Zitatform

Grönlund, Anne & Charlotta Magnusson (2016): Family-friendly policies and women's wages - is there a trade-off? Skill investments, occupational segregation and the gender pay gap in Germany, Sweden and the UK. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 91-113. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2015.1124904

Abstract

"Recent research has suggested that there is a trade-off between the 'family-friendliness' of jobs, occupations and welfare states on the one hand and women's relative wages on the other. In particular, the extensive family policies found in Scandinavia are thought to harm highly educated women by affecting occupational segregation and workplace skill development. In this article, we use pooled wage data from the European Social Survey of 2004 and 2010 to examine the mechanisms behind the gender wage gap in Germany, Sweden and the UK and compare the situation of high- and low-skilled employees. Our findings show that the gender wage gap among high-skilled employees in Sweden is larger than in the UK, but not larger than in Germany. Also, segregation and work-related training are no more important in Sweden than in the other countries. Another important finding is that the mechanisms behind the gender wage gap differ between high- and low-skilled employees in ways not predicted by the trade-off argument. In particular, the large unexplained wage gap among high-skilled employees provides new theoretical challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haas, Linda & C. Philip Hwang (2016): "It's about time!". Company support for fathers' entitlement to reduced work hours in Sweden. In: Social Politics, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 142-167. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxv033

Abstract

"Fifteen nations offer fathers the right to reduce work hours to care for children. Incorporating a gender perspective, this study uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the implementation of this policy in the first nation to offer it, Sweden. It investigates whether the institutional and cultural environment exerts pressure on companies to facilitate fathers' hours reduction, companies' levels of support for fathers' use of this entitlement and correlates of company support. The persistence of the 'male model of work' appears to be an important barrier to implementation of a policy that offers promise in offering fathers time to care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Härkönen, Juho, Anna Manzoni & Erik Bihagen (2016): Gender inequalities in occupational prestige across the working life. An analysis of the careers of West Germans and Swedes born from the 1920s to the 1970s. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 41-51. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2016.01.001

Zitatform

Dulk, Laura den, Hana Hašková, Renata Kyzlinková, Sevil Sümer, Dominique Anxo, Dorota Szelewa & Laura den Dulk (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.

Abstract

"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Magnusson, Charlotta (2016): The gender wage gap in highly prestigious occupations. A case study of Swedish medical doctors. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 40-58. DOI:10.1177/0950017015590760

Abstract

"The gender wage gap within a highly prestigious occupation, the medical profession, is investigated both longitudinally and cross-sectionally using Swedish administrative data. This is done by investigating: to what extent the gender wage gap among physicians varies between fields of medicine (within-occupation segregation) and across family status; whether there is an association between parenthood and wages among physicians and, if so, whether there is a gender difference in this association; and changes in the gender wage gap among physicians over time. The results indicate a large overall gender wage difference for medical doctors. Even when gender differences in specialization are taken into account, men have higher wages than women do. For both men and women physicians, there is a positive association between parenthood and wages. The longitudinal analyses show that the gender wage gap among physicians was greater in 2007 than in 1975. Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University The gender wage gap in highly prestigious occupations * a case study of Swedish medical doctors Online First doi: 10.1177/0950017015590760 2015-08-24 The gender wage gap within a highly prestigious occupation, the medical profession, is investigated both longitudinally and cross-sectionally using Swedish administrative data. This is done by investigating: to what extent the gender wage gap among physicians varies between fields of medicine (within-occupation segregation) and across family status; whether there is an association between parenthood and wages among physicians and, if so, whether there is a gender difference in this association; and changes in the gender wage gap among physicians over time. The results indicate a large overall gender wage difference for medical doctors. Even when gender differences in specialization are taken into account, men have higher wages than women do. For both men and women physicians, there is a positive association between parenthood and wages. The longitudinal analyses show that the gender wage gap among physicians was greater in 2007 than in 1975." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

McDaniel, Anne (2016): The role of cultural contexts in explaining cross-national gender gaps in stem expectations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 122-133. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv078

Abstract

"In recent decades, women have made impressive inroads in education and the labour market in most countries; yet, they often remain under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. One way to understand women's under-representation in STEM is to examine how boys and girls develop their career expectations during adolescence, as this is a critical time when individuals begin to plan their futures. Prior cross-national research finds that gender stratification in education, work, and politics in a country affects the size of male-favourable gender gaps on math and science achievement tests for adolescents. Countries with more gender equality have smaller gender gaps in math and science. But, it is unknown how gender stratification or cultural ideologies impact the development of boys' and girls' STEM career expectations. Do countries with less gender equality have smaller male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Do countries with less gender egalitarian have larger male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Using data on student's occupational expectations from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment and data on country-level gender stratification and genderegalitarian ideologies from the World Bank and European Values Survey, I study the gender gap in 15-year- olds' expectations to enter a STEM career across 24 countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2016): The evolution of gender gaps in industrialized countries. (IZA discussion paper 9659), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have made major inroads in labor markets throughout the past century, but remaining gender differences in pay and employment seem remarkably persistent. This paper documents long-run trends in female employment, working hours and relative wages for a wide cross-section of developed economies. It reviews existing work on the factors driving gender convergence, and novel perspectives on remaining gender gaps. The paper finally emphasizes the interplay between gender trends and the evolution of the industry structure. Based on a shift-share decomposition, it shows that the growth in the service share can explain at least half of the overall variation in female hours, both over time and across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke C. Plagnol (2016): Arbeitsplatzqualität und weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 4, S. 273-282. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-4-273

Abstract

"Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Entscheidung zur beruflichen Weiterarbeit nach der Familiengründung einerseits von persönlichen Umständen abhängt, wie der Notwendigkeit, zum Haushaltseinkommen beizutragen, andererseits aber auch von institutionellen Einflussgrößen wie dem Angebot an erschwinglichen Kinderbetreuungsplätzen. Ergänzend hierzu untersuchen wir anhand von Daten des European Working Conditions Surveys, inwieweit die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze die Erwerbsbiografie von Frauen in den EU-27-Ländern beeinflusst. Unsere Analyse betrachtet drei Einzeldimensionen: Arbeitsplatzsicherheit, Arbeitszeitqualität und intrinsische Arbeitsqualität. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitsplatzqualität von Müttern kleiner Kinder im Schnitt höher ist als die von Frauen ohne betreuungspflichtige Kinder, insbesondere hinsichtlich Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigungssicherheit. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse belegen für die gesamte EU-27 einen weitgehend einheitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Status von Frauen als Mütter kleiner Kinder und der Arbeitsplatzqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002

Abstract

"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Time and time again it has been proven that more diverse organisations not only outperform those which are less diverse, but are also most likely to attract and retain the most talented professionals.
In addition, the link between women in the workplace and a country's economic growth is closely connected. Despite this, globally women are not paid or rewarded equally to their male colleagues and remain underrepresented in the workplace, as well as proportionally less represented in senior roles.
In compiling this report and recommendations, we spoke to over 11,500 women and men, asking their opinion and views on women in the world of work today.
While the findings vary by country and by sector, we have discovered common themes and sometimes surprising results about what can be done by business leaders today to ensure that women continue to advance in their careers and achieve better representation at senior levels. Our findings are also accompanied with insight from a number of successful women at the top of their professions, who share their experience from both a personal and professional perspective. Although gender diversity has improved and we have seen less of a disparity in the views and experiences between men and women, when compared to our 2015 report, our research shows that organisations can still do significantly more to narrow the gap. They hold the key to advancing women in the workplace and have an opportunity and responsibility to close the gender divide.
This report has been compiled using data gathered between November 2015 and January 2016. The findings of our gender diversity report are based on a survey of over 11,500 male and female respondents from across the world (57% female, 42% male and 1% preferring not to say).
We have used country specific data where there was a minimum of 100 responses per country: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albrecht, James, Peter Skogman Thoursie & Susan Vroman (2015): Parental leave and the glass ceiling in Sweden. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,04), Uppsala, 28 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we update and extend 'Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?' (Albrecht et al. 2003) by documenting the extent to which the gender log wage gap across the distribution in Sweden has changed over the period 1998-2008. We then examine the Swedish glass ceiling in 2008 in more detail by documenting how it differs for white-collar versus blue-collar workers and for private- versus public-sector workers. We also examine when in the life cycle the glass ceiling effect arises and how this effect develops around the birth of the first child. Finally, we investigate the possible connection between the glass ceiling and the parental leave system in Sweden by linking wage data with data on parental leave from different Swedish registers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Jan Skopek, Moris Triventi & Sandra Buchholz (Hrsg.) (2015): Gender, education and employment. An international comparison of school-to-work transitions. (eduLIFE lifelong learning), Cheltenham: Elgar, 394 S.

Abstract

"For much of the twentieth century, women lagged considerably behind men in their educational attainment. However, in recent decades, young women have become an important source of human capital for labor markets in modern societies, as well as potential competitors to the male workforce. This book asks whether or not women have been able to convert their educational success into gains on the labor market.
The expert contributors address the topic on a comparative level with discussions centred on gendered school-to-work transitions and gendered labor market outcomes. Thereafter they analyze the country-specific implications of the gender redress from a wide range of countries including the USA, Russia and Australia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boye, Katarina (2015): Care more, earn less? The association between care leave for sick children and wage among Swedish parents. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,18), Uppsala, 32 S.

