des 'negotiated order approach') der Elternzeitnahme zwischen den Partner*innen. Es lassen sich folgende Deutungen identifizieren: ökonomisch rationale Begründungsmuster; zeitliche Orientierungsrahmen: die Schaffung persönlicher oder gemeinsamer Freiräume für sich, für das Paar, für die Familie oder für soziale Beziehungen; die Ermöglichung beruflicher Neuorientierungen; die legitime Wahrnehmung eines (mittlerweile) existierenden rechtlichen Anspruches; kurze Elternzeitnahme als Anpassung an wahrgenommene betriebliche Erfordernisse; sowie Elternzeit als (versuchte) Sichtbarmachung von Fürsorgearbeit. Deutlich wird zudem, dass trotz der steigenden Elternzeitnahme von Vätern vielfältige geschlechtliche Ungleichheiten in den Paararrangements bestehen bleiben." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Beznoska, Martin, Tobias Hentze, Susanna Kochskämper & Maximilian Stockhausen (2019): Die Besteuerung von Ehepaaren in Deutschland. Ökonomische Effekte verschiedener Reformvorschläge. (IW-Analysen 133), Köln, 71 S.

Abstract

"Die Antwort auf die Frage nach einer effizienten und gerechten Ehegattenbesteuerung lässt sich aus steuersystematischer Sicht nicht allgemeingültig formulieren, sondern hängt in erster Linie von den zugrunde liegenden Annahmen und Normen ab. Auffällig ist, dass der Gesetzgeber widersprüchliche Regelungen im Steuer- und im Sozialrecht vorsieht. Das im Jahr 2008 geänderte Unterhaltsrecht legt nahe, dass Zweitverdiener in einer Ehe in eine Pfadabhängigkeit geraten können, wenn sie der Logik des Ehegattensplittings folgend während der Ehe nicht oder nur geringfügig erwerbstätig sind. Die ökonomischen Auswirkungen verschiedener Reformmodelle lassen sich mittels Simulationsrechnungen bestimmen. Eine Beschränkung der derzeitigen Regelung beispielsweise durch ein Ehegattenrealsplitting oder eine Individualbesteuerung mit übertragbarem Grundfreibetrag würde faktisch den Splittingeffekt begrenzen und daher vor allem Ehepaare schlechterstellen, bei denen ein Partner nicht oder in Teilzeit arbeitet. Die Arbeitsanreize für Zweitverdiener in der Ehe, also vor allem Frauen, könnten durch die Umstellung auf alternative Besteuerungsformen ohne begleitende steuerliche Entlastung nur graduell gesteigert werden. Für durchgreifende Verbesserungen wären weitere Maßnahmen zum Beispiel beim Angebot an Kita-Plätzen, bei Minijobs und der kostenfreien Mitversicherung in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Cavapozzi, Danilo, Simona Fiore & Giacomo Pasini (2019): Family dissolution and labour supply decisions over the life cycle. In: A. Börsch-Supan, J. Bristle, K. Andersen-Ranberg, A. Brugiavini, F. Jusot, H. Litwin & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2019): Health and socio-economic status over the life course : First results from SHARE Waves 6 and 7, S. 149-155. DOI:10.1515/9783110617245-015

Abstract

"Our study findings suggest strong gender differences in the effect of household dissolution on employment probability. Whereas household dissolution has a negligible effect on men's employment behaviour, the employment probability of women increases by 4.4 per cent during the year of a household split and by 8.6 per cent during the year of divorce. The effect is driven by women with children. Although both household split and divorce shape women labour supply also after their occurrence, we found an anticipated effect on employment choices only for divorce. This pattern might be driven by the choice of women to undertake job search activities only after they stop living as a couple with their former partners. Finally, we consistently find lower magnitudes when looking at household splits compared with divorce, for both men and women.
The policy implication of these findings is that once within-family income support disappears because a family dissolves, those more at risk - women out of the labour force with dependent children - should be given assistance to manage their work and family responsibilities. Access to childcare services and flexible work arrangements may help smooth the consequences of family dissolution." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Foster, Gigi & Leslie S. Stratton (2019): What women want (their men to do): Housework and Satisfaction in Australian Households. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 23-47. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2019.1609692

Abstract

"The time allocated to household chores is substantial, with the burden falling disproportionately upon women. Social norms about how much housework men and women should do are likely to influence couples' housework allocation decisions and satisfaction. Using Australian data spanning 2001 - 14, this study employs a two-stage estimation procedure to examine how deviations from housework norms relate to couples' satisfaction. The study finds that satisfaction is negatively affected by predicted housework time and that women's satisfaction, but not men's, is robustly affected by their partners' residual housework time. When he exceeds housework norms, she is happier with housework allocations, but less happy in broader dimensions. The study suggests several reasons for the results, including that housework is more salient in women's lives than in men's, that housework generally is not a preferred activity, and that some degree of gender-norm conformity in regard to housework can positively affect women's life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Giménez-Nadal, J. Ignacio, Lucia Mangiavacchi & Luca Piccoli (2019): Keeping inequality at home: The genesis of gender roles in housework. In: Labour economics, Jg. 58, H. June, S. 52-68. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.03.006

