Zitatform

Raute, Anna (2017): Can financial incentives reduce the baby gap? Evidence from a reform in maternity leave benefits. (CESifo working paper 6652), München, 54 S.

Abstract

"To assess whether earnings-dependent maternity leave positively impacts fertility and narrows the baby gap between high educated (high earning) and low educated (low earning) women, I exploit a major maternity leave benefit reform in Germany that considerably increases the financial incentives for higher educated and higher earning women to have a child. In particular, I use the large differential changes in maternity leave benefits across education and income groups to estimate the effects on fertility up to 5 years post reform. In addition to demonstrating an up to 22% increase in the fertility of tertiary educated versus low educated women, I find a positive, statistically significant effect of increased benefits on fertility, driven mainly by women at the middle and upper end of the education and income distributions. Overall, the results suggest that earnings-dependent maternity leave benefits, which compensate women commensurate with their opportunity cost of childbearing, could successfully reduce the fertility rate disparity related to mothers' education and earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rossin-Slater, Maya (2017): Maternity and family leave policy. (IZA discussion paper 10500), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"Maternity and family leave policies enable mothers to take time off work to prepare for and recover from childbirth and to care for their new children. While there is substantial variation in the details of these policies around the world, the existing research yields the following general conclusions. First, despite important barriers to the take-up of leave, both the implementation of new programs and extensions of existing ones increase leave-taking rates among new parents. Second, leave entitlements less than one year in length can improve job continuity for women and increase their employment rates several years after childbirth; longer leaves can negatively influence women's earnings, employment, and career advancement. Third, extensions in existing paid leave policies have no impact on measures of child well-being, but the introduction of short paid and unpaid leave programs can improve children's short- and long-term outcomes. Fourth, while more research is needed, the current evidence shows minimal impacts of existing U.S. state-level programs on employer-level outcomes such as employee productivity, morale, profitability, turnover rates, or the total wage bill." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sbardella, Angelica, Emanuele Pugliese & Luciano Pietronero (2017): Economic development and wage inequality. A complex system analysis. In: PLoS one, Jg. 12, H. 9, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0182774

Abstract

"Adapting methods from complex system analysis, this paper analyzes the features of the complex relationship between wage inequality and the development and industrialization of a country. Development is understood as a combination of a monetary index, GDP per capita, and a recently introduced measure of a country's economic complexity: Fitness. Initially the paper looks at wage inequality on a global scale, over the time period 1990-2008. Our empirical results show that globally the movement of wage inequality along with the ongoing industrialization of countries has followed a longitudinally persistent pattern comparable to the one theorized by Kuznets in the fifties: countries with an average level of development suffer the highest levels of wage inequality. Next, the study narrows its focus on wage inequality within the United States. By using data on wages and employment in the approximately 3100 US counties over the time interval 1990-2014, it generalizes the Fitness-Complexity metric for geographic units and industrial sectors, and then investigates wage inequality between NAICS industries. The empirical time and scale dependencies are consistent with a relation between wage inequality and development driven by institutional factors comparing countries, and by change in the structural compositions of sectors in a homogeneous institutional environment, such as the counties of the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schleutker, Elina (2017): Women's work-life preferences. Reconceptualization and cross-country description over time. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 292-312. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2017.1290266

Abstract

"According to Hakim's preference theory, women can be divided into three groups based on their work - family preferences: home-centered, adaptive and work-centered. Here it is argued that Hakim's conceptualization of the adaptive women is unsatisfactory, as it does not take into consideration how the adaptive women want to combine work and family. The paper offers a reconceptualization of the adaptive group. Based on when women want to return to employment after childbirth, and how many hours they would like to work, three types of adaptive women are distinguished: the home-oriented adaptive women, the truly adaptive women and the work-oriented adaptive women. To demonstrate the fruitfulness of the reconceptualization, a cross-sectional descriptive study of women's preferences over time is conducted by employing data from International Social Survey Programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schober, Pia & Christian Schmitt (2017): Day-care availability, maternal employment and satisfaction of parents. Evidence from cultural and policy variations in Germany. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 27, H. 5, S. 433-446. DOI:10.1177/0958928716688264

Abstract

"This study investigates how the availability and expansion of childcare services for children aged under 3 years relate to the subjective wellbeing of German mothers and fathers. It extends previous studies by examining in more detail the relationship between day-care availability and use, maternal employment and parental subjective wellbeing during early childhood in a country with expanding childcare services and varying work - care cultures. The empirical analysis links annual day-care attendance rates at the county-level to individual-level data of the Socio-Economic Panel Study for 2007 - 2012 and the 'Families in Germany' Study for 2010 - 2012. We apply fixed-effects panel models to samples of 2002 couples and 376 lone mothers. We find some evidence of a positive effect of the day-care expansion only on satisfaction with family life for lone mothers and for full-time employed partnered mothers. Transitions to full-time employment are associated with reductions in subjective wellbeing irrespective of local day-care availability among partnered mothers in West Germany but not in East Germany. These results suggest that varying work - care cultures between East and West Germany are more important moderators of the relationship between maternal employment and satisfaction than short-term regional expansions of childcare services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schulz, Florian & Henriette Engelhardt (2017): The development, educational stratification and decomposition of mothers' and fathers' childcare time in Germany. An update for 2001-2013. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 277-297. DOI:10.3224/zff.v29i3.02

Abstract

"Diese Studie aktualisiert das empirische Wissen über die Entwicklung, die Bildungsstratifizierung und die Dekomposition der Zeitverwendung von Müttern und Vätern für Kinderbetreuung mit den aktuellen Zeitbudgetdaten für Deutschland. Auf Basis der der letzten beiden Erhebungen der Deutschen Zeitverwendungsstudie 2001/2002 und 2012/2013 werden die Zeitbudgets für die Gesamtzeit für Kinderbetreuung sowie sechs Einzeltätigkeiten mit OLS-Regressionen und Oaxaca- Dekompositionen untersucht. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Zeit für Kinderbetreuung von Müttern und Vätern zwischen 2001 und 2013 angestiegen ist, es einen Bildungsgradienten für Vorlesen gibt und signifikante Veränderungen in den Zeitbudgets nicht auf Kompositionsveränderung der Bevölkerung zurückgeführt werden können. Insgesamt belegt die Studie weniger die Dynamik als vielmehr die Stabilität und die geringe Bildungsdifferenzierung der Zeitverwendung für Kinderbetreuung. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass die Veränderungen in der Gesamtzeit für Kinderbetreuung nicht auf proportionale Veränderungen in allen, sondern nur auf Veränderungen in wenigen Einzeltätigkeiten zurückgeführt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schwab, Klaus, Richard Samans, Saadia Zahidi, Till Alexander Leopold, Vesselina Ratcheva, Ricardo Hausmann & Laura D¿Andrea Tyson (2017): The global gender gap report 2017. Insight report. (The global gender gap report), Cologny/Geneva, 349 S.

Abstract

"Gender parity is fundamental to whether and how economies and societies thrive. Ensuring the full development and appropriate deployment of half of the world's total talent pool has a vast bearing on the growth, competitiveness and future-readiness of economies and businesses worldwide. The Global Gender Gap Report benchmarks 144 countries on their progress towards gender parity across four thematic dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. In addition, this year's edition also analyses the dynamics of gender gaps across industry talent pools and occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stadler, Bettina & Ingrid Mairhuber (2017): Arbeitszeiten von Paaren: Aktuelle Verteilungen und Arbeitszeitwünsche. (FORBA-Forschungsbericht 2017,03), Wien, 66 S.

Abstract

"Mit dem hier präsentierten Projekt wird der Blick auf Paare gerichtet und untersucht, wie die Verteilung der Erwerbs-Arbeitszeit zwischen den Ehe- bzw. LebenspartnerInnen mit und ohne Kinder gestaltet ist und ob sich diese in der Zeit von 2005 bis 2015 verändert hat. Kommen reduzierte Arbeitszeiten, konkret weniger geleistete Überstunden von Männern, Frauen zugute? D.h., haben Frauen dadurch die Möglichkeit, sich stärker in der Erwerbsarbeit zu engagieren und ihre Erwerbsarbeitszeiten auszuweiten? Oder können keine Entwicklungen in diese Richtung beobachtet werden? Diese und weitere Fragen werden in den folgenden Ausführungen untersucht." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Struffolino, Emanuela & Laura Bernardi (2017): Vulnerabilität alleinerziehender Mütter in der Schweiz aus einer Lebensverlaufsperspektive. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 123-141. DOI:10.3262/ZSE1702123

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Aufsatz soll zum Verständnis der Vulnerabilität alleinerziehender Mütter in der Schweiz beitragen. Vulnerabilität wird hier als dynamischer Prozess verstanden, in dem Individuen soziale Abstiege und den Verlust von Ressourcen erfahren, in dessen Verlauf sie aber auch aufsteigen und ein Mehr an Kontrolle über ihr Leben erlangen können. Alleinerziehende Mütter bilden in Bezug auf ihre soziale Herkunft und ihre sozialen Ressourcen eine zunehmend heterogene Bevölkerungsgruppe, weshalb sich für die Definition und Messung ihrer relativen Nachteile neue Herausforderungen stellen. Die Situation in der Schweiz ist dabei ein interessanter Fall, da es hier an politischen Maßnahmen zur wirkungsvollen Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf fehlt. Die Autorinnen stellen dar, wie der Übergang zur Ein-Elternschaft die Belastungen für jene Mütter erhöhen kann, die ihre gestiegene Verantwortung in Familie und Beruf alleine tragen. Zur Beschreibung der Gründe für die Entstehung von Vulnerabilität in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen alleinerziehender Mütter in der Schweiz ziehen die Autorinnen Daten aus unterschiedlichen Quellen heran." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tulk, Linda, Sylvie Montreuil, Tamarah Pierce & Michel Pépin (2017): Does parental work affect the psychological well-being and educational success of adolescents? In: Community, work & family, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 80-102. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2014.1002830

Abstract

"The primary goal of this exploratory study was to observe the presence or absence of empirical associations between various parental working conditions, family and, ultimately, the psychological well-being and educational success of young adolescents in Canada. A structural equation model analysis was undertaken from a large Canadian database. This research project used a sub-sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, regrouping 3447 young adolescents, aged 12-15, who generally attend high school. The analysis confirmed the suitability of the model for explaining the trajectory of the hypothesized associations. More specifically, the results confirmed that parental working conditions have an indirect effect on the psychological well-being and educational success of adolescents, through family environment, parenting and the quality of the parent - adolescent relationship. The practical implications of this study are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Westermeier, Christian, Markus M. Grabka, Björn Jotzo & Anika Rasner (2017): Veränderung der Erwerbs- und Familienbiografien lässt einen Rückgang des Gender-Pension-Gap erwarten. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 84, H. 12, S. 235-243., 2017-03-22.

Abstract

"Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede im Rentenzahlbetrag der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung werden sich im Kohortenvergleich verringern. Während in der Kriegskohorte der 1936 bis 1945 Geborenen der so genannte Gender-Pension-Gap noch 56 Prozent in West- und 34 Prozent in Ostdeutschland beträgt, wird er sich basierend auf einem vom DIW Berlin entwickelten Fortschreibungsmodell zur Simulation von Erwerbs- und Familienbiografien bei der Kohorte der 1966 bis 1970 Geborenen auf 43 beziehungsweise 18 Prozent reduzieren. Mitverantwortlich für diesen Trend ist, dass Männer im Kohortenvergleich kürzere Phasen ihres Erwerbslebens in Vollzeit arbeiten werden. Bei westdeutschen Frauen dagegen ist eine starke Zunahme von Teilzeitbeschäftigung bei gleichzeitigem Rückgang von Phasen der Hausfrauentätigkeit zu beobachten. Aber auch ostdeutsche Frauen werden in zunehmenden Maße Teilzeittätigkeiten aufnehmen. Allerdings weisen sie längere Phasen von Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit auf und weichen damit weiterhin von westdeutschen Frauen ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zanella, Giulio (2017): How does grandparent childcare affect labor supply? Childcare provided by grandparents helps young working mothers, but reduces the labor supply of older women. (IZA world of labor 337), Bonn, 9 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.337

Abstract

"Older people in developed countries are living longer and healthier lives. A prolonged and healthy mature period of life is often associated with continued and active participation in the labor market. At the same time, active grandparents can offer their working offspring a free, flexible, and reliable source of childcare. However, while grandparent-provided childcare helps young parents (especially young mothers) overcome the negative effects of child rearing on their labor market participation, it can sometimes conflict with the objective of providing additional income through employment for older workers, most notably older women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

International Labour Office (2017): World employment and social outlook. Trends for women 2017. (World employment and social outlook. Trends), Genf, 63 S.