Abstract

"A number of studies have shown that women's and men's wages relate to parenthood in general and to parental leave in particular, but we know little about the possible wage impact of leave to care for sick children, which is a part of the Swedish parental leave system. On the one hand, care leave may influence human capital and real or perceived work capacity similarly to parental leave and send the employer the same signals about work commitment and responsibilities outside of work. On the other hand, important differences, including timing, frequency and predictability, between care leave and parental leave influence paid work. This study uses Swedish register data to analyse the association between care leave and wages among mothers and fathers who had their first child in 1994. The results show that care leave is associated with a lower wage, particularly among men, up to 13 years after the birth of the first child. One reason for the gender difference in the association between care leave and wage may be that men's care leave has a stronger signalling effect compared with women's care leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boye, Katarina (2015): Can you stay home today? Parents' occupations, relative resources and division of care leave for sick children. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 4, S. 357-370. DOI:10.1177/0001699315605161

Abstract

"This is one of only a few studies on the division of care leave for sick children (temporary parental leave) between parents in Sweden and is the first to examine the importance of differences in parents' work characteristics. The study uses register data for parents with children born between 1999 and 2002 to analyse two aspects of parents' employment that may be of importance for the division of care leave: their relative resources, in this case wages, and different occupations. First, the results show that a father's share of care leave increases as the mother's relative wage decreases. This suggests that decisions about care leave are influenced by bargaining power gained through differences in resources. Second, the resources of couples where both partners work in the same occupation are more equal, and such couples also divide care leave more equally than couples with different occupations. However, the fact that same-occupation couples tend to share care leave more equally does not seem to be explained by similarities in the partners' work characteristics, and may instead be due to unmeasured, stable characteristics. Greater income and career possibilities for the women are proposed as a possible explanation of the division of care leave for same-occupation couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash & Nadia Steiber (2015): Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 39, H. March, S. 59-75. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001

Abstract

"This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992 - 2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

George, Roman (2015): Die geschlechterspezifische Strukturierung des Niedriglohnsektors. Eine vergleichende Perspektive auf Frankreich, Großbritannien, Schweden und Deutschland. (Arbeit - Demokratie - Geschlecht 21), Münster: Verl. Westfälisches Dampfboot, 278 S.

Abstract

"Niedriglohnarbeit findet sich besonders oft in feminisierten Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts. Der Vergleich zwischen Frankreich, Großbritannien, Schweden und Deutschland zeigt allerdings auf, dass sich die Ausmaße und die Strukturen der Geschlechterungleichheiten deutlich unterscheiden. Roman George geht dem in seiner Studie nach und arbeitet die Länderunterschiede hinsichtlich der Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen, des Ausbildungssystems und des Sozialstaats heraus. So liefert er nicht zuletzt auch Ansatzpunkte für eine gleichstellungsorientierte Politik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Guetto, Raffaele, Ruud Luijkx & Stefani Scherer (2015): Religiosity, gender attitudes and women's labour market participation and fertility decisions in Europe. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 155-172. DOI:10.1177/0001699315573335

Abstract

"The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory underlines the importance of changing values and attitudes to explain the trend toward low fertility and raising female labour market participation. We contribute to this debate comparing religiosity and gender attitudes over several European countries using three waves of the European Values Study (1990, 1999 and 2008). By dealing with the issues of measurement invariance and endogeneity between values and behaviour, our results support some critiques of the SDT theory. The pace of the process of sociocultural change has not been the same across European countries and the forerunners of the SDT, that is, the most secularized and gender-egalitarian societies, now have the highest female labour market participation rates and the highest fertility. We provide evidence for a 'macro - micro paradox' regarding the role of values on family behaviours. Religiosity is positively correlated with fertility and housewifery, while gender attitudes are only correlated with women's labour market decisions. These correlations are stronger in more traditional countries, even if aggregate fertility is lower. We stress the necessity to integrate cultural and structural explanations, suggesting the lack of family policies and the rigidity of the family formation process as possible mechanisms to unravel this paradox." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hammarstedta, Mats, Ali M. Ahmedb & Lina Andersson (2015): Sexual prejudice and labor market outcomes for gays and lesbians. Evidence from Sweden. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 90-109. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2014.937727

Abstract

"This paper presents results from a study of sexual prejudice and differentials in labor market outcomes due to sexual orientation. It uses data from a nationwide Swedish survey on public attitudes toward homosexuals, conducted in 1999, and combines them with register data for 2007, which include information about sexual orientation, employment status, and yearly earnings for the total population in Sweden. It finds that prejudice against homosexuals negatively affects the relative employment and relative earnings of gay men. Lesbians are affected negatively by prejudice against homosexuals in terms of employment, but the relationship is less clear in regard to earnings. Discrimination against homosexuals, as well as social norms, occupational sorting and self-selection in, geographic mobility are presented as explanations for the results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lundqvist, Åsa (2015): Activating women in the Swedish model. In: Social Politics, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 111-132. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxu025

Abstract

"The 1960s marked the beginning of a new era of family and gender relations in Sweden. It was a time when traditional values and ideas concerning the family were questioned and redefined in policymaking. The Women's movement and political radicalization underpinned the emergence of gender equality policy ambitions, culminating in several gender neutral reforms in the 1970s. These policy ambitions coincided with the introduction of active labour market policies. In fact, the introduction of activation policies contributed already in the 1960s to incentivizing various groups to enter the labour force, among others married women without gainful employment. In this article, the National Labour Market Board is investigated as an active agent in a time when women's participation in the labour market increased dramatically. Attention is drawn to how activation policies were established, designed, and performed in order to enable women to do paid work. Three examples of how activation was accomplished will be presented: first, vocational training for women, second, a radio programme from 1966 called 'The Housewife Changing her Profession', and, third, the work done by a group of civil servants labelled activating inspectors. The empirical data are grounded in a comprehensive body of qualitative material amassed from in-depth interviews with former civil servants working within the National Labour Market Board and archive material. The results suggest that activation programmes in the 1960s functioned as a link between the ambition to increase female labour market participation to secure economic growth and to support women's economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andersson Joona, Pernilla (2014): Female self-employment and children. The case of Sweden. (IZA discussion paper 8486), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"Previous studies, mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries, find a positive correlation between the presence of young children in the household and self-employment probabilities among women. This has been seen as an indication of women with young children choosing self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. This paper studies the relationship between children and female self-employment in a country with family friendly policies and a generous welfare system: Sweden. The initial hypothesis is that we will not find evidence of a positive effect of children on self-employment among Swedish women since there are other institutions in place aiming at facilitating the combination of work and family. Using Swedish register data for the period 2004-2008 we do, however, find that the presence of young children increases the probability of choosing self-employment also among Swedish women. The effect is strongest for women with very young children, 0-3 years of age. These results also hold in a panel data model that takes individual unobserved heterogeneity into account. We also analyze time-use data and find, contrary to what has been found in many other countries, that self-employed women spend more, or as much, time on market work than wage-earning women. This raises doubts about whether women in Sweden chose self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. We suggest an alternative interpretation which is that women who chose self-employment while the children are young in fact are women with strong preferences for market work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bergemann, Annette & Gerard J. van den Berg (2014): From giving birth to paid labor. The effects of adult education for prime-aged mothers. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,05), Uppsala, 67 S.

Abstract

"Women without work after childbirth are at risk of losing their connection to the labor market. However, they may participate in adult education programs. We analyze the effect of this on the duration to work and on the wage rate, by applying conditional difference-in-differences approaches. We use Swedish matched longitudinal register data sets covering the full population. The Swedish adult education program is unprecedented in its size, and enrollment is universally available at virtually no cost. We focus on low-skilled women who have recently given birth. We take account of program accessibility, selection issues, course heterogeneity, the income received during adult education, parental leave, and child care fees. Adult education shows positive effects for the unemployed with respect to both the employment probability and wages. To explain the actual program participation rate, we model the enrollment decision from the mothers' point of view, using the estimates to calibrate a job search model. We conclude that non-pecuniary factors cause mothers not to enter adult education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Forsberg Kankkunen, Tina (2014): Access to networks in genderized contexts: The construction of hierarchical networks and inequalities in feminized, caring and masculinized, technical occupations. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 340-352. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12040

Abstract

"This article aims to contribute knowledge on how access to hierarchical networks of communication is constructed through organizational contexts associated with the gendered nature of feminized, caring work and masculinized, technical work, respectively. The article is based on interviews with 43 middle managers. Both men and women in male-dominated technical occupations and female-dominated caring occupations were interviewed. Eight interviews with politicians and strategic managers were also carried out. The results show that middle managers' access to hierarchical networks differs between feminized and masculinized contexts; hierarchical networks between organizational levels are common in male-dominated technical jobs, while such networks are almost non-existent in female-dominated caring occupations. The results illustrate how organizational conditions follow the gender segregation in organizations and the labour market and, further, how these contexts shape men's and women's access to hierarchical networks. The results also illustrate how the patterns of networks create and reproduce inequalities in sex-segregated organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hensvik, Lena E. (2014): Manager impartiality. Worker-firm matching and the gender wage gap. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 395-421. DOI:10.1177/001979391406700205

Abstract

"Using a rich matched employer-employee data set from Sweden, the author examines whether female managers in a firm narrow the gender pay gap. The study's main contribution is its ability to account for unobserved heterogeneity among both workers and firms that is potentially correlated with manager gender. The results show a substantial negative association between the representation of female managers and the establishment's gender wage gap. Estimates that account for sorting on unobserved worker skills, however, do not support the conclusion that managers favor same-sex workers in wage setting. Additional results show that organizations with more female managers recruit more nonmanagerial, high-wage women. Together these findings suggest that associations between manager gender and male-female wage gaps should be interpreted with caution, as worker sorting seems to be a crucial component behind this relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lott, Yvonne (2014): Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit: Gut für die Work-Life Balance? Analysen zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeitarrangements und Work-Life Balance in Europa. (WSI-Report 18), Düsseldorf, 16 S.

Abstract

"Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit haben das Potenzial, Beschäftigte in ihrer Work-Life Balance zu unterstützten. Aber tun sie das auch tatsächlich? Forschungsergebnisse zeigen: Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit sind generell mit einer guten Work-Life Balance verbunden. Jedoch gilt dies für Männer in der Regel weniger als für Frauen. Zudem spielen Arbeitsmarkt- und Familienpolitik, Sozialpartnerschaft und die betriebliche Arbeitsorganisation für den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitszeitautonomie und Work-Life Balance eine entscheidende Rolle. Gewerkschaften und Mitbestimmung haben damit die Möglichkeit und auch die Aufgabe die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit im Interesse der Beschäftigten zu gestalten. So muss für eine Arbeitsorganisation gesorgt werden, die die Vorteile von Arbeitszeitautonomie zur Geltung bringt. Gewerkschaften und Betriebsräte sollten letztlich eine Betriebskultur fördern, in der Männer ermuntert werden, Arbeitszeitautonomie für ihre Aktivitäten außerhalb der Arbeit tatsächlich auch zu nutzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mendolicchio, Concetta & Thomas Rhein (2014): The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 219-249., 2013-08-18.