Abstract

"This article studies how gender role attitudes are transmitted from parents to their children by examining the intrahousehold division of housework time. The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) is used to analyse the time devoted by parents to housework during their children's late childhood or adolescence and that of the same children once they marry. The results suggest that a greater proportion of housework performed by mothers during childhood is related to a persistence in gender inequality in their children's future families. These gender norms are perpetuated directly to sons through a lower amount of housework performed and indirectly to daughters through the choice of a partner that replicates her father role model. An analysis of the possible transmission mechanisms proposed by the literature suggests a prominent role of the parental role model, according to which children tend to reproduce the situation they experienced during childhood. These findings shed light on the persistence of parental behaviour across generations, underlining the key role of fathers, and contribute to the debate about how gender inequality is transmitted over time." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Hederos, Karin & Anders Stenberg (2019): Gender identity and relative income within households. Evidence from Sweden. (Swedish Institute for Social Research. Working paper 2019,03), Stockholm, 39 S.

Abstract

"Bertrand et al. (2015) show that in the U.S. , the distribution of the wife's share of household income drops sharply at the point where the wife starts to earn more than her husband. They attribute the drop to a gender identity norm prescribing that a wife's income should not exceed her husband's income. We document a similar sharp drop in Swedish administrative register data . However, we also show that there is a large spike in the distribution of the wife's share of household income at the point where spouses earn exactly the same. The wives in the equal-earning couples do not have higher earnings potential than their husbands, suggesting that the spike is not generated by couples seeking to avoid that the wife earns more than her husband. Excluding the equal-earning couples, the drop is small and mostly statistically insignificant. We conclude that, if anything, we find only weak evidence that Swedish couples comply with a norm against w ives earning more than their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Köppen, Katja & Heike Trappe (2019): The gendered division of labor and its perceived fairness. Implications for childbearing in Germany. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 40, S. 1413-1440. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.48

Abstract

"Background: Recently it has been claimed that gender equality and gender equity in the family tend to increase fertility. The strength of this association, however, depends on prevailing gender relations and the level of social support of employment and family within a society.
Objective: We wish to improve our understanding of the relationship between gender equality, gender equity, and fertility by investigating the impact of the actual division of paid and unpaid labor on first- and second-birth fertility in Germany while including in our analyses a repeatedly measured indicator of gender equity that captures the subjective perception of fairness of this division.
Methods: Using nine waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we apply discrete-time logistic regression models to cohorts of young women and men in coresidential unions to determine whether a birth occurs in a given year while using measures of gender equality and gender equity as lagged time-varying covariates.
Results: We find that an arrangement in which the woman is in charge of routine housework and the division of paid and unpaid work is perceived as fair is positively associated with family formation. The perception of a fair division of work is no prerequisite for continued childbearing. Yet women's responsibility for domestic work facilitates family extension.
Contribution: This paper extends the literature on the relationship between gender equality, gender equity, and family outcomes by using prospective panel data to capture attitudinal and behavioral changes over the life course more fully than has previously been done." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Le, Nga, Wim Groot, Sonila M. Tomini & Florian Tomini (2019): Effects of health insurance on labour supply. A systematic review. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 4, S. 717-767. DOI:10.1108/IJM-02-2018-0038

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of empirical evidence on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side.
Design/methodology/approach
The study covers the largest peer-reviewed and working paper databases for labour economics and health studies. These include Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pubmed and the most popular economics working paper sources such as NBER, ECONSTOR, IDEAS, IZA, SSRN, World Bank Working Paper Series. The authors follow the PRISMA 2009 protocol for systematic reviews.
Findings
The collection includes 63 studies. The outcomes of interest are the number of hours worked, the probability of employment, self-employment and the level of economic formalisation. The authors find that the current literature is vastly concentrated on the USA. Spousal coverage in the USA is associated with reduced labour supply of secondary earners. The effect of Medicaid in the USA on the labour supply of its recipients is ambiguous. The employment-coverage link is an important determinant of the labour supply of people with health problems and self-employment decisions. Universal coverage may create either an incentive or a disincentive to work depending on the design of the system. Finally, evidence on the relationship between health insurance and the level of economic formalisation in developing countries is fragmented and limited.
Practical implications
This study reviews the existing literature on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side. The authors find a large knowledge gap in emerging economies where health coverage is expanding. The authors also highlight important literature gaps that need to be filled in different themes of the topic.
Originality/value
This is the first systematic review on the topic which is becoming increasingly relevant for policy makers in developing countries where health coverage is expanding." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Manchester, Colleen Flaherty, Lisa M. Leslie & Patricia C. Dahm (2019): Bringing home the bacon: The relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 46-85. DOI:10.1111/irel.12225

Abstract

"We evaluate the relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. Differences in pay are present despite limited differences in performance. We find a pay premium for primary-breadwinner employees across gender, yet a pay penalty for secondary-breadwinners employees only for women, suggesting an asymmetric relationship among breadwinner role, gender, and pay." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Rogerson, Richard & Johanna Wallenius (2019): Household time use among older couples: Evidence and implications for labor supply parameters. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 134, H. 2, S. 1079-1120. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjy032

Abstract

"Using the Consumption Activities Mail Survey (CAMS) module in the HRS, we document how individual time allocations change when one or more household members transitions from full-time work to not working. We find that the ratio of home production to leisure time is approximately constant for both family members. Using a model of household labor supply to understand the implications of this finding, we conclude that the elasticity of substitution between the leisure of the two members is quite large. This elasticity plays a key role in models of household labor supply and is important for understanding how changes in relative wages and taxes affect household labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Samtleben, Claire, Clara Schäper & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Elterngeld und Elterngeld Plus. Nutzung durch Väter gestiegen, Aufteilung zwischen Müttern und Vätern aber noch sehr ungleich. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 86, H. 35, S. 607-613.

