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Brautzsch, Hans-Ulrich, Johann Fuchs & Cornelia Lang (2007): Wie hoch ist die Unterbeschäftigung in Ost- und Westdeutschland? Arbeitsplatzausstattung und Arbeitsplatzlücke nach Geschlechtern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter, Jg. 54, H. 2, S. 375-394.

Abstract

"In dem Aufsatz werden Umfang und Struktur der vorhandenen Arbeitsplätze nach Geschlechtern in Ost- und Westdeutschland analysiert, das geschlechtsspezifische Ausmaß der Arbeitplatzlücke in beiden Großregionen bestimmt sowie die Ursachen für die - gemessen an Westdeutschland - höhere Arbeitsplatzlücke in Ostdeutschland untersucht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Arbeitsplatzausstattung in Ostdeutschland fast genau so hoch ist wie in Westdeutschland; bei den Frauen liegt sie sogar darüber. Dennoch ist die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Arbeitsangebot und der Nachfrage bei den ostdeutschen Frauen und Männern erheblich größer. Dies ist zum einen auf strukturelle Ursachen zurück zu führen, namentlich auf die 'nachholende' Tertiarisierung und den Verlust von männertypischen Arbeitsplätzen im Produzierenden Gewerbe. Zum anderen führt die höhere Erwerbsneigung der Frauen zu einer deutlich größeren Arbeitsplatzlücke bei den ostdeutschen Frauen. Da diese Ursachen sich als persistent erwiesen haben, ist auch mittelfristig mit einem höheren Mangel an Arbeit in Ostdeutschland zu rechnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brown, Richard & Lucy Joyce (2007): New deal for lone parents. Non-participation qualitative research. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 408), London, 82 S.

Abstract

"The New Deal for Lone Parents programme is part of the Government's 'Welfare to Work' agenda and is designed to help lone parents move closer to the labour market and into work. Participation in the programme is voluntary. Previous survey findings have suggested that the majority of those that do not take part in the programme are unable to provide specific reasons for non-participation. This report explores this phenomenon and tries to establish the reasons for non-participation. The research consisted of in-depth interviews with lone parents and lone parent advisers as well as focus groups; and observations of Work Focused Interviews. The research was conducted by BMRB Social Research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bygren, Magnus & Michael Gähler (2007): The gender gap in workplace authority in Sweden 1968-2000. A family affair? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,28), Uppsala, 41 S.

Abstract

"We assess whether the gender gap in authority in Sweden has changed during the period 1968-2000, and investigate to what extent family factors are responsible for this gap. We find that the gap has narrowed modestly during this period, and identify the life-event of parenthood as a major cause of the gap. When men become fathers, they gain authority; when women become mothers, they do not. Our fixed effects panel estimates of the effects of family factors deviate from the cross-sectional estimates, suggesting that unobserved individual heterogeneity - routinely neglected in this line of research - matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bütler, Monika (2007): Arbeiten lohnt sich nicht - ein zweites Kind noch weniger. Zu den Auswirkungen einkommensabhängiger Tarife auf das (Arbeitsmarkt-) Verhalten der Frauen. In: Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2516.2007.00227.x

Abstract

Staatliche Unterstützungsleistungen der Kinderbetreuung sollen es Müttern mit kleinen Kindern erleichtern, eine Erwerbsarbeit aufzunehmen. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass das zur Zeit in der Schweiz vorherrschende System der einkommensabhängigen Subventionierung (das aktuell auch in Deutschland diskutiert wird) starke negative Anreize in Bezug auf die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit speziell für qualifizierten Frauen schafft. Das Beispiel der Stadt Zürich zeigt, dass Krippenplätze für nicht arbeitende Mütter am günstigsten sind, und dass es sich für Mütter nicht lohnt, mehr als einen bis drei Tage pro Woche zu arbeiten, weil jeder Anstieg der Arbeitszeiten zu einem überproportionalen Anstieg der Kinderbetreuungskosten führt. Bei mehr als zwei Kindern übersteigen die Steuern und zusätzlichen Kosten oft sogar das erzielbare Einkommen. Wenn man diese Mütter aus dem Arbeitsmarkt herausdrängt, hat dies einen Verlust an Humankapital und Steuereinnahmen zur Folge. (IAB)

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Caliendo, Marco, Ludovica Gambaro & Peter Haan (2007): The impact of income taxation on the ratio between reservation and market wages and the incentives for labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 2599), Bonn, 17 S.

Abstract

"This paper extends previous research about the determinants of reservation wages by analysing the effect of progressive income taxation on the ratio between reservation and net market wages. Based on micro data for Germany (SOEP) we show that joint income taxation in Germany which discriminates by marital status, has a strong and highly significant impact on the reservation/market wage ratio. Relative to single filers, this leads to strong negative labour supply incentives for secondary earners and to positive incentives for first earners in married couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Callan, Tim, Arthur van Soest & John R. Walsh (2007): Tax structure and female labour market participation. Evidence from Ireland. (IZA discussion paper 3090), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"How great an effect does the structure of income taxes have on women's labour market participation? This issue is investigated using a discrete choice static labour supply model for married couples in Ireland. The model incorporates fixed costs of working and simultaneously explains participation decisions and preferred hours of work. Details of the tax system are fully incorporated, and key elements of the welfare system are also taken into account. The model is estimated using data from the 1994 wave of the Living in Ireland Survey. The results are used to analyse the labour supply effects of a move to greater independence in the tax treatment of couples. The influence of tax structure on participation is reconsidered in the light of trends in women's participation in the labour market and two key changes in the structure of taxation: a shift from a joint or aggregated basis of assessment to an 'income-splitting' system in 1980 and a further substantial shift from income-splitting towards greater independence from 2000 onwards." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cigno, Alessandro (2007): A theoretical analysis of the effects of legislation on marriage, fertility, domestic division of labour, and the education of children. (CESifo working paper 2143), München, 44 S.

Abstract

"Decisions concerning marriage, fertility, participation, and the education of children are explained using a two-stage game-theoretical model. The paper examines the effects of (i) family law (cost of obtaining a divorce, alimony, availability of quasi-marriages such as PACS in France, and civil partnership in the UK), (ii) legislation concerning the assignment of property rights over total goods and assets acquired within marriage, (iii) enforceability of bride-price contracts, and (iv) length and effective enforcement of compulsory education. The predictions are consistent with two empirical observations. One is that, the tendency in developed countries is towards mother and father sharing market work and the care of the children equally between them, while the predominant pattern in developing countries is for the father to specialize in market work leaving the care of the children to the mother. The other is that the sign of the cross-country correlation between fertility and female labour market participation, negative until the mid-1970s, has turned positive where developed, but not developing countries are concerned since that date. The model provides a gender-neutral explanation of why girls in developing countries tend to get less education than boys of the same educational ability, and of why a substantial minority of women in some developed countries work and earn more than their male partners. We also derive and discuss the implications of a number of normative propositions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cohany, Sharon R. & Emy Sok (2007): Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 2, S. 9-16.

Abstract

"The most striking feature of women's labor market gains during the post-World War II period was the entry of married mothers into the work force. In 1948, only about 17 percent of married mothers were in the labor force. By the 1980s, labor force participation had become an integral part of their lives. In 1985, for example, 61 percent of married mothers were working or looking for work. By 1995, their labor force participation rate had reached 70 percent. In fact, married mothers accounted for most of the increase in total labor force participation during the post-war period. In recent years, however, the labor force participation of married mothers, especially those with young children, has stopped its advance. In 2005, the participation rate of married mothers with preschoolers was 60 percent, about 4 percentage points lower than its peak in 1997 and 1998. Married mothers with children under a year old (infants) showed the most dramatic changes. After reaching a peak of 59.2 percent in 1997, the participation rate for married mothers of infants fell by about 6 percentage points to 53.3 percent in 2000 and has shown no clear trend since then. In comparison, the participation rate of married mothers of school-age children (aged 6 to 17) fell by just 2 percentage points, from 77 percent in 1997 to about 75 percent in 2005. This article explores the characteristics of married mothers of infants and recent trends in their labor force participation. The data in this article are from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that provides a large amount of demographic, family relationship, and labor force information." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Coneus, Katja, Kathrin Goeggel & Grit Muehler (2007): Determinants of child care participation. (ZEW discussion paper 2007-074), Mannheim, 21 S.

Abstract

"When estimating the determinants of child care participation, the simultaneity in mothers' decision to work and in the decision to use child care is a major challenge. In this study, we provide evidence on the determinants of institutional child care use accounting for the endogeneity of mothers' labor supply by applying an instrumental variables approach. This endogeneity has been neglected in studies on this issue so far, even though the decision to use child care outside the home is strongly connected to mothers' decision to work after childbirth and vice versa. Based on the German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP) from 1989-2006 we show that children living in Western Germany have a higher probability to attend institutional care if their mothers increase their actual weekly working time. Estimating the determining factors of child care participation without correcting for simultaneity underestimates the influence of maternal working time by more than a half." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Connolly, Sara & Mary Gregory (2007): Part-time employment can be a life-time setback for earnings. A study of British women 1975-2001. (IZA discussion paper 3101), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Two particular features of the position of women in the British labour market are the extensive role of part-time work and the large part-time pay penalty. Part-time work features most prominently when women are in their 30s, the peak childcare years and, particularly for more educated women, a crucial period for career building. This makes it essential to understand its impact on women's subsequent earnings trajectories. We find that the wage return to part-time experience is low - negligible in lower skill occupations. Even more important channels contributing to the pay disadvantage of women working part-time are job changing, particularly when this involves occupational downgrading. Downgrading can lead to a permanent pay disadvantage for women following a spell in part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Correll, Shelley J., Stephen Benard & In Paik (2007): Getting a job. Is there a motherhood penalty? In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 112, H. 5, S. 1297-1338.

Abstract

"Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job candidates who differed on parental status. The laboratory experiment found that mothers were penalized on a host of measures, including perceived competence and recommended starting salary. Men were not penalized for, and sometimes benefited from, being a parent. The audit study showed that actual employers discriminate against mothers, but not against fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cromartie, Stella Potter (2007): Labor force status of families. A visual essay. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 7/8, S. 35-41.

Abstract

"This visual essay presents highlights of data on employment and unemployment within families. Over time, work patterns within families have changed dramatically, particularly as women - notably married women and mothers - have entered the labor force. Labor force patterns vary by family type and by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The estimates in this visual essay are based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dearing, Helene, Helmut Hofer, Christine Lietz, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Katharina Wrohlich (2007): Why are mothers working longer hours in Austria than in Germany? A comparative micro simulation analysis. (IZA discussion paper 2845), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Labor force participation rates of mothers in Austria and Germany are similar, however full-time employment rates are much higher among Austrian mothers. In order to find out to what extent these differences can be attributed to differences in the tax transfer-system, we perform a comparative micro simulation exercise. After estimating structural labor supply models of both countries, we interchange two important institutional characteristics of the two countries, namely (i) the definition of the tax unit within the personal income tax and (ii) the parental leave benefit scheme. As our analysis shows, differences in mothers' employment patterns can partly be explained by the different tax systems: While Germany has a system of joint taxation with income splitting for married couples, Austria taxes everyone individually, which leads to lower marginal tax rates for secondary earners than the German system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duguet, Emmanuel & Veronique Simonnet (2007): Labor market participation in France. An asymptotic least squares analysis of couples' decisions. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 159-179. DOI:10.1007/s11150-007-9008-z

Abstract

"This paper examines the interactions between spouses' decisions to join the labor force. We use the asymptotic least squares method in order to estimate a system of equations with limited dependent variables. We find that when spouse's decision-making is modelled as simultaneous, this affects primarily the man's participation equation who appears to be positively influenced by whether the woman works or not, by the number of children and by the birth of a child. The woman's decision to participate is not affected by whether the man participates or not and depends negatively of the number of children and the birth of a child. This implies that there is a female leadership in decisions to participate in the labor market and that the added-worker effect should be reinterpreted as a function of demography rather than unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dunkelberg, Annalena & C. Katharina Spieß (2007): The impact of child and maternal health indicators on female labor force participation after childbirth. Evidence for Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 686), Berlin, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the influence of children's health and mothers' physical and mental wellbeing on female labor force participation after childbirth in Germany. Our analysis uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study, which enables us to measure children's health based on the occurrence of severe health problems including mental and physical disabilities, hospitalizations, and preterm births. Since child health is measured at a very young age, we can rule out any of the reverse effects of maternal employment on child health identified in US studies. Within a two-year time period, we investigate the influence of these indicators on various aspects of female labor force participation after childbirth, including continuous labor force participation in the year of childbirth and the transition to employment in the year following childbirth. Since the majority of women in Germany do not go back to work within a year after childbirth, we also investigate their intention to return to work, and the preferred number of working hours. We find that the child's severe health problems have a significant negative effect on the mothers' labor force participation and a significant positive effect on her preferred number of working hours, but that hospitalizations or preterm births have no significant effect. For the mothers' own health, we find a significant negative effect of poor mental and physical wellbeing on female labor force participation within a year of childbirth. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study of this kind on data outside the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dupuy, Arnaud & Daniel Fernandez-Kranz (2007): International differences in the family gap in pay. The role of labor market institutions. (IZA discussion paper 2719), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"Using microdata for 35 countries over the period 1985-1994-2002 we find that labor market institutions traditionally associated to more compressed wage structures are associated to a higher family gap. Our results indicate that these policies reduce the price effect of having children but aggravate the human capital loss due to motherhood. We also find evidence that policies that help women continue in the same job after childbirth decrease the family gap. Of all the countries we study, mothers in Southern Europe suffer the biggest family gap and our analysis indicates that this is due to the bad combination of labor market policies in these countries. Our results are robust to specification changes and indicate that the main reason mothers lag behind other women in terms of earnings is the loss of accumulated job market experience caused by career breaks around childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner, Lutz C. Kaiser, Eric Thode & Verena Tobsch (2007): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im internationalen Vergleich. Zwischen Paradigma und Praxis. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 132 S.

