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Betz, Julia, Wido Geis-Thöne & Axel Plünnecke (2026): Ingenieurinnen in Deutschland – Potenziale, Herausforderungen und Entwicklungen. Teil 1: Analyse und Handlungsempfehlungen. (IW-Gutachten / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln), Köln, 49 S.

Abstract

"Deutschland steht im Innovationswettbewerb zunehmend unter Druck. Die Situation wird durch demografische Entwicklungen, sinkende Studierendenzahlen in technischen Fächern und Schwächen im Bildungssystem weiter verschärft. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die stärkere Einbindung von Frauen in Ingenieur- und Informatikberufe von entscheidender Bedeutung, um Innovationskraft und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu sichern. Positiv ist vor diesem Hintergrund zu bewerten, dass der Anteil der Frauen unter allen Erwerbstätigen mit einem ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Studium (inklusive Informatik) in den letzten Jahren gestiegen ist, insbesondere unter jüngeren Erwerbstätigen. Die Frauenanteile sind dabei in Dienstleistungsbranchen wie Schule, Hochschule höher als in industriell geprägten Branchen. In den letzten Jahren haben sich auch der Anteil und die Anzahl ausländischer Frauen mit Ingenieurstudium unter den Erwerbstätigen erhöht. Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Ingenieurinnen ist sowohl in sozialversicherungspflichtigen Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen als auch in anderen Berufen oder als Beamte/Selbständige gewachsen. Betrachtet man die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung in Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen, so sind auch hier die Frauenanteile in den letzten Jahren gestiegen – regional vor allem in den westdeutschen Flächenländern, die auf diehohen Frauenanteile im Osten Deutschlands aufholen konnten. Betrachtet man die Frauenanteile in den Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen auf Basis der 400 Kreise und Städte, so sind diese im Norden und Osten Deutschlands tendenziell etwas höher als im Westen und Süden. Die Frauenanteile in den einzelnen Ingenieurberufen unterscheiden sich zwischen den Fachrichtungen: In den Bereichen Rohstoffe, Chemie und Bau sind sie höher, während sie in den Ingenieurberufen der Metallverarbeitung und der Energie- und Elektrotechnik niedriger ausfallen. Etwa 30 Prozent der Frauen in Ingenieurberufen sind teilzeitbeschäftigt. Steigende Frauenanteile sind auch an den Hochschulen und in der Forschung gemessen durch Patentanmeldungen zu beobachten. Auch bei diesen Kennziffern bleibt aber deutliches Entwicklungspotenzial. Hier ist bereits an den Schulen und in der Berufsorientierung anzusetzen. Im Alter von 15 Jahren gibt es bei Mädchen und Jungen nur leichte Unterschiede bei den MINT-Kompetenzen, größer sind die Unterschiede bei Selbstkonzept und Interesse. Dabei sind junge Frauen noch einmal deutlich stärker für den Klimaschutz sensibilisiert als junge Männer. Aus Sicht der Unternehmen kommt den Ingenieurwissenschaften und der Informatik eine sehr große Bedeutung für Innovationen im Klimaschutz zu. Dazu ist der Bereich Gesundheit/Medizin ein großes Wachstumsfeld für die Ingenieurwissenschaften. Berechnet man die künftige Beschäftigung in den Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen in Szenarien, so wird demografiebedingt das Beschäftigungswachstum aus dem Zeitraum 2012 bis 2024 in der bevorstehenden Zeitphase bis 2035 deutlich zurückgehen. Im Aktivierungsszenario Frauen werden durch Berufs- und Studienorientierung und Mentoringprogramme Trends beim Zugang junger Frauen in die Ingenieur- und Informatikberufen zumindest zu einem Teil fortgeschrieben. Dadurch kann die Beschäftigung im Jahr 2035 gegenüber dem Basisszenario um 56.100 Frauen erhöht werden. Hierdurch entsteht ein Wertschöpfungszuwachs im Jahr 2035 in Höhe von 7,0 Milliarden Euro. Aus den Untersuchungen leiten sich Empfehlungen ab in den Handlungsfelder Berufsorientierung, familienfreundliche Arbeitswelt, familienfreundliche Infrastruktur, Zugang zu Weiterbildungsangeboten und Frauen in Führungspositionen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bonesso, Sara & Federica Bressan (2026): Women in STEM careers through the lens of career construction theory: A study on females' experiences in persisting in the engineering field. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 164. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2025.104204