Abstract

"Seit Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 gehen - ausgehend von einem extrem niedrigen Niveau - immer mehr Väter in Elternzeit. Im Vergleich zu Müttern ist das jedoch nach wie vor deutlich seltener der Fall und wenn, dann ist der Umfang der Elternzeit bei Vätern relativ kurz. Seit im Jahr 2015 das Elterngeld Plus eingeführt wurde, kombinieren zwar mehr Mütter und auch Väter die Elternzeit mit einer Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit - der absolute Anteil von Vätern, die Elternzeit nehmen, ist zumindest kurzfristig aber nicht weiter gestiegen. Als wichtigstes Motiv gegen den Bezug von Elterngeld werden von Vätern finanzielle Gründe angegeben. Auch die Sorge vor negativen beruflichen Konsequenzen wird häufig genannt. Diese beiden Punkte könnten von der Politik zum einen durch ein Anheben der Lohnersatzrate im unteren Einkommensbereich und zum anderen durch bessere Informationen über die zu erwartenden Auswirkungen von Elternzeit auf die zukünftigen Löhne und beruflichen Karrieren von Müttern und Vätern adressiert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schober, Pia S. & Gundula Zoch (2019): Change in the gender division of domestic work after mummy or daddy took leave. An examination of alternative explanations. In: European Societies, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 158-180. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1465989

Abstract

"This study investigates how the durations of childcare leaves taken by mothers and fathers in Germany relate to the gender division of housework and childcare after labour market return. It examines to what extent changes in economic resources because of leave take-up may account for adaptations in the division of domestic work of dual-earner couples. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992-2012) on about 800 couples with a first or second birth, we applied OLS regression models with lagged dependent variables. The results suggested that dual-earner couples where mothers took longer leaves experienced a greater shift towards a gender-traditional division of domestic labour after childbirth. Fathers' leave take-up was associated with a more equal division of family work. Lower relative earnings, e.g. as a result of changes in job-related skills after the leave, did not account for the shift in the gender division of family work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Solera, Cristina (2019): Do 'his' education and class matter? The changing effect of the husband on women's labour-market transitions in Italy and Britain. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 70, H. 2, S. 526-550. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12373

Abstract

"A new stream of sociological and demographic theory emphasizes individualization as the key process in late modernity. As maintained by Hakim (2000), women also have increasingly become agents of their own biographies, less influenced by the social class and the family. In this study, I intend to contribute to this debate by analysing how, in Italy and Britain, women's movements between employment and housework are linked to their husband's education and class, and how this link has changed across cohorts. Using discrete-time event-history modelling on the BHPS and ILFI, my findings show that in both countries, if the woman's educational and labour-market profile is controlled for, the husband's occupation and education have lost importance. Yet, although based more on 'her' than 'his' profile, divisions along 'classic' lines are still evident and not context-free, and they assume different forms in the two countries with distinctive institutional and cultural settings. In 'liberal' Britain, women's labour-market participation responds more to motherhood and class than to education, while in 'familistic' Italy education seems more important, which suggests the existence of returns over and above strictly human capital/economic ones." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Sánchez-Mira, Núria & Jacqueline O'Reilly (2019): Household employment and the crisis in Europe. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 422-443. DOI:10.1177/0950017018809324

Abstract

"The 2008 crisis had a significant impact on household employment in some European countries. An analysis of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions generated a new cross-national typology of household employment structures and showed how these changed during the crisis and austerity period, capturing the experiences of high and low qualified households. Findings indicate that dual earning households are not always a consequence of gender equality but result from economic necessity or employment opportunities. The re-emergence of traditional male breadwinner households is often the result of female unemployment, especially for lower educated women. An increase in female single earners and workless households is evident in countries hit hardest by the employment crisis. The value of this cross-national typology, rooted in the interaction of educational effects and employment opportunities, is allowing comparison both within and between European countries, going beyond established typologies based on policy frameworks or gender cultures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 146-163. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.008