Abstract

"We study the gender specific private returns on education (RE) in Europe in a comparative perspective. We extend the model of de la Fuente (2003) by estimating the parameters by gender and introducing maternity leaves and benefits. We analyse the impact of the public policy variables evaluating the elasticities with respect to unemployment benefits, marginal and average tax rates, maternity leave and childcare benefits.
We estimate the Mincerian coefficients, with the Heckman selection model, for 12 West European countries using the EU-SILC data (2007). We then use them as input to calibrate the decision model.
The RE of females tend to be higher than those of males in all the Europeans countries but Germany, Netherlands and Sweden. The gender gap can be explained mainly by the wage premia and labour income taxes which more than compensate the negative effects on females' returns triggered by higher unemployment rates and maternity-related benefits.
The tax system has the most pronounced effect on RE. An increase in the marginal tax rates has a negative impact. An increase in the average tax rates can have a negative or positive impact, depending on the progressivity of the tax system. An increase in unemployment benefits and maternity or child-care benefits has a negative but fairly small impact.
We compute the RE using a model which allows us to take into account and assess the significance of relevant variables: wage premium, income tax, some public transfers and benefits, costs of the investments. Moreover, we estimate the wage premia using relatively recent EU-SILC data. Finally, we compare 12 EU countries spanning quite different labour market conditions and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aaberge, Rolf & Lennart Flood (2013): U.S. versus Sweden. The effect of alternative in-work tax credit policies on labour supply of single mothers. (IZA discussion paper 7706), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"An essential difference between the design of the Swedish and the US in-work tax credit systems relates to their functional forms. Where the US earned income tax credit (EITC) is phased out and favours low and medium earnings, the Swedish system is not phased out and offers 17 and 7 per cent tax credit for low and medium low incomes and a lump-sum tax deduction equal to approximately 2300 USD for medium and higher incomes. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency and distributional effects of these two alternative tax credit designs. We pay particular attention to labour market exclusion; i.e. individuals within as well as outside the labour force are included in the analysis. To highlight the importance of the joint effects from the tax and the benefit systems it appears particular relevant to analyse the labour supply behaviour of single mothers. To this end, we estimate a structural random utility model of labour supply and welfare participation. The model accounts for heterogeneity in consumption-leisure preferences as well as for heterogeneity and constraints in job opportunities. The results of the evaluation show that the Swedish system without phase-out generates substantial larger labour supply responses than the US version of the tax credit. Due to increased labour supply and decline in welfare participation we find that the Swedish reform is self-financing for single mothers, whereas a 10 per cent deficit follows from the adapted EITC version used in this study. However, where income inequality rises modestly under the Swedish tax credit system, the US version with phase-out leads to a significant reduction in the income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Angelov, Nikolay, Per Johansson & Erica Lindahl (2013): Gender differences in sickness absence and the gender division of family responsibilities. (IZA discussion paper 7379), Bonn, 53 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates possible reasons for the gender difference in sickness absence. We estimate both short- and long-term effects of parenthood in a within-couple analysis based on the timing of parenthood. We find that after entering parenthood, women increase their sickness absence by between 0.5 days per month (during the child's third year) and 0.85 days per month (during year 17) more than their spouse. By investigating possible explanations for the observed effect, we conclude that the effect mainly stems from higher home commitment, which reduces women's labour market attachment and, in turn, increases female sickness absence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Angelov, Nikolay, Per Johansson & Erica Lindahl (2013): Is the persistent gender gap in income and wages due to unequal family responsibilities? (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2013,03), Uppsala, 40 S.

Abstract

"We compare the income and wage trajectories of women in relation to their male partners before and after parenthood. Focusing on the within-couple gap allows us to control for both observed and unobserved attributes of the spouse and to estimate both short- and long-term effects of entering parenthood. Our main finding is that 15 years after the first child was born, the male-female gender gaps in income and wages have increased with 35 and 10 percentage points, respectively. In line with a collective labor supply model, the magnitude of these effects depends on relative incomes or wages within the family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bergström Casinowsky, Gunilla (2013): Working life on the move, domestic life at standstill? Work-related travel and responsibility for home and family. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 311-326. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00579.x

Abstract

"Using survey data from Sweden, this article examines the implications of work-related travel for the gendered division of household responsibility. The question is raised whether absence from home due to frequent business trips or long commuting hours might affect work travellers' relative share of managing and organizing everyday life in the domestic sphere. In the sample, a correlation was observed between an increased overnight work travel and a reduced share of responsibility at home when the work traveller was a man, whereas no such association could be detected for female work travellers. The implications of work travel for the division of domestic responsibility thus cannot be considered simply a function of available time. Instead, the outcome is affected by gender, supporting the notion that a woman's dedication to interests and obligations outside home seem to be conditioned by her ability to simultaneously live up to traditional norms of proper womanhood. Moreover, since work-related travel is associated with higher positions and better pay, one's ability and willingness to travel may condition one's chances for professional and financial advancement, contributing to a gender-segregated labour market with women more reluctant to embrace jobs requiring frequent travel." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Broughton, Andrea (2013): EU employers take family-friendly working seriously. Dublin, 12 S.

Abstract

"A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible working and parental support. The main driver for this in most countries was compliance with legislation or collective agreements. The economic crisis has had little impact on the provision of family-friendly working policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cooke, Lynn Prince, Jani Erola, Marie Evertsson, Michael Gähler, Juho Härkönen, Belinda Hewitt, Marika Jalovaara, Man-Yee Kan, Torkild Hovde Lyngstad, Letizia Mencarini, Jean-Francois Mignot, Dimitri Mortelmans, Anne-Rigt Poortman, Christian Schmitt & Heike Trappe (2013): Labor and love. Wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context. In: Social Politics, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 482-509. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxt016

Abstract

"We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-a-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gerecke, Megan (2013): A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries. (International Institute for Labour Studies. Discussion paper 215), Genf, 74 S.

Abstract

"Over the past 15 years, important gains have been made in gender equality. Gender gaps in educational attainment have shrunk substantially. In fact, in many high-income countries, young women's educational attainment now exceeds that of young men. At the same time, most countries have seen a significant increase in female employment rates - a trend which slowed only with the recent financial crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Goldscheider, Frances, Eva Bernhardt & Maria Branden (2013): Domestic gender equality and childbearing in Sweden. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 29, S. 1097-1126. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.40

Abstract

"Background: Sweden, which is among the most gender-equal societies in the world, combines 'modern' family patterns such as unmarried cohabitation, delayed parenthood, high maternal labor force participation, and high break-up rates - all usually linked with low birth rates - with relatively high fertility. Sweden also has a high level of shared parental responsibility for home and children.
Objective: After decades of late 20th century research showing that increasing gender equality in the workplace was linked with lower fertility, might gender equality in the home increase fertility?
Methods: Using data from the Swedish Young Adult Panel Study (YAPS), we use Cox regression to examine the effects on first, second, and third births of 1) holding attitudes about sharing equally in the care of the home and children, and 2) actual sharing in these domestic tasks.
Results: Our analysis shows that, measuring attitudes before the transition to parenthood and actual practice four years later, it is inconsistency between sharing attitudes and the actual division of housework that reduces the likelihood of continued childbearing, especially on second births among women.
Conclusions: As women are most likely to confront an inconsistent situation, with egalitarian ideals in a household without equal sharing, it is clear that having a partner who does not share housework is depressing Swedish fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heyman, Fredrik, Helena Svaleryd & Jonas Vlachos (2013): Competition, takeovers, and gender discrimination. In: ILR review, Jg. 66, H. 2, S. 409-432. DOI:10.1177/001979391306600205

Abstract

"Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminatory behavior out of the market. The authors analyze how firm takeovers and product market competition affect firms' gender composition and gender wage gap using detailed matched employer-employee data. Taking into account several endogeneity concerns while using a difference-in-difference framework, they find that the share of female employees increases as a result of an ownership change when product market competition is weak. Furthermore, a takeover reduces the gender wage gap. Although the estimated effects are small, the results support the main theoretical predictions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mörk, Eva, Anna Sjögren & Helena Svaleryd (2013): Childcare costs and the demand for children. Evidence from a nationwide reform. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 33-65. DOI:10.1007/s00148-011-0399-z

Abstract

"Exploiting the exogenous variation in user fees caused by a Swedish childcare reform, we are able to identify the causal effect of childcare costs on fertility in a context in which childcare enrollment is almost universal, user fees are low, and labor force participation of mothers is very high. Anticipation of a reduction in childcare costs increased the number of first and higher-order births, but only seemed to affect the timing of second births. For families with many children we also find a marginally significant negative income effect on fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Vikman, Ulrika (2013): Paid parental leave to immigrants. An obstacle to labor market entrance? (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2013,04), Uppsala, 57 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates how access to paid parental leave affects labor market entrance for immigrating mothers with small children. Paid parental leave together with job protection may increase labor force participation among women but if it is too generous it may create incentives to stay out of the labor force. This incentive effect may be especially true for mothers immigrating to a country where having small children automatically makes the mothers eligible for the benefit. To evaluate the differences in the assimilation process for those who have access to the parental leave benefit and those who do not, Swedish administration data is used in a difference-in-differences specification to control for both time in the country and the age of the youngest child. The results show that labor market entrance is delayed for mothers and that they are less likely to be a part of the labor force for up to seven years after their residence permit if they had access to parental leave benefits when they came to Sweden. This reduction in the labor force participation is to some extent driven by unemployment since the effect on employment is smaller. But there is still an effect on employment of 3 percentage points lower participation rates 2 - 6 years after immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Angelov, Nikolay & Arizo Karimi (2012): Mothers' income recovery after childbearing. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2012,20), Uppsala, 34 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the time profile of the effect of fertility on female labour earnings with respect to time since birth. To address endogeneity of fertility to labour income, we use the same-sex instrument (Angrist and Evans, 1998) in a novel way on a panel data set to uncover the time profile of the fertility effect. Our OLS estimates suggest that the largest impact takes place during the child's first years of life, and then gradually diminishes over the lifecycle, with full recovery of income 15 years after birth. Our IV estimates support this finding, but suggest a faster recovery of earnings, although the estimates are now less precise. We are also able to reproduce this finding with a one-period cross-section and disaggregating the sample by years since third birth to estimate the time profile." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mandel, Hadas (2012): Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 241-262. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq061

Abstract

"Cross-national studies of the impact of welfare states on gender inequality tend to overlook socio-economic divisions among women. This article challenges the implicit assumption that welfare states have uniform effects on the economic attainments of women, arguing that the impact of state intervention is necessarily conditioned by women's relative advantage or disadvantage in the labour market. Based on Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 21 advanced countries, the paper analyses gender wage gaps among highly skilled and low skilled men and women. The findings suggest that welfare state policies interact with socio-economic position: they limit the economic rewards of highly skilled women, but do not adversely affect, and by some measures actually benefit, those who are less skilled. Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social policies for different groups of women, the article concludes that more research is needed to explore differentiated approaches to reconciling work and family, rather than addressing universal work - family tensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Anghel, Brindusa, Sara de la Rica & Juan J. Dolado (2011): The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 5825), Bonn, 62 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the role played by Public Sector (PS) employment across different OECD labour markets in explaining: (i) gender differences regarding choices to work in either PS or private sector, and (ii) subsequent changes in female labour market outcomes. To do so, we provide some empirical evidence about cross-country gender differences in choice of employment in the PS vs. the private sector, using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), in the light of different theories on gender behaviour in the labour market. We also analyze the main determinants of the hourly wage gaps across these two sectors for males and females separately. Finally, we document the main stylized facts about labour market transitions by male and female workers among inactivity, unemployment, working in the PS and working in the private sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Anxo, Dominique, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz, Maria Letizia Tanturri & Lennart Flood (2011): Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 159-195. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.582822

Abstract

"This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boschini, Anne, Christina Hakanson, Asa Rosen & Anna Sjögren (2011): Trading off or having it all? Completed fertility and mid-career earnings of Swedish men and women. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2011,15), Uppsala, 47 S.