Abstract

"The persistence of female segregation in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educational and occupational fields is largely ascribed to gender-specific barriers that women face during their lifespan. Relying on career construction theory, this study aims to increase the understanding of how women in STEM craft and develop their own career over time by attaining leadership positions, in comparison to their male counterparts. In this inductive qualitative research, drawing on career-based interviews on a sample of women and men in engineering, the narrative analysis reveals dynamic changes in women's career adaptability's resources (the 4C's: concern, control, curiosity, and confidence) across specific phases of the lifespan (education, early career, and upper leadership). This study expands our understanding of the role of women's agency in shaping their STEM careers, delineating the specific configurations of career adaptability resources they can deploy to constructively navigate their professional journey. Moreover, because career adaptability changes in response to environmental conditions, this study provides novel insights about the interplay between career adaptability resources and the most relevant contextual factors that support or inhibit women in the pursuit of their career development during each career phase. Overall, our research provides evidence that a lifespan approach to career development is particularly effective in sectors that are still characterized by gender norms. Practical implications are provided for women to help them self-regulate their careers, as well as for educational and organizational policies to help address the underrepresentation of women in the STEM workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, ©2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))

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Hooper, Helen (2026): An Evaluation of the Gender Inclusivity of UK Senior Academic Job Advertisements. In: Gender, work & organization, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1111/gwao.70092

Abstract

"Previous research demonstrates that small changes to the content of job advertisements can influence an applicant’s perceived fit with the role being advertised and has analyzed the effects of specific features on women. This paper presents an original gender inclusion analysis framework and reports on its use to critically assess 140 senior academic job adverts as an underexplored institutional mechanism that may help sustain gender inequality in academic leadership. This research concludes that such adverts are not gender inclusive, as most do not explicitly encourage nor support gender diversity, and many contain subtle signals that could increase women's perceived lack of fit with advertised roles; 41% of adverts utilized masculine wording, which could deter female candidates; just 15% (n = 21) prioritized women via a positive action statement; specific employee benefits, which could signal support for applicants with (child)caring responsibilities, were not prioritized, with 11% (n = 15) and 6% (n = 9) of adverts promoting family-friendly policies or an on-site nursery, respectively, and only 6% of roles were listed with a part-time working opportunity. 97% of institutes in this research held an Athena Swan Charter award in recognition of gender equality work, suggesting a lack of impact on recruitment and highlighting scope for development of gender-fair recruitment practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lavest, Chloé, Lucas G. Drouhot, Meta van der Linden & Frank van Tubergen (2026): Beyond the ‘integration paradox’: educational attainment similarly predicts gender discrimination among women and ethnic discrimination among minorities. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 103-117. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaf039

Abstract

"Highly educated individuals of immigrant origins perceive more ethnic discrimination than their less educated counterparts—a now well-established finding referred to as the ‘integration paradox’. In this paper, we study whether this purported paradox captures general educational effects on the lived experiences of historically disadvantaged populations going beyond the scope of integration among immigrants. We compare the educational gradient of perceptions of ethno-racial discrimination among ethnic minorities with the educational gradient of perceptions of gender discrimination among women. We also study intersectional dimensions in the experiences of minority women and those reporting multiple grounds for discrimination. Analyses based on representative data from two cross-sectional surveys in France - Trajectoires et Origines 1 and 2—involving over 35,000 respondents show that highly educated individuals, including both ethnic minorities and women, are more likely to report discrimination. Individuals who report discrimination on one ground are also more likely to report it on another ground. Our results suggest that the so-called integration paradox reflects more general educational effects on subjective experiences of exclusion that are not unique to immigrant-origin populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Leesch, Julia & Nicole Hiekel (2026): No Partner, No Children? Union Formation, Assortative Mating, and Educational Inequalities in Fertility in Germany. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 42, H. 1. DOI:10.1007/s10680-026-09766-w

Abstract

"Education is linked to whether and with whom individuals form partnerships. However, it is largely unclear how educational differences in union formation and matching with equally, more, or less educated partners shape educational disparities in fertility. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we applied marginal structural models to investigate how higher education affects the probabilities of ever having a first and a second child, and to what extent these effects operate through union formation (having a partner or not) and assortative mating (having a highly educated partner or not). We compared women and men socialised in East and West Germany before reunification, two contexts with distinct gender and stratification regimes. Findings indicate that higher education influenced fertility directly and indirectly through partnership formation, but only marginally through partners’ education. Moreover, findings varied across contexts. In West Germany, higher education reduced women’s probability of becoming mothers but had minimal impact on second births. For men, higher education increased the probabilities of having both a first and a second child. These gendered effects emerged because higher education influenced fertility directly and indirectly via union formation. In East Germany, higher education had limited effects on fertility, except for increasing men’s secondbirth probabilities. These weak effects resulted from small direct effects, counterbalanced by indirect effects linking higher education and fertility through union formation and assortative mating. Our study contributes to debates about precursors to family formation, underscoring the importance of union formation as a mechanism linking education and fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nacache, Léa, Marie-Françoise Roy & Catherine Jami (2026): Towards gender equality in scientific organizations: assessment and recommendations. 126 S. DOI:10.24948/2026.03