Abstract

"This report examines the global and regional labour market trends and gaps, including in labour force participation rates, unemployment rates, employment status as well as sectoral and occupational segregation. It also presents a global in-depth analysis of the key drivers of female labour force participation by investigating the personal preferences of women and the societal gender norms and socio-economic constraints that women face.
A key finding of this report is that closing these labour market gaps would yield significant economic benefits in terms of GDP growth while at the same time improving individual welfare in multiple dimensions. However, the report finds that there are significant socio-economic and gender norm constraints influencing a woman's decision to participate. Accordingly, the report introduces a comprehensive framework to address the drivers of these gender gaps and outlines a series of policy recommendations to improve the labour market outcomes of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Women in the Workplace 2018 is the largest comprehensive study of the state of women in corporate America. Since 2015, LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company have published this report annually to give companies and employees the information they need to advance women and improve gender diversity within their organizations. McKinsey & Company also conducted similar research in 2012. This year, 279 companies employing more than 13 million people shared their pipeline data and completed a survey of their HR practices. In addition, more than 64,000 employees were surveyed on their workplace experiences, and we interviewed women of different races and ethnicities and LGBTQ women for additional insights. Since 2015, 462 companies employing almost 20 million people have participated in the study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Das Gutachten knüpft an die umfassende Analyse der Gleichstellungssituation in Deutschland an, die im Ersten Gleichstellungsbericht geleistet wurde. Insbesondere bedeutet dies, dass sich auch das vorliegende Gutachten an einer Lebensverlaufsperspektive orientiert, um den Stand und mögliche Handlungsansätze für die Gleichstellungspolitik zu untersuchen. In den letzten fünf Jahren haben sich die Erwerbsbiografien und damit auch die Lebensverläufe allerdings weiter ausdifferenziert. Armutsgefährdete Alleinerziehende (vor allem Frauen), (prekäre) Selbstständige, die mit ihrem Unternehmen beständig um das wirtschaftliche Überleben kämpfen, und Menschen, die Angehörige pflegen, werden immer stärker zu Risikogruppen. Das Gutachten nimmt außerdem in den Blick, dass die Folgen der Digitalisierung zunehmend alle Lebens- und Arbeitsbereiche durchdringen. Das vorliegende Gutachten greift Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts auf, um sie weiterzuentwickeln und für die aktuelle gesellschaftliche Situation zu konkretisieren. Dabei war zu berücksichtigen, welche politischen und gesetzlichen Entwicklungen es seither auf maßgeblichen Feldern gegeben hat. Dieses Gutachten soll zwar nicht die Umsetzung der Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts systematisch erfassen und auswerten. Es berücksichtigt in seinen Analysen und Empfehlungen aber, dass zwischenzeitlich gleichstellungspolitisch relevante Maßnahmen neu eingeführt wurden, insbesondere das ElterngeldPlus, die Familienpflegezeit, das Pflegeunterstützungsgeld, das Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionen in der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst (FüPoG) und das Mindestlohngesetz (MiLoG). Erste Schritte zu einem Gesetz für mehr Lohngerechtigkeit zwischen Frauen und Männern sind unternommen worden; zum Zeitpunkt des Abschlusses dieses Gutachtens lag dem Bundestag allerdings noch kein Gesetzentwurf vor. Auch die gleichstellungspolitisch relevanten Befunde der Gesamtevaluation familienpolitischer Leistungen aus dem Jahr 2014 werden im vorliegenden Gutachten berücksichtigt. In Anknüpfung an die Lebensverlaufsperspektive konzentriert sich das Sachverständigengutachten auf die gleichstellungsorientierte Gestaltung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit. Diese Schwerpunktsetzung wird im folgenden Kapitel B ausführlich begründet und in ein Verhältnis zu weiteren gleichstellungspolitischen Zielen gesetzt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"The ILO-Gallup report, 'Towards a better future for women and work: Voices of women and men', provides a first-ever account of global attitudes and perceptions of women and men regarding women and work. The results come from the Gallup World Poll which was conducted in 142 countries and territories and surveyed almost 149,000 adults. It is representative of more than 99 per cent of the global adult population.
The findings are revealing: A total of 70 per cent of women and a similar 66 per cent of men would prefer that women work at paid jobs. Each of these figures are more than double the percentages of those who would prefer women to stay at home. Women worldwide would prefer to be either working at paid jobs (29 per cent) or be in situations in which they could both work and take care of their families (41 per cent), according to the joint ILO-Gallup report. Only 27 per cent of women want to stay at home.
The 70 per cent of women who would like to work at paid jobs notably includes a majority of women who are not in the workforce. Importantly, this is true in almost all regions worldwide, including several regions where women's labour force participation is traditionally low, such as the Arab States and territories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Adema, Willem, Chris Clarke & Valérie Frey (2016): Paid parental leave and other supports for parents with young children. The United States in international comparison. In: International social security review, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 29-51. DOI:10.1111/issr.12100

Abstract

"Die Vereinigten Staaten stehen mit ihrer Politik für Familien und Frauen am Scheideweg. Gegenwärtig bieten die Vereinigten Staaten eine grundlegende Unterstützung für Kinder, Väter und Mütter in Form einer unbezahlten Elternzeit, kinderbezogener Steuererleichterungen und einer beschränkten öffentlichen Kinderbetreuung. Andere Mitgliedsstaaten der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) hingegen unterstützen Familien durch bezahlte Elternzeit und umfassende Investitionen in Kleinkinder und Kinder. Die möglichen Vorteile eines Ausbaus solcher Strategien in den Vereinigten Staaten sind enorm. Bezahlte Elternzeit und subventionierte Kinderbetreuung können dazu beitragen, dass mehr Frauen in die Arbeitsbevölkerung eintreten und dort bleiben, das Wirtschaftswachstum gestützt wird, die Kinder kognitive und gesundheitliche Vorteile haben und die Eltern die Möglichkeit erhalten, ihre eigene Aufteilung von Arbeit und Privatleben zu wählen. Die Vereinigten Staaten sind hinsichtlich vieler sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Indikatoren gegenüber dem Rest der OECD ins Hintertreffen geraten, da sie nicht angemessen in Kinder, Väter und Mütter investiert haben. Angesichts der bedeutenden Vorteile dieser Familienbeihilfen konzentriert sich dieser Artikel auf die Frage der Vereinbarung von Arbeit und Kinderbetreuung für Familien mit kleinen Kindern und insbesondere auf Strategien der bezahlten Elternzeit innerhalb der OECD und der Vereinigten Staaten." (Autorenreferat, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons)

Zitatform

Allmendinger, Jutta, Sophie Krug von Nidda & Vanessa Wintermantel (2016): Lebensentwürfe junger Frauen und Männer in Bayern. München, 64 S.

Abstract

"Junge Frauen und Männer, ihre Rolle in Beruf, Familie und Gesellschaft werden heutzutage in Politik und Medien heiß diskutiert, auch in Bayern. Zwischen Eltern- und Betreuungsgeld, Frauenquote und Ehegattensplitting nimmt eine Reihe von (oft widersprüchlichen) frauen- sowie familienpolitischen Maßnahmen diese Zielgruppe in den Blick. Zugleich wenden sich junge Menschen zunehmend von bestimmten Formen politischer Beteiligung ab - so ging bei der Landtagswahl 2013 fast die Hälfte der unter 35-Jährigen nicht zur Wahl. Scheinbar erreicht die beschriebene Mischung politischer Bemühungen nicht die tatsächlichen Lebensrealitäten und Erwartungen junger Frauen und Männer in Bayern. Für die Studie des BayernForums der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung wurden Menschen zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren in Bayern dazu befragt, wie sie ihr Leben gestalten und welche Wünsche und Vorstellungen sie für ihre Zukunft haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baranowska-Rataj, Anna & Anna Matysiak (2016): The causal effects of the number of children on female employment. Do European institutional and gender conditions matter? In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 343-367. DOI:10.1007/s12122-016-9231-6

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the discussion on the effects of the number of children on female employment in Europe. Most previous research has either (1) compared these effects across countries, assuming an exogeneity of family size; or (2) used methods that dealt with endogeneity of family size, but that focused on single countries. We combine these two approaches by taking a cross-country comparative perspective and applying quasi-experimental methods. We use instrumental variable models, with multiple births as instruments, and the harmonized data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). We examine the cross-country variation in the effects of family size on maternal employment across groups of European countries with different welfare state regimes. This step gives us an opportunity to investigate whether the revealed crosscountry differences in the magnitude of the effect of the family size on maternal employment can be attributed to the diversity of European institutional arrangements, as well as the cultural and the structural conditions for combining work and family duties." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Bauer, Thomas K., Florian Beyer, Julia Bredtmann, Sebastian Otten, Julia Piel, Katja Sabisch & Magdalena A. Stroka (2016): Die Auswirkungen von Familienarbeit auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das (Alters-)Einkommen und die Gesundheit von Frauen. Eine empirische Analyse. (RWI-Materialien 102), Essen, 67 S.

Abstract

"Nicht zuletzt aufgrund des zu erwartenden Fachkräftemangels in Deutschland ist eine fortlaufende Analyse der Faktoren, die einer Erhöhung der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen entgegenstehen, wirtschafts- und gesellschaftspolitisch zwingend erforderlich. Eine von den politischen Akteuren weniger beachtete und in der Öffentlichkeit seltener diskutierte jedoch ungleich bedeutendere Ursache für die geringere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist deren höhere Belastung durch 'Familienarbeit'. Als Familienarbeit werden unbezahlte Tätigkeiten im Haushalt, wie die Erziehung von Kindern oder die Pflege Angehöriger, bezeichnet. Das interdisziplinär angelegte empirische Forschungsprojekt versucht, auf Basis soziologischer und ökonomischer Theorien zur Organisation von Familien und unter Verwendung einer Vielfalt empirischer Methoden und verschiedener innovativer Datensätze (i) belastbare empirische Evidenz zu dem Ausmaß geschlechterspezifischer Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Engagements in unbezahlter Arbeit zu generieren und (ii) die Konsequenzen einer höheren Belastung mit Familienarbeit für die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das Einkommen, die Alterssicherung und die Gesundheit der Betroffenen zu analysieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bee, C. Adam & Joshua Mitchell (2016): The hidden resources of women working longer. Evidence from linked survey-administrative data. (NBER working paper 22970), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w22970

Abstract

"Despite women's increased labor force attachment over the lifecycle, household surveys such as the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) do not show increases in retirement income (pensions, 401(k)s, IRAs) for women at older ages. We use linked survey-administrative data to demonstrate that retirement incomes are considerably underreported in the CPS ASEC and that women's economic progress at older ages has been substantially understated over the last quarter century. Specifically, the CPS ASEC shows median household income for women age 65-69 rose 21 percent since the late 1980s, while the administrative records show an increase of 58 percent. Survey biases in women's own incomes appear largest for women with the longest work histories. We also exploit the panel dimension of our data to follow a cohort of women and their spouses (if present) as they transition into retirement in recent years. In contrast to previous work, we find that most women do not experience noticeable drops in income up to five years after claiming social security, with retirement income playing an important role in maintaining their overall standard of living. Our results pose a challenge to the literature on the 'retirement consumption puzzle' and suggest total income replacement rates are high for recent retirees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Beirne, Martin & Fiona Wilson (2016): Running with 'wolves' or waiting for a happy release? Evaluating routes to gender equality. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 220-236. DOI:10.1177/0950017015570725

Abstract

"This article examines contemporary thinking about viable ways forward for gender equality at work. It questions both the lingering attachment to feminization in popular commentary and the renewed interest in positive discrimination within academic circles. Focusing on pay disparities in the public sector, it argues that greater attention should be given to the frontline agency of disadvantaged women and the material conditions that affect equality activism. Tensions in equality bargaining are highlighted, along with contradictory pressures on trade union intervention. 'No-win-no-fee' lawyers are considered to be neglected third party agents with greater relevance for representation and mobilization than the literature typically acknowledges, some proving to be highly effective in politicizing pay inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berger, Eva M. & Luke Haywood (2016): Locus of control and mothers' return to employment. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1586), Berlin, 51 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effect of locus of control (LOC) on the length of mothers' employment break after childbirth. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), duration data reveals that women with an internal LOC return to employment more quickly than women with an external LOC. We find evidence that this effect is mainly related to differential appreciation of the career costs of longer maternity leave. Given the high level of job protection enjoyed by mothers in Germany, economic consequences of differences in this non-cognitive skill can be expected to be larger in other settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bernhardt, Janine, Lena Hipp & Jutta Allmendinger (2016): Warum nicht fifty-fifty? Betriebliche Rahmenbedingungen der Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Fürsorgearbeit in Paarfamilien. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2016-501), Berlin, 140 S.