Abstract

"Earnings in mid-career and children are two fundamental outcomes of the life-choices of men and women. Both require time and other resources and reflect the accumulated priorities of individuals and couples. We explore how these outcomes have changed for Swedish men and women born 1945-1962 by documenting changes in education, assortative mating patterns, completed fertility and mid-career earnings. We find an overall increasing inequality in career and family outcomes of men, reflecting a rise in the family-career complementarity. For women, the family-career trade-off has eased for non-professionals, and there appears to be a convergence in the life-choices of women across education groups. Despite these different developments for men and women, we find that within-family specialization, measured by the average spousal earnings contribution, is remarkably stable through the period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hensvik, Lena (2011): Manager impartiality? Worker-firm matching and the gender wage gap. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2011,22), Uppsala, 40 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines whether women benefit from working under female management using Swedish matched employer-employee panel data. I account for unobserved heterogeneity among both workers and firms potentially correlated with manager gender. The results show a substantial negative and statistically significant correlation between the proportion of female managers and the establishment's gender wage gap. However, estimates that account for sorting on unobserved worker skills do not support that that managers favor same-sex workers in wage setting. Additional results show female-led organizations recruit more non-managerial, high-wage women but this is primarily due to (unobserved) firm attributes rather than gender-specific management practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Amilon, Anna (2010): The temporary leave dilemma. Lone and partnered mothers in Sweden. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 33-52. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2010.530604

Abstract

"Lone mothers have to take care of a sick child with little or no help from the child's other parent and have to carry all costs connected to leave-taking. This paper empirically tests whether lone mothers take more temporary parental leave to care for sick children than partnered mothers and whether parental leave is associated with a signaling cost. The results from this study of Swedish mothers show that lone mothers use more temporary parental leave than partnered mothers. Further, within the group of lone mothers, those with higher socioeconomic status take less temporary parental leave than those with lower socioeconomic status, whereas no such differences are found within the group of partnered mothers. One possible interpretation is that signaling costs negatively influence the utilization of temporary parental leave for lone mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haas, Barbara & Margit Hartel (2010): Towards the universal care course model. Care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden. In: European Societies, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 139-162. DOI:10.1080/14616690902874705

Abstract

"The principle aim is to analyse care policies and mothers' employment patterns in Austria in comparison with The Netherlands and Sweden. While Sweden fosters a Universal Breadwinner Model, Austrian policies set incentives for mothers to organize private care for their children for a relatively long period of time, similar to the Caregiver Parity model. The Netherlands, approaching the Universal Caregiver model, support part-time integration into the labour market, combined with private part-time caring facilities for the children. The cross-national comparative approach has been adopted throughout the description of care policies and the data analysis, using the European Social Survey. Drawing on the strong cross-national differences in policies and employment patterns, we outline the main principles of a Universal Care Course (UCC). The model addresses questions about how to achieve the ideal of a smooth transition between work and care in a gender-sensitive way." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Halwachs, Inga (2010): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Geschlechterregimen. Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden im Vergleich. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 266 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter gesetzlich verankert ist, sind Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt sowie in anderen Bereichen des öffentlichen und privaten Lebens nach wie vor mit Benachteiligungen aufgrund ihres Geschlechts konfrontiert. Dies zeigt sich bspw. in der Unterrepräsentativität von Frauen in Führungspositionen, geschlechtsspezifischen Einkommensdifferenzen sowie weiteren hier untersuchten Aspekten. Wie also wird die weibliche Erwerbstätigkeit in den hier untersuchten Ländern Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden gefördert, um Benachteiligungen zu kompensieren und den Ursachen entgegenzuwirken? Die Autorin analysiert und vergleicht zur Beantwortung dieser Frage die Arbeitsmarktpolitik sowie weitere politische und gesellschaftliche Bereiche der Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime sowie den darin eingebetteten Geschlechterregimen und stellt hierzu die These auf, dass die Quantität und Qualität der Strategien zur Frauenförderung vom jeweiligen Typus des Geschlechterregimes abhängen und sich die Wohlfahrtsstaaten in ihrer Politik hinsichtlich sozialer Sicherung sowie in ihren arbeitsmarktpolitischen Instrumenten einander annähern, da auf EU-Ebene vereinheitlichte Regelungen in Bezug auf Geschlechtergleichstellung vorgegeben werden, die Einfluss auf die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit nehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios & George Papadoudis (2010): A-typical work patterns of women in Europe. What can we learn from SHARELIFE? (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 221), Mannheim, 16 S.

Abstract

"The second half of the twentieth century was a time of rapid social transformation. Nowhere were the changes more radical than in women's participation in society and work. Women increasingly claimed a fuller and more active position in all societal functions. Though all parts of Europe and all social strata were affected, this process was unevenly distributed over time and space and driven by a variety of influences. Such influences could have been structural changes in production, transformations in the function of the family and last, but not least, attitudes in what woman's position ought to be, as reflected in shifts of policy priorities. This period of rapid change corresponds to the lifetime of individuals in the SHARE survey. When today's 50+ population were young girls, the world they were entering was very difficult from today. The long term social changes correspond to lived experience of women in the SHARE sample. The women in SHARE were witnesses to the foundation, flowering and restructuring of the Welfare State. Social policy stances towards maternity and family polices as well as labour market institutions were defining fissures between certain forms of the so-called 'European Social Model'. This paper begins exploring how these factors - labour and social policy transformation - were reflected in the lives of women in the SHARELIFE sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton & Clare Lyonette (Hrsg.) (2010): Gender inequalities in the 21st century. New barriers and continuing constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 297 S.

Abstract

"Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Content:
Jacqueline Scott, Rosemary Crompton,Clare Lyonette: Introduction: what's new about gender inequalities in the 21st century? (1-16);
PART I FAMILY AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGE;
Ingrid Schoon: Becoming adult: the persisting importance of dass and gender (19-39);
Fiona Devine: Class reproduction, occupational inheritance and occupational choices (40-58);
Angela Dale, Sameera Ahmed: Ethnic differences in women's economic activity: a focus an Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (59-81);
PART II OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND WELFARE REGIMES;
Janette Webb: Gender and the post-industrial shift (85-108);
Tracey Warren: Penalties of part-time work across Europe (109-125);
Nicky Le Feuvre: Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ (126-149);
PART III THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK;
Man Yee Kan, Jonathan Gershuny: Gender segregation and bargaining in domestic labour: evidence from longitudinal time-use data (153-173);
Rosemary Crompton, Clare Lyonette: Family, dass and gender 'strategies' in mothers' employment and childcare (174-192);
Jacqueline Scott, Anke C. Plagnol, Jane Nolan: Perceptions of quality of life: gender differences across the life course (193-212);
PART IV UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITIES;
Fran Bennett, Jerome De Henau, Sirin Sung: Within-household inequalities across classes? Management and control of money (215-241);
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund and Arne Mastekaasa: Restructuring gender relations: women's labour market participation and earnings inequality among households ( 242-254);
PART V CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY;
Anne Lise Ellingsceter: Feminist policies and feminist conflicts: daddy's care or mother's (257-274);
Mary Evans: A mysterious commodity: capitalism and femininity ( 275-289).

Zitatform

Vikman, Ulrika (2010): Does providing childcare to unemployed affect unemployment duration? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2010,05), Uppsala, 38 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines if the probability of leaving unemployed changes for unemployed parents with young children when childcare is available. To investigate this, I use the heterogeneity among Swedish municipalities before the implementation of a 2001 Swedish childcare reform making it mandatory for municipalities to offer childcare to unemployed parents for at least 15 hours per week. In the study difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-differences methods are used. The results indicate a positive effect on the probability of leaving unemployment for mothers when childcare is available, but no effect is found for fathers. For mothers, some heterogeneous effects are also found, with a greater effect on the probability of leaving unemployment for work when childcare is available for mothers with only compulsory schooling or university education and mothers with two children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wahlberg, Roger (2010): The gender wage gap across the wage distribution in the private and public sectors in Sweden. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 17, H. 15, S. 1465-1468. DOI:10.1080/13504850903035915

Abstract

"This study examines gender wage differentials across the wage distribution in the Swedish private and public sectors using quantile regression. There is a glass ceiling effect for women in both the private and the public sectors in Sweden. Although this is true for both sectors, it is especially pronounced in the public sector. The gender wage differentials across the whole distribution in the private sector are lower in Sweden than in the USA and in 11 European countries, whereas the opposite can be said about the public sector; here the gap is higher across the entire distribution in Sweden." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aisenbrey, Silke, Marie Evertsson & Daniela Grunow (2009): Is there a career penalty for mothers' time out? A comparison of Germany, Sweden and the United States. In: Social forces, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 573-606.