Abstract

"We analyze whether mothers' parental leave decisions depend on their coworkers' decisions. The identification of peer effects bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups. We therefore exploit quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave induced by a policy reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer- employee data enable us to assign a peer group to individuals who work in the same establishment and occupation. Our results suggest that parental leave decisions are significantly influenced by coworkers' decisions." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2018): Drivers of participation elasticities across Europe. Gender or earner role within the household? (IZA discussion paper 11359), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual's earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV Group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for different socioeconomic groups by country, gender and earner role within the household. Our results show an average elasticity of 0.08 for men and of 0.14 for women as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries. The commonly cited difference in elasticities between men and women stems predominantly from the earner role of the individual within the household and nearly disappears once we control for this factor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2018): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes. Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. (IZA discussion paper 11824), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of nonlinear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. We will make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Binder, Ariel J. & David Lam (2018): Is there a male breadwinner norm? The hazards of inferring preferences from marriage market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 11693), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"Spousal characteristics such as age, height, and earnings are often used in social science research to infer social preferences. For example, a 'male taller' norm has been inferred from the fact that fewer wives are taller than their husbands than would occur with random matching. The large proportion of husbands out-earning their wives has similarly been cited as evidence for a 'male breadwinner' norm. This paper argues that it is difficult and potentially misleading to infer social preferences about an attribute from observed marital sorting on that attribute. We show that positive assortative matching on an attribute is consistent with a wide variety of underlying preferences, including 'female taller' or 'female breadwinner' norms. Given prevailing gender gaps in height and earnings, positive sorting implies it will be rare for women to be taller than, or earn more than, their husbands - even if there is no underlying preference for shorter or lowerearning wives. In an empirical application, we show that simulations which sort couples positively on permanent earnings can largely replicate the observed distribution of spousal earnings differences in US Census data. Further, we show that an apparent sharp drop in the distribution function at the point where the wife begins to out-earn the husband results from a mass of couples earning identical incomes, a mass which we argue is not evidence of a norm for higher-earning husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Borah, Melanie, Andreas Knabe & Kevin Pahlke (2018): Parental time restrictions and the cost of children. Insights from a survey among mothers. (CESifo working paper 7321), München, 33 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental time restrictions. Building on a study by Koulovatianos et al. (2009) that introduces a novel way of using subjective income evaluation data for such estimations, we conduct a refined version of the underlying survey, focusing on young women with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental nonmarket time restrictions. The loss in the material living standard associated with supplying time to the labor market is sizeable for families with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bredtmann, Julia, Sebastian Otten & Christian Rulff (2018): Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply. The added worker effect across Europe. In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 5, S. 1201-1231. DOI:10.1177/0019793917739617

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anpassung des Arbeitsangebots von Frauen in Reaktion auf den Jobverlust ihres Partners, dem sog. 'Added Worker Effect'. Während sich die bisherige Literatur überwiegend auf Studien für spezifische Länder konzentriert hat, nehmen wir bewusst eine international vergleichende Perspektive ein und untersuchen, inwiefern der Added Worker Effect über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa variiert. Unsere empirischen Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten der 'European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)' für den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2011. Für unseren aus 28 europäischen Ländern bestehenden Datensatz finden wir Evidenz für das Vorliegen eines Added Worker Effects: Frauen, deren Partner im vergangenen Jahr arbeitslos wurde, haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten sowie den Umfang ihrer Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen, gegeben dass sie schon am Arbeitsmarkt partizipieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir jedoch eine hohe Variation in der Existenz und der Stärke des Added Worker Effects sowohl über den Verlauf des Konjunkturzyklus als auch über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bünning, Mareike & Nina Eppers (2018): Wie wollen Eltern arbeiten? Ein geschlechtergerechter Arbeitsmarkt braucht neue Modelle. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 161, S. 24-27.

Abstract

"Die Forschung zu Elternschaft und Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt stellt die Frage in den Mittelpunkt, unter welchen Bedingungen Mütter im gleichen Umfang erwerbstätig sein können wie Väter. Dies impliziert, dass eine Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit für Mütter und Väter gleichermaßen erstrebenswert sein sollte. Doch welche Arbeitszeiten wünschen sich Eltern eigentlich? Unseren Analysen zufolge möchte die überwiegende Mehrheit der Mütter und Väter nicht in Vollzeit arbeiten, sondern präferiert kürzere Arbeitszeiten. Zukünftige Forschung sollte daher die Wünsche der Beschäftigten stärker berücksichtigen, um neue Erkenntnisse über gute und geschlechtergerechte Arbeitsbedingungen zu gewinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Cai, Lixin (2018): Dynamic labour supply of married Australian women. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 427-450. DOI:10.1111/labr.12122

Abstract

"Using the first 13 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, this study investigates the determinants of labour supply of married Australian women, with a focus on whether and to what extent there is state dependence in their labour supply. It is found that both observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity contribute to the observed inter-temporal persistence of married Australian women's labour supply, but the persistence remains even after controlling for these factors. It is also found that non-labour income, age, education, health and the number and age of young dependent children have significant effects on married Australian women's labour supply." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Cardona-Sosa, Lina, Luz Adriana Flórez & Leonardo Fabio Morales (2018): How does the household labour supply respond to the unemployment of the household head? In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 174-212. DOI:10.1111/labr.12138