Abstract

"Wie kann Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie gelingen - und zwar sowohl bei Frauen als auch bei Männern? Ziel des Forschungsprojektes 'Betriebliche Gelingensbedingungen einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit' war es herauszufinden, unter welchen Bedingungen sich Väter und Mütter Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit ausgewogen aufteilen. Unsere Auswertungen qualitativer und quantitativer Daten aus dem Jahr 2015 zeigen, dass sich in Deutschland Eltern kleiner Kinder - insbesondere Väter - eine egalitärere Aufteilung von Erwerbsarbeits- und Elternzeiten wünschen und die Aufteilung von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit immer wieder neu überdenken und an veränderte Situationen anpassen möchten. Finanzielle Möglichkeiten und betriebliche Rahmenbedingungen beschränken jedoch oftmals die Umsetzung dieser Wünsche. Eine egalitäre Aufteilung von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeitszeiten ist dann eher möglich, wenn Eltern in Betrieben arbeiten, die Familienfreundlichkeit mit Gleichstellungszielen verbinden. Derzeit arbeitet rund ein Fünftel der Eltern kleiner Kinder in Deutschland in solchen Betrieben. Gute Vereinbarkeit lohnt sich auch aus unternehmerischer Sicht, denn sie geht seltener mit Zeitkonflikten, dafür mit höherer betrieblicher Verbundenheit und weniger Kündigungsabsichten einher." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bertrand, Marianne, Patricia Cortés, Claudia Olivetti & Jessica Pan (2016): Social norms, labor market opportunities, and the marriage gap for skilled women. (NBER working paper 22015), Cambrige, Mass., 65 S. DOI:10.3386/w22015

Abstract

"In most of the developed world, skilled women marry at a lower rate than unskilled women. We document heterogeneity across countries in how the marriage gap for skilled women has evolved over time. As labor market opportunities for women have improved, the marriage gap has been growing in some countries but shrinking in others. We discuss a theoretical model in which the (negative) social attitudes towards working women might contribute towards the lower marriage rate of skilled women, and might also induce a non-linear relationship between their labor market prospects and their marriage outcomes. The model is suited to understand the dynamics of the marriage gap for skilled women over time within a country with set social attitudes towards working women. The model also delivers predictions about how the marriage gap for skilled women should react to changes in their labor market opportunities across countries with more or less conservative attitudes towards working women. We test the key predictions of this model in a panel of 23 developed countries, as well as in a panel of US states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bick, Alexander (2016): The quantitative role of child care for female labor force participation and fertility. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 639-668. DOI:10.1111/jeea.12143

Abstract

"I document that the labor force participation rate of West German mothers with children aged zero to two exceeds the corresponding child-care enrollment rate, while the opposite is true for mothers whose children are older than two but below the mandatory schooling age. These facts also hold for a cross-section of E.U. countries. I develop a life-cycle model that explicitly accounts for this age-dependent relationship by including various types of nonpaid and paid child care. I calibrate this model to data for West Germany and use the calibrated model for policy analysis. Increasing the supply of subsidized child care for children aged zero to two generates an increase in the maternal labor force participation rate consistent with empirical evidence from other settings; however, this increase is too small to conclude that the lack of subsidized child care accounts for the low labor force participation rate of mothers with children aged zero to two. The response along the intensive margin suggests that a large fraction of part-time working mothers would work full-time if they had greater access to subsidized child care. Finally, making subsidized child care available to more women does not achieve one of the commonly stated goals of such reforms, namely to increase the fertility rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biewen, Martin & Stefanie Seifert (2016): Potential parenthood and career progression of men and women. A simultaneous hazards approach. (IZA discussion paper 10050), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"We analyze individual career transitions of men and women in Germany. Our particular focus is on the association of upward, downward and horizontal job changes with individual fertility. In contrast to most of the literature, we focus on potential rather than realized fertility. Based on mixed multivariate proportional hazard models with competing risks, we find a significant negative relationship between the contemporaneous probability of having a child and horizontal career transitions for women, and a positive significant association of the hazard of parenthood with upward career transitions for men. These effects persist if we apply fixed effects panel data models allowing for correlation of individual parenthood hazards with unobserved individual characteristics. Independent of their sources, our results suggest clear gender differences in the relationship between career patterns and potential fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, David M. & Ryan M. Goodstein (2016): Commitment in the household. Evidence from the effect of inheritances on the labor supply of older married couples. (IZA discussion paper 10059), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We study the effect of receiving an inheritance on the labor force participation (LFP) of both the recipient and the recipient's spouse in a population of older married couples. An inheritance is not subject to laws governing division of marital property at divorce, because it is not acquired with income earned during marriage. Hence it plays the role of a 'distribution factor' in the intrahousehold allocation of resources, increasing bargaining power of the recipient. Controlling for inheritance expectations, we interpret the receipt of an inheritance as a shock to wealth. Our results indicate that receiving an inheritance reduces LFP of the recipient by four percentage points, comparable in magnitude to the effect of a decline in health. However, an inheritance has little or no effect on LFP of the spouse. These estimates are inconsistent with a dynamic, collective model of the household in which spouses have the ability to commit to an ex ante efficient allocation. The results are consistent with a model of limited commitment in which a shock to household resources can alter bargaining power. We discuss the implications for reform of Social Security spouse and survivor benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, David M. & Ryan M. Goodstein (2016): Commitment in the household. Evidence from the effect of inheritances on the labor supply of older married couples. In: Labour economics, Jg. 42, H. October, S. 123-137. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.08.003

Abstract

"We study the effect of receiving an inheritance on the labor force participation (LFP) of both the recipient and the recipient's spouse in a population of older married couples. An inheritance is not subject to laws in the U.S. governing division of marital property at divorce, because it is not acquired with income earned during marriage. Hence it plays the role of a 'distribution factor' in the intrahousehold allocation of resources, increasing bargaining power of the recipient. Controlling for inheritance expectations, we interpret the receipt of an inheritance as a shock to wealth. Our results indicate that receiving an inheritance reduces LFP of the recipient by four percentage points, comparable in magnitude to the effect of a self-reported decline in health. However, an inheritance has little or no effect on LFP of the spouse. These estimates are inconsistent with a dynamic, collective model of the household in which spouses have the ability to commit to an ex ante efficient allocation. The results are consistent with a model of limited commitment in which a shock to household resources can alter bargaining power. We discuss the implications for reform of Social Security spouse and survivor benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Botsch, Kerstin (2016): Soldatsein. Zur sozialen Konstruktion von Geschlecht und sexueller Orientierung in der Bundeswehr. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 343 S.

Abstract

"Kerstin Botsch untersucht, inwiefern die Öffnung der Bundeswehr für Frauen und Homosexuelle zu Beginn der 2000er Jahre eine Veränderung in der 'Männerbastion' Militär bewirkt hat. Auf der Grundlage von Gruppendiskussionen und Einzelinterviews belegt sie, wie Soldatinnen und Soldaten das Militär auch heute noch als durch und durch männliche Domäne konstruieren. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere in der Orientierung am Symbol des 'Kampfsoldaten', das untrennbar mit militärischen Kernbereichen verknüpft ist. Die Autorin untersucht empirisch die Verflechtung der Kategorien Geschlecht und sexuelle Orientierung und zeigt, dass diese Kategorien in der sozialen Praxis je nach Kontext unterschiedlich relevant gesetzt werden. Der Gleichstellungsanspruch der Bundeswehr und die soziale Realität klaffen noch deutlich auseinander." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brady, Michelle (2016): Gluing, catching and connecting: how informal childcare strengthens single mothers' employment trajectories. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 821-837. DOI:10.1177/0950017016630259

Abstract

"Research on single mothers' employment overwhelmingly focuses on the importance of access to formal childcare at a single point in time. However, to understand the relationship between childcare and single mothers' employment we must consider their access to and use of multiple forms of childcare - their childcare packages - and how these change over time. Drawing on a longitudinal qualitative study and employing the concepts of 'caringscapes' and 'work-time/childcare-time', this article highlights how childcare packages shape single mothers' employment trajectories. Informal carers play a crucial role within mixed (formal and informal) childcare packages in helping mothers bring children's needs, work-time and childcare-time into alignment, thus strengthening their employment trajectories. Informal carers achieve this effect by: (1) increasing the total hours of non-parental care; (2) 'gluing' together complex jigsaws of care; (3) offering a 'safety net' in times of crisis; and (4) playing a 'connector' role during employment transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Breidahl, Karen N. & Christian Albrekt Larsen (2016): The myth of unadaptable gender roles. Attitudes towards women's paid work among immigrants across 30 European countries. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 387-401. DOI:10.1177/0958928716664292

Abstract

"It is a predominant assumption in contemporary political and academic debates that gender roles and attitudes supporting women's paid work among immigrants are deep-rooted and stable over time. However, the actual work - family orientations among immigrants are rarely studied. The purpose of this article is to study to what extent and at what pace immigrants in general adapt to the attitudes towards women's paid work that prevail in the host countries. A cross-national research strategy is applied using the European Social Survey rounds 2 (2004), 4 (2008) and 5 (2010), allowing us to compare and analyse attitudes towards women's paid work among 13,535 foreign-born individuals resident in 30 European countries. The results indicate that immigrants' attitudes towards women's paid work are highly structured by the institutional and cultural context of the host country. Both male and female immigrants, as well as immigrants with and without children, adapt to host country attitudes at a high pace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bremhorst, Vincent, Michaela Kreyenfeld & Philippe Lambert (2016): Fertility progression in Germany. An analysis using flexible nonparametric cure survival models. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 505-534. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.18

Abstract

"Objective: This paper uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) to study the transition to second and third births. In particular, we seek to distinguish the factors that determine the timing of fertility from the factors that influence ultimate parity progression.
Methods: We employ cure survival models, a technique commonly used in epidemiological studies and in the statistical literature but only rarely applied to fertility research.
Results: We find that education has a different impact on the timing and the ultimate probability of having a second and a third birth. Furthermore, we show that the shape of the fertility schedule for the total population differs from that of 'susceptible women' (i.e., those who have a second or a third child).
Conclusions: Standard event history models conflate timing and quantum effects. Our approach overcomes this shortcoming. It estimates separate parameters for the hazard rate of having a next child for the 'susceptible population' and the ultimate probability of having another child for the entire population at risk.
Contribution: We go beyond standard cure survival models, also known as split population models, used in fertility research by specifying a flexible non-parametric model using Bayesian P-splines for the latent distribution (related to the timing of an extra birth) instead of a parametric model. Our approach is, so far, limited to time-constant covariates, but can be extended to include time-varying covariates as well." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Brewer, Mike, Sarah Cattan, Claire Crawford & Birgitta Rabe (2016): Free childcare and parents' labour supply. Is more better? (IZA discussion paper 10415), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"Despite the introduction of childcare subsidies in many countries, the cost of childcare is still thought to hinder parental employment. Many governments are considering increasing the generosity of their childcare subsidies, but the a priori effect of such a policy is ambiguous and little is known empirically about its likely impact. This paper compares the effects on parents' labour supply of offering free part-time childcare and of expanding this offer to the whole school day in England using an empirical strategy which, unlike previous studies, exploits both date of birth discontinuities and panel data. We find that the provision of free part-time childcare has little, if any, causal impact on the labour market outcomes of mothers or fathers. Increasing the number of hours of free childcare to cover a full school day, however, leads to significant increases in the labour supply of mothers whose youngest child is eligible, with impacts emerging immediately and increasing over the months following entitlement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Broadway, Barbara, Guyonne Kalb, Duncan McVicar & Bill Martin (2016): The impact of paid parental leave on labour supply and employment outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 9801), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"The introduction of the Australian Paid Parental Leave scheme in 2011 provides a rare opportunity to estimate the labour supply and employment impacts of publicly-funded paid leave on mothers in the first year post-partum. The almost universal coverage of the scheme coupled with detailed survey data collected specifically for this purpose means that eligibility for paid leave under the scheme can be plausibly taken as exogenous following a standard propensity score matching exercise. In line with much of the existing literature, we find a positive impact on leave taking in the first half year and on the probability of eventually returning to work in the first year. The paper provides new evidence of a positive impact on continuing in the same job and under the same conditions. Further new evidence shows that disadvantaged mothers - low income, less educated, without access to employer-funded leave - respond most to the scheme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2016): Work - family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 119-177. DOI:10.1177/0730888415615385

Abstract

"Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work - family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bujard, Martin (2016): Das flexible Zweiverdienermodell und seine vielfältigen Chancen. ... und wie die Politik es familienphasen-sensibel gestalten kann. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 214), Sankt Augustin, 14 S.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen favorisieren eine partnerschaftliche Aufteilung von Beruf und Familienarbeit. Im Zweiverdienermodell lassen sich politisch definierte Ziele besser erreichen. Familienpolitische Reformen wie Kita-Ausbau und Elterngeld üben einen positiven Einfluss auf die Geburtenrate und die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit aus. Der Schlüssel zu einem familienphasen-sensiblen Zweiverdienermodell liegt im Arbeitsmarkt: Es bedarf mehr qualifizierter Teilzeitstellen, langfristige Rückkehrperspektiven in Vollzeitarbeit und Karrierepfade, die temporäre familienbedingte Auszeiten ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buschmann, Benjamin, Debora Gärtner, Veronika Grimm, Christopher Osiander & Gesine Stephan (2016): Wer würde unter welchen Umständen für Tarifkommissionen kandidieren? Ergebnisse einer Vignettenstudie. (LASER discussion papers 93), Erlangen, 16 S.