Abstract

"Bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen liegt Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich weit zurück - aber nicht, weil Frauen hierzulande nicht arbeiten gehen wollen. Im Gegenteil: Gerade junge Eltern wünschen sich eine Berufstätigkeit für die Mutter, vom Teilzeitjob bis zur vollen Stelle. Doch die gesellschaftspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen sind dafür bislang wenig günstig. Was muss sich ändern, damit Frauen berufliche Entwicklung und Kindererziehung miteinander in Einklang bringen können? Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Buches beleuchten familienpolitische Instrumente, sozial- und arbeitsmarktpolitische Regelungen sowie die Möglichkeiten, die Krippen, Kindergärten und Schulen für die Kinderbetreuung bieten. Einbezogen werden Beispiele aus dem Ausland, die wichtige Denkanstöße für die deutsche Debatte geben können. Hier geht es nicht nur um Chancengleichheit für Frauen. Erst wenn ihr Arbeitskräftepotenzial mobilisiert wird, kann es gelingen, die Engpässe auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die der demographische Wandel mit sich bringt, zu begrenzen. Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf wird so zu einer zentralen Aufgabe der Beschäftigungspolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Faggio, Giulia & Stephen Nickell (2007): Patterns of work across the OECD. In: The economic journal, Jg. 119, H. 521, S. F416-F440. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02062.x

Abstract

"Market work per person of working age differs widely across the OECD countries and there have been some significant changes in the last forty years. How to explain this pattern? Taxes are part of the story but much remains to be explained. The story favoured by Alesina et al. (2005) is that the nexus of strong unions, generous welfare and social democracy implies both high taxes and pressure in favour of work-sharing in response to adverse shocks. This is not borne out in Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian trade unions have understood that wage restraint rather than work-sharing is the way to sustain employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Faria, Joao Ricardo & Le Wang (2007): Employment and fertility choice. A differential game approach. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 10, H. 9, S. 1-10.

Abstract

"For OECD countries there is an intriguing variety of combinations between total fertility rate (TFR) and female labor force participation rate (FPR) suggesting the existence of multiple equilibria. This paper provides a differential game framework where the employment choices by husband and wife affect a family's fertility. The model has multiple open-loop equilibria characterized by different combinations of FPR and TFR that are consistent with the empirical cross-country evidence. The dynamic trajectory from one equilibrium point to another also sheds lights on possible demographic transition of individual countries as displayed in their time series data. The model stresses that the husband's employment decisions are as important as wife's in determining family size." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernandez, Raquel (2007): Culture as learning. The evolution of female labor force participation over a century. (NBER working paper 13373), Cambridge, Mass., 38 S. DOI:10.3386/w13373

Abstract

"Married women's labor force participation has increased dramatically over the last century. Why this has occurred has been the subject of much debate. This paper investigates the role of culture as learning in this change. To do so, it develops a dynamic model of culture in which individuals hold heterogeneous beliefs regarding the relative long-run payoffs for women who work in the market versus the home. These beliefs evolve rationally via an intergenerational learning process. Women are assumed to learn about the long-term payoffs of working by observing (noisy) private and public signals. They then make a work decision. This process generically generates an S-shaped figure for female labor force participation, which is what is found in the data. The S shape results from the dynamics of learning. I calibrate the model to several key statistics and show that it does a good job in replicating the quantitative evolution of female LFP in the US over the last 120 years. The model highlights a new dynamic role for changes in wages via their effect on intergenerational learning. The calibration shows that this role was quantitatively important in several decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Figari, Francesco, Herwig Immervoll, Horacio Levy & Holly Sutherland (2007): Inequalities within couples. Market incomes and the role of taxes and benefits in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 3201), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"In spite of there being few elements of tax or cash benefit systems in developed countries that are any longer explicitly gender-biased in a discriminatory sense, it is well recognised that they have significant gender effects. To the extent that women earn less than men on average under tax-benefit systems that are progressive, there is some redistribution from men to women overall. However, an aggregate perspective is insufficient for understanding how earning opportunities and public policies affect living arrangements at the family level in general and the circumstances of men and women in particular. Arguably, it is within the household that a gendered division of labour is most relevant. It is difficult to observe how income and other resources get allocated within households. We can, however, observe the incomes brought into the household and to what extent taxes and benefits mitigate (or indeed exacerbate) any inequality of income between men and women. We explore the effects of tax and benefit systems on differences in income and in incentives to earn income between men and women within couples in a selection of the member countries of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the EU tax-benefit microsimulation model. This comparative perspective allows us to establish the relative effects of different policy regimes, given the underlying characteristics of each national population, using a consistent approach and set of incidence assumptions across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Flood, Lennart, Roger Wahlberg & Elina Pylkkänen (2007): From welfare to work. Evaluating a tax and benefit reform targeted at single mothers in Sweden. In: Labour, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 443-471.

Abstract

"In this paper we evaluate a hypothetical tax and benefit reform to increase the working hours and to decrease welfare participation of single mothers in Sweden. We formulate and estimate simultaneously a structural static model of labor supply and welfare participation. The results suggest that labor supply among single mother households in Sweden is quite elastic, and that there is self-selection into welfare. We also find that the proposed reform would generate welfare gains for virtually everyone in the Sample, benefit low-income households, and would at the same time generate a Small revenue surplus." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Francesconi, Marco & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2007): The socioeconomic consequences of "in-work" benefit reform for British lone mothers. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 1-31.

Abstract

"In October 1999, the British government enacted the Working Families' Tax Credit, which aimed at encouraging work among low-income families with children. This paper uses panel data collected between 1991 and 2001 to evaluate the effect of this reform on single mothers. We find that the reform led to a substantial increase in their employment rate of about five percentage points, which was driven by both a higher rate at which lone mothers remained in the labor force and a higher rate at which they entered it. Women's responses were highly heterogeneous, with effects double this size for mothers with one preschool-aged child, and virtually no effect for mothers with multiple older children. The employment increase was accompanied by significant increases in paid childcare utilization and our analysis in fact suggests that the generous childcare credit component of the reform played a key role in explaining the estimated employment and childcare usage responses. We also find that the increase in labor market participation was accompanied by reductions in single mothers' subsequent fertility and in the rate at which they married, behavioral responses, which in turn are likely to influence the reform's overall impact on child poverty and welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Francesconi, Marco, Helmut Rainer & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2007): The effects of in-work benefit reform in Britain on couples. Theory and evidence. (IZA discussion paper 2980), München, 75 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of the Working Families' Tax Credit (WFTC) on couples in Britain. We develop a simple model of household decisions which explicitly accounts for the role played by the tax and benefit system. Its main implications are then tested using panel data from the British Household Panel Survey collected between 1991 and 2002. Overall, the financial incentives of the reform had negligible effects on a wide range of married mothers' decisions, such as eligible (working at least 16 hours per week) and full-time employment (working at least 30 hours per week), employment transitions, childcare use, and divorce rates. Women's responses, however, were highly heterogeneous, depending on their partners' labour supply and earnings. Mothers married to low-income men showed larger responses in employment, especially if they had younger children. They were more likely to remain in the labour force and had higher rates at which they entered it. While more likely to receive the tax credit, they also experienced a greater risk of divorce. We find virtually no effect for women with higher-income husbands. Likewise, there are no statistically significant responses among married men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gash, Vanessa & Frances McGinnity (2007): Fixed-term contracts - the new European inequality? Comparing men and women in West Germany and France. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 5, H. 3, S. 467-496. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwl020

Abstract

"This paper seeks to reveal whether fixed-term contracts are the new European inequality and does so in a comparative analysis of two countries typically regarded as eurosclerotic: West Germany and France. We compare the wages, wage growth and labour market outcomes of fixed-term contract workers relative to a matched sample of permanent workers with similar characteristics. Using seven waves of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) we find evidence of wage penalties, increased exposure to unemployment and repeat spells of fixed-term employment. However, these tendencies vary significantly by country and by gender. The main finding of this paper is the extent to which fixed-term contract employment is of considerable disadvantage for French women. This is important, as previous research on female employment in the UK and in West Germany (Booth et al., 2002; Giesecke and Gross, 2003), two countries with intermittent female employment, did not find evidence of fixed-term worker disadvantage. Our findings, however, suggest that in countries where female employment tends to be full-time and continuous, the introduction of fixed-term contracts challenges the existing gender contract." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Genadek, Katie R., Wendy A. Stock & Christiana Stoddard (2007): No-fault divorce laws and the labor supply of women with and without children. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 247-274.

Abstract

"We use a difference-in-difference-in-difference estimator to compare changes in labor force participation, weeks, and hours of work associated with no-fault divorce laws, allowing for differential responses for married women with and without children. Although other research has found that the labor supply of women in general does not respond to no-fault divorce laws, we find that no-fault divorce laws are associated with increases in the labor supply of married mothers relative to married nonmothers, even after controlling for changes in female labor supply in states without no-fault divorce laws and for property division rules associated with the laws." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geyer, Johannes & Viktor Steiner (2007): Short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on mothers' employment and working hours across institutional regimes. An empirical analysis based on the European community household panel. (IZA discussion paper 6293), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"The employment behavior of mothers is strongly influenced by labor market regulations and certain institutional arrangements, which both vary greatly across European countries. Using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) 1994-2001 for Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, which represent four distinct 'institutional regimes', we estimate the short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on married women's employment and working hours. Estimation results show that these effects vary across the four countries in accordance with prevailing institutional regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geyer, Johannes & Viktor Steiner (2007): Short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on mothers' employment and working hours across institutional regimes. An empirical analysis based on the European community household panel. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 682), Berlin, 24 S.

Abstract

"The employment behavior of mothers is strongly influenced by labor market regulations and certain institutional arrangements, which both vary greatly across European countries. Using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) 1994-2001 for Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, which represent four distinct 'institutional regimes', we estimate the short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on married women's employment and working hours. Estimation results show that these effects vary across the four countries in accordance with prevailing institutional regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gregg, Paul, Maria Gutierrez-Domenech & Jane Waldfogel (2007): The employment of married mothers in Great Britain, 1974-2000. In: Economica, Jg. 74, H. 296, S. 842-864. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00574.x

Abstract

"This paper analyses the increase in mothers' employment in Britain over 1974-2000 using the General Household Survey. We isolated those birth cohorts whose mothers experienced significant increases in employment and compared those increases to changes in policies. The results suggest that maternity rights have had a profound effect an employment, but this effect varies by the wage opportunities of mothers. Maternity rights have induced a behaviour change in when mothers return to work. Many who previously would not have gone back to work until their children were age 3-5 are now returning to work within the first year. This effect has been most marked among better educated and higher paid mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guha, Brishti (2007): Maids and mistresses: migrating maids and female labor force participation. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 10, H. 11, S. 1-9.