Abstract

"In this paper, we explore one of the oldest labour market phenomena documented in the literature: the added worker effect. This refers to the labour supply response of secondary earners of the household to the main earner's job losses. Using longitudinal data for Colombia, we find that when the head of the household becomes unemployed, the labour supply of the female partner increases between 9 and 20 percentage points. Such response appears during the first 6 months of the unemployment spell of the household head. In addition, within 1 year of the unemployment shock, household members under college age were more likely to enter the labour market and less likely to be in tertiary education." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Choi, Sekyu & Arnau Valladares-Esteban (2018): The marriage unemployment gap. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2016-0060

Abstract

"In this paper we document that married individuals face a lower unemployment rate than their single counterparts. We refer to this phenomenon as the marriage unemployment gap. Despite dramatic demographic changes in the labor market over the last decades, this gap has been remarkably stable both for men and women. Using a flow-decomposition exercise, we assess which transition probabilities (across labor force states) are behind this phenomenon: For men, the main driver is the higher job losing probabilities faced by single workers. For females, the participation margin also plays a crucial role." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

Zitatform

Cygan-Rehm, Kamila, Daniel Kühnle & Regina T. Riphahn (2018): Paid parental leave and families' living arrangements. (IZA discussion paper 11533), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"We examine how a paid parental leave reform causally affected families' living arrangements. The German reform we examine replaced a means-tested benefit with a universal transfer paid out for a shorter period. Combining a regression discontinuity with a difference-in-differences design, we find that the reform increased the probability that a newborn lives with non-married cohabiting parents. This effect results from a reduced risk of single parenthood among women who gained from the reform. We reject the economic independence hypothesis and argue that the reform effects for those who benefited from the reform are consistent with hypotheses related to the improved financial situation of new mothers after the reform and increased paternal involvement in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Depew, Briggs & Joseph Price (2018): Marriage and the economic status of women with children. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 1049-1061. DOI:10.1007/s11150-017-9395-8

Abstract

"Marriage is positively correlated with income, and women with children are much less likely to be in poverty if they are married. Selection into marriage makes it difficult to assess whether these correlations represent a causal effect of marriage. One instrument for marriage proposed in past research is the gender of a woman's first child. We find that women who have a boy first are about 0.33 percentage points more likely to be married at any point in time. This effect operates through both increasing the probability that unmarried mothers marry the child's father and reducing the probability of divorce. We also find that women whose first child is a boy experience higher levels of family income and are less likely to receive welfare income, be below the poverty line, and receive food stamps. Estimates using child gender as an instrumental variable for marriage suggest that marriage plays a large causal role in improving the economic well-being of women with children and that these effects are largest among women at the lower end of the income distribution." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Dotti Sani, Guliana Maria (2018): The economic crisis and changes in work - family arrangements in six European countries. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 177-193. DOI:10.1177/0958928717700566

Abstract

"Over the past decades, there has been a substantial increase in female labour force participation, and the number of dual-earner and female-earner households has risen throughout western countries. However, the recent economic crisis has caused large losses in employment for both women and men, potentially yielding unexpected consequences for the evolution of work - family arrangements. This article carries out a comparative analysis of the relationship between the 2008/2009 economic crisis and work - family arrangements in Europe. Using data for six countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, this article fills a gap in the literature by addressing three issues: (1) whether work - family arrangements have changed from before to after the beginning of the economic downturn in countries with different gender and welfare regimes (Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom), (2) whether changes in work - family arrangements have occurred at different levels of the social strata and (3) whether couples have moved from dual-earner to male- or female-breadwinner. The results indicate changes in work - family arrangements in those countries worst hit by the economic crisis, Greece and Spain, where dual-earner and male-breadwinner households have decreased and no-earner and female-main-earner households have increased. Moreover, the results show that in these two countries, all social strata - proxied through women's level of education - have been affected by the crisis. In contrast, only moderate changes in work - family arrangements among all women can be observed in countries less hit by the economic downturn. The findings for the two southern European countries are troubling, as the increases in no-earner and female-breadwinner households point to worsening economic conditions throughout the population and to a halt in the process that for several decades had been leading to more equality in the distribution of employment between genders." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Foster, Gigi & Leslie S. Stratton (2018): Does female breadwinning make partnerships less healthy or less stable? (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 259), Maastricht, 13 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the directions to follow when designing new educational systems and school-lo-work transition regimes to adhere to the needs of Industry 4. 0. Although a high level of general education will be important for its training content to develop adaptability, it is not the only component to develop. What will be more and more important are work related skills, both the general ones and the ones which are job-specific and need, therefore, on-the-job training to develop. This will require important educational reforms to favour an ever-better integration between educational institution and the world of work. Young people and their families alone will not be able to adapt on their own to the new human capital requirements of industry 4.0 productions. A new framework for an integrated action by governments, firms, educational institutions and families is needed to smooth the school-to-work in the future. The duality principle is the basis for a strong diversification of the supply of education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gärtner, Debora & Lena Reinschmidt (2018): Abkehr vom Zuverdiener-Modell - aber wohin? Gleichstellungspolitische Zielsetzungen und Anforderungen an Vereinbarkeitspolitik. Europäisches Fachgespräch am 1./2. Oktober 2018 in Berlin. Frankfurt am Main, 77 S.