Abstract

"Verhandlungsergebnisse hängen davon ab, ob die Interessen von Gruppen in Verhandlungen vertreten werden. Dies legt nahe, dass sich die geschlechtsspezifische Lohnlücke unter anderem durch eine stärkere Beteiligung von Frauen an Tarifkommissionen abbauen ließe. Mit Hilfe eines faktoriellen Surveys untersucht dieser Beitrag, wie wahrscheinlich es ist, dass Beschäftigte unter verschiedenen Umständen für eine Gehaltsverhandlungskommission kandidieren würden und welche Einflussmöglichkeiten sie im Fall einer Wahl für sich sehen würden. Frauen geben insgesamt deutlich seltener als Männer an, dass sie für eine Position in der Verhandlungskommission kandidieren würden. Ebenso erwarten sie im Mittel signifikant seltener, in den Verhandlungen etwas bewirken zu können. Dieser Geschlechterunterschied lässt sich durch persönliche und arbeitsplatzbezogene Merkmalen der Befragten erklären, die aber teilweise wiederum selbst Ergebnis geschlechtsspezifischen Verhaltens sein dürften. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass vor allem Regelungen, die eine Anrechenbarkeit von Gremiensitzungen auf die Arbeitszeit festschreiben, dazu geeignet sein können, die Bereitschaft zur Mitarbeit zu erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bünning, Mareike & Matthias Pollmann-Schult (2016): Parenthood, child care, and nonstandard work schedules in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 295-314. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153698

Abstract

"An increasing proportion of the European labor force works in the evening, at night or on weekends. Because nonstandard work schedules are associated with a number of negative outcomes for families and children, parents may seek to avoid such schedules. However, for parents with insufficient access to formal child care, working nonstandard hours or days may be an adaptive strategy used to manage child-care needs. It enables 'split-shift' parenting, where parents work alternate schedules, allowing one of the two to be at home looking after the children. This study examines the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules among parents and nonparents in 22 European countries. Specifically, we ask whether the provision of formal child care influences the extent to which parents of preschool-aged children work nonstandard schedules. Using data from the European Social Survey and multilevel models, we find evidence that the availability of formal child care reduces nonstandard work among parents. This indicates that access to formal child care enables parents to work standard schedules. To the extent that nonstandard work schedules are negatively associated with child wellbeing, access to formal child care protects children from the adverse effects of their parents' evening and night work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Castro-García, Carmen & Maria Pazos-Moran (2016): Parental leave policy and gender equality in Europe. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 51-73. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2015.1082033

Abstract

"This article uses data from 2008 - 10 to analyze parental leave policies in twenty-one European countries and their influence on men's behavior. It examines entitlement characteristics, such as nontransferability, duration, payment, compulsory period, and other policies to assess their effect on the proportion of leave men use out of the total parental leave in each country. The findings, which suggest that a large majority of men take nontransferable and highly paid leave, and a small minority take other types, provide the basis for developing the Parental Leave Equality Index (PLEI). PLEI ranks countries by the degree to which parental leave policies reinforce or diminish the gendered division of labor. Results indicate that although Iceland's parental leave policies do the most to advance gender equity, no country has equal, nontransferable, and well-paid leave for each parent. This policy arrangement would be a precondition to men's and women's equal participation in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christiansen, Lone, Huidan Lin, Joana Pereira, Petia Topalova & Rima Turk (2016): Individual choice or policies? Drivers of female employment in Europe. (IMF working paper 2016,49), Washington, DC, 44 S.

Abstract

"Female labor force participation has increased markedly in many European countries during the past decades. Nonetheless, participation rates remain low in some economies, and a significant gender gap persists in most countries. Using micro-level data to control for factors that influence personal choice, we re-examine the determinants of female employment in Europe. The results highlight the importance of positive attitudes towards women working and individual characteristics such as years of education and number of children. However, even after controlling for these factors, policies are also key drivers of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ciavolino, Enrico, Claudia Sunna, Paola De Pascali & Mariangela Nitti (2016): Women resignation during maternal leave. In: Quality and Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, Jg. 50, H. 4, S. 1747-1763. DOI:10.1007/s11135-015-0233-x

Abstract

"Pregnant women and mothers are one of the most vulnerable parts of the workforce. Despite legal provisions are intended to safeguard the motherhood and prevent the mothers' discrimination, the phenomenon of the voluntary resignation during maternity leave is a current issue in the Southern-Italy society. The multifaceted aspects characterizing the reasons leading the mothers to abandon the workplace are explored through a complex statistical model, namely a hierarchical structural equation model." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Connolly, Sara, Matthew Aldrich, Margaret O¿Brien, Svetlana Speight & Eloise Poole (2016): Britain's slow movement to a gender egalitarian equilibrium. Parents and employment in the UK 2001-13. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 838-857. DOI:10.1177/0950017016638009

Abstract

"This article examines the working lives of British couple families across the first decade of the millennium using EU Labour Force Survey data (2001 - 13) taking a multiple equilibria approach. Some growth in dual full-time earners, increased working hours of mothers in part-time employment and a growing proportion of households with 'non-standard' working patterns are all identified, suggesting both a convergence and greater diversity in economic provisioning within parent couple households. Household employment patterns remain strongly associated with maternal education and family size but are becoming less sensitive to the age of the youngest child. The dual full-time earner model is growing in significance for British parents of young children but a new gender egalitarian equilibrium has not yet been reached." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cools, Sara & Marte Ström (2016): Parenthood wage penalties in a double income society. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 391-416. DOI:10.1007/s11150-014-9244-y

Abstract

"We estimate how parenthood affects hourly wages using panel data for Norwegian employees in the years 1997 - 2007. Though smaller than for most other OECD countries, we find substantial wage penalties to motherhood, ranging from a 1.2 % wage reduction for women with lower secondary education to 4.9 % for women with more than four years of higher education. Human capital measures such as work experience and paid parental leave do not explain the wage penalties, indicating that in the Norwegian institutional context, mothers are protected from adverse wage effects due to career breaks. We do however find large heterogeneity in the effects, with the largest penalties for mothers working full time and in the private sector. Contrary to most studies using US data and to previous research from Norway, we find a small wage penalty also to fatherhood. Also for men, the penalty is greater for those who work full time and in the private sector. A substantial share of the fatherhood wage penalty is explained by paternity leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cuberes, David & Marc Teignier (2016): Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market. A quantitative estimate. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 1-32.

Abstract

"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation. We simulate an occupational choice model with heterogeneous agents in entrepreneurial ability. Gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively both income and aggregate productivity, since they reduce the entrepreneurs' average talent. Specifically, the expected income loss from excluding 5 percent of women is 2.5 percent, while the loss is 10 percent if they are all employers. We find that gender gaps cause an average income loss of 15 percent in the OECD, 40 percent of which is due to entrepreneurship gaps. Extending the model to developing countries, we obtain substantially higher losses, with significant variation across regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dahl, Gordon B., Katrine V. Løken, Magne Mogstad & Kari Vea Salvanes (2016): What is the case for paid maternity leave? In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 98, H. 4, S. 655-670. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00602

Abstract

"We assess the case for generous government-funded maternity leave, focusing on a series of policy reforms in Norway that expanded paid leave from 18 to 35 weeks. We find the reforms do not crowd out unpaid leave and that mothers spend more time at home without a reduction in family income. The increased maternity leave has little effect on children's schooling, parental earnings and labor force participation, completed fertility, marriage, or divorce. The expansions, whose net costs amounted to 0.25% of GDP, have negative redistribution properties and imply a considerable increases in taxes at a cost to economic efficiency." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Davaki, Konstantina (2016): Differences in men's and women's work, care and leisure time. Study for the FEMM committee. Brüssel, 63 S. DOI:10.2861/381996

Abstract

"The economic crisis has profoundly affected the labour market and private life of men and women. This study examines the interrelation of policies with the ways women and men allocate time to paid work, care and leisure and the gendered outcomes produced in different socio-economic and cultural settings. It shows that policies are powerful tools which can contribute to a better work-life balance and transform gender roles in accordance to the targets of EU2020 strategy and EU28 commitment to gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash, Antje Mertens & Laura Romeu Gordo (2016): A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women's drop-out to part-time jobs. A comparative analysis of Germany and the UK. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 46, H. December/Pt. B, S. 129-140. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2016.09.001

Abstract

"This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the 'Understanding Society' data for the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Diener, Katharina (2016): Modellprogramm für Berufsrückkehrerinnen. In: C. Kreklau (Hrsg.) (2016): Grundlagen der Weiterbildung : Praxishilfen, S. 1-18.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Arbeit von Projektträgern (z.B. Beratungsstellen für Frauen oder Berufsbildungsträgern), die Frauen im Rahmen des ESF-Modellprogramms 'Perspektive Wiedereinstieg' auf ihrem Weg in die Berufstätigkeit nach einer mindestens dreijährigen Familienphase unterstützt haben. Im Folgenden werden dazu ausgewählte empirische Ergebnisse des IAB Forschungsprojekts zu dem Modellprogramm vorgestellt (Diener et al. 2015a, 2015b). Der Beitrag ist wie folgt aufgebaut: Abschnitt zwei und drei enthalten eine kurze Beschreibung des ESF-Modellprogramms 'Perspektive Wiedereinstieg' und des dazugehörigen Forschungsprojekts des IAB zu dem ESF-Modellprogramm. Der vierte Abschnitt stellt potentielle Wiedereinsteigerinnen vor. Welche Merkmale zeichnen sie aus? Welche Qualifikationen aber auch Bedarfe bringen die Frauen mit? Im fünften Abschnitt geht es um den Wiedereinstiegsprozess. Welche Fördermodule der Projektträger kamen besonders gut an und wurden angeboten? Aber auch, wie zufrieden sind die Frauen mit ihrer Betreuung und welche Arbeitszeitwünsche äußern sie im Voraus? Danach wird in Abschnitt sechs der berufliche Wiedereinstieg näher betrachtet: Wie hoch sind die Erwerbsquoten der Frauen und in welchem Umfang sind sie wieder erwerbstätig? Außerdem interessiert im vorletzten Abschnitt, welche Rolle der Partner und andere Mitglieder des sozialen Umfelds sowie die Nutzung von haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg spielen. Abschnitt 8 gibt eine kurze Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Ergebnisse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Edlund, Jonas & Ida Öun (2016): Who should work and who should care? Attitudes towards the desirable division of labour between mothers and fathers in five European countries. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 59, H. 2, S. 151-169. DOI:10.1177/0001699316631024

Abstract

"In this article, we study attitudes towards the gendered division of paid and unpaid work from a comparative perspective. Based on the notion that political institutions are important in structuring individuals' orientations, five countries with different family policy arrangements are included in the analysis: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Poland and Sweden. Previous comparative attitude research has a strong bias towards public opinion about women's employment, while research on attitudes towards men's participation in care work is rare. Drawing on data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2012, we use latent class analysis to explore public opinion about: (a) how parents should divide the responsibilities of economic provision and unpaid work; and (b) whether and how parents should divide paid parental leave between them. The strongest support for a traditional organization of work and care is found in Poland, while the strongest support for an equal sharing of work and care responsibilities is found in Sweden. Among the Nordic countries, results differ. While those holding non-traditional ideals in Denmark and Finland emphasize the importance of full-time work for both parents, non-traditional Swedes instead emphasize that both parents should cut back their work hours and thereby share the responsibility for earning and caring in the family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eigenmann, Laura, Yvonne Holl, Eszter Kováts, Jonathan Menge, Kathrin Nink, Alexander Rosenplänter, Anne Salles & Christina Schildmann (2016): Auf dem Weg zur Geschlechtergerechtigkeit? Berichte aus Dänemark, Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Österreich, Schweden, Schweiz, Ungarn und USA. Berlin, 68 S.

Abstract

"Die Gleichberechtigung von Männern und Frauen gehört zu den Grundnormen moderner Gesellschaften. Die tatsächliche Durchsetzung der Gleichberechtigung ist dabei traditionell ein zentrales Projekt progressiver politischer Kräfte.
Angesichts des demografischen Wandels, der in vielen Industrieländern zu beobachten ist, hat Familien- und Geschlechterpolitik auch an wirtschafts- und bevölkerungspolitischer Bedeutung gewonnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind in den vergangenen Jahren - mitunter durch Bündnisse über politische Lager hinweg - erhebliche Fortschritte erzielt worden.
Allerdings formieren sich sowohl in Deutschland als auch in vielen anderen Ländern (neue) konservative und rechtspopulistische Kräfte gegen eine fortschrittliche Geschlechter- und Familienpolitik. Das sogar in Ländern, in denen die Errungenschaften im Feld der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit längst gesellschaftlicher Konsens zu sein schienen.
Diese Studie trägt Erfahrungen und aktuelle familien- und geschlechterpolitische Diskurse aus neun Ländern zusammen. Damit liegt hier nunmehr ein breiter Überblick vor, der Ansätze und Debatten der jeweiligen Länder in Berichten konzise aufbereitet und vergleichbar macht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Evertsson, Marie, Daniela Grunow & Silke Aisenbrey (2016): Work interruptions and young women's career prospects in Germany, Sweden and the US. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 291-308. DOI:10.1177/0950017015598283

Abstract

"This article assesses the impact of discontinuous work histories on young women's occupational mobility in Germany, Sweden and the US. Women with continuous work histories are compared with those with gaps due to family leave, unemployment, or other reasons. The German Life History Study, the Swedish Level of Living Survey and the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to estimate Cox regression models of the transition rate to downward or upward occupational mobility. The results indicate that US women face increased downward mobility with increasing duration of both family leave and unemployment. German women with unemployment experience are also more likely to encounter downward mobility, but no such relationship is found for family leave. In Sweden, family leave experience reduces the chances of upward mobility. Results question the human capital approach, according to which skills should deteriorate at the same rate independent of the reason for the leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2016): Household formation, female labor supply, and savings. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 118, H. 4, S. 868-911. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12154

Abstract

"In this paper, we aim to quantify the impact of changing family structures on labor supply and savings in Western societies. Our dynamic general equilibrium model features both genders, and it takes into account changes in marital status as a stochastic process. The numerical results indicate that changes in household formation can partly explain the reallocation of male and female labor supply observed during the last decades in Germany. We also find a negative impact on capital accumulation, and we show that a combination of higher marital risk and a narrowing gender wage gap can explain the changes in hours ratios between single and married men and women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Felfe, Christina, Michael Lechner & Petra Thiemann (2016): After-school care and parents' labor supply. In: Labour economics, Jg. 42, H. October, S. 64-75. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.06.009