Abstract

"We model the linkage between immigration of maids and intersectoral movements of female family labor in a small open economy with a competitive factory sector and a household sector which employs both immigrant maids and family labor. We show that relaxing immigration restrictions on maids will not necessarily increase participation by family labor in the formal workforce. We also show that reducing taxes on employment of maids will not necessarily increase labor force participation by local women - instead, imposing a tax (where there are none) may trigger such an increase depending on maids' and locals' relative propensities to consume household sector output. Our analysis sheds light on one facet of the penetration of the household sector by market forces and yields some unexpected policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gutknecht-Gmeiner, Maria & Regine Wieser (2007): Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in ausgewählten Berufsbereichen. Eine Kurzexpertise. (AMS-Info 94), S. 1-4.

Abstract

"Das Österreichische Institut für Berufsbildungsforschung (öibf; www.oeibf.at) skizzierte im Auftrag des AMS Österreich in einer Kurzexpertise für das AMS-Qualifikations-Barometer die Situation der erwerbstätigen Frauen in Österreich in ausgewählten Berufsbereichen. Der Fokus dieser Kurzexpertise lag dabei auf folgenden Schwerpunkten: Welche Trends wirtschaftlicher und technologischer Art sind in den einzelnen Berufsfeldern auszumachen? Wie hoch ist der Frauenanteil in den einzelnen Berufsfeldern, welche Berufe haben besonders hohe bzw. niedrige Frauenanteile? Welche Vorbildung und Ausbildung weisen erwerbstätige Frauen in den Berufsfeldern auf? Welche Tätigkeitsbereiche in den einzelnen Berufsfeldern werden typischerweise von Frauen bzw. Männern besetzt? Wie schaut's mit den Arbeitszeiten/Arbeitsbelastungen für erwerbstätige Frauen in den Berufsfeldern aus? In welchen beruflichen Positionen sind Frauen in den Berufsfeldern tätig? Welche Karrierechancen haben sie? Welche Weiterbildungsangebote gibt es speziell für sie? Was verdienen Frauen in den einzelnen Berufsfeldern? Wie hoch ist der Pay Gap zu den Männereinkommen?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Haan, Peter (2007): Intertemporal labor supply effects of tax reforms. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 669), Berlin, 38 S.

Abstract

"In the year 2000, the German government passed the most ambitious tax reform in post-war German history aiming at a significant tax relief for households. One central aim of this tax reform was to improve work incentives and, thereby, foster employment. In this paper, I estimate an intertemporal discrete choice model of female labor supply that allows to analyze the behavioral effects of the tax reform on the labor supply of married and cohabiting women over time. Using the Markov chain property, I analyze the dynamics of labor supply behavior and derive the short- and long-run labor supply effects of the tax reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hales, Jon, Sarah Tipping & Nick Lyon (2007): Mothers' participation in paid work. The role of 'mini-jobs'. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 467), London, 152 S.

Abstract

"In late 2005 and early 2006, there was a gap of 15 percentage points in the rate of participation in paid work by mothers, according to whether they lived in a family with a partner or were living as a lone parent. Around half of this gap is a reflection of it being more common for mothers in couple families to work in a job where their hours are between one and 15 per week, referred to as 'mini-jobs'. Previous research into 'mini-jobs' had identified a pattern of working in which mothers moved from not working at all, through a transitional period in a 'mini-job', to working 16 hours or more per week. One of the primary aims of this research was to consider how big a phenomenon is the use of 'mini-jobs' in moving into work of longer hours compared to other routes out of not working. The research was carried out by the National Centre for Social Research and involved secondary analysis of the Families and Children Study survey. The analysis used data for five waves, covering the period from 2001 to 2005. FACS is a panel survey involving annual interviews which tracks families over time. It started in 1999 and is representative of families in Britain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Han, Wen-Jui, Christopher Ruhm & Jane Waldfogel (2007): Parental leave policies and parents' employment and leave-taking. (NBER working paper 13697), Cambridge, Mass., 47 S. DOI:10.3386/w13697

Abstract

"Utilizing data from the June Current Population Survey (CPS) Fertility Supplement merged with data from other months of the CPS, we describe trends in parents' employment and leave-taking after birth of a newborn and analyze the extent to which these behaviors are associated with parental leave policies. The period we examine - 1987 to 2004 - is one in which such policies were expanded at both the state and federal level. We also provide the first comprehensive evidence as to how these expansions are correlated with employment and leave-taking for both mothers and fathers over this period. Our main finding is that leave expansions have increased the amount of time that new mothers and fathers spend on leave, with effects that are small in absolute terms but large relative to the baseline for men and much greater for college-educated women than for their counterparts with less schooling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Han, Wen-Jui, Christopher J. Ruhm & Jane Waldfogel (2007): Parental leave policies and parents' employment and leave-taking. (IZA discussion paper 3244), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"Utilizing data from the June Current Population Survey (CPS) Fertility Supplement merged with data from other months of the CPS, we describe trends in parents' employment and leave-taking after birth of a newborn and analyze the extent to which these behaviors are associated with parental leave policies. The period we examine - 1987 to 2004 - is one in which such policies were expanded at both the state and federal level. We also provide the first comprehensive evidence as to how these expansions are correlated with employment and leave-taking for both mothers and fathers over this period. Our main finding is that leave expansions have increased the amount of time that new mothers and fathers spend on leave, with effects that are small in absolute terms but large relative to the baseline for men and much greater for college-educated women than for their counterparts with less schooling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hardarson, Omar (2007): Männer und Frauen in unfreiwillig befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen. (Statistik kurz gefasst. Bevölkerung und soziale Bedingungen 98/2007), Brüssel, 8 S.

Abstract

"2005 hatten fast 15 % der weiblichen und etwa 14 % der männlichen Arbeitnehmer in der EU-25 einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag. Viele dieser Beschäftigten arbeiteten nicht absichtlich, sondern unfreiwillig in befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen - weil sie keine Daueranstellung finden konnten. Im Mittelpunkt der Ausgabe stehen diese Frauen und Männer - ihre relative Zahl, ihr Alter, ihre Verteilung auf verschiedene Wirtschaftszweige und Berufe und die typische Laufzeit ihrer Arbeitsverträge.
Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse:
- 2005 übten 7,5 % aller weiblichen und 6,7 % aller männlichen Beschäftigten unfreiwillig eine befristete Beschäftigung aus.
- Von 2000 bis 2005 stieg der Anteil sowohl der Frauen als auch der Männer in befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen sowie der Anteil derer, die nicht freiwillig befristet beschäftigt waren.
- Beinahe ein Drittel der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer unter 30 Jahren hatte 2005 einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag, und rund 40 % davon waren nicht auf eigenen Wunsch befristet angestellt.
- Am höchsten war der Anteil der unfreiwillig befristet Beschäftigten in der Landwirtschaft und in privaten Haushalten.
- Hilfsarbeitskräfte sind in wesentlich größerem Umfang unfreiwillig befristet beschäftigt als Führungskräfte, Wissenschaftler und Techniker.
- Rund 43 % der Frauen und 48 % der Männer, die einer unfreiwillig befristeten Tätigkeit nachgehen, haben Arbeitsverträge mit weniger als sechs Monaten Laufzeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hasluck, Chris & Anne E. Green (2007): What works for whom? A review of evidence and meta-analysis for the department for work and pensions. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 407), London, 164 S.

Abstract

"This report reviews the current stock of Department for Work and Pensions evaluation evidence in order to identify which interventions have worked most effectively for key customer groups: young people; long-term unemployed adults; older benefit claimants; lone parents; partners of benefit claimants; disabled people and people with health conditions; ethnic minorities; and the most disadvantaged. In addition to a detailed review for each of the customer groups covering contextual issues, type of provision, aspects of delivery and 'what works', a number of key findings of generic relevance emerged. Such issues include the diversity of the population of customers for whom provision is made and what they look for in interventions, the central role of the Personal Adviser in the success of interventions and the importance of motivation of the individual customer in the effectiveness of any form of provision. The importance of job search activity, of working with employers and the state of the labour markets and the nature of jobs available is highlighted also. The evidence presented in the review could be used to inform decisions about the appropriate type of provision to suit customers and local labour markets in a context of a more decentralised approach to the delivery of interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hieming, Bettina, Karen Jaehrling, Thorsten Kalina, Claudia Weinkopf, Damian Grimshaw, Jill Rubery, Nirit Schimron & Oleksandr Stupnytskyy (2007): Frauen in "einfachen" Tätigkeiten. Brüssel, 97 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie 'Frauen in 'einfachen' Tätigkeiten' bezieht sich auf drei Länder: die Tschechische Republik, Deutschland and Großbritannien. In Teil 1 geben wir einführend einen Überblick zur Frauenbeschäftigung in den drei Ländern sowie die Rolle der Teilzeitarbeit und ausgewählte Elemente der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen. In Teil 2 stehen die Charakteristika der Arbeitsplätze im Vordergrund, die die in den meisten Fällen steigende Erwerbsneigung von Frauen absorbieren und es wird analysiert, welche Tätigkeiten und Branchen für die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit besonders wichtig sind. Insbesondere wird untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß ausgewählte Tätigkeiten Beschäftigungswachstum aufweisen und inwieweit dies (gering qualifizierten) Frauen Beschäftigungschancen eröffnet. In Teil 3 wird die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze genauer unter die Lupe genommen. In Teil 4 identifizieren wir mögliche Ansatzpunkte für Maßnahmen, die auf eine Erhöhung der sozialen Wertschätzung und der Qualität von 'einfachen' Arbeitsplätzen für Frauen abzielen, und beschreiben 13 Beispiele guter Praxis aus den drei Ländern. Abschließend werden in Teil 5 aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen unserer Analysen Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen gegeben, die sich auf Entlohnung, industrielle Beziehungen, Qualifizierung, Arbeitszeitflexibilität und Work-Life Balance sowie das gesellschaftlich Ansehen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik beziehen. Insgesamt sprechen unsere Ergebnisse dafür, dass der Blick nicht alleine auf eine quantitative Ausweitung von Einfacharbeit gerichtet werden darf. Vielmehr muss das gesamte Qualifikationsspektrum in den Blick genommen und der Qualität der Beschäftigung mehr Beachtung geschenkt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kreyenfeld, Michaela, Dirk Konietzka, Esther Geisler & Sebastian Böhm (2007): Gibt es eine zunehmende bildungsspezifische Polarisierung der Erwerbsmuster von Frauen? Analysen auf Basis der Mikrozensen 1976-2004. (MPIDR working paper 2007-013), Rostock, 64 S.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag untersucht den bildungsspezifischen Wandel der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern in Westdeutschland. Die theoretischen Überlegungen lassen unterschiedliche Entwicklungstrends für Frauen unterschiedlichen Bildungsniveaus erwarten. Die empirischen Analysen der Scientific-Use-Files der Mikrozensen der Jahre 1976 bis 2004 zeigen einen Anstieg der Anteile Teilzeit und marginal erwerbstätiger und zugleich einen Rückgang der Anteile Vollzeit erwerbstätiger Mütter. Insbesondere unter weniger qualifizierten Müttern ist ein kontinuierlicher Rückgang des Erwerbsarbeitsumfangs über die Zeit festzustellen. Hochschulabsolventinnen mit Kindern sind dagegen am häufigsten Vollzeit erwerbstätig, und das Doppelernährer-Modell der Familie ist in der wachsenden Gruppe bildungshomogamer hoch qualifizierter Paare am weitesten verbreitet. Die Folgen sind eine verstärkte Konzentration von ökonomischen Ressourcen und erhöhte soziale Ungleichheit zwischen Haushalten und Familien." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kull, Silke & Barbara Riedmüller (2007): Auf dem Weg zur Arbeitsmarktbürgerin? Neue Konzepte der Arbeitsmarktpolitik am Beispiel allein erziehender Frauen. (Forschung aus der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung 84), Berlin: Edition Sigma, 127 S.