Abstract

"This article focuses on three countries with distinct policies toward motherhood and work: Germany, Sweden and the United States. We analyze the length of mothers' time out of paid work after childbirth and the short-term career consequences for mothers. In the United States, we identify a career punishment even for short time-out periods; long time-out periods increase the risk of a downward move and reduce the chances of an upward move. In Germany, long time-out periods destabilize the career and, the longer the leave, the greater the risk of either an upward or downward move. In Sweden, we find a negative effect of time out on upward moves. Hence, even in 'woman-friendly' Sweden, women's career prospects are better if they return to paid work sooner rather than later." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dieckhoff, Martina & Nadia Steiber (2009): In search of gender differences in access to continuing training. Is there a gender training gap and if yes, why? (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2009-504), Berlin, 35 S.

Abstract

"Geschlechterunterschiede im Zugang zu beruflicher Weiterbildung gelten weiterhin als wichtige Ursache weiter bestehender Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern in Bezug auf deren Chancen am Arbeitsmarkt und deren beruflichen Erfolg. Allerdings schaffen empirische Studien bis dato keine Klarheit darüber, ob bzw. welche Geschlechterunterschiede im Weiterbildungsverhalten tatsächlich bestehen. Die vorliegende Analyse untersucht, auf Basis harmonisierter Survey-Daten des European Social Survey 2004, berufsbezogene Weiterbildungsaktivitäten in Europa und testet eine Reihe von mikroökonomischen und soziologischen Theorien (z.B. Humankapitaltheorie, Geschlechtersegregation am Arbeitsmarkt, Diskriminierung durch den Arbeitgeber etc.), die häufig zur Erklärung von Geschlechterunterschieden in der Teilnahme an Weiterbildung herangezogen werden. Der Beitrag untersucht die Mechanismen, die einem potenziell geschlechtsspezifischen Teilnahmeverhalten an beruflicher Weiterbildung zugrunde liegen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse zeigen, dass männliche Arbeitnehmer, ceteris paribus, häufiger an berufsbezogener Weiterbildung teilnehmen als weibliche Arbeitnehmer. Als Fazit kann festgestellt werden, dass die vorherrschenden theoretischen Ansätze mehr Erklärungskraft für das Weiterbildungsverhalten von Männern als für jenes von Frauen haben. Vor allem in Bezug auf weibliches Weiterbildungsverhalten bei Präsenz von Betreuungspflichten für kleine Kinder zeigen sich vorherrschende Erklärungsmodelle als wenig valid." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Evertsson, Marie, Paula England, Irma Mooi-Reci, Joan Hermsen, Jeanne de Bruijn & David Cotter (2009): Is gender inequality greater at lower or higher educational levels? Common patterns in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. In: Social Politics, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 210-241. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxp008

Abstract

"We compare how gender inequality varies by educational level in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States, representing three different welfare regimes: the conservative, the social democratic, and the liberal. With few exceptions, gender inequality in labor force participation, work hours, occupational segregation, and housework are less severe as education goes up in all three countries, with the root cause being the high employment levels of well-educated women. Despite a common pattern across nations, we note that the educational gradient on gender equality in employment is weaker in Sweden. De-familialization policies in Sweden no doubt increase gender equality at the bottom by pulling less-educated women into the work force. One form of gender equality, wages, however, does not increase with education. In the United States, educational differences in the gender gap in wages are trivial; in Sweden and the Netherlands, the gender wage gap is greatest for the highly educated because of higher returns to education for men than women in these nations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gonäs, Lena & Ann Bergman (2009): Equal opportunities, segregation and gender-based wage differences. The case of a Swedish university. In: Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 51, H. 5, S. 669-686. DOI:10.1177/0022185609346198

Abstract

"There are considerable numbers of studies showing that women and men in Sweden work in different sectors and in different occupations; also that men to a greater extent than women work in higher hierarchical positions. Not only are segregation patterns persistent, but wage differences as well. Even though the wage gap between men and women in Sweden has decreased, it still persists. The article starts with a discussion of the framework for wage setting and more specifically regulations aiming at eliminating gendered wage differences at a more general level. Then we turn to a specific case study where we describe methods and data used. This is followed by two empirical sections, where the first is a quantitative description of segregation and wage patterns found between the two occupations in question. The second part is based on qualitative data and presents and analyses the wage formation process as experienced by these two groups. The article gives an illustration of both how decentralized wage negotiations and individualization of wage work for the higher educated employees and it also presents an aspect of the formation of gendered wage differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lohmann, Henning, Frauke H. Peter, Tine Rostgaard & Stephen P. Jenkins (2009): Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 88), Paris, 94 S. DOI:10.1787/223883627348

Abstract

"This report presents the results of a first attempt to create a framework for assessing the performance of national family policies. The report is part of a joint EU and OECD project, which aims to help the EU Government Expert Group on Demographic Issues in evaluating national family policies. The idea behind the framework is that it allows individual countries to compare their overall performance in the area of family policies with the performance of other countries. The main focus of the report is policies for families with smaller children. The framework provides a set of cross-nationally comparable indicators on contexts, policy measures, and outcomes, organised on a systematic basis. The policy measure indicators presented in the report cover leave schemes, early childhood education and care, family benefits and workplace policies. The indicators build upon, interalia, previous work by the OECD in various studies on family-friendly policies that were carried out on a cross-national basis using different sets of indicators. Most of these indicators are today available in the OECD Family Database. Wherever the OECD Family Database contains indicators for the majority of EU member states and OECD countries, these data have been used in the present study. Otherwise, data from other cross-national databases have been included. Each indicator in the framework is presented as a single-standing indicator in the general absence of scientific consensus on different aggregation weights. In the report no explicit ranking of countries has been attempted, instead the relative position of countries has been illustrated with the help of standard deviation scores. In the last part of the report the linkages between policy aims and the various context, outcome and policy measures are indicated, which help construct 'score cards'. This 'score card-approach' is illustrated for three countries: Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The report offers tools for assessment that may be developed further, and should offer an approach to using the OECD Family Database, acknowledging this unique data source for cross-country comparisons in the field of family policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Magnusson, Charlotta (2009): Why do women get a lower pay-off to occupational prestige than men? An analysis of the gender wage gap by occupational prestige and family obligations. EMPLOY-FAMNET Workshop, Berlin 11-12 May. Stockholm, 22 S.

Abstract

"Studies have shown that women receive lower wage returns to attained occupational prestige than do men. Studies also show that family responsibilities affect men and women differently which may be one major cause of women's wage penalty. In this article I examine if the gender difference in wage return for attained occupational prestige can be explained by diverse family obligations for men and women and if gender differences in work characteristics, which are difficult to combine with family duties, account for some of the gender wage gap in returns for attained occupational prestige. If women's family obligations are one major cause of women's drawback the negative interaction between women and occupational prestige with regard to wages would be larger for mothers and married/cohabiting women than for single women without children. Results show a gender wage gap between married/cohabiting men and women with children which grows with occupational prestige. However, this interaction between gender and prestige is insignificant among single women and men and for couples without children. Further, when controlling for time consuming work the gender wage gap for couples with children according to occupational prestige narrows, especially in occupations with high prestige." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Selin, Hakan (2009): The rise in female employment and the role of tax incentives. An empirical analysis of the Swedish individual tax reform of 1971. (CESifo working paper 2629), München, 43 S.

Abstract

"Sweden reached the 2007 OECD average level of female labor force participation already in 1974. Before, but not after, 1971 the average tax rate facing the housewife was a function of the income of her husband. By exploiting a rich register based data source I utilize the exogenous variation provided by the individual tax reform to analyze the evolution of female employment in Sweden in the beginning of the 1970's. Simulations suggest that employment among married women would have been 10 percentage points lower in 1975 if the 1969 statutory income tax system still had been in place in 1975." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Amilon, Anna, Inga Persson & Dan-Olof Rooth (2008): Scientific (wo)manpower? Gender and the composition and earnings of PhDs in Sweden. (IZA discussion paper 3878), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"Although the share of female PhDs has increased explosively since the 1980s, little research has focused on the utilisation and remuneration of female versus male scientific human capital. Using rich Swedish cross-sectional register data on the stock of PhDs in 2004, this paper analyses to what extent men and women choose academic versus non-academic employment, and to what earnings differences these choices lead. Results show that women are significantly less likely than men to be academically employed in the natural sciences and medicine, whereas no significant gender differences prevail for the social sciences and the humanities. On average, women earn 15 per cent less than men, and the academically employed earn 24 per cent less than PhDs outside academia. Gender earnings differences are larger in the academic than in the non-academic labour market in the humanities and the natural sciences, whereas the opposite holds in the social sciences and medicine." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bardasi, Elena & Janet C. Gornick (2008): Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalities across countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 37-72. DOI:10.1080/13545700701716649

Abstract

"This paper investigates wage gaps between part- and full-time women workers in six OECD countries in die mid-1990s. Using comparable micro-data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), for Canada, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the UK, and the US, die paper first assesses cross-national variation in the direction, magnitude, and composition of the part-time/full-time wage differential. Then it analyzes variations across these countries in occupational segregation between part- and full-time workers. The paper finds a part-time wage penalty among women workers in all countries, except Sweden. Other than in Sweden, occupational differences between part- and full-time workers dominate the portion of the wage gap that is explained by observed differences between die two groups of workers. Across countries, the degree of occupational segregation between female part- and full-time workers is negatively correlated with die Position of part-time workers' wages in the full-time wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Casarico, Alessandra & Alessandro Sommacal (2008): Labor income taxation, human capital and growth. The role of child care. (CESifo working paper 2363), München, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the implications of introducing child care in the human capital production function when assessing the effects of labor income taxation on growth. We develop an OLG model where formal schooling and child care enter the human capital production function as complements and we compare it with a model where only formal schooling matters for skill formation. Using a numerical analysis we find that, depending on the quality of child care services relative to parental care, the omission of child care from the technology of skills' formation can significantly bias the results related to the effects of labor income taxation on growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lundin, Daniela, Eva Mörk & Björn Öckert (2008): How far can reduced childcare prices push female labour supply? In: Labour economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 647-659. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2008.04.005

Abstract

"Exploiting exogenous variation in childcare prices stemming from a childcare price reform, this paper estimates effects of reductions in childcare costs on female labour supply. The reform introduced a cap on childcare prices, and lead to considerable reductions in prices depending on family type and region of residence. Since the price is determined by a handful of observed characteristics, we are able to match households that are similar in all relevant aspects, but experienced quite different price changes. Our difference-in-differences regression matching estimates are very precise, and close to zero." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moss, Peter & Marta Korintus (Hrsg.) (2008): International review of leave policies and related research 2008. (Employment relations research series 100), London, 383 S.