Abstract

"Does the provision of after-school care promote maternal employment and thus help to foster gender equality in labor supply? We address this question by exploiting variation in cantonal (state) regulations of after-school care provision in Switzerland. To establish exogeneity of cantonal regulations with respect to employment opportunities and preferences of the population, we restrict our analysis to confined regions along cantonal borders. While no impact of the after-school care provision on parental employment exists overall, we find a positive impact on the full-time employment of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fitzenberger, Bernd, Susanne Steffes & Anthony Strittmatter (2016): Return-to-job during and after parental leave. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 27, H. 8, S. 803-831., 2016-01-01. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2015.1037328

Abstract

"Despite a rising career orientation among females and growing efforts of firms to alleviate work - family conflicts, female employees often find it difficult to combine career development with having children. Female careers appear more boundary less than male careers, and gender differences in the sociological role model persist. Using exceptional longitudinal company data, this paper studies the return-to-job of female employees after first birth in the case of Germany with long Parental Leave coverage. Parental Leave durations often last for 3 years or longer. Our results show that more than 50% of those in Parental Leave do not return to their job afterwards. About 31% of female employees return to part-time work during Parental Leave, and among these, only 57% continue working in their job after the end of Parental Leave. And, having returned to their job after the end of Parental Leave, only 81% continue to work in their job one year after return. Furthermore, female employees have their first child, when their careers have been particularly successful. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the view that the birth of the first child and the experience of the subsequent work - life conflict can lead to a major reassessment of work preferences among female employees. Although a higher career orientation before birth is positively associated with a return-to-job, management must be aware that a sizeable share of female employees, even among the most career oriented and the most successful, may not return to their job after first birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Forlani, Emanuele, Elisabetta Lodigiani & Concetta Mendolicchio (2016): Natives and migrants in home production: The case of Germany. (DEM working paper series / Università di Pavia 125), Pavia, 25 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we assess the impact of international migration, and the induced homecare service labour supply shock, on fertility decisions and labour supply of native females in Germany. Specifically, we consider individual data of native women from the German Socio- Economic Panel and we merge them with the data on the share of female immigrants and other regional labour market characteristics. We find that an increase of the share of female immigrants at the local level induces women to work longer hours and positively affects the probability to have a child. This effect strengthens for (medium) skilled women and, among them, for women younger than 35 years of age. The negative change in household work attitude confirms the behavioural validity of our results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gambaro, Ludovica, Jan Marcus & Frauke Peter (2016): School entry, afternoon care and mothers' labour supply. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1622), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"Most literature on the relationship between childcare availability and maternal labour force participation examines childcare for preschool aged children. Yet families must continue to arrange childcare once their children enter primary school, particularly in countries where the school day ends at lunchtime. In this paper we examine the case of Germany, a country that has moved from an exclusively half-day school system to one where formal afternoon care is increasingly available. We estimate the effect of afternoon care on maternal labour supply. To do so, we use a novel matching technique, entropy balancing, and draw on the rich and longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We show that children's afternoon care increases mothers' employment rate and their working hours. To confirm the robustness of our results we conduct a series of sensitivity analysis and apply a newly proposed method to assess possible bias from omitted variables. Our findings highlight how childcare availability shapes maternal employment patterns well after school entry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gambaro, Ludovica, Jan Marcus & Frauke Peter (2016): Ganztagsschule und Hort erhöhen die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern mit Grundschulkindern. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 47, S. 1123-1131.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern ist in Deutschland im Vergleich zu anderen OECD-Ländern noch immer gering. Im Mittelpunkt stand bisher meist die Betreuung von Kindern im Kita-Alter. Doch der Betreuungsbedarf endet nicht mit der Einschulung eines Kindes. Der vorliegende Bericht untersucht auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) daher, inwiefern nachmittägliche Betreuungsmöglichkeiten für Grundschulkinder die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern beeinflussen. Eines der zentralen Ergebnisse: Die institutionalisierte Nachmittagsbetreuung von ErstklässlerInnen in Ganztagsschulen oder Horten sorgt dafür, dass mehr als elf Prozent der Mütter, die vor der Einschulung ihres Kindes nicht berufstätig waren, eine Erwerbstätigkeit aufnehmen. Mütter, die bereits zuvor einem Job nachgingen, weiten ihre Arbeitszeit um durchschnittlich zweieinhalb Stunden pro Woche aus. Damit die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern weiter steigen kann, sollten familienpolitische Maßnahmen nicht nur die Betreuungsangebote für Vorschulkinder, sondern auch für Schulkinder im Blick haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gauthier, Anne H., Tom Emery & Alzbeta Bartova (2016): The labour market intentions and behaviour of stay-at-home mothers in Western and Eastern Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 30, H. December, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.12.002

Abstract

"Despite recent increases in female labour force participation across Europe, a non-negligible proportion of women continue to remain out of the labour force for short or longer periods of time. Among the six countries included in this paper, stay-at-home mothers represent on average 33% of all mothers with children under the age of 12. Using two waves of data from the Generations and Gender Survey, we examine cross-national differences in the labour market intentions and behaviour of stay-at-home mothers. In particular, we ask the questions of what individual- and societal-level factors influence stay-at-home mothers' intention to join the labour force, and what factors allow (or prevent) them from realizing their intentions. The results reveal that traditional personal attitudes towards working mothers deter stay-at-home mothers from intending to join the labour force. Moreover, such traditional personal attitudes, combined with financial security, further boost mothers' realization of negative work intention (i.e. the intention to stay at home). We also found some evidence of the role of societal context but only in the realization of negative intention." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geisler, Esther, Michaela Kreyenfeld & Heike Trappe (2016): Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern und Vätern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Strukturstarre oder Trendwende? In: Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, Jg. 47, H. 2, S. 4-15.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über wesentliche familienpolitische Reformen der letzten Dekade in Deutschland. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Entwicklungstendenzen der Erwerbsmuster von Müttern und Vätern im Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2011 beschrieben und die veränderte Vereinbarkeitsdebatte diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, © Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e.V.)

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Geyer, Johannes & Alexandra Krause (2016): Veränderungen der Erwerbsanreize durch das Elterngeld Plus für Mütter und Väter. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1592), Berlin, 26 S.

Abstract

"Unser Beitrag nimmt die zu erwartenden Effekte des Elterngeld Plus und der Partnerschaftsbonusmonate in den Blick. Dem Reformziel entsprechend betrachten wir zum einen die Anreize für die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern im ersten und zweiten Jahr nach der Geburt und zum anderen die möglichen Wirkungen auf die Beteiligung der Väter an der Elterngeldnutzung. Das Elterngeld wurde inzwischen acht Jahre lang erprobt, und die Einführung des Elterngeld Plus reagiert auf mittlerweile vorliegende Erfahrungen und Evaluationsergebnisse, auf die sich auch unser eigener Beitrag stützt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gihleb, Rania & Osnat Lifshitz (2016): Dynamic effects of educational assortative mating on labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 9958), Bonn, 88 S.

Abstract

"In 30% of young American couples the wife is more educated than the husband. Those women are characterized by a substantially higher employment (all else equal), which in turn amplifies income inequality across couples. Using NLSY79, we formulate and structurally estimate a dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marriage and labor supply decisions in a collective framework. We establish that the education gap at the time of marriage, produces dynamic effects due to human capital accumulation and implied wage growth. Inequality between couples is largely driven by the persistence in labor supply choices and only slightly affected by assortative matching." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Goldin, Claudia & Joshua Mitchell (2016): The New Lifecycle of Women's Employment: Disappearing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 22913), Cambridge, Mass, 30 S.

Abstract

"A new lifecycle of women's employment emerged with cohorts born in the 1950s. For prior cohorts, lifecycle employment had a hump shape; it increased from the twenties to the forties, hit a peak and then declined starting in the fifties. The new lifecycle of employment is initially high and flat, there is a dip in the middle and a phasing out that is more prolonged than for previous cohorts. The hump is gone, the middle is a bit sagging and the top has greatly expanded. We explore the increase in cumulative work experience for women from the 1930s to the 1970s birth cohorts using the SIPP and the HRS. We investigate the changing labor force impact of a birth event across cohorts and by education and also the impact of taking leave or quitting. We find greatly increased labor force experience across cohorts, far less time out after a birth and greater labor force recovery for those who take paid or unpaid leave. Increased employment of women in their older ages is related to more continuous work experience across the lifecycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grunow, Daniela & Silke Aisenbrey (2016): Economic instability and mothers' employment. A comparison of Germany and the U.S. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 5-15. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.09.005

Abstract

"Do economic fluctuations change the labour market attachment of mothers? How is the reentry process into the labour market after childbirth dependent on the country context women live in? Are these processes affected by occupational status? We address these questions using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth and the German Life History Study. Event history analyses demonstrate that in Germany and the United States, mothers who work in high occupational status jobs before birth return more quickly to their jobs and are less likely to interrupt their careers. During legally protected leave periods, mothers return at higher rates, exemplifying that family leaves strengthen mothers' labour force attachment. Economic fluctuations mediate this latter finding, with different consequences in each country. In the United States, mothers tend to return to their jobs faster when unemployment is high. In Germany, mothers on family leave tend to return to their jobs later when unemployment is high. The cross-national comparison shows how similar market forces create distinct responses in balancing work and care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haasler, Simone (2016): Verhinderte Karrieren und Berufswechsel. Berufliche Orientierungen von Frauen der mittleren Erwerbsgeneration. In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online H. H. Spezial 12, S. 1-15.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Rahmenbedingungen und Orientierungsgrößen die Berufsorientierungen von Frauen strukturieren und welche Rolle formelles und informelles Lernen bei der Gestaltung der Erwerbsverläufe spielt. Hierfür wurden im Rahmen von zwei international vergleichend angelegten Studien 24 Frauen interviewt, die in der Mitte ihres Erwerbslebens stehen. Studien belegen, dass für die Berufsorientierung von Frauen das Zusammenwirken von Rollenerwartungen, familiären Verpflichtungen, die Karriere des Partners und die Antizipation geringer Bildungsrenditen wichtige Einflussgrößen sind. Dies spiegelt sich in einer Orientierung an sozialen Berufsfeldern sowie diskontinuierlichen Erwerbsverläufen, Teilzeitbeschäftigung und der Zuverdienerposition von Frauen wider. Darüber hinaus dominieren bei Frauen mit einem mittleren Qualifikationsniveau eine horizontale Erwerbsmobilität und Berufswechsel gegenüber klassischen Aufstiegsmustern. Diese erfordern auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt in der Regel eine weitere qualifizierende Berufsausbildung im Lebensverlauf. Auch die qualitative Untersuchung zeigt, dass bei den interviewten Frauen Lernen und weitere berufliche Qualifizierungen nicht dem beruflichen Aufstieg, sondern in erster Linie dem Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt nach einer familial bedingten Erwerbsunterbrechung, der horizontalen Arbeitsmarktmobilität sowie der Beschäftigungssicherung dienen. Die Annahme, dass Weiterbildung und Höherqualifizierung die Arbeitsmarkt- und Aufstiegschancen von auf dem Arbeitsmarkt benachteiligten Gruppen verbessert, konnte für Frauen im Rahmen der Studien nicht belegt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Harkness, Susan E. (2016): The effect of motherhood and lone motherhood on the employment and earnings of British women. A lifecycle approach. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 6, S. 850-863. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw042

Abstract

"This article examines the effect of becoming a first-time mother and subsequent, or concurrent, transitions to lone parenthood on women's employment and wages. Using longitudinal British Household Panel Survey data and fixed-effect models we find the arrival of a first child to have a substantial effect on employment and wages (n?=?1,133 individuals; 13,369 observations). Employment rates fall 20 percentage points (ppt), and fulltime employment 44-ppt, following a first child's birth and do not recover with time. Mothers that remain in work also see a sharp drop in the rate of wage growth following childbirth. Yet, in spite of predictions that lone mothers may face greater difficulties combining work and childcare, and therefore suffer greater labour market penalties than mothers with partners, we find little evidence of additional penalties to lone motherhood. There is some evidence of heterogeneity in the relationship between motherhood and employment outcomes by education. Overall we conclude that addressing the problems of low employment and earnings among British lone mothers will require policymakers to deal with the high economic cost of motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hassan Hosney, Sara (2016): Factors influencing female labor force participation in Egypt and Germany. A comparative study. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 826), Berlin, 73 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to identify the major factors influencing female labor force participation (FLFP) in Egypt and Germany. On a narrow scope and given the unclear relationship between educational attainment and Egyptian FLFP, this paper seeks to examine the effect of educational attainment on the Egyptian FLFP while considering other personal and household factors. On a broader scope, the literature on FLFP illustrates that certain personal and household characteristics determine FLFP. However, the question remains, to what extent these determinants differ between Egypt and Germany. This paper attempts to shed light on understanding if and how specific demographic factors affect the Egyptian FLFP in comparison with the German FLFP. Limited dependent variable technique; Probit model is utilized to determine which factors influence FLFP in both countries. The cross sectional analysis is conducted through the use of the 2012 Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) in collaboration with Egypt's Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and the 2012 German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Findings indicate that indeed higher educational attainment increases the Egyptian female's predicted probability of participating in the labor market. Additionally, the comparative study showed that number of factors affect FLFP in both countries, some of which has a positive influence as years of schooling and age while others with a negative impact as being a married women, living in urban areas and number of children. On the other hand some other variables impact each country differently as wealth. Additionally, it was evident that years of schooling has a higher marginal impact on Egyptian FLFP yet, age, being married and number of children have a higher marginal effect on German FLFP." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heimer, Andreas, David Juncke, Jan Braukmann, Tilmann Knittel, Stephan Moog, Malte Ristau & Wilhelm Haumann (2016): Zukunftsreport Familie 2030. Berlin, 66 S.