Abstract

"Academies of science, medicine and engineering, along with international scientific unions, play an important role in shaping scientific agendas, recognizing scientific excellence, and advising policy-makers. In doing so, they influence whose expertise is visible and whose voices are heard in science. Persistent gender gaps within these organizations - relative to the share of women in the scientific workforce - raise questions about whether women scientists can participate, lead, and be recognized on equal terms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Neville, Ruth & Athina Anastasiadou (2026): Gender dynamics in international student mobility: the case of the United Kingdom. (MPIDR working paper / Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2026-004), Rostock, 12 S. DOI:10.4054/mpidr-wp-2026-004

Abstract

"The gender composition of international student mobility (ISM) to the United Kingdom (United Kingdom) has historically favoured female students, but recent trends indicate a decline in their proportions. This paper investigates the changing trends of female international mobility to United Kingdom higher education. It utilises data from the United Kingdom Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) on international undergraduate student applications by gender. This study examines evolving patterns of ISM from both European Union (EU) and non-European Union (non-EU) countries, as well as the trajectories of specific countries of origin. Our findings reveal a decline in the share of female students from non-EU countries since 2021, alongside a reduction in female applicants from the EU post-Brexit. Additionally, we observe that countries like Pakistan and India consistently send fewer female students, remaining below gender parity. Using a Generalised Linear Model (GLM), we model the share of female students and assess the influence of demographic, cultural, and policy factors on the share of female applications. Based on these findings, we provide policy recommendations aimed at promoting gender equity in international student recruitment to the United Kingdom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ransiek, Anna & Anina Mischau (2026): Being a woman or being a mathematician: Self and external perceptions of female early career researchers in a mathematical cluster of excellence. In: Current Sociology, Jg. 74, H. 3, S. 337-357. DOI:10.1177/00113921241298699

Abstract

"In Germany, equality between men and women in mathematics, particularly in scientific leadership positions, is far from being achieved. This is despite to different equality measures implemented over the last few decades. Grounded in sociology of knowledge, interaction theory, and field theory, this article analyzes possible causes and mechanisms that maintain gender differences in a mathematical cluster of excellence in which gender equality is formulated as a goal and implemented in various measures. Based on 65 semi-structured interviews, the focus is on the self-perceptions of female early career researchers as mathematicians, as well as the (gendered) attributions they have to deal with by (male and female) scientists in leadership positions against the background of the specific culture in a mathematical cluster of excellence. We highlight the tensions that female early career researchers identify in being regarded as women when they want to be perceived and recognized first as mathematicians. We shed light on how this tension is connected to the discipline and (re)produced by scientists in leadership positions in their patterns of interpretation about equality (measures)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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VanHeuvelen, Tom, Natasha Quadlin & Jordyn Wald (2026): Regrets, she's had a few: Gender and regret of computer science and engineering degrees. In: Social science research, Jg. 135. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103298

Abstract

"In this article, we introduce a novel social fact that will be highly relevant for studies of gender inequality: women in computer science and, to a lesser extent, engineering fields report distinctly high levels of regret of their field of study compared to otherwise similar men. We develop expectations regarding gendered patterns of regret and examine them using nine waves of the Federal Reserve's Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) between 2015 and 2023. Using regression decomposition techniques, we demonstrate that observed economic, occupation, industry, and sociodemographic characteristics fare poorly in explaining the high regret of women in these fields. In fact, these fields are defined by a uniquely large unexplained amount of regret among women. Our findings raise alarm for those who wish to open access to these critical CS/Engineering fields for women: such endeavors will likely fail unless deep cultural work is done to change the regret that many women feel after successfully entering these fields." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))

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Vertelyte, Mante (2026): Affective Temporalities When Making It Within Academia. The Case of Early Career Female Scholars in STEM. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 572-582. DOI:10.1111/gwao.70068