Zitatform

Halla, Martin, Julia Schmieder & Andrea Weber (2018): Job displacement, family dynamics and spousal labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 11752), Bonn, 76 S.

Abstract

"We study interdependencies in spousal labor supply and the effectiveness of intrahousehold insurance in a sample of married couples, where the husband loses his job due to a mass layoff or plant closure using data from the Austrian Social Security Database. We show that in our sample of relatively young couples the shock hits households at crucial stages of family formation, which requires careful modeling of the wives' counterfactual lifecycle labor market patterns. In our empirical analysis, we propose three independent control groups of unaffected households to identify the causal effects of husbands' displacement on wives' labor supply. Our empirical results show that husbands suffer large and persistent employment and earnings losses over the first 5 years after displacement. But wives' labor supply increases only moderately and they respond predominantly at the extensive margin. The implied participation elasticity with respect to the husband's earnings shock is very small, about -0:04. While the wives' earnings gains recover only a tiny fraction of the household income loss, public transfers and taxes are a more important insurance at least in the short run. In terms of non-labor market related outcomes, we find a small positive effect on the probability of divorce, but no effect of the husband's job displacement on fertility. The presence and ages of children in the household are crucial determinants of the wife's labor supply response. The most responsive group are mothers, who are planning to return to the labor market after a maternity break, while mothers of very young children or wives without children remain unresponsive. We thus conclude that Austria's strong gender identity norms are an explanation for the limited scope of intra-household insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hu, Yang & Deniz Yucel (2018): What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 92-105. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx085

Abstract

"This article sheds new light on the role played by perceived fairness in configuring the relationship between gendered housework division and women's family life satisfaction across 30 countries. This is achieved by distinguishing and comparing two major dimensions of women's fairness comparison -- inter-gender relational comparison between partners and intra-gender referential comparison with other women from the same society. Analysing data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme, we find that women's family life satisfaction is adversely affected by both a lack of relational fairness and unfavourable referential comparison, which operate independently of each other. Supporting the 'self-serving' theory, women are found to rely more on one dimension of fairness comparison to assess their family life satisfaction when they compare unfavourably rather than favourably in the other dimension. Country-level gender equality positively predicts the strength of the association between relational fairness and family life satisfaction. However, it does not seem to moderate the influence of referential comparison on family life satisfaction. In light of these results, scholars are urged to consider the perceived fairness of housework division as a plural construct, and to promulgate gender equality in multiple dimensions -- addressing not just inter-gender (in)equity but also intra-gender (in)equality -- to move the gender revolution forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Keldenich, Carina & Andreas Knabe (2018): Women's labor market responses to their partners' unemployment and low-pay employment. (CESifo working paper 7377), München, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper revisits the added worker effect. Using bivariate random-effects probit estimation on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel we show that women respond to their partners' unemployment with an increase in labor market participation, which also leads to an increase in their employment probability. Our analysis considers within- and between-effects separately, revealing differences in the relationships between women's labor market statuses and their partners' unemployment in the previous period (within-effect) and their partners' overall probability of being unemployed (between-effect). Furthermore, we demonstrate that partners' employment in low-paid jobs has an effect on women's labor market choices and outcomes similar to that of his unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Keller, Wolfgang & Hâle Utar (2018): Globalization, gender, and the family. (NBER working paper 25247), Cambrige, Mass., 96 S. DOI:10.3386/w25247

Abstract

"This paper shows that globalization has far-reaching implications for the economy's fertility rate and family structure because they influence work-life balance. Employing population register data on new births, marriages, and divorces together with employer-employee linked data for Denmark, we show that lower labor market opportunities due to Chinese import competition lead to a shift towards family, with more parental leave taking and higher fertility as well as more marriages and fewer divorces. This pro-family, pro-child shift is driven largely by women, not men. Correspondingly, the negative earnings implications of the rising import competition are concentrated on women, and gender earnings inequality increases. We show that the choice of market versus family is a major determinant of worker adjustment costs to labor market shocks. While older workers respond to the shock rather similarly whether female or not, for young workers the fertility response takes away the adjustment advantage they typically have - if the worker is a woman. We find that the female biological clock - women have difficulties to conceive beyond their early forties - is central for the gender differential, rather than the composition of jobs and workplaces, as well as other potential causes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kolpashnikova, Kamila (2018): American househusbands: New time use evidence of gender display, 2003-2016. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 140, H. 3, S. 1259-1277. DOI:10.1007/s11205-017-1813-z

Abstract

"The traditional gendered division of household labor, where women did the bulk of all domestic labor, is eroding. The literature on housework, however, does not discuss the ways how to test for the non-traditional gender performances. Using the American Time Use Survey (2003-2016), the present study fills in this research gap and re-tests the relationship between relative earnings and the performance of housework. The analysis of women's time spent on domestic work shows that the traditional gender display explanation still applies to women's participation in routine tasks such as cooking and cleaning. Thus, breadwinning wives display gender neutralizing behavior and 'do' gender. On the other hand, American men show non-normative gender behavior in cooking and cleaning, but not in maintenance, where they still 'do' gender. This paper unveils a persistent traditional gender performance of women in housework and a new pattern for men's involvement in indoor routine housework." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Lubotsky, Darren & Javaeria A. Qureshi (2018): Assessing the smooth rise in mothers' employment as children age. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 12, H. 4, S. 604-639. DOI:10.1086/700077