Abstract

"Gelingt es, mit einer forcierten Familienpolitik den Wünschen der Mütter und Väter nach einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Familie und Beruf zu entsprechen, wird sich die sozioökonomische Situation von Familien im Jahr 2030 deutlich verbessern.
Das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien kann um durchschnittlich 1.400 Euro steigen. Die Zahl der Eltern und Kinder, die armutsgefährdet sind, kann um rund 470 Tsd. Personen zurückgehen. Die Zahl der Personen in Haushalten mit SGB-II Bezügen kann sogar um rund 670 Tsd. Personen sinken. Bis 2030 können rund 790 Tsd. Mütter mehr sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt sein.
Das Gutachten, das verschiedene Szenarien betrachtet, zeigt: Eine Weiterentwicklung der Familienpolitik hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtwirtschaft. Der Anstieg der Erwerbstätigenquote sowie der Erwerbsumfänge führen zu einem Anstieg des Arbeitsvolumens um 3,2 PP. Das führt im Chancen-Szenario bis 2030 zu einer spürbaren Erhöhung des Bruttoinlandprodukts um rund 70 Mrd. Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hipp, Lena & Friederike Molitor (2016): Inanspruchnahme von Elternmonaten. In: Neue Zeitschrift für Familienrecht, Jg. 3, H. 5, S. 192-195.

Abstract

"Seit Inkrafttreten des Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetzes (BEEG) im Jahr 2007 haben sich berufliche Auszeiten von Müttern nach der Geburt eines Kindes im Durchschnitt verkürzt, während die der Väter gestiegen sind. Gleichwohl besteht weiterhin eine Ungleichverteilung zwischen Müttern und Vätern bezüglich der Inanspruchnahme und Dauer von Elternzeit. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Gründe, die einer egalitären Aufteilung von Elternzeit entgegenstehen, und geht der Frage nach, wie eine partnerschaftliche Aufteilung von Elternzeit gefördert werden könnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hook, Jennifer L. & Becky Pettit (2016): Reproducing occupational inequality. Motherhood and occupational segregation. In: Social Politics, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 329-362. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxv004

Abstract

"This paper examines how motherhood is associated with occupational segregation, paying careful attention to how motherhood affects labor force withdrawal in ways that may obscure its relevance for occupational segregation. Using data on eleven countries from the Luxembourg Income Study (2000 - 2007), we find that mothers are more likely than childless women to be out of the labor force and both over- and under-represented in certain occupations. Variation in mothers' occupational segregation across countries is consistent with expectations derived from theoretical arguments about how states reconcile, or fail to reconcile, women's employment and motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Huebener, Mathias, Kai-Uwe Müller, C. Katharina Spieß & Katharina Wrohlich (2016): Zehn Jahre Elterngeld. Eine wichtige familienpolitische Maßnahme. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 49, S. 1159-1166.

Abstract

"Am 1. Januar 2017 feiert das Elterngeld sein zehnjähriges Bestehen. Gleichwohl die Einführung von einigen Diskussionen begleitet war, ist es inzwischen eine familienpolitische Leistung mit hoher Akzeptanz. Ihre Wirkung auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Eltern, die partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung, die Fertilität und andere Indikatoren, welche das Wohlbefinden von Familien widerspiegeln, wurden aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven untersucht. Eine zusammenfassende Auswertung primär ökonomischer Studien zeigt, dass das Elterngeld als Lohnersatzleistung die wirtschaftliche Stabilität junger Familien im ersten Jahr nach der Geburt eines Kindes im Durchschnitt erhöht. Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern im ersten Lebensjahr nach Geburt hat durch das Elterngeld ab-, und im zweiten Lebensjahr zugenommen. Während der Anteil von Vätern in Elternzeit stark gestiegen ist, sind die Effekte auf die partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung nicht eindeutig. Effekte auf die Fertilität sind teilweise nachzuweisen. Der Einfluss auf die kindliche Entwicklung wurde bisher kaum untersucht. Insgesamt handelt es sich bei dem Elterngeld um eine in vielen Bereichen erfolgreiche familienpolitische Maßnahme, deren zielorientierte Wirkung allerdings durch weitere familienpolitische Reformen verstärkt werden könnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dulk, Laura den, Hana Hašková, Renata Kyzlinková, Sevil Sümer, Dominique Anxo, Dorota Szelewa & Laura den Dulk (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.

Abstract

"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kumra, Savita, Ruth Simpson & Ronald J. Burke (Hrsg.) (2016): The Oxford handbook of gender in organizations. (Oxford Handbooks in Business and Management), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 584 S. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199658213.001.0001

Abstract

Part I. Theorizing Gender and Organizations
1: Marta Calas, Linda Smircich, Evangelina Holvino: Theorizing Gender-and-Organization: Changing Times, Changing Theories
2: Albert Mills, Jean Helms-Mills, Marianne Paludi: Disturbing Thoughts and Gendered Practices: A Discursive View of Feminist Organizational Analysis
3: Silvia Gherardi: Organizations as Symbolic Gendered Order
4: Heather Höpfl: Was will der Mann?
5: Patricia Lewis: Feminism, Post-Feminism and Emerging Femininities in Entrepreneurship
6: Karen Lee Ashcraft, Kate Lockwood Harris: Meaning that Matters: An Organization Communication perspective on Gender, Discourse, and Materiality.
Part II. Gender in Leadership and Management
7: Alice Eagly, Leire Gartzia, Linda L. Carli: Female Advantage Revisited
8: Isabel Metz, Carol Kulik: The Rocky Climb: Women's Advancement in Management
9: Yvonne du Billing, Mats Alvesson: Leadership: A Matter of Gender?
10: Sharon Mavin, Jannine Williams, Gina Grandy: Negative Intra-gender Relations between Women: Friendship, Competition and Female Misogyny
11: Gary Powell: Sex, Gender & Leadership: What do Four Decades of Research Tell Us?
12: Savita Kumra: Gendered Constructions of Merit and Impression Management within Professional Services Firms
Part III. Gender and Careers
13: Debra Major, Val Streets: Gender & Careers: Obstacles and Opportunities
14: Susanne Bruckmuller, Michelle Ryan, Floor Rink, Alex Haslam: The Glass Cliff: Examining Why Women Occupy Leadership in Precarious Circumstances
15: Yvonne Benschop & Marieke van den Brink: Power and Resistance in Gender Equality Strategies: Comparing Quotas and Small Wins
16: Sandra Fielden, Carianne Hunt: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
17: Ron Burke: Organizational Culture, Work Investments, and the Careers of Men: Disadvantages to Women?
18: Barbara Bagilhole: Challenging Gender Boundaries: Pressures and Constraints on Women in Non-Traditional Occupations
Part IV. Masculinities in Organizations
19: Jeff Hearn: Contextualizing Men, Masculinities, Leadership and Management: Embodied/Virtual, Theory/Practice
20: Stephen Whitehead: Masculinities in Management: Hidden, Invisible & Persistent
21: Nick Rumens: Masculinity and Sexuality at Work: Incorporating Gay and Bisexual Men's Perspectives
22: Ruth Simpson: Doing Gender Differently: Men in Caring Occupations
23: David Knights, Marie Tullberg: Masculinity in the Financial Sector
24: Janne Tienari, Alexei Koveshnikov: Masculinity in Multinationals

Zitatform

Lauber, Verena & Johanna Storck (2016): Betriebliche Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung steigert die Zufriedenheit von Müttern. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 10, S. 187-193.

Abstract

"Familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze werden zunehmend als wesentlich gesehen, um die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf zu erleichtern. Zu den Fragen, welche familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen Unternehmen anbieten und wie sich diese Maßnahmen tatsächlich auf das Wohlbefinden von Eltern auswirken, gibt es jedoch für Deutschland kaum repräsentative Forschungsergebnisse. In dieser Studie wird am Beispiel der betrieblichen Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung untersucht, inwiefern familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze die Zufriedenheit von Müttern und Vätern mit der Arbeit, der Familie, der Kinderbetreuung sowie dem Leben insgesamt beeinflussen. Auf Basis des Datensatzes 'Familien in Deutschland' kann gezeigt werden, dass die Einführung einer Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung von Seiten des Arbeitgebers die Zufriedenheit von Müttern in fast allen Bereichen signifikant erhöht. Nur die Zufriedenheit mit der Familie ändert sich nicht signifikant. Die Zufriedenheit von Vätern hingegen bleibt von einer solchen Maßnahme weitestgehend unbeeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lietzmann, Torsten & Claudia Wenzig (2016): Institutionelle Kinderbetreuungs- und Erwerbstätigkeitsarrangements in Deutschland. In: T. Lietzmann (2016): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Erwerbsarbeit im Bereich prekärer Einkommen (IAB-Bibliothek, 357), S. 117-144.

Abstract

"Mit dem Ausbau öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung wird neben dem Ziel der frühkindlichen Bildung vor allem die Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf verbunden. In diesem Beitrag wird die Inanspruchnahme von öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung im Zusammenhang mit der Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern analysiert und die sozialen und ökonomischen Mechanismen betrachtet, die zu selektiven Chancen der Inanspruchnahme führen.
Die Analyse an Hand des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' geht über eine reine Querschnittsbetrachtung hinaus, indem zum einen explizit Panelmodelle zur Erklärung der Inanspruchnahme der Kinderbetreuung bzw. mütterlicher Erwerbstätigkeit modelliert werden. Zum anderen wird konkret das Ineinandergreifen beider Aspekte betrachtet, indem die verschiedenen Kombinationen von Kinderbetreuungs- und Erwerbstätigkeitsarrangements in drei aufeinanderfolgenden Wellen und ihre Determinanten untersucht werden.
Die Inanspruchnahme von öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung erweist sich als stark abhängig vom Alter des Kindes und damit von der Angebotsstruktur Hinsichtlich der persönlichen Merkmale der Mütter ist der Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt selektiver als die Nutzung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung. Bei der Betrachtung der zeitlichen Abfolge zeigt sich, dass insbesondere bei Kindern, die drei Jahre oder älter sind, ein Kindergartenbesuch auch ohne eine Erwerbstätigkeit der Mutter auftritt. Dies spricht dafür, dass für die Entscheidung über die Nutzung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung nicht nur erwerbsbezogene Gründe ausschlaggebend sind." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lusardi, Annamaria & Olivia S. Mitchell (2016): Older women's labor market attachment, retirement planning, and household debt. (NBER working paper 22606), Cambrige, Mass., 36 S. DOI:10.3386/w22606

Abstract

"The goal of this paper is to ascertain whether older women's current and anticipated future labor force patterns have changed over time, and if so, to evaluate the factors associated with longer work lives and plans to continue work at older ages. Using data from both the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the National Financial Capability Study (NFCS), we show that older women's current and intended future labor force attachment patterns are changing over time. Specifically, compared to our 1992 HRS baseline, more recent cohorts of women in their 50's and 60s's are more likely to plan to work longer. When we explore the reasons for delayed retirement among older women, factors include education, more marital disruption, and fewer children than prior cohorts. But household finances also play a key role, in that older women today have more debt than previously and are more financially fragile than in the past. The NFCS data show that factors associated with retirement planning include having more education and greater financial literacy. Those who report excessive amounts of debt and are financially fragile are the least financially literate, had more dependent children, and experienced income shocks. Thus shocks do play a role in older women's debt status, but it is not enough to have resources: people also need the capacity to manage those resources if they are to stay out of debt as they head into retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mascherini, Massimiliano, Martina Bisello & Irene Riobóo Lestón (2016): The gender employment gap. Challenges and solutions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 96 S. DOI:10.2806/75749

Abstract

"Women's labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population. Nevertheless, women's employment and participation rates are still lower than those of men in almost all Member States. Fostering higher participation of women is crucial to meet the Europe 2020 target to achieve an overall employment rate of at least 75% by 2020. This report explores the main characteristics and consequences of gender gaps in labour market participation. It finds that the total cost of a lower female employment rate was EURO370 billion in 2013, corresponding to 2.8% of EU GDP. The report also examines policies and measures aimed at fostering female labour market participation, which could be central to closing gender gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moilanen, Sanna, Vanessa May, Eija Räikkönen, Eija Sevón & Marja-Leena Laakso (2016): Mothers' non-standard working and childcare-related challenges. A comparison between lone and coupled mothers. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 36, H. 1/2, S. 36-52. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-11-2014-0094