Abstract

"This report is about leave entitlements, mainly for workers with dependant children. As the report shows, working parents today in most countries are entitled to a range of different types of leave, going under a variety of different names. Moreover, in a number of countries the distinction between types of leave is increasingly blurred. This report is produced by an international network on leave policy and research, consisting of over 40 experts from 24 countries, mostly in Europe. The network covers policies for parents and others with care responsibilities, including for adult relatives, as well as policies available to the whole population such as life course career breaks and time accounts. But initially, priority is being given to leave policies focused on the care of children. Among the purposes of this network are: the exchange of information about policies, both in individual countries and by international organisations, and research on leave policies; the provision of a forum for the cross-national discussion of issues and trends in policy and research; and providing a source of regularly updated information on policies and research, including:
- the three-year leave period: too long or not?
- employers' perspectives and involvement and
- policies to increase fathers' use of leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Allard, Karin, Linda Haas & C. Philip Hwang (2007): Exploring the paradox. Experiences of flexible working arrangements and work - family conflict among managerial fathers in Sweden. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 10, H. 4, S. 475-493. DOI:10.1080/13668800701575135

Abstract

"This paper explores work-to-family conflict among 77 managerial fathers in Sweden by focusing on flexible working arrangements. Sweden provides a unique setting for the study of fathers' work-to-family conflict as it has a 30-year-old social policy tradition of promoting gender equality in the workplace and in the home. Our results show that managerial fathers experience high levels of work-to-family conflict, despite high access to flexible working arrangements. Using a border theory perspective, hierarchical regression analysis shows the importance of gender egalitarianism in the family (taking responsibility for children and being in a dual earner family), as well as flexible working arrangements (satisfaction with job flexibility and access to flexleave) in explaining work-to-family conflict for managerial fathers. Organizational time demands (time pressure at work and average work hours) and use of flextime were less important. Our results imply that gender egalitarian managerial fathers with access to flexleave have a win - win situation. They experience less work-to-family conflict and set a good example for their employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Allard, Karin, Linda Haas & C. Philip Hwang (2007): Exploring the paradox: Experiences of flexible working arrangements and work–family conflict among managerial fathers in Sweden. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 10, H. 4, S. 475-493. DOI:10.1080/13668800701575135

Abstract

"This paper explores work-to-family conflict among 77 managerial fathers in Sweden by focusing on flexible working arrangements. Sweden provides a unique setting for the study of fathers’ work-to-family conflict as it has a 30-year-old social policy tradition of promoting gender equality in the workplace and in the home. Our results show that managerial fathers experience high levels of work-to-family conflict, despite high access to flexible working arrangements. Using a border theory perspective, hierarchical regression analysis shows the importance of gender egalitarianism in the family (taking responsibility for children and being in a dual earner family), as well as flexible working arrangements (satisfaction with job flexibility and access to flexleave) in explaining work-to-family conflict for managerial fathers. Organizational time demands (time pressure at work and average work hours) and use of flextime were less important. Our results imply that gender egalitarian managerial fathers with access to flexleave have a win-win situation. They experience less work-to-family conflict and set a good example for their employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andersson, Gunnar & Kirk Scott (2007): Childbearing dynamics of couples in a universalistic welfare state. The role of labormarket status, country of origin, and gender. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 17, S. 897-938. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2007.17.30

Abstract

"This article studies childbearing dynamics by labor-market status of co-residing parents in Sweden. We apply event-history techniques to longitudinal register data on the life histories of foreign-born mothers from ten different countries and the partners to these women, as well as to a sample of Swedish-born mothers and their partners. The context is a universalistic welfare state geared towards gender and social equality where formal social rights are largely independent of a person's civil status, citizenship, and country of origin. We investigate the extent to which the associations of parents' labor-market status with childbearing in Sweden differ between women and men and by country of origin. We find that the patterns of association are fairly similar on both of these individual dimensions. As measured by the way the labor-market activity of parents is related to their subsequent childbearing, we find evidence of equality by gender and at least some evidence of integration of immigrants into the dynamics of Swedish society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bygren, Magnus & Michael Gähler (2007): The gender gap in workplace authority in Sweden 1968-2000. A family affair? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,28), Uppsala, 41 S.

Abstract

"We assess whether the gender gap in authority in Sweden has changed during the period 1968-2000, and investigate to what extent family factors are responsible for this gap. We find that the gap has narrowed modestly during this period, and identify the life-event of parenthood as a major cause of the gap. When men become fathers, they gain authority; when women become mothers, they do not. Our fixed effects panel estimates of the effects of family factors deviate from the cross-sectional estimates, suggesting that unobserved individual heterogeneity - routinely neglected in this line of research - matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Flood, Lennart, Roger Wahlberg & Elina Pylkkänen (2007): From welfare to work. Evaluating a tax and benefit reform targeted at single mothers in Sweden. In: Labour, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 443-471.

Abstract

"In this paper we evaluate a hypothetical tax and benefit reform to increase the working hours and to decrease welfare participation of single mothers in Sweden. We formulate and estimate simultaneously a structural static model of labor supply and welfare participation. The results suggest that labor supply among single mother households in Sweden is quite elastic, and that there is self-selection into welfare. We also find that the proposed reform would generate welfare gains for virtually everyone in the Sample, benefit low-income households, and would at the same time generate a Small revenue surplus." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Johansson, Mats & Katarina Katz (2007): Wage differences between women and men in Sweden. The impact of skill mismatch. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,13), Uppsala, 58 S.

Abstract

"We investigate skill mismatch and its impact on gender differences in wage gap and in returns to education in Sweden 1993 to 2002. Women are more likely to have more formal education than what is normally required for their occupation (overeducation), while men are more likely to have less (undereducation). Over- and undereducation contribute far more to the gender wage gap than years of schooling and work experience. In decompositions, adjusting for skill mismatch decreases the gender wage gap by between one tenth and one sixth. This is roughly a third to a half as much as is accounted for by segregation by industry. Thus, taking skill mismatch into account is essential for the analysis of gender wage differentiation, even though it does not alter the result that the estimated returns to education are smaller for women than for men in Sweden." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kumlin, Johanna (2007): The sex wage gap in Japan and Sweden. The role of human capital, workplace sex composition, and family responsibility. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 203-221. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcl029

Abstract

"This study examines sources of the sex wage gap in Sweden and Japan by focusing on the significance of human capital, workplace sex segregation, and family situation using recent and nationwide individual-level data. Contrasting determinants of the sex wage gap in the two advanced countries Japan and Sweden are of interest because these two societies differ significantly in their gender policies and sex structures. The results indicate that human capital factors and women's heavier family responsibilities account for more of the sex wage gap in Japan than in Sweden. Workplace sex segregation, in contrast, accounts for more of the sex wage gap in Sweden compared to Japan. In both countries, about two thirds of the sex wage gap is attributable to sex differences in average return on the explanatory variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lundin, Daniela, Eva Mörk & Björn Öckert (2007): Do reduced child care prices make parents work more? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,02), Uppsala, 56 S.

Abstract

"This paper exploits exogenous variation in the price of child care stemming from a major child care price reform, to estimate the effects of child care costs on parents' labour supply. The reform introduced a cap on the price that local governments could charge parents, and lead to considerable reductions in the price of child care depending on family type and region. Since the price is de-termined by a handful of observed characteristics, we are able to match house-holds that are similar in all relevant aspects, but experienced quite different price changes due to the reform. Our difference-in-differences regression matching estimates are very precise, but mostly close to zero." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Misra, Joya, Michelle J. Budig & Stephanie Moller (2007): Reconciliation policies and the effects of motherhood on employment, earnings and poverty. In: Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 135-155. DOI:10.1080/13876980701311588

Abstract

"We examine the consequences of welfare state strategies on women's economic outcomes in ten countries. These strategies are 1) the primary caregiver strategy, focused on valuing women's care work; 2) the primary earner strategy, focused on encouraging women's employment; 3) the choice strategy, which provides support for women's employment or caregiving for young children; and 4) the earner-carer strategy, focused on helping men and women balance both care and employment. We analyze the effects of motherhood and marital status on employment rates, annual earnings, and poverty rates. Our study suggests that the strategy taken by the earner-carer strategy may be most effective at increasing equality for both married and single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Jane Waldfogel (2007): Motherhood and women's earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic Countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 55-91. DOI:10.1080/13545700601184849

Abstract

"The earnings of mothers make up an important, but difficult to quantify, component of parental expenditures on children. This paper compares the long-term earnings of women with children, women without children, and men. The study conducts separate analyses for less educated, moderately educated, and highly educated people in eight Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic countries. The study finds that, for the most part, these countries cluster into three groups, with mothers in the Continental European group experiencing the largest earnings differentials, mothers in the Nordic group experiencing the smallest, and mothers in the Anglo-American countries occupying the middle position." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Jane Waldfogel (2007): The incomes of families with children. A cross-national comparison. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 299-318. DOI:10.1177/0958928707082474

Abstract

"Using data on seven countries, we estimate trajectories in family incomes for families with and without children following several stylized life-courses. Focusing mainly on women with a medium level of education, we find, in general, that gaps in family income are smallest in the Nordic countries, intermediate in the Anglo-American countries, and largest in the continental European countries. Our findings are similar to patterns observed in the literature on family gaps in women's earnings and suggest that differences in earnings and labour market participation between women with different family histories are the major driver in the gaps in gross and disposable incomes that we observe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stern, Nadine (2007): Familienpolitische Konzepte im Ländervergleich. Sprungbrett oder Stolperstein für erwerbstätige Mütter? Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 153 S.