Abstract

"Only few women make it to permanent academic positions in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). While working under temporary contracts, early career scientists have to fulfill a complex set of tasks in a limited amount of time and develop their CVs to compete for a permanent position. Based on interviews with early career female scientists working in the field of astrophysics at Danish universities, the article examines the affective mattering of time in their aspirations of pursuing academic positions in STEM. Specifically, through the women's narratives around the practice and notion of “having time with the telescope, ” this article analyses how intensities around telescope time affectively shape the routines of academic work and future aspirations. Asking how time comes to affectively matter in the experiences of early career female astrophysicists, the article engages with feminist new materialism and affect theory. The analysis shows how telescope time becomes an affective temporal intensity that simultaneously entangles hopes and fears for the future, the embodied gendered (im)possibilities of making it within academia, and temporal discrepancies between fixed-term academic contracts and the infinitude of scientific goals and aspirations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Antoni, Manfred, Hans-Dieter Gerner, Robert Jäckle & Stefan Schwarz (2025): The Gender Pay Gap in University Student Internships. In: German Economic Review. DOI:10.1515/ger-2024-0130

Abstract

"Internships are an important and often mandatory part of academic education. They offer valuable insights into the labor market but can also expose students to negative aspects of the working world, such as gender pay disparities. We provide first evidence of a gender pay gap in mandatory internships, with women earning up to 21 % less per hour than men. This gap is not due to women choosing higher-quality internships over higher pay. Factors such as field of study, risk aversion, competitiveness, the focus of the internship, and firm characteristics account for a large share of the gap. Further analyses show that the internship pay gap is broadly similar to the wage gap at labor market entry among graduates. We discuss potential mechanisms through which the internship pay gap may be related to the entry wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © DeGruyter Brill) ((en))

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Baltrunaite, Audinga, Alessandra Casarico & Lucia Rizzica (2025): Women in economics: The role of gendered references at entry in the profession. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 180. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105155

Abstract

"We study the presence and the extent of gender differences in reference letters for graduate students in economics and finance, and how they relate to early labor market outcomes. To these ends, we build a novel rich dataset and combine Natural Language Processing techniques with standard regression analysis. We find that men are described more often as standout and women as grindstone, i.e., hardworking and diligent; these differences are mainly driven by male letter writers, especially more senior ones. We then show that the former (latter) characteristics relate positively (negatively) with various subsequent career outcomes and that women obtain lower positive (marginally larger negative) returns from being described as standout (grindstone). We argue that, taken together, this evidence is consistent with the presence of implicit gender stereotypes as driving the observed differences in the way candidates are described." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))

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Bernhofer, Juliana, Luca Bonacini & Giuseppe Pignataro (2025): Nudging women towards pursuing their university careers. In: Economica, Jg. 92, H. 367, S. 883-919. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12577

Abstract

"This study explores the impact of light-touch interventions on the academic outcomes of female scholarship recipients. In a randomized trial involving nearly 2000 students at the University of Bologna, we delivered a targeted message highlighting how higher education can reduce the gender gap in the labour market, and boost employment prospects. The nudge increased the likelihood of meeting scholarship requirements by nearly 5 percentage points, alongside significant gains in passing exams with higher credit values, and a reduction in failed exams in the medium term, with no short-term effects. Notably, there was an improvement in grades during the July/August exam period, reflecting a shift towards prioritizing quality over quantity in academic efforts, even though grades were not part of the requirements for maintaining scholarships. Treated students exhibited enhanced academic focus and more strategic study habits, without increasing overall exam load. These findings highlight the potential of cost-effective informational nudges to drive meaningful changes for women facing financial and informational barriers, providing valuable insights for policies designed to support female students. The results emphasize the importance of well-timed informational interventions in helping women to make informed decisions about their education, ultimately enhancing their academic success and long-term economic prospects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Chancengerechtigkeit in wissenschaftlichen Karrieren in Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich auf Grundlage von Daten aus der aktuellen Ausgabe (2024) des She-Figures-Reports der EU. Ergänzend werden auch Daten u.a. aus dem neuen Bundesbericht Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in einer frühen Karrierephase (BuWiK 2025) betrachtet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen geschlechterbezogene Ungleichheiten entlang verschiedener Karrierestufen, von der Promotion über die Beschäftigung von Forscherinnen nach Wirtschaftssektoren bis hin zur Karriereentwicklung von Wissenschaftlerinnen auf verschiedenen Stufen (Leaky Pipeline). Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass Deutschland trotz einiger Fortschritte weiterhin in nahezu allen Dimensionen und bei vielen Indikatoren des neuen She-Figures-Index unter dem EU-Durchschnitt liegt, zum Teil sehr deutlich. Besondere Herausforderungen bestehen in der vertikalen und horizontalen Geschlechtersegregation sowie beim Gender Pay Gap. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse und theoretischer Konzepte werden strukturelle und kulturelle Erklärungsansätze diskutiert und es wird ein Ausblick auf weitere Forschung gegeben, zur Generierung eines umfassenden Kenntnisstandes zu Chancendisparitäten und seinen Ursachen im Wissenschaftssystem. Hierzu zählt etwa die Herausarbeitung von Unterschieden (z.B. in der Leaky Pipeline) nach Fachdisziplinen und institutionellen Kontexten" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Charles, Maria (2025): Minding the gap(s): The uneven gendering of engineering and computing work across Europe. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1177/00207152251372850