Abstract

"We study the trajectory of maternal employment as children age and assess the factors underlying the smooth increase in mothers' employment as their youngest child ages. Our results indicate that the rising employment profile is largely not associated with falling child care costs, changes in nonlabor income, or marital dissolution as children age. Differences in educational attainment and wage opportunities are related to some of the increase in employment when children are under 4 years old but do not explain any after that age. We discuss explanations for the rising pattern of mothers' employment that might be consistent with our results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Maestas, Nicole (2018): The return to work and women's employment decisions. (NBER working paper 24429), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w24429

Abstract

"It is well documented that individuals in couples tend to retire around the same time. But because women tend to marry older men, this means many married women retire at younger ages than their husbands. This fact is somewhat at odds with lifecycle theory that suggests women might otherwise retire at later ages than men because they have longer life expectancies, and often have had shorter careers on account of childrearing. As a result, the opportunity cost of retirement - in terms of foregone potential earnings and accruals to Social Security wealth - may be larger for married women than for their husbands. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I find evidence that the returns to additional work beyond mid-life are greater for married women than for married men. The potential gain in Social Security wealth alone is enough to place married women on nearly equal footing with married men in terms of Social Security wealth at age 70." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Meliou, Elina & Tim Edwards (2018): Relational practices and reflexivity: Exploring the responses of women entrepreneurs to changing household dynamics. In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 149-168. DOI:10.1177/0266242617724858

Abstract

"This qualitative study explores how and why women, positioned as mothers, wives, or carers, navigate changing household dynamics, related to care and reproductive resources, and become entrepreneurial. Drawing on relational reflexivity, we show how women's embodied, intimate relations with important others in the household form the focal point for entrepreneurial activities and offer evidence of their entrepreneurial agency. Our analysis reveals the emergence of three relational practices that result in a new venture as the entrepreneurial response of women. We critically evaluate normative analyses on gender, entrepreneurship, and household." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Labor supply under participation and hours constraints. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1758), Berlin, 50 S.

Abstract

"The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical framework to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nitsche, Natalie & Daniel Grunow (2018): Do economic resources play a role in bargaining child care in couples? Parental investment in cases of matching and mismatching gender ideologies in Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 20, H. 5, S. 785-815. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1473626

Abstract

"This paper examines the factors associated with a gendered division of childcare among parents in Germany. While much is known on the gender division of housework in families and the economic and sociological factors that may be driving it, we still know relatively little about whether and how these factors may affect the division of unpaid childcare in families. We first assess the relevance of partner's combined gender ideologies and relative resources on the division of unpaid childcare. Second, we assess whether the effect of economic resources may be contingent on the partners' agreement or disagreement on gender ideologies concerning maternal employment. We address these questions using data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) and MLM Growth Curve Models. Our findings consistently show a significant positive effect of partners' combined gender ideologies and her share of income on his share of childcare. These effects are strongest, and robust, among couples with matching ideologies supporting maternal employment, which we term 'egalitarian island' couples. Economically efficient divisions of childcare thus appear dependent upon the couples' ideological pairing and on mothers' ideologies towards maternal employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Qian, Yue (2018): Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples. A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 80, H. 3, S. 607-621. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12470

Zitatform

Roth, Anja & Michaela Slotwinski (2018): Gender norms and income misreporting within households. (CESifo working paper 7298), München, 30 S.

Abstract

"We revisit the prominent finding that women's incomes are disproportionally often observed just below the income of their partner. So far, this bunching has been explained by couple formation or couples' labor market decisions. We propose an additional mechanism: income misreporting in surveys. Drawing on survey and administrative data, we show that income misreporting accounts for the discontinuity in the distribution of women's relative incomes just below the point where a woman outearns her partner. This misreporting is best explained by the role of gender norms in individuals' self-portrayals and self-perception." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2018): Breadwinning as care? The meaning of paid work in mothers' and fathers' constructions of parenting. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 445-462. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1318112

Abstract

"As some scholars have argued for a distinct conceptualisation of breadwinning and for understanding breadwinning as a form of care, this study addresses parents' constructions of breadwinning and its connections to care. It is based on an in-depth interpretive analysis of multiple-perspective, qualitative longitudinal interviews with 22 Austrian mothers and fathers from three points in time during their transition to parenthood. The analysis revealed four different types of breadwinning concepts by considering the jointly constructed meaning of mothers' and fathers' paid work within a parental couple and further relied on Tronto's [(1993). Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge] conceptualisation of care as a four-step process. The results indicate that respondents construct a clear difference between earning money and breadwinning. Additionally, a difference is made between breadwinning and taking care of the family's subsistence, predominantly so for mothers. In conclusion, breadwinning can definitely be considered a form of care and thus a form of involvement in parenting, but it cannot be regarded a form of involvement in caregiving. The holistic picture of parents' joint constructions enabled us to contribute to the existing conceptualisations of breadwinning and of parental involvement, thus providing a novel perspective on matters of gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Steiber, Nadia & Barbara Haas (2018): Too much or too little work? Couples' actual and preferred employment patterns and work hours mismatches in Europe. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 269-292. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i3.03