Abstract

"Die bürgerliche Rollenverteilung zwischen dem arbeitenden Mann und der haushaltenden Ehefrau entspricht seit Jahrzehnten nicht mehr dem Selbstverständnis fortschrittlicher Industriegesellschaften. Es besteht weitgehend Konsens, dass auch der Wohlfahrtsstaat mit seinen Segnungen die gleichberechtigte Belastung in Beruf und Familie fördern soll. Aber obwohl neben politikwissenschaftlichen auch volkswirtschaftliche und demografische Gesichtspunkte gegen das Ernährermodell sprechen, wird es weiterhin vielerorts durch politische Regulierungen verfestigt. Die Autorin untersucht die geschlechterpolitische Wirkung der deutschen, der französischen und der schwedischen Familienpolitik. Dazu stellt sie zentrale familienpolitische Regulierungen gegenüber. Ergebnis sind nicht nur länderspezifische Erkenntnisse. Die Autorin geht vielmehr der Frage nach, wie finanzielle Regulierungen, Kinderbetreuungs- und Erziehungsfreistellungsregelungen die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie für Männer und Frauen gezielt fördern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"90 Prozent aller Mitgliedsstaaten der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO) haben inzwischen die Kernarbeitsnormen gegen Diskriminierung ratifiziert und sich damit zur Verabschiedung entsprechender Gesetze verpflichtet. Doch Gesetze allein reichen nicht aus, um Diskriminierung wirksam zu bekämpfen. Der Bericht lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit von Regierungen und Sozialpartnern auch auf neue Formen der Diskriminierung, die noch zu wenig Beachtung finden - beispielsweise aufgrund von Alter, HIV/AIDS, eines ungesunden Lebensstils oder der Wahrscheinlichkeit bestimmter genetischer Krankheiten. Die meisten Fälle von Diskriminierung aber betreffen nach wie vor Frauen. Die ILO betont in ihrem Bericht daher die herausragende Bedeutung von Maßnahmen zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. So sollten familienfreundliche Maßnahmen nicht nur Frauen, sondern auch Männern offen stehen. In einigen Ländern, wie Island und Dänemark, wurden bestimmte Maßnahmen gezielt für Männer vorgesehen, beispielsweise ein besonderer Kinderbetreuungsurlaub nur für Männer. Nur wenn deutlich gemacht werde, dass die Wahrnehmung von Familienpflichten durch Männer sozial gewollt und akzeptiert wird, könne ein notwendiger Umdenkprozess stattfinden. Auch die Sozialpartner könnten durch entsprechende Ausgestaltung von Tarifverträgen einen Beitrag leisten, etwa indem Erziehungspausen nicht zu einer niedrigeren Einstufung führen. In Deutschland werden Frauen immer noch weniger eingestellt, rücken seltener in Führungspositionen und verdienen deutlich weniger als Männer. So beträgt das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern laut dem Gleichstellungsbericht der EU-Kommission 22 Prozent, womit Deutschland in der EU auf dem viertletzten Platz landet. Auch die EU nennt die schlechte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als zentrales Hindernis auf dem Weg zu mehr Gleichberechtigung.
Weitere Empfehlungen der ILO zur Bekämpfung der Diskriminierung weltweit:
- Gesetzgebung, die nicht nur Diskriminierung verbietet, sondern aktiv Ziele zur Förderung der Gleichberechtigung setzt;
- Unterstützung der Sozialpartner, um Gleichstellungsfragen in der Tarifpolitik zu verankern;
- gezielte Arbeitsmarktpolitik zur Förderung und Einbindung benachteiligter Gruppen;
- Bindung der öffentlichen Auftragsvergabe an die Einhaltung des Diskriminierungsverbots;
- Einrichtung von Antidiskriminierungskommissionen beziehungsweise Kommissionen für Lohngleichheit;
- Förderung der Lohngerechtigkeit auf betrieblicher Ebene durch 'Kartierung' der Lohnstruktur, um Lohndiskrepanzen sichtbar zu machen und abzubauen;
- Einbindung von Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen in die Länderprogramme der ILO für menschenwürdige Arbeit ebenso wie in die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, die staatliche Kreditvergabe und Investitionsförderpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"The Global Employment Trends for Women Brief 2007 focuses on whether the tendency toward increased participation has continued more recently and whether women have found enough decent and productive jobs to really enable them to use their potential in the labour market and achieve economic independence. The approach is based on updates and analysis of a number of major labour market indicators. These include: labour force participation; unemployment; sector and status of employment; wages/earnings; and education and skills. Taken together, they show whether women who want to work actually do so, whether women find it harder to get a job than men, differences in the type of work done by women and men and equality of treatment in areas ranging from pay to education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blossfeld, Hans-Peter & Heather Hofmeister (Hrsg.) (2006): Globalization, uncertainty and women's careers. An international comparison. Cheltenham u.a.: Elgar, 475 S.

Abstract

"Globalization, Uncertainty and Women's Careers assesses the effects of globalization on the life courses of women in thirteen countries across Europe and America in the second half of the 20th century. The book represents the first-ever longitudinal analysis of micro-level data from these OECD countries focusing exclusively on women's relationship to the labor market in a globalizing world. The contributors thoroughly examine women's employment entries, exits and job mobility and present evidence of women's increased labor market attachment and reduced employment quality in most of the countries studied. They also systematically consider the life course changes influenced by larger transformations in society and, in doing so, explicitly link the phenomena of globalization to individual women's lives in Europe and North America.

Zitatform

Datta Gupta, Nabanita, Nina Smith & Mette Verner (2006): Child care and parental leave in the Nordic countries. A model to aspire to? (IZA discussion paper 2014), Bonn, 58 S.

Abstract

"The Nordic countries have remarkably high participation rates of mothers and a moderate decrease of fertility rates compared to other western countries. This has been attributed to the fact that the welfare state model and, especially, the family friendly policies chosen in the Nordic countries are unique. The availability of generous parental leave schemes including high compensation rates makes it possible for mothers to take a considerable time out of work in connection with childbirths and to return to their previous jobs afterwards, thanks to the high provision of public daycare. In this paper we evaluate family-friendly policies in the 'Nordic model' with respect to the two modes of child care i.e. either parental care facilitated by maternal and parental leave schemes or non-parental publicly provided care. Our questions for discussion are: Is there a 'Nordic model', and is it worth the cost if effects on child development and welfare are included? Is there a trade-of! f between family-friendly policies and family welfare, and are there serious negative boomerang effects of family-friendly policies on women?s position in the labor market? Is the 'Nordic model' a model to aspire to?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dimova, Ralitza & François-Charles Wolff (2006): Do downward private transfers enhance maternal labor supply? Evidence from around Europe. (IZA discussion paper 2469), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"With the use of a theoretical model of downward private transfers with endogenous labor supply and recursive econometric models based on 2317 mother-daughter pairs from the 2003 SHARE data on 10 European countries, we investigate the impact of private transfers on the career choices of transfer-receiving young mothers. For Europe as a whole, we find a strong positive impact of grandchild care on the labor force participation decision of the mother, but no clear impact of either grandchild care or monetary transfers on the mother's degree of labor market involvement. However, the link between family transfers and labor supply exhibits an interesting pattern across institutional settings. Finally, while both recipients and donors with better endowments are more likely to participate in a monetary transaction, time transfers are such that mothers with lower level of human capital tend to assist the professional development of their better endowed daughters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haas, Barbara, Nadia Steiber, Margit Hartel & Claire Wallace (2006): Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 751-771. DOI:10.1177/0950017006069813

Abstract

"Our aim is to contribute to better understanding of why different practices relating to the division of paid labour by sex in couple households are still to be found in different parts of Europe. We analyse data on the distribution of dominant household employment patterns in eight countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using comparative survey evidence for a large total sample (N = 10,123), we examine how national differences in terms of the gender division of paid work correspond with predictions drawn from well-established structuralist and culturalist theories of the determinants of cross-country variations.The findings call for a further elaboration of conventional approaches to explaining gendered employment patterns in an enlarged Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Johansson, Kerstin (2006): Do labor market flows affect labor-force participation? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2006,17), Uppsala, 56 S.

Abstract

"This study examines if the flow rate from open unemployment to labor market programs affect the labor-force participation rate. This question is relevant because Swedish labor-force participation is expected to decline due to the age distribution in the population. A new dataset, with monthly data for Swedish municipalities between 1991:08 and 2002:10, has been constructed. The results show that increased probability of moving from open unemployment to labor market programs has positive effects on the labor-force participation rate. Positive effects are found for different age groups. The estimated effect of the flow rate from open unemployement into labor market programs is countercyclical. The participation rate is procyclical, and counter-cyclical labor market programs could be used to prevent discouraged workers from leaving labor force. The effects of flow rates from programs to open unemployment, and from the job destruction rate are negative, as expected. Income and labor market tightness have positive effects, except for older participants. This is because is a spurios negative correlation in data for the older participants. In general, the long run levels are achieved after about nine years, and most of the adjustment takes place during the first four years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mandel, Hadas & Moshe Semyonov (2006): A welfare state paradox. State interventions and women's employment opportunities in 22 countries. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 111, H. 6, S. 1910-1949.

Abstract

"This study explores the role played by the welfare state in affecting women's labor force participation and occupational achievement. Using data from 22 industrialized countries, the authors examine the consequences of state interventions for both women's employment patterns and gender inequality in occupational attainment. The findings reveal a twofold effect: developed welfare states facilitate women's access into the labor force but not into powerful and desirable positions. Specifically, nations characterized by progressive and developed welfare policies and by a large public service sector tend to have high levels of female labor force participation, along with a high concentration of women in female-typed occupations and low female representation in managerial occupations. The findings provide insights into the social mechanisms underlying the relations between welfare states' benefits to working mothers and women's participation and achievements in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nivorozhkin, Anton (2006): Essays on unemployment duration and programme evaluation. (Göteborg University, Department of Economics. Economic studies 149), Göteborg: Göteborg University, Getr. Sz.