Abstract

"Purpose
- The purpose of this paper is to particularly focus on lone-mother families, comparing the childcare-related challenges experienced by working lone mothers and coupled mothers in three European countries in the context of a 24/7 economy and non-standard working hours (e.g. evening, night and weekend work).
Design/methodology/approach
- This study utilises survey data from Finnish, Dutch and British working mothers (n=1,106) collected as part of the 'Families 24/7' research project. Multivariate regression analysis is used to analyse the associations between childcare-related challenges, maternal non-standard working, lone motherhood and country of residence.
Findings
- The results indicated similar results across the three countries by showing that working lone mothers experience childcare-related challenges more often compared with coupled mothers. Furthermore, an increase in maternal non-standard working associated positively with increased childcare-related challenges in both lone mother and coupled families but lone motherhood did not moderate this association. The findings suggest that, regardless of family form, families in all three countries struggle with childcare arrangements when the mother works during non-standard hours. This possibly relates to the inadequate provision of state-subsidised and flexible formal childcare during non-standard hours and to the country-specific maternal work hours cultures.
Originality/value
- This study responds to the need for comparative research on the reconciliation of maternal non-standard working and childcare with self-collected data from three European welfare states. The importance of the study is further highlighted by the risks posed to the maintenance of maternal employment and family well-being when reconciliation of work and childcare is unsuccessful, especially in lone-mother families." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Murtorinne-Lahtinen, Minna, Sanna Moilanen, Mia Tammelin, Anna Rönkä & Marja-Leena Laakso (2016): Mothers' non-standard working schedules and family time. Enhancing regularity and togetherness. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 36, H. 1/2, S. 119-135. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2015-0022

Abstract

"Purpose
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate Finnish working mothers' experiences of the effects of non-standard working schedules (NSWS) on family time in two family forms, coupled and lone-parent families. Furthermore the aim is to find out what meanings mothers with NSWS attached to family time paying particular attention to the circumstances in which mothers experienced NSWS positively.
Design/methodology/approach
- Thematic analysis of 20 semi-structured interviews was used to investigate mothers' experiences of the effects of NSWS on family time.
Findings
- The key factor generating positive experiences was the ability to maintain regularity and togetherness, which was enhanced by specific features of work, such as autonomy and regularity, and successful child care arrangements. Also important were the values mothers associated with family time. The results highlighted the more problematic situation of lone-parent families.
Research limitations/implications
- The main limitation of this study was the small sample size.
Practical implications
- The findings show how the parents of small children benefit from the regularity and flexibility in their working hours. Owing to irregular and varying working times, flexible around-the-clock childcare is needed. In Finland, an important question is how to organize the care of small school-aged children. Lone mothers, especially, may need services to help with domestic chores and childcare.
Social implications
- A non-resident parent can also be an important source of childcare. Therefore policymakers should take into account family type, including consideration of the rights to childcare of non-resident parents.
Originality/value
- This study adds to the literature by explaining more in depth, through the richness of qualitative data, the circumstances in which mothers experience NSWS positively." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Naldini, Manuela, Emmanuele Pavolini & Cristina Solera (2016): Female employment and elderly care: the role of care policies and culture in 21 European countries. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 607-630. DOI:10.1177/0950017015625602

Abstract

"To what extent and in what ways do welfare state policies and cultural values affect the employment patterns of mid-life women with care responsibilities toward a frail parent? The study draws on Eurobarometer micro-data integrated with country-level information to respond to this question. Performing a multilevel analysis across 21 European countries, it considers macro factors that influence the decisions of mid-life women to give up or reduce paid work in order to care for a frail elderly parent. The results show that, while the overall level of expenditure on long-term care is not influential, settings characterized by limited formal care services, and strong norms with regard to intergenerational obligations, have a negative impact on women's attachment to the labour market. Policies and cultural factors also influence the extent to which women are polarized: in more defamiliarized countries, regardless of their level of education, female carers rarely reduce their level of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nicoletti, Cheti, Kjell G. Salvanes & Emma Tominey (2016): The family peer effect on mothers' labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 9927), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"The documented historical rise in female labour force participation has flattened in recent decades, but the proportion of mothers working full-time has steadily increased. We provide the first empirical evidence that the increase in mothers' working hours is amplified through the influence of family peers. Using Norwegian administrative data we study the long-run influence of the family network on mothers' labour decisions up to seven years post birth. For identification, we exploit partially overlapping peer groups and assume that a mother interacts with her neighbours and family but not with her family's neighbours. We explore mechanisms including information and imitation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Dana E. Rotz (2016): Changes in marriage and divorce as drivers of employment and retirement of older women. (NBER working paper 22738), Cambrige, Mass., 48 S.

Abstract

"We study associations among women's current marital status, past marital history, and later-life labor force participation. We first document these relationships using data from the 1986 to 2008 waves of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We then exploit variation in laws governing divorce across states and over time to quasi-experimentally identify how the timing of an exogenous increase in divorce risk (that is, the introduction of unilateral divorce) impacts employment and retirement outcomes for older women. The spread of unilateral divorce, we find, was associated with cross-cohort differences in the probability of divorce over the lifecycle. For women with a low risk of divorce, later exposure to unilateral divorce significantly increases the probability of full-time employment later in life, and significantly decreases retirement wealth. This finding suggests that ever-divorced women are working longer remedially; when a woman unexpectedly divorces later in life, she is less likely to have engaged in precautionary human capital investment and might have to work longer to increase her assets prior to retirement. For women with a high risk of divorce, later exposure to increases in divorce risk does not impact full-time employment after age 50 but is positively associated with investment in education post marriage. These women invest more in their own human capital within marriage, which might insure them against increases in exogenous divorce risk at later ages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2016): The evolution of gender gaps in industrialized countries. In: Annual review of economics, Jg. 8, S. 405-434. DOI:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115329

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have made major advancements in labor markets throughout the past century, but remaining gender differences in pay and employment seem remarkably persistent. This article documents long-run trends in female employment, working hours, and relative wages for a wide cross section of developed economies. It reviews existing work on the factors driving gender convergence, and novel perspectives on remaining gender gaps. Finally, the article emphasizes the interplay between gender trends and the evolution of the industry structure. Based on a shift-share decomposition, it shows that the growth in the service share can explain at least half of the overall variation in female hours, both over time and across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Otto, Anne & Sebastian Losacker (2016): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Rheinland-Pfalz. Analyse von Trends und Ursachen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Rheinland-Pfalz-Saarland 04/2016), Nürnberg, 42 S.

Abstract

"Die zunehmende Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist ein langfristiger Trend in Rheinland-Pfalz. Im Jahr 2014 beträgt die Erwerbstätigenquote der Frauen in diesem Bundesland 69,2 Prozent und bei fast jedem zweiten Erwerbstätigen handelt es sich um eine Frau (46,4 Prozent). Im ersten Teil dieser Studie informieren wir über verschiedene Trends der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Rheinland-Pfalz.
Der zweite Teil dieser Studie beinhaltet eine Analyse von demographischen, qualifikatorischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Faktoren als mögliche Ursachen für die gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen. Zu diesem Zweck werden eine deskriptive Analyse und mehrere Modellrechnungen durchgeführt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung Älterer ein Erklärungsfaktor für die Bedeutungszunahme der Erwerbstätigkeit bei beiden Geschlechter ist. In der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird der Zusammenhang diskutiert, dass die Geburt eines Kindes einen negativen Effekt auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen hat. Die Fertilität der Frauen ist in Rheinland-Pfalz gesunken. Die Zahl der Lebendgeborenen ist seit 2002 zurückgegangen, während das Lebensalter der Mütter bei der Geburt sowie der Anteil kinderloser Frauen zugenommen haben. Somit könnten diese Trends die Bedeutungszunahme der Frauen unter den Erwerbstätigen mit begründet haben. Im Zeitraum 1999 bis 2014 weisen die Frauen einen eindeutig stärkeren Trend zur Höherqualifizierung auf als die Männer. Da der erreichte Bildungsstand in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Erwerbsbeteiligung steht, ließe sich vermuten, dass dieser Bildungseffekt insbesondere bei den Frauen eine wichtige Ursache für deren gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung ist. Aus einer weiteren Modellrechnung geht hervor, dass sich die zunehmende Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen in großen Teilen mit einem sektoralen Struktureffekt begründen lässt, wonach sich Frauen auf Berufe in wachstumsstarken Bereichen des tertiären Sektors konzentrieren. In den letzten Jahren wurden weitreichende Maßnahmen realisiert, um verbesserte Rahmenbedingungen für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in Rheinland-Pfalz zu schaffen. Wegweisende Änderungen waren der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung sowie die Einführung des Elterngeldes. Wissenschaftliche Evaluationen belegen für beide Maßnahmen, dass hierdurch die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter gestiegen ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Otto, Anne & Sebastian Losacker (2016): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit im Saarland. Analyse von Trends und Ursachen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Rheinland-Pfalz-Saarland 05/2016), Nürnberg, 44 S.

Abstract

"Die zunehmende Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist ein langfristiger Trend im Saarland. Im Jahr 2014 beträgt die Erwerbstätigenquote der Frauen in diesem Bundesland 64,3 Prozent und bei vier von zehn Erwerbstätigen handelt es sich um eine Frau (42,2 Prozent). Im ersten Teil dieser Studie informieren wir über verschiedene Trends der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit im Saarland. Der zweite Teil dieser Studie beinhaltet eine Analyse von demographischen, qualifikatorischen, ökonomischen und familienpolitische Faktoren als mögliche Ursachen für die gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen. Zu diesem Zweck werden eine deskriptive Analyse und mehrere Modellrechnungen durchgeführt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung Älterer ein Erklärungsfaktor für die Bedeutungszunahme der Erwerbstätigkeit bei beiden Geschlechter ist. In der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird der Zusammenhang diskutiert, dass die Geburt eines Kindes einen negativen Effekt auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen hat. Die Fertilität der Frauen ist im Saarland gesunken. Die Zahl der Lebendgeborenen ist seit 2002 zurückgegangen, während das Lebensalter der Mütter bei der Geburt sowie der Anteil kinderloser Frauen zugenommen haben. Somit könnten diese Trends die Bedeutungszunahme der Frauen unter den Erwerbstätigen mit begründet haben. Im Zeitraum 1999 bis 2014 weisen die Frauen einen eindeutig stärkeren Trend zur Höherqualifizierung auf als die Männer. Da der erreichte Bildungsstand in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Erwerbsbeteiligung steht, ließe sich vermuten, dass dieser Bildungseffekt insbesondere bei den Frauen eine wichtige Ursache für deren gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung ist. Aus einer weiteren Modellrechnung geht hervor, dass sich die zunehmende Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen in großen Teilen mit einem sektoralen Struktureffekt begründen lässt, wonach sich Frauen auf Berufe in wachstumsstarken Bereichen des tertiären Sektors konzentrieren. In den letzten Jahren wurden weitreichende Maßnahmen realisiert, um verbesserte Rahmenbedingungen für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im Saarland zu schaffen. Wegweisende Änderungen waren der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung sowie die Einführung des Elterngeldes. Wissenschaftliche Evaluationen belegen für beide Maßnahmen, dass hierdurch die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter gestiegen ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pena-Boquete, Yolanda (2016): Further developments in the dynamics of female labour force participation. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 463-501. DOI:10.1007/s00181-015-0931-1

Abstract

"Papers attempting to explain female labour force participation either do not include women-specific variables or lack a proper dynamic specification. In this paper, we estimate a dynamic equation for female labour force participation in OECD countries from 1980 to 2007, taking into account several sets of variables. Moreover, we use our model to predict the results for 2007 - 2011, and we find that our model adjusts quite well to the actual data even with regard to the out-sample observations during the ongoing recession. In order to gain further insight concerning the interpretation and robustness of the equation, it is then compared to a similar equation for males. Our results show that real wage is one of the most relevant variables for female participation. Thus our specification could also be useful to endogenise labour force participation for a macro-labour market framework such as that of Layard et al. (1991, rev. 2005). However, women's preferences, the overall level of education, and other structural factors are also important." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke C. Plagnol (2016): Arbeitsplatzqualität und weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 4, S. 273-282. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-4-273

Abstract

"Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Entscheidung zur beruflichen Weiterarbeit nach der Familiengründung einerseits von persönlichen Umständen abhängt, wie der Notwendigkeit, zum Haushaltseinkommen beizutragen, andererseits aber auch von institutionellen Einflussgrößen wie dem Angebot an erschwinglichen Kinderbetreuungsplätzen. Ergänzend hierzu untersuchen wir anhand von Daten des European Working Conditions Surveys, inwieweit die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze die Erwerbsbiografie von Frauen in den EU-27-Ländern beeinflusst. Unsere Analyse betrachtet drei Einzeldimensionen: Arbeitsplatzsicherheit, Arbeitszeitqualität und intrinsische Arbeitsqualität. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitsplatzqualität von Müttern kleiner Kinder im Schnitt höher ist als die von Frauen ohne betreuungspflichtige Kinder, insbesondere hinsichtlich Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigungssicherheit. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse belegen für die gesamte EU-27 einen weitgehend einheitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Status von Frauen als Mütter kleiner Kinder und der Arbeitsplatzqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pilkauskas, Natasha, Jane Waldfogel & Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (2016): Maternal labor force participation and differences by education. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 34, S. 407-420. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.14