Abstract

"Die letzte große Erhebung und Analyse von Umfragedaten zu den Arbeitszeitpräferenzen von Paaren in Europa wurde in den 1990er Jahren durchgeführt. Der Tenor dieser Analysen war, dass sich die oft 'überarbeiteten' Zweiverdiener-Paare in vielen Fällen eine Reduktion ihrer Arbeitszeit wünschen, vor allem bei Vorliegen von Kinderbetreuungspflichten. Die vorliegende Studie nützt jüngere Daten aus dem European Social Survey (2010-12). Der Fokus der Analyse liegt auf Unterschieden zwischen demographischen Gruppen und Ländern im Ausmaß zu dem Paare mehr oder weniger Stunden erwerbstätig sind als dies ihren Präferenzen entspricht (Über- bzw. Unterbeschäftigung). Die Analysen zeigen, dass rund ein Drittel der Paare unterbeschäftigt ist (Präferenz für Arbeitszeitaufstockung), während nur rund eines von zehn Paaren angibt, überbeschäftigt zu sein (Präferenz für Arbeitszeitreduktion). Als Risikofaktoren für Unterbeschäftigung werden niedrige Bildung und Kinder im Vorschulalter sowie auf der Länderebene hohe Arbeitslosigkeit (Griechenland, Irland, Slowenien, Spanien) identifiziert. Höher gebildete Frauen bzw. Paare mit älteren Kindern sind dagegen mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit überbeschäftigt. Der Effekt von kleinen Kindern auf das Risiko von Unterbeschäftigung variiert ja nach Land. Stärkere Effekte werden in Zentral- und Osteuropa, Finnland und Deutschland beobachtet, vergleichsweises geringe oder keine Effekte in Großbritannien, Griechenland, Irland und Schweden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wang, Haomin (2018): Intra-household risk sharing and job search over the business cycle. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1760), Berlin, 53 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the extent to which working couples can insure one another against cyclical fluctuations in the labor market and examines the implications of joint household decision-making for cyclical fluctuations in the unemployment rate. For this purpose, I provide a dynamic life-cycle model of households that make joint savings and job search decisions in the presence of aggregate shocks. I show that two key mechanisms are at play. The first is the added-worker effect, which leads to counter-cyclical search intensity because workers increase search intensity when their spouse becomes unemployed. The second is the comparative advantage effect, according to which couples' job search efforts are coordinated based on the relative returns to search of each spouse. I estimate the model using data from the US Current Population Survey, and find that joint household decision-making contributes to the counter-cyclicality of women's unemployment rate, but not for men. Moreover, joint household decision-making lowers the welfare costs of cyclicality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wu, Chunzan & Dirk Krueger (2018): How much consumption insurance in bewley models with endogenous family labor supply? (NBER working paper 24472), Cambrige, Mass., 59 S. DOI:10.3386/w24472

Abstract

"We show that a calibrated life-cycle two-earner household model with endogenous labor supply can rationalize the extent of consumption insurance against shocks to male and female wages, as estimated empirically by Blundell, Pistaferri and Saporta-Eksten (2016) in U.S. data. With additively separable preferences, 43% of male and 23% of female permanent wage shocks pass through to consumption, compared to the empirical estimates of 34% and 20%. With non-separable preferences the model predicts more consumption insurance, with pass-through rates of 29% and 16%. Most of the consumption insurance against permanent male wage shocks is provided through the labor supply response of the female earner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Yang, Tzu-Ting (2018): Family labor supply and the timing of cash transfers. Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 445-473. DOI:10.3368/jhr.53.2.0115-6857R1

Abstract

"This paper exploits the unique disbursement timing and benefit rules of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) to provide new evidence on how families adjust their labor supply in response to receiving anticipated cash transfers. I find that income seasonality caused by EITC receipt leads to changes in the intra-year labor supply patterns of married women. On average, receiving a $1,000 payment significantly reduces the proportion of married women who work, by 1.3 percentage points, in the month when the EITC is received. Additionally, this labor supply response is mainly driven by those who are secondary earners or liquidity-constrained." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2017): The interplay of work and family trajectories over the life course. Germany and the United States in comparison. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 122, H. 5, S. 1448-1484. DOI:10.1086/691128

Abstract

"This article uses sequence analysis to examine how gender inequality in work-family trajectories unfolds from early adulthood until middle age in two different welfare state contexts. Results based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the German National Education Panel Study demonstrate that in Germany, all work-family trajectories are highly gender-specific irrespective of social class. In contrast, patterns of work-family interplay across the life course in the United States are, overall, less gendered, but they differ widely by social class. In fact, work-family patterns characterized by high occupational prestige are fairly equally accessible for men and women. However, women are far more likely than men to experience the joint occurrence of single parenthood and unstable low-prestige work careers in the United States. The authors contribute to the literature by bringing in a longitudinal, process-oriented life course perspective and conceptualizing work-family trajectories as interlocked, multidimensional processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))