Abstract

"Der aktuellen deutschen Arbeitsmarktpolitik liegt die Idee des aktivierenden Sozialstaats zugrunde. Soziale Sicherung resultiert weniger aus dem BürgerInnenstatus an sich, sondern aus einer Erwerbsbeteiligung. Die Bevölkerung im erwerbsfähigen Alter wird damit zu 'ArbeitsmarktbürgerInnen'. Dabei geraten zunehmend allein erziehende Frauen in den Blick der aktivierenden Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dieses Buch untersucht die Arbeitsmarktintegration allein Erziehender mithilfe repräsentativer Datensätze und entwickelt eine bisher einmalige empiriegestützte Erwerbstypologie, die verdeutlicht, welche Faktoren eine Erwerbsbeteiligung begünstigen und welche ihr entgegenstehen. Überdies analysieren die Autorinnen arbeitsmarktpolitische Modellprojekte sowie die jüngsten Reformen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Hinblick auf ihre Auswirkungen für Single-Mütter. Dabei wird deutlich, dass der im Begriff 'ArbeitsmarktbürgerIn' implizierte Anspruch auf eine Universalisierung der Erwerbsteilhabe sich für allein erziehende Frauen nur einlösen lässt, wenn die geschlechterpolitische Schieflage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt aufgehoben wird. Die jüngsten arbeitsmarkt-, sozial- und familienpolitischen Entwicklungen werden diesem Anspruch nur bedingt gerecht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lange, Yvonne (2007): Fertilität und Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in Deutschland. Eine empirische Analyse. (Schriften zur empirischen Wirtschaftsforschung 10), Frankfurt am Main u.a.: Lang, 153 S.

Abstract

"Um die negativen Folgen des demografischen Wandels abzumildern, werden u. a. eine verstärkte Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und eine Steigerung der Geburtenrate diskutiert. Der Gesamtkonzeption aus familien-, gesellschafts-, sozial- und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen zur Erreichung dieser Ziele muss eine detaillierte Erforschung ihrer Ursachen vorausgehen. Das ist Ziel dieser Arbeit, in deren Zentrum eine quantitative Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Fertilität und der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland steht. In einer ersten Stufe dienen empirische Analysen der Ableitung potentieller Determinanten für die ökonometrischen Paneldaten-Modelle der zweiten Stufe. Multivariate Probitmodelle für Querschnittsdaten, Classical-Pooling-Probitmodelle sowie Random-Effects-Probitmodelle kommen dabei zur Anwendung. Sie bringen die erklärenden Variablen hervor, die einerseits die Fertilität und andererseits die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland signifikant beeinflussen. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Ergebnisse sind plausibel und anschaulich zu interpretieren, sodass aus ihnen Eckpunkte einer Familienpolitik abgeleitet werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lee, Kristen S., Duane F. Alwin & Paula A. Tufis (2007): Beliefs about women's labour in the reunified Germany, 1991-2004. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 487-503. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcm015

Abstract

"This research investigates the mechanisms of change in gender beliefs in East and West Germany since reunification. Using repeated cross-sectional data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS), we examine how processes of cohort replacement and of intra-cohort change contributed to the changes in beliefs about gender ideology and about the consequences of women working for pay that occurred from 1982 to 2004 in the former West Germany and from 1991 to 2004 in the former East Germany. We find that while changes in gender beliefs occurred through both cohort replacement and within-cohort change in West Germany, changes in East Germany primarily occurred through processes of intra-cohort change. Heterogeneity in levels of schooling and employment status are important in accounting for variation in gender beliefs. We find support for the conclusion that there are continued changes in gender beliefs in the reunified Germany across time. However, we do not find that beliefs converged in the East and West following reunification. In fact, focusing on the period following reunification, we find that the gap in beliefs between the East and West actually increased between 1991 and 2004." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lehner, Ursula, Karin Städtner & Michael Wagner-Pinter (2007): Ungleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt. Gender Mainstreaming in Österreich 1996 bis 2005 - Empirische Befunde des Gleichstellungsmonitorings des AMS. (AMS-Info 93), S. 1-4.

Abstract

"Eine solide Fachausbildung soll den Grundstein für einen erfolgreichen Ersteinstieg junger Erwerbstätiger in das Berufsleben legen. Welche Arbeitsmarktchancen junge Frauen und Männer mit einer abgeschlossenen Lehrausbildung am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt tatsächlich vorfinden, gilt es jedoch erst zu klären. In diesem Zusammenhang ist insbesondere von Interesse, in welchem Ausmaß junge Frauen und Männer mit einer rezenten Lehrausbildung ihr Beschäftigungspotential nutzen können und mit welchem Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko berufseinsteigende Personen in diesem ersten Abschnitt ihrer Erwerbskarriere konfrontiert sind. Die vorgestellten Befunde sind aus 'Längsschnittanalysen ' gewonnen, bei denen alle Erwerbstätigen des Geburtsjahrganges 1980 in ihrer Erwerbslaufbahn verfolgt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lundin, Daniela, Eva Mörk & Björn Öckert (2007): Do reduced child care prices make parents work more? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,02), Uppsala, 56 S.

Abstract

"This paper exploits exogenous variation in the price of child care stemming from a major child care price reform, to estimate the effects of child care costs on parents' labour supply. The reform introduced a cap on the price that local governments could charge parents, and lead to considerable reductions in the price of child care depending on family type and region. Since the price is de-termined by a handful of observed characteristics, we are able to match house-holds that are similar in all relevant aspects, but experienced quite different price changes due to the reform. Our difference-in-differences regression matching estimates are very precise, but mostly close to zero." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Misra, Joya, Michelle J. Budig & Stephanie Moller (2007): Reconciliation policies and the effects of motherhood on employment, earnings and poverty. In: Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 135-155. DOI:10.1080/13876980701311588

Abstract

"We examine the consequences of welfare state strategies on women's economic outcomes in ten countries. These strategies are 1) the primary caregiver strategy, focused on valuing women's care work; 2) the primary earner strategy, focused on encouraging women's employment; 3) the choice strategy, which provides support for women's employment or caregiving for young children; and 4) the earner-carer strategy, focused on helping men and women balance both care and employment. We analyze the effects of motherhood and marital status on employment rates, annual earnings, and poverty rates. Our study suggests that the strategy taken by the earner-carer strategy may be most effective at increasing equality for both married and single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Newell, Helen (2007): Gender and career development. Dublin, o. Sz.

Abstract

"This comparative study examines the issue of gender and career development and explores the continuing barriers to achieving equality of opportunity in this area. Looking at the current European Union countries (with the exception of Sweden) and Norway, the study explores the extent to which career patterns are changing in response to the restructuring of work and organisations and how this impacts on women's career experiences. It also examines the attitudes of the social partners regarding gender and career development. The study finds that although careers are changing in most countries, the nature of this change is best described as a gradual erosion of traditional work patterns, rather than a transformation which is likely to improve opportunities for women. Gender segregation remains a significant problem, despite women's increased activity rates. Female-dominated part-time work, associated with poor opportunities for training and promotion, also persists. The study reveals that most trade unions have been proactive in campaigning on this topic and in increasing their members' awareness of and ability to raise such issues with employers. However, it also shows that many employers appear to remain unconvinced about the need to prioritise gender and careers. While there are examples of some innovative attempts to tackle the problem, these often occur in isolation. In particular, translating legislation into practice at company level remains a significant problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oreffice, Sonia (2007): Did the legalization of abortion increase women's household bargaining power? Evidence from labor supply. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 181-207. DOI:10.1007/s11150-007-9009-y

Abstract

"I estimate the impact of abortion legalization on spouses' labor supplies to test whether legalization increased women's household bargaining power, in a collective household behaviour framework. Based on CPS data, I find that wives' labor supply decreased and their husbands' increased, which is consistent with the bargaining hypothesis. This contrasts with most studies of abortion and birth control technologies, which predict a labor supply effect only for women, and of opposite sign. Also consistent with the bargaining interpretation, I estimate no significant impact on anti-abortion religious couples or on those who regularly used contraceptives. PSID data yield supportive evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Paull, Gillian (2007): Partnership transitions and mothers' employment. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 452), London, 136 S.

Abstract

"This report presents findings from secondary analysis of the Families and Children Study (FACS) and British Household Panel Study (BHPS), measuring partnership dynamics amongst mothers and exploring the impact of partnership breakdown and (re)partnering on family employment status. Both surveys collect information on partnership and employment histories, with spells dated by calendar month, and data from the two surveys have been used in a combined form." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Peacock, Sylvia E. (2007): Not just mum and the apple pie. Trends in intergenerational status attainment considering the influence of the mother's education and occupation. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag, 161 S.

Abstract

"In studies on social stratification, usually the influence of the mothers educational and occupational statuses on children s status attainment is ignored. The father s socioeconomic status is assumed to hold the dominant position in the household. Today, this assumption no longer holds. In this book the question is answered how the mother s education and her occupational status influences the education and job status of her children. The author shows that the socioeconomic background of the mother is heavily related to the educational outcomes of sons and daughters. Regarding the reproduction of job status, the mother s status resources are important only for the daughter. Her resources always have been and still are very important as a source advantage transfers from one generation to the next. Over time, the influence of both parents decreases in essentially the same way. The contents of this book support the assessment of educational and occupational trends in modern society. This valuable study aids students, researchers and policy makers concerned with outcomes of social justice, reviewing key concepts for historical and internationally comparative studies on social stratification." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Plünnecke, Axel & Susanne Seyda (2007): Wachstumseffekte einer bevölkerungsorientierten Familienpolitik. (IW-Analysen 27), Köln: Deutscher Instituts-Verlag, 76 S.

Abstract

"Der Familienpolitik kommt bei der Bewältigung des demografischen Wandels eine besondere Rolle zu, da sie Maßnahmen ergreifen kann, mit deren Hilfe der Trend umgekehrt, die Geburtenrate also angehoben werden kann. Familienpolitik hat ferner Auswirkungen auf das Verhalten von Familien, die ihrerseits Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Wirtschaft und des Wachstums in Deutschland nehmen. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Frage, inwieweit durch eine bevölkerungsorientierte Familienpolitik die zukünftigen Wachstumschancen verbessert werden können. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen dabei neben den Wachstumswirkungen einer höheren Geburtenrate auch die Effekte der Familienpolitik auf Erwerbsbeteiligung und Bildungsstand der Bevölkerung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pronzato, Chiara (2007): Return to work after childbirth. Does parental leave matter in Europe? (ISER working paper 2007-30), Colchester, 31 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of the extended parental leave in the return to work for mothers of newborn children. Parental leaves have been introduced in the last 30 years in all European countries in order to extend the period of job-protection, allowing both parents to care for the child after the maternity leave period has expired. In this paper, I exploit the variability in policies offered by the EU countries, in terms of length of the leave and payments, and I study the influence of statutory leaves on the probability of staying at home with the child during the leave, and on the probability of working in the period of time following the leave. Using data from ECHP, I select women who have a child in the years of the survey, who have worked before, and I follow them over time. After studying the determinants of the return to work in each country separately, I generalize the results, matching women with similar human capital characteristics and fertility history from different countries and, consequently, under different parental leave regulations. Results suggest that the right to long and paid leaves gives mothers the opportunity to remain at home with the child at a lower cost, and that lengthy statutory leaves are associated with being more likely to be at work in the period following the leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ray, Kathryn, Sandra Vegeris, Sheere Brooks, Verity Campbell-Barr, Lesley Hoggart, Karen Mackinnon & Isabel Shutes (2007): The lone parents pilots. A qualitative evaluation of quarterly work focused interviews (12+), work search premium and in work credit. (Department for Work and Pension. Research report 423), London, 132 S.

Abstract

"The study is a qualitative evaluation of three pilot initiatives that were introduced in selected Jobcentre Plus districts in 2004. The pilots (Quarterly Work Focused Interviews (QWFIs (12+)), Work Search Premium (WSP) and In Work Credit (IWC)) aim to encourage and sustain work among non-working lone parents, providing extra support to supplement the New Deal for Lone Parents. The qualitative research was undertaken in six Jobcentre Plus districts and comprised in-depth interviews with Jobcentre Plus staff and customers. The study explores: lone parent and staff experiences and views of the three pilots; their perceptions of the impact of the pilots on lone parents' work entry and work retention; the work journeys of lone parents and the role of the pilots at different stages of the work journey: receptivity to work, work preparation and in-work trajectories. The implications for policy are discussed and recommendations made." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reichart, Elisabeth (2007): Doppelte Transformation des Ernährermodells? Eine Längsschnittstudie zur Erwerbsarbeitsteilung bei ost- und westdeutschen Paaren nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes. (Familie und Gesellschaft 20), Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, 345 S.