Abstract

"Background: Maternal labor force participation has increased dramatically over the last 40 years, yet surprisingly little is known about longitudinal patterns of maternal labor force participation in the years after a birth, or how these patterns vary by education.
Objective: We document variation by maternal education in mothers' labor force participation (timing, intensity, non-standard work, multiple job-holding) over the first nine years after the birth of a child.
Methods: We use the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N~3000) to predict longitudinal labor force participation in a recent longitudinal sample of mothers who gave birth in large US cities between 1998 and 2000. Families were followed until children were age 9, through 2010.
Results: Labor force participation gradually increases in the years after birth for mothers with high school or less education, whereas for mothers with some college or more, participation increases between ages 1 and 3 and then remains mostly stable thereafter. Mothers with less than high school education have the highest rates of unemployment (actively seeking work), which remain high compared with all other education groups, whose unemployment declines over time. Compared with all other education groups, mothers with some college have the highest rates of labor force participation, but also high rates of part-time employment, non-standard work, and multiple job-holding.
Contribution: Simple conceptualizations of labor force participation do not fully capture the dynamics of labor force attachment for mothers in terms of intensity, timing of entry, and type of work hours, as well as differences by maternal education." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002

Abstract

"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Roeters, Anne, Jornt J. Mandemakers & Marieke Voorpostel (2016): Parenthood and well-being. The moderating role of leisure and paid work. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 384-401. DOI:10.1007/s10680-016-9391-3

Abstract

"This study contributes to our knowledge on the association between parenthood and psychological well-being by examining whether pre-parenthood lifestyles (leisure and paid work) moderate the transition to parenthood. We expected that people with less active lifestyles would find it easier to adapt to the demands of parenthood. Using eleven waves of the Swiss Household Panel (N = 1332 men and 1272 women; 1999 - 2008, 2010), fixed effects models are estimated for men and women separately. Results show that -- on average -- parenthood was not associated with well-being for men, whereas it increased well-being for women. As expected, the well-being premium/cost to parenthood was contingent upon individuals' lifestyle before the transition to parenthood. For men, parenthood reduced well-being, but only if they frequently participated in leisure before the birth of the child. For women, motherhood had a beneficial effect on well-being but this effect was weaker for women who combined leisure with working long hours before motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schieman, Scott & Paul Glavin (2016): The pressure-status nexus and blurred work-family boundaries. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 3-37. DOI:10.1177/0730888415596051

Abstract

"Job pressure is associated with increased role-blurring activities. Does higher status attenuate or exacerbate that association? Using data from a national sample of workers, the authors' study discovers that higher status functions as a moderator in what they call the pressure-status nexus. Job pressure is associated more strongly with role blurring among the well educated, professionals, managers, and high earners. Also, job pressure is associated most strongly with role blurring among higher status men. The authors' articulation of the pressure-status nexus extends the stress of higher status perspective, demonstrating that higher statuses compound the ways that job pressure is linked with activities that blur the work-family boundary." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schröder, Melanie & Norma Burow (2016): Couple's labor supply, taxes, and the division of housework in a gender-neutral lab. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1593), Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"We use a lab-in-the-field experiment to investigate intra-couple labor supply decisions and the division of housework under individual and joint income taxation systems. In order to eliminate problems of endogenous intra-couple time use decisions, we exogenously varied not only the taxation system but also the intra-couple roles of primary and secondary earners. Using work effort as a proxy for labor supply, 62 established couples, both cohabiting and married (124 participants), performed real effort tasks under a piece rate payment system within a given time. Prior to this paid task, couples had to decide upon the allocation of an unpaid task serving as our proxy for housework. In our gender neutral lab, we find tax-effects only on men's labor supply but not on women's and no gender differences in the allocation of housework. Instead, the allocation of housework follows a purely economic rationale with the majority of secondary earners taking responsibility. This is even confirmed by a shift to a more egalitarian allocation when individual taxation is applied. However, one result replicates real world findings with married male participants providing more labor supply than cohabiting men and married women less than cohabiting women. This result hinges on the stability of specialization in married couples, which seems to overcome the gender neutral lab." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Silles, Mary A. (2016): The impact of children on women's labour supply and earnings in the UK. Evidence using twin births. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 68, H. 1, S. 197-216. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpv055

Abstract

"The objective of this article is to investigate the effect of children on women's labour supply and earnings for the UK. Estimating the causal relationship between family size and economic status is complicated because the same factors that increase family size may also affect the labour market outcomes of women. The birth of twins is used as an instrument to address this problem. Amongst women with children under age 13, the IV estimates indicate that a larger family induced by a twin birth adversely affects women's labour supply and earnings. Amongst women with older children, the IV results show no evidence of a causal effect, despite significant OLS relationships. Finally, we compare these results to estimates produced using a twins' sex composition instrument. Estimates using this instrument are very close to the estimates using twin births and imply that the labour market consequences of childbearing disappear over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stahl, Juliane F. & Pia S. Schober (2016): Ausbau der ganztägigen Kindertagesbetreuung kann zur Zufriedenheit von Müttern beitragen. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 37, S. 840-847.

Abstract

"Eltern mit Kindern, die noch nicht zur Schule gehen, stehen bei der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf vor besonderen Herausforderungen. Um diese Eltern besser zu unterstützen, hat die Politik sowohl den Ausbau von Plätzen in der öffentlichen Kindertagesbetreuung (Kita) forciert als auch ein bedarfsorientiertes Angebot an Ganztagsplätzen gesetzlich verankert. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der Stichprobe 'Familien in Deutschland' (FiD) für den Zeitraum der Ausbauphase zwischen 2007 und 2012, ob Mütter in Regionen mit besserem Zugang zu ganztägiger Kindertagesbetreuung zufriedener mit dem Familienleben waren. Den Ergebnissen zufolge waren vollzeiterwerbstätige Mütter in Paarhaushalten mit ihrem Familienleben zufriedener, wenn sie in westdeutschen Kreisen mit größerem Ganztagsangebot lebten. In Ostdeutschland ging die steigende regionale Verfügbarkeit von Ganztagsplätzen unabhängig vom Erwerbsstatus mit einer höheren Zufriedenheit einher. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der Ausbau der Ganztagsbetreuung in den Jahren 2007 bis 2012 zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf beigetragen haben könnte." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Steiber, Nadia, Caroline Berghammer & Barbara Haas (2016): Contextualizing the education effect on women's employment. A cross-national comparative analysis. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 78, H. 1, S. 246-261. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12256

Abstract

In einem internationalen Vergleich wird untersucht, ob und in welchem Ausmaß sich Bildung auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen auswirkt. Nach der Vorstellung eines Modells der Bildungseffekte auf der Mikroebene bei Paaren und Vorschlägen zum Einbezug moderierender Elemente auf makroökonomischer Ebene wird das Modell auf Grundlage der Daten des 'Generations and Gender- Programms' der Vereinten Nationen empirisch überprüft. Im Ergebnis erweist sich, das Paare mit einem höheren Bildungsgrad generell eher Doppelverdiener-Arrangements suchen, das Ausmaß der Bildungseffekte sich aber nach Ländern und nach der jeweiligen Familienphase unterscheidet. Im Unterschied zu bisherigen Untersuchungen kann nicht festgestellt werden, dass die Bildungseffekte in den Ländern geringer sind, in denen Frauenerwerbstätigkeit gefördert wird. (IAB)

Zitatform

Stroka, Magdalena A. & Roland Linder (2016): Informelle Pflege und Arbeitsmarktpartizipation. (RWI-Materialien 100), Essen, 18 S.

Abstract

"Der demografische Wandel und die damit einhergehende Alterung der Gesellschaft sowie Reduktion der Erwerbsbevölkerung stellen große gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen dar. Der Bedarf an familiärer Pflege wird infolge der zunehmenden Alterung der Gesellschaft weiter steigen. Die Angehörigenpflege wird dabei aufgrund des traditionellen Rollenverständnisses in der Regel von Frauen übernommen. Da dem Rückgang der Erwerbsbevölkerung u.a. mit einer höheren Frauenerwerbsquote gegen gesteuert werden soll, kommt es zwangsläufig zu einem Konflikt zwischen erhöhtem Pflegebedarf und verminderter Erwerbsbevölkerung.
Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich daher die Frage, inwiefern sich Erwerbsbeteiligung und informelle Pflege miteinander vereinbaren lassen. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist die Analyse der Effekte der Erbringung informeller Pflegeleistungen auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Männern und Frauen. Für die Untersuchung dieser Fragestellung werden Routinedaten der Techniker Krankenkasse herangezogen. Zur Verfügung steht ein Paneldatensatz für die Jahre 2007-2009 mit ca. 16 Mio. Beobachtungen. Um den Einfluss der Erbringung informeller Pflegeleistungen auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation zu identifizieren, werden lineare Modelle geschätzt, in denen für zeitinvariante Heterogenität kontrolliert wird.
Während die Ergebnisse für Männer durchweg insignifikant sind, ist für Frauen ein signifikant positiver Zusammenhang zwischen der Erbringung informeller Pflegeleistungen und sowohl lang- als auch kurzfristiger Arbeitslosigkeit zu beobachten.
Um über die Auswirkungen von informeller Pflege auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation zu diskutieren, ist es notwendig jegliche Opportunitätskosten zu berücksichtigen. Die aktuellen Pflegegesetze sehen zwar eine finanzielle Entschädigung für Pflegende vor, beziehen aber nicht die Reduzierung oder Niederlegung der Arbeit und das damit einhergehende verringerte Einkommen des Pflegenden in ausreichendem Maße mit ein. Eine Möglichkeit, um Pflegende zu entlasten, wäre die Flexibilisierung von Arbeitszeiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Struffolino, Emanuela, Matthias Studer & Anette Eva Fasang (2016): Gender, education, and family life courses in East and West Germany. Insights from new sequence analysis techniques. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 66-79. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.12.001

Abstract

"How do men and women's family life courses differ? Are gender differences in family life courses greater at higher or lower educational levels? And how does the intersection of gender, education and family life courses vary across different macro-structural contexts? This paper addresses these questions comparing East and West Germany during the German division (1961 - 1990). We thereby compare a strong male breadwinner model in a social market economy in West Germany and a universal breadwinner model in a state socialist system in the East. The analysis uses data from the German National Education Panel (NEPS) and employs two new sequence analysis tools: sequence discrepancy analysis and the implicative statistic for analyzing sequences of typical states. These tools enable us to scrutinize the degree, content, and timing of differences in family trajectories between men and women of different educational levels in the two sub-societies. In line with our expectations, family life courses were more de-standardized in the West compared to the East, and this occurred to the same extent for men and women in both contexts. While we find moderate gender differences in family life courses across all educational groups in the strong male breadwinner context in West Germany, for East Germany gender differences were significant among the medium and lower educated, but not among the highly educated. These findings underline the fact that the intersection of gender and education for family life courses is highly context-specific. They further suggest that different patterns of assortative mating play a key role for gender differences in family life courses. We demonstrate the added value of sequence discrepancy analysis and the implicative statistic to illuminate differences in longitudinal life courses between men and women or other social groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Testa, Maria Rita, Valeria Bordone, Beata Osiewalska & Vegard Skirbekk (2016): Are daughters' childbearing intentions related to their mothers' socio-economic status? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 581-616. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.21

Abstract

"Background: Unlike actual fertility, fertility intentions are often found to be positively correlated with education. The literature explaining this paradox is scarce.
Objective: We aim to fill the gap in the existing scientific literature by searching for the main factors that influence highly educated women to plan a larger family size.
Methods: Using the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey for four countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, and Norway), we analyse the relationship between mother's socio-economic status and daughter's fertility intentions, controlling for daughter's socio-economic status and sib ship size. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models are employed to estimate the predictors of women's additionally intended number of children.
Results: We find that the effect of family of origin is exerted mainly through sib ship size among childless daughters: Daughters with more siblings intend to have more children. After the transition to parenthood, the effect of family of origin is exerted mainly through the mother's level of education: Daughters with highly educated mothers intend to have more children.
Conclusions: The empirical results suggest that the positive link between births intentions and level of education might not merely be an artefact generated by the design of cross-sectional surveys but the outcome of a better socio-economic status that allows forming positive reproductive plans.
Contribution: The positive role of mother's socio-economic status on daughter's fertility decision-making offers a valuable interpretation of the positive link between education and fertility intentions which goes beyond the alternative explanations referring to self-selection, partner effect, or time squeeze, and needs to be confirmed by further research." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Vuri, Daniela (2016): Do childcare policies increase maternal employment? Subsidized childcare fosters maternal employment, but employment status, childcare quality, and availability matter. (IZA world of labor 241), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.241

Abstract

"Women's labor force participation has rapidly increased in most countries, but mothers still struggle to achieve a satisfactory work-life balance. Childcare allows the primary caregiver, usually the mother, to take time away from childrearing for employment. Family policies that subsidize childcare and increase its availability have different effects on female labor supply across countries. For policymakers to determine how well these policies work, they should consider that policy effectiveness may depend on country-specific pre-reform female employment and earnings, and childcare availability, costs, and quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2016): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. (IZA discussion paper 10173), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes to what extent parental leave decisions of mothers with young children depend on the decisions made by their coworkers. The identification of peer effects, which are defined as indirect effects of the behavior of a social reference group on individual outcomes, bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups and endogenous group membership. We overcome these challenges by exploiting quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave during a narrow window around a cut-off date, induced by a parental leave benefit reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer-employee panel data enable us to assign a peer group to all individuals who work in the same establishment and occupational group. While there is a growing literature on peer effects, few studies look at peer effects in the context of parental leave decisions. We argue, however, that mothers with young children are particularly susceptible to peer behavior at the workplace due to preferences for conformity with peer group behavior as well as the career-related uncertainty that mothers face. Our results suggest that maternal decisions regarding the length of parental leave are significantly influenced by coworker decisions, in particular in situations with high uncertainty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))