Abstract

"This study investigates variability across 31 European countries in the gender composition of engineering and computing (“tech”) occupations, and possible sociocultural drivers of this variability. As previously documented for other STEM domains and geographies, the largest tech gender gaps are in the most affluent societies of Europe (which are also most postmaterialist and gender-liberal culturally). Multilevel regression models explore key attitudinal and socioeconomic predictors of this gender segregation that have been identified through previous comparative research. Results show that men, but not women, who espouse postmaterialist values have higher odds of working in engineering or computing, and that the gender-specific effects of postmaterialist values account for a substantial share of cross-country variability. Findings are consistent with research suggesting a heightened salience of gender math stereotypes to career aspirations in societies that valorize individual self-expression and “doing what you love.”" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Franzke, Astrid & Astrid Springsgut (Hrsg.) (2025): Gleichstellung im Wandel. Neue Herausforderungen und Wege der Karriereentwicklung von Frauen in der Wissenschaft. (Frankfurter feministische Texte), Sulzbach: Helmer, 207 S.

Abstract

"Die Gleichstellungsarbeit hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einer Erhöhung des Frauenanteils in der Wissenschaft beigetragen. Und doch vollzieht sich der kulturelle Wandel hin zu einer geschlechtergerechten Hochschule nur langsam. Mangelnde Sichtbarkeit der Leistungen, Unvereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Sorge, (fehlende) Planbarkeit und Abbrüche von Promotionsvorhaben kennzeichnen vorhandene Ausschlussmechanismen für Frauen in der Wissenschaft. Dieser Band untersucht, wie geschlechtergerechte Veränderungen der Hochschulstrukturen und eine diversitätssensible Wissenschaftskultur vor dem Hintergrund neuer Herausforderungen von Exzellenz, Geschlechtergerechtigkeit und Vielfalt von Karrierewegen erreicht werden können, um die Attraktivität des Wissenschaftssystems für Akademikerinnen zu erhöhen und ihren Karriereaufstieg zu ermöglichen. Er verbindet sowohl Perspektiven aus der empirischen Forschung als auch von Praktiker:innen im Feld der intersektionalen Gleichstellungsarbeit, der Karriere- und Nachwuchsförderung sowie der Personalentwicklung an Hochschulen und inspiriert somit aktuelle Diskurse." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Gërxhani, Klarita, Nevena Kulic, Alessandra Rusconi & Heike Solga (2025): Gender bias in evaluating assistant professorship applicants? Evidence from harmonized survey experiments in Germany and Italy. In: Social science research, Jg. 126. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103113

Abstract

"This study investigates gender biases in the evaluation of applicants for assistant professorships in Germany and Italy. Drawing on the justification-suppression model of prejudice expression, we explore whether biases against women are expressed, suppressed, or even reversed in the appointment process, considering the different normative gender climates and gender equality strategies in the two countries. Using harmonized factorial survey experiments with professors of economics, political science, and social sciences, we found that women in Germany have an advantage both in perceived qualification for an assistant professorship and in the propensity to receive an interview invitation. In contrast, women in Italy are neither disadvantaged nor advantaged. We also examine whether gender biases exist when there is ambiguity about applicants' academic performance (co-authorship) and career commitment (parental leave). Our results reveal a co-authorship penalty and a parenthood premium in both countries, with no gender differences observed. Our exploratory country comparison suggests that Germany's proactive gender equality policies may be more effective in reducing the gender gap in assistant professor appointments compared to Italy's gender-neutral approach, by favoring equally qualified female applicants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))

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Helppie-McFall, Brooke, Eric Parolin & Basit Zafar (2025): Career expectations and outcomes: Evidence (on gender gaps) from the economics job market. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 248. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105437