Abstract

Vor der deutschen Vereinigung herrschten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der DDR unterschiedliche Modelle der sozialstaatlichen Regulation der Geschlechterverhältnisse: im Westen das klassische Ernährermodell (male breadwinner - female carer), im Osten modernere Geschlechterverhältnisse (dual earner - state carer). Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung dieser Modelle nach 1990 und geht dabei insbesondere der Frage nach, ob sich das klassische Ernährermodell auch in Ostdeutschland durchsetzen konnte, oder ob sich neue Variationen der Geschlechterverhältnisse ausbildeten, wie es mit der These von der 'doppelten Transformation' vorhergesagt wurde. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird diese Fragestellung aus drei Perspektiven (Wohlfahrtsstaat, Lebenslauf, Paarbeziehung und Haushalt) theoretisch beleuchtet. Außerdem werden die gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Erwerbsarbeitsteilung von Paaren in Ost- und Westdeutschland sowie der aktuelle Forschungsstand zum Thema Erwerbstätigkeit und Elternschaft dargestellt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die Fragestellung am Beispiel der Erwerbsverläufe junger Eltern empirisch untersucht: Mit Längsschnittdaten zu Erwerbkonstellationen ost- und westdeutscher Paare bilden sich sechs typische Muster der Erwerbsarbeitsteilung nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes ab. Diese werden in einem methodisch innovativen Verfahren durch Optimal Matching und Clusteranalyse gewonnen und durch bi- und multivariate Analysen weiter abgesichert. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die These von der 'doppelten Transformation' nur eingeschränkt zutrifft: In den beiden deutschen Landesteilen fand und findet eine parallele Entwicklung statt. (IAB)

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Schnittker, Jason (2007): Working more and feeling better. Women's health, employment, and family life, 1974-2004. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. 221-238.

Abstract

"Women have long reported worse self-rated health than men. This difference, however, may be changing. Rising educational attainment and labor force participation over the last two decades may have improved women's health, yet some have speculated that such benefits are increasingly threatened by a variety of other important changes, including growing difficulty balancing work and family. This article explores trends in women's health, employment, and family life between 1974 and 2004, using the cumulative General Social Survey and recent waves of the National Health Interview Survey, focusing specifically on the relationship between work hours, family responsibilities, and self-rated health. On the one hand, the results are consistent with research and speculation regarding health and women's changing roles. More women are employed and working longer hours, often combining work with parenting. Furthermore, the health benefits of employment decline somewhat when employment is combined with the care of a young child. Nevertheless, women reported much better health in the 1990s than they did in earlier periods and the gender gap has narrowed. The upward trend in women's absolute health reflects a progressive increase in women's education, while the closing of the gender gap reflects women's growing rates of labor force participation. These positive health trends will likely continue in the future. Indeed, judging from evidence among some select groups - including the college educated and those working full-time - the well-known gender gap in self-rated health might soon reverse, mitigating patterns once thought rooted in more innate sex differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schönberg, Uta & Johannes Ludsteck (2007): Maternity leave legislation, female labor supply, and the family wage gap. (IZA discussion paper 2699), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the impact of expansions in leave coverage on mothers' labor market outcomes after childbirth. The focus is on Germany, a country that underwent several changes in maternity leave legislation since the late 70s. We identify the causal impact of an expansion in maternity leave by comparing labor market outcomes of women who gave birth shortly (i.e. one month) before and after a change in maternity leave legislation. There is strong evidence that each expansion induced women to delay their return to work. Despite this strong short-term effect, the expansions had little impact on women's labor supply in the long-run. The expansion from 2 to 6 months reduced women's wages, even 8 years after childbirth. This effect is mostly explained by the delay in the return to work. The delay in the return to work caused by the expansions in leave from 6 to 10 months and 18 to 36 months also lowered wages. However, this negative effect is offset by a positive selection effect, resulting in a zero or even positive overall effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Jane Waldfogel (2007): Motherhood and women's earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic Countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 55-91. DOI:10.1080/13545700601184849

Abstract

"The earnings of mothers make up an important, but difficult to quantify, component of parental expenditures on children. This paper compares the long-term earnings of women with children, women without children, and men. The study conducts separate analyses for less educated, moderately educated, and highly educated people in eight Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic countries. The study finds that, for the most part, these countries cluster into three groups, with mothers in the Continental European group experiencing the largest earnings differentials, mothers in the Nordic group experiencing the smallest, and mothers in the Anglo-American countries occupying the middle position." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Jane Waldfogel (2007): The incomes of families with children. A cross-national comparison. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 299-318. DOI:10.1177/0958928707082474

Abstract

"Using data on seven countries, we estimate trajectories in family incomes for families with and without children following several stylized life-courses. Focusing mainly on women with a medium level of education, we find, in general, that gaps in family income are smallest in the Nordic countries, intermediate in the Anglo-American countries, and largest in the continental European countries. Our findings are similar to patterns observed in the literature on family gaps in women's earnings and suggest that differences in earnings and labour market participation between women with different family histories are the major driver in the gaps in gross and disposable incomes that we observe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stegmann, Michael (2007): Effekte der Kindererziehung auf die Erwerbsprofile und Alterseinkommen von Frauen in West- und Ostdeutschland. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 86-93. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2007-2-86

Abstract

"Der Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Kindererziehung und Berufstätigkeit von Müttern. Ferner wird dargestellt, wie sich das unterschiedliche Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen auf das persönliche Renten- und Gesamtalterseinkommen auswirkt und wie dies die Einkommenssituation im Ehepaarkontext beeinflusst. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten der Studie Altersvorsorge in Deutschland 1996 (AVID 1996). Als wesentliches Ergebnis lässt sich festhalten, dass die durch Kinder stark beeinflusste Erwerbsbeteiligung und auch die Einkommensposition in den Phasen vor, während und nach der Kindererziehung deutliche Auswirkungen auf das Alterseinkommen der Mütter zeigen. Dies wird durch kinderbezogene Leistungen der grundsätzlich nach den Löhnen und dem Äquivalenzprinzip ausgerichteten gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung zwar gemildert, jedoch nicht gänzlich ausgeglichen. Dabei gibt es zwischen den Frauen in den alten Bundesländern und denen in den neuen Bundesländern deutliche Unterschiede. Insgesamt wird erkennbar, dass eine Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben unverzichtbar ist, wenn eine Gleichstellung im Rentenrecht von Erziehungspersonen und nicht Erziehenden angestrebt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Stern, Nadine (2007): Familienpolitische Konzepte im Ländervergleich. Sprungbrett oder Stolperstein für erwerbstätige Mütter? Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 153 S.

Abstract

"Die bürgerliche Rollenverteilung zwischen dem arbeitenden Mann und der haushaltenden Ehefrau entspricht seit Jahrzehnten nicht mehr dem Selbstverständnis fortschrittlicher Industriegesellschaften. Es besteht weitgehend Konsens, dass auch der Wohlfahrtsstaat mit seinen Segnungen die gleichberechtigte Belastung in Beruf und Familie fördern soll. Aber obwohl neben politikwissenschaftlichen auch volkswirtschaftliche und demografische Gesichtspunkte gegen das Ernährermodell sprechen, wird es weiterhin vielerorts durch politische Regulierungen verfestigt. Die Autorin untersucht die geschlechterpolitische Wirkung der deutschen, der französischen und der schwedischen Familienpolitik. Dazu stellt sie zentrale familienpolitische Regulierungen gegenüber. Ergebnis sind nicht nur länderspezifische Erkenntnisse. Die Autorin geht vielmehr der Frage nach, wie finanzielle Regulierungen, Kinderbetreuungs- und Erziehungsfreistellungsregelungen die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie für Männer und Frauen gezielt fördern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Theunissen, Gert, Marije Verbruggen, Anneleen Forrier & Luc Sels (2007): Career sidestep, wage stepback? The impact of different types of career breaks on wages. (WSE report), Louvain, 22 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we simultaneously study the wage effects of different types of interruptions, allowing for differential effects of break duration in function of the nature of the interruption. The types we will study are family leaves, unemployment spells, self-employment spells, educational leaves and a residual category, comprising 'private' reasons to interrupt one's career (e.g. travel, rest, voluntary work). Family leaves and unemployment spells have received ample attention in literature, being perhaps the most obvious reasons why an individual is not working at some point in time. Our addition of self-employment spells and educational leaves is not only inspired by their under-exposure in research on career breaks, but also by the growing recognition among policy-makers of the crucial role of lifelong learning and entrepreneurship in sustaining economic growth. It is far from certain whether career interruptions that are advocated by the government as a potential boost to employment and entrepreneurship also pay off for individuals once they return to wage employment. Besides this focus on different types of career breaks, our study also complements previous research by conducting separate analyses for men and women. In doing so, we investigate to what extent the impact of the different types of career breaks differ between male and female workers. The paper is structured as follows. First, we discuss the literature on career breaks. Then we present the methodology and the results. The paper concludes with a discussion on the key implications of the research and some suggestions for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tomlinson, Jennifer (2007): Employment regulation, welfare and gender regimes. A comparative analysis of womens's working-time patterns and work-life balance in the UK and the US. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 401-415. DOI:10.1080/09585190601167466

Abstract

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über Arbeitszeitmuster erwerbstätiger Frauen und Mütter in den beiden neoliberalen Wohlfahrtsstaaten Großbritannien und den USA. Zur Erklärung der länderspezifischen Unterschiede zwischen Voll- und Teilzeit-Quoten erwerbstätiger Mütter wird ein Ansatz entwickelt, der wohlfahrtsstaatliche Regelungen, Spielarten des Kapitalismus und das Geschlechterverhältnis einbezieht. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die institutionellen Strukturen in beiden Ländern verglichen, insbesondere die Regulierung von Vollzeit- und Teilzeitarbeit sowie der Sozialeistungen. Hierdurch werden unterschiedliche positive bzw. negative Anreizsysteme für Teilzeitarbeit erwerbstätiger Mütter geschaffen, wobei Teilzeitarbeit als Möglichkeit betrachtet wird, eine bessere Vereinbarkeit zwischen Beruf und Familie zu finden. Für Großbritannien wird eine Inkonsistenz zwischen dem Ziel stärkerer Frauenerwerbsbeteiligung und den mangelnden institutionellen Strukturen, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, herausgearbeitet. Fehlende Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten und die schlechte Qualität von Teilzeitarbeitsplätzen sind typisch für Großbritannien. Für die USA werden weniger Inkonsistenzen festgestellt. Hier wird ein striktes neoliberales Modell verfolgt, in dem Vollzeitarbeit als Standard gilt, auch für erwerbstätige Mütter. (IAB)

Zitatform

Vogel, Alexander (2007): Determinanten der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit im Haushaltskontext. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 3, S. 312-319.

Abstract

"Die meisten Untersuchungen zur Erwerbstätigkeit greifen auf die Erhebung der normalerweise geleisteten Arbeitszeit zurück. Der Artikel zielt darauf ab, robuste Ergebnisse bezüglich der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit im Haushaltskontext zu erhalten. Hierfür wird untersucht, ob davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass bisher gewonnene Erkenntnisse zum Erwerbsverhalten von den Methoden der Arbeitszeiterfassung unabhängig sind. Der herkömmlichen Operationalisierung werden dazu die gewünschte und die tatsächlich geleistete Arbeitszeit gegenübergestellt. Die Datengrundlage liefert die Zeitbudgeterhebung 2001/2002 des Statistischen Bundesamtes." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wang, Ying & Dave E. Marcotte (2007): Golden years? The labor market effects of caring for grandchildren. (IZA discussion paper 2629), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"The number of Americans raising grandchildren has been rising steadily. In this paper, we add to what is known about the implications of this trend by focusing on the economic effects of raising a grandchild. We make use of a unique data set compiled from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics along with its Parent Identification File. Using this nationally representative sample of 3,240 grandparents who are heads of households, we estimate the effect of taking in a grandchild on a grandparent's labor force participation and hours worked. We estimate ordinary and two-stage models that distinguishing between grandparents living only with grandchildren (skipped generation families) and those who also have taken in their own children (three-generation families). The results suggest that caring for grandchildren leads to greater attachment to the labor force, especially in skipped-generation families, for grandfathers, and among married grandparents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Warren, Tracey (2007): Conceptualizing breadwinning work. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 317-336. DOI:10.1177/0950017007076642

Abstract

"One of the most widely used concepts in the sociology of women and men's work is that of the breadwinner. Given its centrality to and in so many core academic debates, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to theorizing and operationalizing breadwinning. Breadwinning seems to lie uncontested, with an unproblematic taken-for-granted, common sense meaning in current sociology.The article reviews how breadwinning has been approached in sociology and how it has been operationalized in empirical studies. After identifying different dimensions of breadwinning, the article explores their reliability in a descriptive analysis of women and men's breadwinning work in Europe. It is concluded that the meaning of breadwinning should be debated as routinely as that of caring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Webster, Juliet (2007): Changing European gender relations. Gender equality policy concerning employment and the labour market. EU research in social sciences and humanities. (Policy synthesis of EU research results series 06), Brüssel, 63 S.