Abstract

"The process of labour market transformation in the 1990s attracted a lot of attention from economists and policy makers. Unprecedented changes, like rapid reforms in Central and Eastern Europe and later the expansion of the European Union, require a deeper understanding of current labour-market trends. This dissertation provides three essays focusing on the impact of the active labour market programmes and the determinants of unemployment duration in the second half of the 1990s in Russia and Sweden. The first two chapters of my dissertation provide a foundation for a policy analysis of issues related to unemployment duration and for an evaluation of the effect of training programmes offered by the state to unemployed individuals in urban Russia. Paper 1 investigates the impact of training programmes on wages of individuals. Using data from the official unemployment register combined with the information from the follow-up survey, I use the method of 'propensity-score matching' to evaluate the effect of training programmes. The result suggests that participants of training programmes receive higher wages after deregistering from the employment office. The paper identifies important gender differences; the effect of training was smaller for females. Paper 2 examines the determinants of unemployment duration of individuals registered as unemployed. The results of a piece-wise constant proportional hazard model imply that the hazard of finding a job is non-monotonic and tends to decrease with time spent in unemployment. An important finding is that only 29% of the unemployed obtained a job simultaneously with deregistering from the Public Employment Office (PEO). Others continued to search for job on their own. I find that the intensity of the job search increases after individuals leave the public employment office. The final chapter of the thesis, Paper 3, addresses the question of whether the possibility of exit from unemployment to the previous employer affects the duration of unemployment spells in Sweden. The empirical analysis is performed using an employee-employer dataset that includes a number of enterprise characteristics and provides information on individual tenure. The econometric approach employs estimation of a competing risk duration model to distinguish between exits to the previous employer and exits to a new job. The findings suggest that greater tenure raises the risks of transitions to the previous employer, while high education levels increase the risk of obtaining a new job. Moreover, the impact of benefit exhaustion is observed only for transitions to new employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kenjoh, Eiko (2005): New mothers' employment and public policy in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Japan. In: Labour, Jg. 19, H. s1, S. 5-49. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2005.00322.x

Abstract

"This paper investigates the link between family-friendly policies and women's employment after birth of the first child in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Japan in the 1980s and the 1990s. Our econometric analyses use household panel data from each of the five countries: BHPS, GSOEP, OSA, HUS, and JPSC, respectively. Public policies that facilitate the combination of motherhood and paid employment offer an effective means in increasing the participation rate of first-time mothers. The results also indicate that the availability and stimulation of good-quality part-time employment can provide additional, strong incentives for new mothers to enter active employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Plantenga, Janneke & Chantal Remery (2005): Reconciliation of work and private life. A comparative review of thirty European countries. Brüssel, 96 S.

Abstract

Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen politischen Ansätze zur Vereinbarkeit von Arbeit und Familie in 30 europäischen Ländern. Er informiert über die aktuelle Politik bezüglich Kinderbetreuung, Urlaubsregelungen, flexible Arbeitsarrangements und andere auf die Vereinbarkeit abzielende Ansätze, wie etwa die finanzielle Unterstützung berufstätiger Eltern. Nationale, öffentliche Strategien werden ebenso betrachtet wie Regelungen auf Branchen- oder Firmenebene. Neben den 25 EU-Mitgliedstaaten werden drei EWR-Länder (Island, Norwegen und Liechtenstein) sowie zwei Beitrittskandidaten (Bulgarien und Rumänien) in den internationalen Vergleich einbezogen. Es zeigt sich, dass es innerhalb Europas erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen Art und Umfang der politischen Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie gibt. Jedes Land hat seine eigene, einzigartige Kombination aus Kinderbetreuung, Urlaubsregelungen, flexiblen Arbeitszeiten und finanzieller Förderung. Insbesondere bei der Kinderbetreuung für die jüngsten Kinder scheint es Engpässe zu geben, wobei dieser Bedarf jedoch hier und da durch Elternurlaub bzw. informelle Arrangements gedeckt wird. Elternurlaub wirkt sich jedoch nicht immer zugunsten der Geschlechtergleichstellung aus. Zur Förderung der gleichmäßigeren Inanspruchnahme der Urlaubsansprüche oder anderer flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen spielt die Gestaltung dieser Regelungen eine zenrale Rolle. Diesbezüglich wird es als wichtig betrachtet, eine Segmentierung der Arbeitsmärkte zu vermeiden, indem auch bei Teilzeitarbeitsverhältnissen oder flexibler Beschäftigung für volle soziale Absicherung, Training und Beförderung gesorgt wird. Es wird für ein stärkeres Engagement der Arbeitgeber in Sachen Geschlechtergleichstellung plädiert. Die optimale Aufteilung der Zuständigkeiten zwischen Staat, Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber ist jedoch schwierig, da die tatsächlichen Kosten der zur Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie getroffenen Maßnahmen unter Umständen - durch Lohnkürzungen und/oder geringere Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten - auf die Arbeitnehmer abgewälzt werden können. Wahrscheinlich werden die negativen Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitnehmer minimal gehalten, wenn die Arbeitgeber nur eine geringe Rolle spielen und die meisten Kosten kollektiv getragen werden. (IAB)

Zitatform

Wadman, Mats (2005): Country report Sweden. Labour supply - Sweden's demographic trend and the council recommendations. In: E. Hönekopp (Hrsg.) (2005): The report of the European employment task force : impetus to European employment policy - impulses for Germany (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 293), S. 95-100.

Abstract

Der Arbeitsmarkt in Schweden zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Erwerbsbeteiligung aus. Dies gilt auch für Frauen und ältere Arbeitnehmer. Der Beitrag skizziert die Gründe hierfür, die vor allem in den steuerpolitischen, familienpolitischen und arbeitsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen gesehen werden. Dennoch ist angesichts der drohenden demographischen Entwicklung die Erhöhung der Erwerbsbeteiligung eine zentrale Herausforderung in Schweden. Vor allem Immigranten, junge Menschen, ältere Menschen und Rehabilitanden sind hier beschäftigungspolitische Zielgruppen. (IAB)

Abstract

"Finding a suitable work/family life balance is a challenge that all parents face. Many parents and children in Canada, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom are happy with their existing work and care outcomes. However, many others feel seriously constrained in one way or another, and their personal well-being suffers as a consequence. Some people would like to have children, but do not see how they could square that major commitment with their current employment situation. Other parents are happy with the number of children in the family, but would like to work more, either to find a greater sense of self-fulfilment, or to increase family income, or both. Yet others are happy with their family situation, but may wish to work different or reduced hours to spend more time with their children. They often do not do so because they cannot afford a pay cut or because they do not want to put their career prospects at risk. If parents cannot achieve their desired work/family life balance, not only is their welfare lower but economic development is also curtailed through reduced labour supply by parents. A reduction of birth rates has obvious implications for future labour supply as well as the financial sustainability of social protection systems. As parenting is also crucial to child development, and thus the shape of future societies, policy makers have many reasons to help parents find a better work/family balance. This study covers Canada (in particular the province of Quebec), Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It considers how a wide range of policies, including tax/benefit policies, childcare policy, and employment and workplace practices help determine parental labour market outcomes and may impinge on family formation. This volume also includes some options for policy reform towards a better reconciliation of work and family commitments in the four countries in question." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gustafsson, Siv & Eiko Kenjoh (2004): New evidence on work among new mothers. What can trade unions do? In: Transfer, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 34-47.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag untersucht die Beschäftigungsmuster von Müttern mit einem ersten Kind, ein Jahr vor der Geburt dieses Kindes bis zu seinem fünften Lebensjahr, in Schweden, Deutschland, dem Vereinigten Königreich, den Niederlanden und Japan. Die Angaben über den Arbeitskräftestatus von Müttern stammen aus den Haushaltspanel-Daten der einzelnen Länder. Diese Daten zeigen deutliche Unterschiede bei den Beschäftigungsmustern von 'neuen' Müttern. Die Autoren erörtern die Entwicklungen in der Familienpolitik, die die Unterschiede zwischen den Beschäftigungsmustern bei Frauen in den fünf Ländern erklären könnten. Dabei vergleichen sie insbesondere die Familienpolitik in Schweden mit den entsprechenden Maßnahmen in anderen Ländern, da Schweden seit den 70er Jahren besonders weit reichende Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Doppelverdiener-Familie eingeführt hat. Außerdem wird anhand einiger Beispiele aus den Niederlanden und Schweden erörtert, welchen Beitrag die Gewerkschaften in ihrem jeweiligen Land leisten können, um den Übergang zu einer Gesellschaft zu schaffen, in der sich Frauen und Männer die Versorgung und die Kinderbetreuung wirklich teilen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Allen, Jim & Karin Sanders (2002): Gender gap in earnings at the industry level. In: The European Journal of Women's Studies, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 163-180.

Abstract

"In this article the authors seek an answer to the question: does the percentage of women working in an industry have an effect on earnings distinct from the effect of sex at the individual level? On the basis of the 'comparable worth' approach, the authors hypothesized that, controlling for education, experience and sex, the percentage of women working in an industry would have a negative effect on earnings. This hypothesis was tested by performing multi-level analysis using data from 12 countries. The hypothesis was confirmed: the multi-level analysis showed a significant negative effect of the percentage of women in an industry on individual earnings, when individual characteristics were controlled for. This effect applied equally formen and women working in an industry. Part, though not all, of the effect could be accounted for by the fact that femaledominated industries are less unionized and more characterized by small firms than male-dominated industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gustafsson, Siv, Eiko Kenjoh & Cecile Wetzels (2001): Does part-time and intermittent work during early motherhood lead to regular work later? A comparison of labor market behavior of mothers with young children in Germany, Britain, The Netherlands, and Sweden. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 70, H. 1, S. 15-23.

Abstract

Unter Verwendung vorliegender britischer, deutscher, schwedischer und niederländischer Daten wird untersucht, ob Teilzeitarbeit oder eine Erwerbsunterbrechung während der frühen Mutterschaft später zu Vollzeitarbeit führt. Es wird festgestellt, dass in Schweden zu dem Zeitpunkt, an dem das erste Kind vier Jahre alt ist, 80 Prozent der Mütter Vollzeit arbeiten, wenn eine Arbeitszeit von mindestens 25 Stunden als Vollzeitarbeit definiert wird, aber nur 30 Prozent 35 Stunden und mehr arbeiten. Diese Ergebnisse stehen im Widerspruch zum Erwerbsverhalten der Mütter in den anderen drei Ländern und wird als Effekt einer frauenfreundlichen Politik gedeutet. Weiter zeigt sich, dass in Schweden nicht so viele der Mütter im öffentlichen Dienst beschäftigt sind wie in den anderen Ländern. (IAB)

Zitatform

Gustafsson, Siv S. & Daniele E. Meulders (Hrsg.) (2000): Gender and the labour market. Econometric evidence of obstacles to achieving gender equality. (Applied econometrics association), Basingstoke: Macmillan, 336 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of Gender and the Labour Market is to analyze the remaining obstacles in achieving gender equality. The first chapters present different aspects of the gender earnings gap. Different counteries are studied and special emphasis is made on particular sectors and occupations. The next chapters deal with the postponement of first birth by educated women, the non-cooperative behavior in time use, gender differences in job and working mobility, transitions between employment status, discriminations contained in tax systems and poverty rates of single parent households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))