Abstract

"This paper investigates gender gaps in long-term career expectations and outcomes of PhD candidates in economics. For this purpose, we match rich survey data on PhD candidates (from the 2008–2010 job market cohorts) to public data on job history and publication records through 2022. We document four novel empirical facts: (1) there is a robust gender gap in career expectations, with females about 10 percentage points less likely to ex-ante expect to get tenure or publish regularly; (2) the gender gap in expectations is remarkably similar to the gap observed for academic outcomes; (3) expectations are similarly predictive of outcomes for males and females, and (4) gender gaps in expectations can explain about 22 % and 14 % of the ex-post gaps in tenure and publications, respectively. In addition, leveraging variation in relationship status at the time expectations are reported, we show that: conditional on gender, (1) expectations regarding tenure and publications do not differ systematically by relationship status, and (2) the predictive power of expectations does not differ by the relationship status of the individual." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))

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Kalpazidou Schmidt, Evanthia & Anna Vigsø Pedersen (2025): Beyond Policy: The Odyssey of Implementing GEPs in European Academia. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 13. DOI:10.17645/si.9876

Abstract

"This article investigates the design and implementation of Gender Equality Plans (GEPs) across nine European universities within a university alliance, emphasizing the importance of context-specific interventions. It explores the diversity in GEPs’ content, structure, and implementation, as well as the organization of gender equality work, revealing how national policies, institutional priorities, and socio-cultural contexts shape these processes. Key challenges include gendered academic cultures, internal resistance, structural and organizational barriers, resource limitations, national commitment disparities, and deeply ingrained societal norms affecting gender equality. Drawing on complexity theory, this article advocates for gender-sensitive and context-aware frameworks to navigate the non-linear nature of institutional interventions in academia across diverse settings. Moreover, it offers insights into the implementation of GEPs within university alliances, a context underexplored in the literature. By examining the dynamics of GEP implementation across multiple institutions within a collaborative framework, the article uniquely contributes to understanding how alliances facilitate knowledge exchange, resource sharing, and collective learning, enhancing institutional capacity and fostering synergies to more effectively address gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kleimann, Bernd, Thorsten Lenz, Carolin Luksche, Maike Reimer & Johanna Witte (2025): Etablierung des Karrierewegs der Tenure-Track-Professur im deutschen Wissenschaftssystem. Begleitstudie zum Bundesbericht Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in einer frühen Karrierephase (BuWiK) 2025. Kassel, 193 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Begleitstudie verfolgt dementsprechend das Ziel, der interessierten Öffentlichkeit Informationen zu der Frage an die Hand zu geben, inwieweit die TTP in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2022/2023 etabliert ist. Die Etablierung wird dabei als multidimensionaler Prozess verstanden, der die diskursive Auseinandersetzung, die förderpolitische Integration, die gesetzliche und satzungsbezogene Verankerung sowie die quantitative Verbreitung der TTP im deutschen Karrieresystem umfasst. Zur Beantwortung der Frage nach der Etablierung der TTP im deutschen Wissenschafts- und Hochschulsystem wurden – wie erwähnt – das DZHW in Hannover und das IHF in München vom BMBF beauftragt. Die Durchführung der Studie erfolgte zwischen November 2022 und November 2023 in einem mit dem Auftraggeber abgestimmten arbeitsteiligen Vorgehen von DZHW und IHF. Der Auftrag umfasste die Bearbeitung der folgenden Arbeitspakete: - Arbeitspaket 1: Hintergründe der Einführung der Tenure-Track-Professur im deutschen Wissenschaftssystem und Entwicklung der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen - Arbeitspaket 2: Die Auswirkungen der Etablierung der Tenure-Track-Professur an den Hochschulen - Arbeitspaket 3: Die Tenure-Track-Professur im internationalen Vergleich. Der vorliegende Bericht stellt die Ergebnisse der Bearbeitung dieser Arbeitspakete vor. Er ist wie folgt gegliedert: Zunächst wird betrachtet, wie sich die wissenschaftspolitische Diskussion um Tenure-Track in Deutschland entwickelt hat. Das Kapitel informiert dabei über die Genese und den Verlauf des Diskurses um die TTP und über die Positionen der involvierten wissenschaftspolitischen Akteure. Es folgt ein Überblick über Förderprogramme für Wissenschaftler:innen in einer frühen Karrierephase, die von den Ländern, von wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen und von Stiftungen aufgesetzt worden sind und das Tenure-Track-Programm flankieren oder ergänzen. Intention dieses Abschnitts ist es, einen Eindruck davon zu vermitteln, inwiefern der mit der breiten Einführung der TTP beabsichtigte Kulturwandel in der Ausgestaltung wissenschaftlicher Karrierewege im Rahmen des Fördersystems bereits erkennbar wird. Das anschließende Kapitel geht auf die Frage ein, in welcher Weise Tenure-Track auf der Ebene der Landesgesetzgebung verankert ist. Zur Strukturierung der Gesetzesanalyse werden dabei die Merkmale der TTP herangezogen, wie sie in der VV zwischen Bund und Ländern festgehalten worden sind. Dieselbe inhaltliche Strukturierung wird der folgenden Analyse der Satzungen von 35 Universitäten und gleichgestellten Hochschulen zugrunde gelegt. Beide Kapitel behandeln zusammen die Frage, in welcher Weise die TTP in Deutschland formal kodifiziert worden ist und welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Besonderheiten der Regelungen auf Landes- und Hochschulebene erkennbar sind. Im nächsten Kapitel werden statistische Daten zur Entwicklung der TTP in Deutschland im Vergleich zu etablierten, alternativen Karrierewegen (z. B. Juniorprofessuren ohne Tenure-Track, Nachwuchsgruppenleitungen sowie laufende und abgeschlossene Habilitationen) vorgestellt. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der unterschiedlichen Karrierewege wird anhand verschiedener statistischer Merkmale wie Geschlecht, Finanzierungsart, Beschäftigungsumfang und Beschäftigungsverhältnis aufgeschlüsselt. Zudem erfolgt eine Darstellung der fächergruppenspezifischen Verteilungsstrukturen der betrachteten Karrierewege zur Professur. Im letzten Schritt der Begleitstudie werden zur Einordnung des deutschen Tenure-Track-Systems in einen europäischen Referenzrahmen drei europäische Tenure-Track-Modelle porträtiert, nämlich diejenigen Österreichs, der Schweiz und der Niederlande, basierend auf einer kurzen Darstellung des US-amerikanischen Tenure-Track. Der Vergleich dient dazu, Gemeinsamkeiten des deutschen Modells mit Karrierestrukturen anderer Hochschulsysteme wie auch Unterschiede der deutschen Lösung im Vergleich mit der Handhabung von Tenure-Track in den benachbarten Ländern herauszuarbeiten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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König, Johannes, Anne Otto, Kolja Briedis & Stefanie Gäckle (2025): Karriereentscheidungen und -verläufe Promovierter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Befristung. Begleitstudie zum Bundesbericht Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in einer frühen Karrierephase (BuWiK) 2025. Kassel, 190 S.