Abstract

"The review addresses the policy domain of gender and equal opportunities in relation to employment and labour market policies. The findings of six research projects fall into four clusters that mirror the concerns of policy makers: gender inequalities in labour market participation; labour market segregation and the nature of 'women's work'; flexible employment, family-friendly work and work-life balance; welfare and social exclusion; and the formulation and implementation of gender equality policies. The research reviewed highlights several gaps in our understanding of labour market dynamics as they affect gender equality and policy formulation. The need for further research has been identified on specific topics, including a systematic evaluation of flexible work forms on gender equality, developing new understandings of 'skill', and social protection and social exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Yeo, Alasdair (2007): Experience of work and job retention among lone parents. An evidence review. (Department for Work and Pensions. Working paper 37), London, 64 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores lone parents' experiences of work and job retention. Improving job retention rates is seen as an important element in meeting the Government's target of a 70 per cent employment rate for lone parents by 2010. A better understanding of the issue of job retention was developed by reviewing the content and evaluations of the New Deal for Lone Parents (NDLP), Work Focused Interviews (WFIs) and other related DWP and non-DWP reports. The factors influencing lone parents leaving work and conversely, the factors associated with lone parents staying in-work, are explored. The current policies and pilots aimed at improving job retention for lone parents in the UK are examined; international policies are also scrutinised, enabling cross-national comparisons to be drawn. This analysis informed the development of a framework to understand types of policy initiatives. This framework is then used to analyse the UK's policies and pilots with regard to job retention and to develop further proposals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The Global Employment Trends for Women Brief 2007 focuses on whether the tendency toward increased participation has continued more recently and whether women have found enough decent and productive jobs to really enable them to use their potential in the labour market and achieve economic independence. The approach is based on updates and analysis of a number of major labour market indicators. These include: labour force participation; unemployment; sector and status of employment; wages/earnings; and education and skills. Taken together, they show whether women who want to work actually do so, whether women find it harder to get a job than men, differences in the type of work done by women and men and equality of treatment in areas ranging from pay to education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"90 Prozent aller Mitgliedsstaaten der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO) haben inzwischen die Kernarbeitsnormen gegen Diskriminierung ratifiziert und sich damit zur Verabschiedung entsprechender Gesetze verpflichtet. Doch Gesetze allein reichen nicht aus, um Diskriminierung wirksam zu bekämpfen. Der Bericht lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit von Regierungen und Sozialpartnern auch auf neue Formen der Diskriminierung, die noch zu wenig Beachtung finden - beispielsweise aufgrund von Alter, HIV/AIDS, eines ungesunden Lebensstils oder der Wahrscheinlichkeit bestimmter genetischer Krankheiten. Die meisten Fälle von Diskriminierung aber betreffen nach wie vor Frauen. Die ILO betont in ihrem Bericht daher die herausragende Bedeutung von Maßnahmen zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. So sollten familienfreundliche Maßnahmen nicht nur Frauen, sondern auch Männern offen stehen. In einigen Ländern, wie Island und Dänemark, wurden bestimmte Maßnahmen gezielt für Männer vorgesehen, beispielsweise ein besonderer Kinderbetreuungsurlaub nur für Männer. Nur wenn deutlich gemacht werde, dass die Wahrnehmung von Familienpflichten durch Männer sozial gewollt und akzeptiert wird, könne ein notwendiger Umdenkprozess stattfinden. Auch die Sozialpartner könnten durch entsprechende Ausgestaltung von Tarifverträgen einen Beitrag leisten, etwa indem Erziehungspausen nicht zu einer niedrigeren Einstufung führen. In Deutschland werden Frauen immer noch weniger eingestellt, rücken seltener in Führungspositionen und verdienen deutlich weniger als Männer. So beträgt das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern laut dem Gleichstellungsbericht der EU-Kommission 22 Prozent, womit Deutschland in der EU auf dem viertletzten Platz landet. Auch die EU nennt die schlechte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als zentrales Hindernis auf dem Weg zu mehr Gleichberechtigung.
Weitere Empfehlungen der ILO zur Bekämpfung der Diskriminierung weltweit:
- Gesetzgebung, die nicht nur Diskriminierung verbietet, sondern aktiv Ziele zur Förderung der Gleichberechtigung setzt;
- Unterstützung der Sozialpartner, um Gleichstellungsfragen in der Tarifpolitik zu verankern;
- gezielte Arbeitsmarktpolitik zur Förderung und Einbindung benachteiligter Gruppen;
- Bindung der öffentlichen Auftragsvergabe an die Einhaltung des Diskriminierungsverbots;
- Einrichtung von Antidiskriminierungskommissionen beziehungsweise Kommissionen für Lohngleichheit;
- Förderung der Lohngerechtigkeit auf betrieblicher Ebene durch 'Kartierung' der Lohnstruktur, um Lohndiskrepanzen sichtbar zu machen und abzubauen;
- Einbindung von Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen in die Länderprogramme der ILO für menschenwürdige Arbeit ebenso wie in die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, die staatliche Kreditvergabe und Investitionsförderpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"In Deutschland stieg die Frauenbeschäftigungsquote seit 2000 bis heute an und lag Anfang 2007 bei 63,2 Prozent. Die Beschäftigungsquote der Männer lag im ersten Quartal 2007 bei 73,6 Prozent und damit 1,6 Prozentpunkte über dem Durchschnitt der EU-25-Staaten. 11,93 Millionen Frauen waren im Juni 2006 sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt. Das waren 45,3 Prozent der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten. Die weit überwiegende Zahl der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Teilzeitbeschäftigten sind Frauen. Im Juni 2006 waren 3,81 Mio (84,1 Prozent) der 4,53 Mio Teilzeitbeschäftigten weiblich. 4,85 Mio Personen sind ausschließlich geringfügig beschäftigt. Von dieser Gruppe sind 67,2 Prozent weiblich. Von den gut 300.000 Personen in Arbeitsgelegenheiten der Mehraufwandsvariante (Ein-Euro-Jobs) waren im Jahr 2006 40,5 Prozent weiblich. Der Anteil von Mädchen in 'Männerberufen' nimmt nur langsam zu. Von September 2006 auf September 2007 sank die Zahl der arbeitslosen Frauen um 313.000 Personen oder 14,8 Prozent. Die Männerarbeitslosigkeit sank im gleichen Zeitraum um 381.000 oder 18,0 Prozent. Der Frauenanteil an allen Arbeitslosen stieg auf 51,1 Prozent an." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Aaberge, Rolf, Ugo Colombino & Tom Wennemo (2006): Evaluating alternative representations of the choice sets in models of labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 1986), Bonn, 26 S.

Abstract

"During the last two decades, the discrete-choice modelling of labour supply decisions has become increasingly popular, starting with Aaberge et al. (1995) and van Soest (1995). Within the literature adopting this approach there are however two potentially important issues that are worthwhile analyzing in their implications and that so far have not been given the attention they might deserve. A first issue concerns the procedure by which the discrete alternatives are selected to enter the choice set. For example van Soest (1995) chooses (non-probabilistically) a set of fixed points identical for every individual. This is by far the most widely adopted method. By contrast, Aaberge et al. (1995) adopt a sampling procedure suggested by McFadden (1978) and also assume that the choice set may differ across the households. A second issue concerns the availability of the alternatives. Most authors assume all the values of hours-of-work within some range [0, H] are equally available.! At the other extreme, some authors assume only two or three alternatives (e.g. non-participation, part-time and full-time) are available for everyone. Aaberge et al. (1995) assume instead that not all the hour opportunities are equally available to everyone; they specify a probability density function of opportunities for each individual and the discrete choice set used in the estimation is built by sampling from that individual-specific density function. In this paper we explore by simulation the implications of the procedure used to build the choice set (fixed alternatives vs. sampled alternatives) and of accounting or not accounting for a different availability of alternatives. The way the choice set is represented seems to have little impact on the fitting of observed values, but a more significant and important impact on the out-of-sample prediction performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aaronson, Stephanie, Bruce Fallick, Andrew Figura, Jonathan Pingle & William Wascher (2006): The recent decline in the labor force participation rate and ist implications for potential labor supply. In: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity H. 1, S. 69-154.

Abstract

"This paper undertakes a comprehensive review of recent developments in labor force participation and attempts to parse the recent decline into its cyclical and structural components. After a brief overview of the data, we examine the effects of changing demographics an the aggregate participation rate and review the facts and past research on a number of other potential influences, including trends in human capital accumulation, relative wages, family structure, and income support programs. We then use a cohort-based model of the participation rate that attempts to account for these factors to estimate and project forward the underlying trend in the participation rate. Next we supplement the model-based results with analyses of recent changes in labor force participation using state-level data, gross labor force flows, and information on the incidence and duration of labor force attachment. Finally, we report briefly on two other components of the aggregate supply of labor: the size of the working-age population and the length of the average workweek." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Allmendinger, Jutta, Kathrin Dressel & Christian Ebner (2006): Zum Verhältnis von Demografie, Qualifikation und Frauenerwerbstätigkeit. In: Ministerium für Generationen, Familie, Frauen und Integration Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hrsg.) (2006): Demografischer Wandel : die Stadt, die Frauen und die Zukunft, S. 161-172.

Abstract

"Der Artikel setzt sich zum Ziel, einige empirische Fakten über den Zusammenhang zwischen Demografie, Qualifikation und Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen aufzuzeigen und hieraus Handlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten. Zu Beginn des Beitrags werden einige zentrale Wandlungsprozesse auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt thematisiert. Einerseits kommt es aufgrund der demografischen Effekte zu einer quantitativen Veränderung des Arbeitskräfteangebots (Punkt 2). Zum anderen verändern sich Wirtschaftssektoren und Anforderungen an die Qualifikationen von Erwerbstätigen (Punkt 3). Frauen stellen aufgrund ihres Humankapitals eine wertvolle Ressource für den Arbeitsmarkt dar. Jedoch ist deren Partizipation sowie Erfolg auf dem Arbeitsmarkt noch immer vergleichsweise gering (Punkt 4). Der Aufsatz schließt mit einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der geschilderten Befunde und zeigt Handlungsoptionen auf (Punkt 5)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Azmat, Ghazala, Maia Güell & Alan Manning (2006): Gender gaps in unemployment rates in OECD countries. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 1-37.

Abstract

"In some OECD countries the male and female unemployment rates are very similar but in others (notably the Mediterranean countries) the female unemployment rate is much higher than the male. Explaining these cross-country differences is the subject of this article. We show that, in countries where there is a large gender gap in unemployment rates, there is a gender gap in both flows from employment into unemployment and from unemployment into employment. We conclude that differences in human capital accumulation between men and women interacted with labor market institutions is an important part of the explanation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bergemann, Annette & Gerard J. van den Berg (2006): Active labor market policy effects for women in Europe. A survey. (IZA discussion paper 2365), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"We survey the recent literature on the effects of active labor market policies on individual labor market outcomes like employment and income, for adult female individuals without work in European countries. We consider skill-training programs, monitoring and sanctions, job search assistance, and employment subsidies. The results are remarkably uniform across studies. We relate the results to the relevant level of female labor force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bevelander, Pieter & Sandra Groeneveld (2006): Patterns of Transition. Female Native Dutch and Ethnic Minority Employment Patterns in the Dutch Labour Market, 1991 and 2002. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 32, H. 5, S. 785-807. DOI:10.1080/13691830600704198

Abstract

"This study analyses female native Dutch and ethnic minority employment patterns in the Dutch labour market. Focusing on life-course employment patterns, it aims to find out if native Dutch and ethnic minority women in the Netherlands have undergone a transition towards more labour market participation between 1991 and 2002. Three patterns of change in employment integration by age can be discerned. First, increasing employment levels for native Dutch women of almost all age groups, but in particular for those age groups that have to combine employment with rearing children. Second, a high employment level for Surinamese and Antillean women, revealing strong employment integration of all age groups, so that combining market work and rearing children does not hamper labour market integration. Third, a more traditional pattern for Turkish and Moroccan women, yet indicating an increased employment rate for almost all age groups, in particular 20-24 years. We find that critical life events such as motherhood have different effects on employment for Mediterranean, Caribbean and native Dutch women. In addition, the analysis shows that the attachment of both native Dutch and ethnic minority women to the labour market becomes stronger, and the influence of motherhood becomes smaller, over time. All in all, Caribbean women are the most attached to the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biffl, Gudrun (2006): Mehr Jobs und bessere Einkommenschancen für Frauen. Eine gesellschaftspolitische Herausforderung für Österreich. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 89-108.