Abstract

"Zielsetzung und Fragestellung der Studie In den letzten Jahren sind die Arbeitsbedingungen von Promovierenden und Promovierten im deutschen Hochschul- und Wissenschaftssystem zunehmend in das Zentrum einer kritischen Diskussion gerückt. Der Auslöser für diese intensive hochschulpolitische Debatte war insbesondere der hohe Anteil von befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen beim wissenschaftlichen Personal. Ein wichtiger Kritikpunkt ist, dass Arbeitsverträge an Hochschulen oft deutlich kürzer ausfallen als die vorgesehenen Qualifikationsphasen. Wissenschaftliche Karrieren weisen daher oftmals keine durchgehende Beschäftigung auf, sondern zeichnen sich bestenfalls durch eine „lückenlose Aneinanderreihung mehrerer Arbeitsverträge“ aus. Wissenschaftliche Karrieren werden somit zu „gestückelten Kontinuitäten“ . Ein zentraler Kritikpunkt an dieser Befristungspraxis ist, dass der Wissenschaftsstandort Deutschland durch die aktuelle Befristungssituation Schaden nimmt, „der wegen der jahrelangen beruflichen Unsicherheit […] im internationalen Vergleich ebenso wie im Kontrast zu anderen Branchen kein attraktiver Arbeitgeber ist“ . Befürworter:innen der aktuellen Befristungspraxis sehen hingegen die Gefahr von einer „Verstopfung“ der Karrierewege, sodass nachfolgende Generationen mit schlechteren Zukunftsaussichten bei höheren Entfristungsquoten konfrontiert wären. Außerdem wird argumentiert, dass eine hohe Befristungsquote für eine „Bestenauslese“ unerlässlich sei, um Innovationen und Fortschritt weiterhin zu gewährleisten. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Studie stehen die Karriereentscheidungen und -verläufe von Promovierten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen während und nach der Promotion. Es werden die folgenden Forschungsfragen analysiert: - Welche Verläufe weisen die Karrieren von Promovierten auf?  Welche Rolle spielt die Befristung von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen für Karriereentscheidungen und -verläufe von Promovierten inner- und außerhalb des akademischen Sektors? - In welchem Verhältnis stehen potenzielles Angebot an und Nachfrage nach Wissenschaftler:innen insgesamt für die kommenden Jahre in Deutschland? - Wie lässt sich vor dem Hintergrund der empirischen Befunde dieser Studie die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Hochschulen und AUFE auf dem nationalen Arbeitsmarkt einschätzen? Um die Bedeutung eines befristeten Arbeitsverhältnisses im Zuge von Karriereentscheidungen von Promovierten aufzeigen zu können, ist es zweckmäßig, die Karriereverläufe und -perspektiven im akademischen Sektor, aber auch in anderen Beschäftigungssektoren, zu analysieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Lee, Seungah S., Christine Min Wotipka, Francisco O. Ramirez & Jieun Song (2025): To STEM or not to STEM: A cross-national analysis of gender and tertiary graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math, 1998–2018. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 66, H. 1, S. 25-49. DOI:10.1177/00207152241243343