Abstract

"Die Beschäftigung der Frauen in Österreich ist geprägt von ihrer Doppelrolle als Berufstätige und Hausfrauen. Frauen stehen aufgrund ihrer Verpflichtungen im Haushalt nur bedingt dem Arbeitsmarkt zur Verfügung. Dieses Verhalten hat Auswirkungen auf die Bildungslaufbahnen. In Österreich ist es im Laufe der Zeit nicht zu einer Auflockerung der geschlechtsspezifischen Bildungsmuster gekommen. Männer sind auf gut vermarktbare technisch-naturwissenschaftliche Ausbildungszweige konzentriert und Frauen auf kaufmännische und personenbezogene Dienste. Die geringe Verlagerung der Haushaltsproduktion auf den Markt hat zur Folge, dass Frauen in Österreich stärker als im Schnitt der EU auf bestimmte Branchen und Berufe konzentriert sind. Obendrein arbeiten Frauen in Österreich häufiger Teilzeit, was zur Folge hat, dass sie seltener in Leitenden Positionen aufrücken können. Dieser Effekt wird dadurch noch verstärkt, dass Frauen aufgrund von Betreuungspflichten in ihrer regionalen Mobilität eingeschränkt sind, was sie stärker an den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt bindet. In der Folge arbeiten sie häufiger als Männer in Klein- und Mittelbetrieben, die nicht nur geringere Karrieremöglichkeiten anbieten können, sondern auch keine hohen Löhne." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Blau, Francine D., Marianne A. Ferber & Anne E. Winkler (2006): The economics of women, men, and work. Upper Saddle River u.a.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 444 S.

Abstract

Das Buch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Stellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Familie. Schwerpunkte liegen auf der historischen Entwicklung und den aktuellen Trends und auf den institutionellen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen des Geschlechterverhältnisses in den USA, sowie auf Theorien zur Erklärung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede. Kapitel 2 behandelt die historische Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen, Kapitel 3 widmet sich der Familie als ökonomischer Einheit sowie der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung in Familien, der Verteilung von Hausarbeit zwischen den Geschlechtern und alternativen Ansätzen der Entscheidungsfindung in Familien. Kapitel 4 analysiert die Entscheidung von Individuen, wieviel Zeit für Haushalt und Erwerbsarbeit eingesetzt wird, und arbeitet die Bestimmungsfaktoren der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern und Frauen heraus. Kapitel 5 bietet einen Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Hinblick auf Beschäftigung und Löhne, in Kapitel 6 werden diese Unterschiede aus der Perspektive des Humankapitalansatzes erklärt, in Kapitel 7 dient die Diskrimierung von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt als Erklärungsansatz. In Kapitel 8 wird auf aktuelle Entwicklungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt eingegangen, insbesondere auf die Verringerung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds, die Zunahme selbstständiger und atypischer Beschäftigung sowie auf den abnehmenden Einfluss der Gewerkschaften. Im Mittelpunkt von Kapitel 9 stehen die ökonomischen Ursachen des Wandels der Familienstrukturen, zum Beispiel des Wachsen des Anteils an Doppelverdienern und Alleinerziehenden. In Kapitel 10 werden politische Maßnahmen thematisiert, die Erwerbsarbeit und Familie betreffen, insbesondere Maßnahmen zur Armutsbekämpfung sowie steuer- und familienpolitische Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Beruf und Familie. Kapitel 11 vergleicht die Situation in den USA mit der in anderen Ländern, vor allem in Industrieländern. (IAB)

Zitatform

Blossfeld, Hans-Peter & Heather Hofmeister (Hrsg.) (2006): Globalization, uncertainty and women's careers. An international comparison. Cheltenham u.a.: Elgar, 475 S.

Abstract

"Globalization, Uncertainty and Women's Careers assesses the effects of globalization on the life courses of women in thirteen countries across Europe and America in the second half of the 20th century. The book represents the first-ever longitudinal analysis of micro-level data from these OECD countries focusing exclusively on women's relationship to the labor market in a globalizing world. The contributors thoroughly examine women's employment entries, exits and job mobility and present evidence of women's increased labor market attachment and reduced employment quality in most of the countries studied. They also systematically consider the life course changes influenced by larger transformations in society and, in doing so, explicitly link the phenomena of globalization to individual women's lives in Europe and North America.

Zitatform

Brautzsch, Hans-Ulrich & Cornelia Lang (2006): Ist die Frauenbeschäftigung im Osten höher als im Westen? In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 3, S. 4-8.

Abstract

"Die Partizipation von ostdeutschen Frauen am Erwerbsleben wird in der öffentlichen Diskussion unterschiedlich beurteilt: Zum einen wird behauptet, die ostdeutschen Frauen würden deutlich stärker am Arbeitsleben teilnehmen als die westdeutschen. Dem gegenüber steht die Auffassung, dass sich die Erwerbsbeteiligung der ostdeutschen Frauen weitgehend an die Verhältnisse im Westen angeglichen hat." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Brewer, Mike, Alan Duncan, Andrew Shephard & Maria Jose Suarez (2006): Did working families' tax credit work? The impact of in-work support on labour supply in Great Britain. In: Labour economics, Jg. 13, H. 6, S. 699-720. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2005.11.002

Abstract

"In-work benefits are promoted as a way to make low-income families better off without introducing adverse work incentives. In 1999, the structure of in-work benefits in the UK changed, and their generosity almost doubled, through the introduction of Working Families' Tax Credit (WFTC). With micro-data from before and alter its introduction, a structural model of labour supply and programme participation estimates that, by 2002, WFTC had increased labour supply of lone mothers by around 5.1 percentage points, slightly reduced labour supply of mothers in couples by 0.6 percentage points, and increased the labour supply of fathers in couples by 0.8 percentage points, compared with the programme that preceded it. Other tax and benefit reforms contemporaneous with WFTC acted to reduce the labour supply of parents, though. Without any form of in-work benefit in the UK, labour force participation by lone mothers would be around 45 percent, rather than the 55 per cent we now observe. Participating in family credit, the UK's in-work programme before October 1999, conferred a utility loss as well as a utility gain from the extra income, but this utility cost of participation was lower in the final year of WFTC than under previous programmes for lone mothers, and no different for individuals in couples: this in itself induced more lone mothers to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Collins, Debbie, Michelle Gray, Susan Purdon & Alice MacGee (2006): Lone parents and work. Developing new survey measures of the choices and constraints. (Department for Work and Pensions. Working paper 34), London, 184 S.

Abstract

"Understanding lone parents' employment is crucial to two key governmental policies; that of eradicating child poverty and reducing the number of children in workless households. However, equally important is the need to accurately measure the reasons why lone parents do not work to ensure policies can be tailored to support lone parents in the most effective way, irrespective of whether this relates to increasing their employment rate. Currently, government-funded surveys attempt to capture respondents' concerns about moving off benefits and into work, and the reasons why they are not currently working, using a 'barriers to work' approach. The underpinning assumption has been that these 'barriers' to gaining employment can be overcome with the right government policies. However, evidence from recent qualitative studies and from comparing surveys' findings indicate that the existing concept and measurement of barriers to work on surveys is in need of change. For example, qualitative data indicate that the decision-making process for lone parents in thinking about paid work is not a linear one: a barrier is not overcome forever, rather its importance may wax and wane reflecting other changes that may be occurring in the respondent's life, such as re-partnering, moving home or children growing older. Comparisons across surveys such as the Families and Children Study (FACS), New Deal for Lone Parents (NDLP) evaluation and ONE evaluation of answers to questions about reasons for not working at the moment are hindered by significant differences in how the questions are asked. However, where comparison is possible it indicates significant differences in the reporting of the same barrier (refer to Chapter 1)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cournede, Boris (2006): Removing obstacles to employment for women in Ireland. (OECD Economics Department working papers 511), Paris, 19 S. DOI:10.1787/431167074033

Abstract

"Women have contributed a great deal to Ireland?s economic growth, including by joining the labour force in large numbers. The rise in female participation since 1990 has been amongst the strongest in the OECD, but from a low base. Female participation rates remain below the OECD average for all except the under-thirties. Cultural attitudes and low educational attainment among older women are factors, but policy settings play a role as well. Support to families is not targeted at working parents, implying that the return to work is low for many mothers. Working parents of school-age children also face difficulties in reconciling employment and work because out-of-school care is insufficiently developed. The tax system should be further improved to support second earners, most of whom are women, so as to strengthen their incentive to enter the labour market and reduce the bias in favour of the home production of services such as childcare. This paper reviews these issues and offers recommendations to continue to create a more favourable environment for women who want to enter the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Datta Gupta, Nabanita, Nina Smith & Mette Verner (2006): Child care and parental leave in the Nordic countries. A model to aspire to? (IZA discussion paper 2014), Bonn, 58 S.

Abstract

"The Nordic countries have remarkably high participation rates of mothers and a moderate decrease of fertility rates compared to other western countries. This has been attributed to the fact that the welfare state model and, especially, the family friendly policies chosen in the Nordic countries are unique. The availability of generous parental leave schemes including high compensation rates makes it possible for mothers to take a considerable time out of work in connection with childbirths and to return to their previous jobs afterwards, thanks to the high provision of public daycare. In this paper we evaluate family-friendly policies in the 'Nordic model' with respect to the two modes of child care i.e. either parental care facilitated by maternal and parental leave schemes or non-parental publicly provided care. Our questions for discussion are: Is there a 'Nordic model', and is it worth the cost if effects on child development and welfare are included? Is there a trade-of! f between family-friendly policies and family welfare, and are there serious negative boomerang effects of family-friendly policies on women?s position in the labor market? Is the 'Nordic model' a model to aspire to?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Del Boca, Daniela, Silvia Pasqua & Chiara Pronzato (2006): The impact of institutions on motherhood and work. (ISER working paper 2006-55), Colchester, 22 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we aim to explore the impact of social policies and labour market characteristics on the woman's joint decisions of working and having children, using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). We include in the analysis, beyond personal characteristics, variables related to the childcare system, parental leave arrangements, and labour market flexibility. Results show that a non negligible portion of the differences in participation and fertility rates across women from different European countries can be attributed to the characteristics of these institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dimova, Ralitza & François-Charles Wolff (2006): Do downward private transfers enhance maternal labor supply? Evidence from around Europe. (IZA discussion paper 2469), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"With the use of a theoretical model of downward private transfers with endogenous labor supply and recursive econometric models based on 2317 mother-daughter pairs from the 2003 SHARE data on 10 European countries, we investigate the impact of private transfers on the career choices of transfer-receiving young mothers. For Europe as a whole, we find a strong positive impact of grandchild care on the labor force participation decision of the mother, but no clear impact of either grandchild care or monetary transfers on the mother's degree of labor market involvement. However, the link between family transfers and labor supply exhibits an interesting pattern across institutional settings. Finally, while both recipients and donors with better endowments are more likely to participate in a monetary transaction, time transfers are such that mothers with lower level of human capital tend to assist the professional development of their better endowed daughters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia (2006): The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family. (NBER working paper 11953), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w11953

Abstract

"The modern economic role of women emerged in four phases. The first three were evolutionary; the last was revolutionary. Phase I occurred from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s; Phase II was from 1930 to 1950; Phase III extended from 1950 to the late 1970s; and Phase IV, the 'quiet revolution,' began in the late 1970s and is still ongoing. Three aspects of women's choices distinguish the evolutionary from the revolutionary phases: horizon, identity, and decision-making. The evolutionary phases are apparent in time-series data on labor force participation. The revolutionary phase is discernible using time-series evidence on women's more predictable attachment to the workplace, greater identity with career, and better ability to make joint decisions with their spouses. Each of these series has a sharp break or inflection point signifying social and economic change. These changes, moreover, coincide by birth cohort or period. The relationship between the development of modern labor economics and the reality of women's changing economic role is explored. The paper concludes by assessing whether the revolution has stalled or is being reversed. Women who graduated college in the early 1980s did not 'opt-out,'but recent cohorts are too young to evaluate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia (2006): The rising (and then declining) significance of gender. In: F. D. Blau, M. C. Brinton & D. B. Grusky (Hrsg.) (2006): The Declining Significance of Gender?, New York, S. 67-101.

Abstract

"In the past two decades gender pay differences have narrowed considerably and a decling significance of gender has pervaded the labor market in numerous ways. This paper contends that in the first several decades of the twentieth century there was a rising significance of gender. The emergence of gender distinctions accompanied several important changes in the economy including the rise of white-collar work for women and increase in women's educational attainment. Firms adopted policies not to hire women in particular occupations and the exclude men from other occupations. A model of discrimination is developed in which men oppose the hiring of women into certain positions. The assumptions of the model break down when women acquire known and verifiable credentials. The shift from the rising to the declining significance of gender may have involved such a change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haas, Barbara, Nadia Steiber, Margit Hartel & Claire Wallace (2006): Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 751-771. DOI:10.1177/0950017006069813

Abstract

"Our aim is to contribute to better understanding of why different practices relating to the division of paid labour by sex in couple households are still to be found in different parts of Europe. We analyse data on the distribution of dominant household employment patterns in eight countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using comparative survey evidence for a large total sample (N = 10,123), we examine how national differences in terms of the gender division of paid work correspond with predictions drawn from well-established structuralist and culturalist theories of the determinants of cross-country variations.The findings call for a further elaboration of conventional approaches to explaining gendered employment patterns in an enlarged Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ham, Maarten van & Felix Büchel (2006): Unwilling or unable. Spatial and socio-economic restrictions on females' labour market access. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 345-357. DOI:10.1080/00343400600632663

Abstract

"Der Aufsatz analysiert die Auswirkungen regionaler Strukturen auf die Bereitschaft von Frauen, einem Erwerb nachzugehen, und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Erwerbstätigkeit für solche, die willens sind. Den Autoren wurde gestattet, regionale Daten mit einzelnen Teilnehmern der deutschen sozio-ökonomischen Vertretung (German Socio-economic Panel = GSOEP) zu verbinden. Ergebnisse einer zweifach variablen Probitmodellkorektur für Stichprobenauswahl zeigen, dass hochgradige regionale Erwerbslosigkeit Frauen vom Einstieg ins Erwerbsleben abhält. Diejenigen, die arbeiten wollen, finden es leichter, diesen Vorsatz zu verwirklichen, wenn sie in Regionen leben, die geringe Erwerbslosigkeitsraten unter Frauen aufweisen, wenn die Entfernung zur nächsten Agglomeration nicht weit ist, und, soweit sie Mütter sind, ihnen eine gute Auswahl von Angeboten der Kinderpflege entgegenkommt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hotz, V. Joseph, Guido W. Imbens & Jacob A. Klerman (2006): Evaluating the differential effects of alternative welfare-to-work training components. A re-analysis of the California GAIN Program. (NBER working paper 11939), Cambridge, Mass., 52 S. DOI:10.3386/w11939

Abstract

"In this paper, we explore ways of combining experimental data and non-experimental methods to estimate the differential effects of components of training programs. We show how data from a multi-site experimental evaluation in which subjects are randomly assigned to any treatment versus a control group who receives no treatment can be combined with non-experimental regression-adjustment methods to estimate the differential effects of particular types of treatments. We also devise tests of the validity of using the latter methods. We use these methods and tests to re-analyze data from the MDRC Evaluation of California's Greater Avenues to Independence (GAIN) program. While not designed to estimate the differential effects of the Labor Force Attachment (LFA) training and Human Capital Development (HCD) training components used in this program, we show how data from this experimental evaluation can be used in conjunction with non-experimental methods to estimate such effects. We present estimates of both the short- and long-term differential effects of these two training components on employment and earnings. We find that while there are short-term positive differential effects of LFA versus HCD, the latter training component is relatively more beneficial in the longer-term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Johansson, Kerstin (2006): Do labor market flows affect labor-force participation? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2006,17), Uppsala, 56 S.

Abstract

"This study examines if the flow rate from open unemployment to labor market programs affect the labor-force participation rate. This question is relevant because Swedish labor-force participation is expected to decline due to the age distribution in the population. A new dataset, with monthly data for Swedish municipalities between 1991:08 and 2002:10, has been constructed. The results show that increased probability of moving from open unemployment to labor market programs has positive effects on the labor-force participation rate. Positive effects are found for different age groups. The estimated effect of the flow rate from open unemployement into labor market programs is countercyclical. The participation rate is procyclical, and counter-cyclical labor market programs could be used to prevent discouraged workers from leaving labor force. The effects of flow rates from programs to open unemployment, and from the job destruction rate are negative, as expected. Income and labor market tightness have positive effects, except for older participants. This is because is a spurios negative correlation in data for the older participants. In general, the long run levels are achieved after about nine years, and most of the adjustment takes place during the first four years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaiser, Lutz C. (2006): Female labor market transitions in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 2115), Bonn, 46 S.

Abstract

"Using micro panel data, labor market transitions are analyzed for the EU-member states by cumulative year-by-year transition probabilities. As female (non-)employment patterns changed more dramatically than male employment in past decades, the analyses mainly refer to female labor supply. In search for important determinants of these transitions, six EU-countries with different labor market-regimes are selected as examples (Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Ireland, UK). Within these countries, women's determinants of labor market transitions are compared by means of pooled multinominal logit-regressions. The outcomes hint at both, the importance of socio-economic determinants, like the life cycle or human capital, but also address gender related differences in the paths of labor market transitions. Clearly, the observed cross-national differences are driven by specific national institutional settings. Among others, one of the most crucial features is the day-care inf! rastructure concerning children, which either fosters or restricts a sustainable risk management between family and work in the respective countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalenkoski, Charlene M., David C. Ribar & Leslie S. Stratton (2006): The influence of wages on parents' allocations of time to child care and market work in the United Kingdom. (IZA discussion paper 2436), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"We use time-diary data on couples with children from the 2000 United Kingdom Time Use Survey to examine the impacts of own and partner's wages on parents' provision of child care and market work on weekdays and on weekends and holidays. We find that increases in partners' wages increase women's primary care on all days and decrease their market work on weekdays, while increases in women's own wages increase their market work on weekdays. In contrast, men's time use is only responsive to their own wage on weekend days, when they reduce their market time and increase their primary child care time in response to higher wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kim, Jungho & Arnstein Aassve (2006): Fertility and its consequence on family labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 2162), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"While a large body of literature focuses on how fertility affects female labour market participation, there are relatively few studies that examine the effect of fertility on male labour market participation. Even if the burden of child care falls mainly on women, an exogenous increase in fertility is likely to change the optimal allocation of time, therefore, the labour supply decision of both female and male in a household. This paper analyses how an exogenous increase in fertility affects labour market participation of men and women in Indonesia - a country that has seen dramatic changes in the labour market over recent decades. The finding is that women reduce their working hours in response to the higher fecundity in both rural and urban areas in Indonesia. On the other hand, the higher fecundity leads to men's increasing their working hours only in rural areas. The higher degree of specialization in response to fertility in rural areas is driven mainly by the differences in the cost of childcare rather than the characteristics of occupation or household bargaining power." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kreyenfeld, Michaela & Esther Geisler (2006): Müttererwerbstätigkeit in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 333-360.

Abstract

"Auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus aus den Jahren 1991, 1996 und 2002 gibt dieser Artikel einen Überblick über das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen mit Kindern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Neben der Frage der Ost-West-Angleichung stehen bildungsspezifische Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten im Vordergrund der Analyse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Leoni, Thomas (2006): Die regionale Dimension der Gleichstellung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Das Beispiel Oberösterreich. In: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Monatsberichte, Jg. 79, H. 9, S. 315-328.

Abstract

"Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede auf dem Arbeitsmarkt sind regional verschieden stark ausgeprägt: Wo die regionalen Rahmenbedingungen den Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt erschweren, sind die Beschäftigungs- und Einkommenschancen der Frauen besonders beeinträchtigt, weil Frauen in höherem Maß als Männer an den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt gebunden sind. Zugleich scheinen Frauen gezielt aus Regionen mit für sie ungünstigen Erwerbsbedingungen abzuwandern. Vor diesem Hintergrund erweist sich Gleichstellungspolitik als eine Querschnittsaufgabe, die auch mit einer nachhaltigen Regionalpolitik zusammen-hängt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mandel, Hadas & Moshe Semyonov (2006): A welfare state paradox. State interventions and women's employment opportunities in 22 countries. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 111, H. 6, S. 1910-1949.

Abstract

"This study explores the role played by the welfare state in affecting women's labor force participation and occupational achievement. Using data from 22 industrialized countries, the authors examine the consequences of state interventions for both women's employment patterns and gender inequality in occupational attainment. The findings reveal a twofold effect: developed welfare states facilitate women's access into the labor force but not into powerful and desirable positions. Specifically, nations characterized by progressive and developed welfare policies and by a large public service sector tend to have high levels of female labor force participation, along with a high concentration of women in female-typed occupations and low female representation in managerial occupations. The findings provide insights into the social mechanisms underlying the relations between welfare states' benefits to working mothers and women's participation and achievements in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Matysiak, Anna & Stephanie Steinmetz (2006): Who follows whom? Female employment patterns in West Germany, East Germany and Poland. (Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung. Arbeitspapiere 94), Mannheim, 47 S.

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to answer the question of how far and to what extent women in postsocialist countries adopted employment patterns of countries belonging to a conservative welfare regime. This topic is important, taking into account changes in labour market and family policies experienced by post-socialist countries that resulted in an increased conflict between family and work and consequently a severe drop in fertility. The issue is addressed by implementing two binomial logit models on labour force data, comparing Poland, East Germany and West Germany. Special attention is paid to the development of part-time employment. Our results reveal only minor indications of the adoption of West German female employment patterns in Poland and East Germany. In the former GDR they are expressed in an increase in the prevalence of part-time work among mothers. In Poland a polarisation between full-time employment and nonemployment among mothers of youngest children is observed. Contrary to the child effect the effect of marriage and husband's labour market status do not affect female employment in a way that would indicate an adoption of West German female employment patterns. This all may suggest that women in post-socialist countries are rather going their 'own' way, and only partly adjusting their behaviour to the changing structural conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McDonald, Paula K., Lisa M. Bradley & Diane Guthrie (2006): Challenging the rhetoric of choice in maternal labour-force participation. Preferred versus contracted work hours. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 13, H. 5, S. 470-491. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00318.x

Abstract

"The notion of choice in maternal labour-force participation (LFP) is a contentious one, with assertions that LFP is a direct result of either personal inclinations, such as employment commitment or external factors, such as historically available opportunities. This article suggests an alternative framework for understanding and testing choice in LFP using preferred versus contracted work hours. It explores these constructs quantitatively in a group of working mothers (N = 275) with dependent children and investigates qualitatively the underlying reasons for discrepant preferred versus contracted work hours in a sub-sample of these women with under-school-aged children (N = 20). The results show that nearly two-thirds of women working full time would prefer to work part time and the major reasons for not acting on their preferences is because of the nature of the job and the lack of career opportunities available for part-time employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

McDowell, Linda, Kevin Ward, Colette Fagan, Diane Perrons & Kath Ray (2006): Connecting time and space. The significance of transformations in women's work in the city. In: International journal of urban and regional research, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 141-158.

Abstract

"Growing numbers of women with children living in western cities are entering the labour market, raising new questions about changes in the allocation of the tasks of social reproduction between household members and others and about the effects of the increasing time women now spend in the workplace. As Manuel Castells noted over 25 years ago, women's unpaid labour has long been essential, not only in the domestic arena, but also in patching together facilities separated in space. The spatial layout of cities, with its specialized and segregated land-uses, only works, he argued, if women's unpaid labour is available to connect urban locations. But many women now spend many more hours in the labour market, replacing their former domestic labour with a range of commodified goods and services as well as by help from a range of related or unrelated others, sometimes but not always remunerated and/or by state-provided or supported services. This article examines the consequences of the growth of women's employment in Britain and the concomitant decline of the old breadwinner family, the growth of workfare policies that assume all individuals are available for waged work and the rise of commodified caring. The arguments are illustrated by empirical examples from interviews undertaken with middle-class mothers in waged work in London and Manchester in the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))