Abstract

"The comparative literature on gender and higher education has increasingly focused on differences in access to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). We contribute to this literature through a cross-national analysis of STEM graduates by gender between 1998 and 2018 across 90 countries. Many earlier studies emphasize the positive influence of a global liberal culture on women. More recent scholarship contends that women may be steered away from attaining a STEM degree in more liberal and individualistic societies. Our study shows a lower percentage of women graduates in STEM in countries that are more liberal. However, we find that the opposite is the case for men. Our findings are consistent with the idea that individuals in more liberal cultural contexts are more likely to make degree decisions based on individual preferences that are influenced by gendered societal norms. Both women and men are more likely to “indulge in their gendered selves” in these cultural contexts. Our findings are inconsistent with the idea that liberal modernity influences men and women in STEM in a gender-neutral mode." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mähr, Maximilian (2025): Consequences of Affirmative Action: The Impact of Hiring a Female Professor. (CRC TR 224 discussion paper series / EPoS Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224 677), Bonn, 66 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies how appointing a female professor through affirmative action affects hiring decisions and gender attitudes of faculty. For identification I use the introduction of a nationwide affirmative action policy in Germany that provides subsidies to departments appointing women to permanent full professorships. Using administrative data on all academic personnel employed at German public universities, I find that exposure to a female professor increases the share of female Ph.D. students but leaves hiring of women among full professors, assistant professors, and postdoctoral researchers unaffected. The rise in female Ph.D. enrollment is driven by individuals who completed their undergraduate studies in the same department. Additional findings show that after a woman joins the department, young male faculty members increase their collaboration with female colleagues. Further, I document that research productivity and direction are unaffected by the presence of an additional woman." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nyul, Boglarka, Inna Ksenofontov, Alexandra Fleischmann & Rotem Kahalon (2025): Brilliance as gender deviance: Gender-role incongruity as another barrier to women's success in academic fields. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Jg. 116. DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104680

Abstract

"“Brilliance,” a state of extreme intellectual ability, is stereotypically associated with men but not women. Research finds that portrayals of brilliance as a prerequisite for success contribute to women's underrepresentation in certain academic fields and high-level positions. In this work, we examined whether gender roles contribute to the perception of women as less brilliant. In four preregistered experimental studies (N = 920), we tested whether brilliance deviates from ascribed and prescribed gender roles more for women than for men and whether such deviation places women who display their brilliance at a higher risk of experiencing backlash. In Study 1, an average intelligent and a brilliant man were rated as more similar on gender-specific traits than an average intelligent and a brilliant woman. In Study 2, while intelligence and gender individually influenced prescriptions of masculinity and femininity, their interaction did not support larger differences for female targets, indicating a lack of differential expectations by gender and intelligence. Study 3 showed that brilliant women are more likely to experience backlash at work than brilliant men, while Study 4 demonstrated that while brilliance enhances professional desirability across genders, it decreases social desirability, suggesting social costs that could affect workplace dynamics. Our results support that brilliance can be considered a form of gender-role deviance for women and might lead to a backlash. This underscores the need for policies to counteract gendered stereotypes of brilliance, which hinder women's career advancement and contribute to the gender gap in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))

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Sandner, Malte & Ipek Yükselen (2025): Unraveling the gender wage gap: Exploring early career patterns among university graduates. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 72, H. 2, 2024-06-10. DOI:10.1111/sjpe.12405

Abstract

"A large body of literature has shown that the gender wage gap is small in the first years after graduation and increases gradually with age, largely because of family decisions, often a penalty caused by childbirth. However, the gender wage gap immediately after graduation has received less attention. Using a unique dataset that links 5000 university graduates with master's degrees or equivalent from a large German university to detailed employment records from the German social security register, we specifically analyze the gender wage gap at the first job and its dynamics during the initial years of their careers after graduation. We find that a significant gender wage gap already exists in the first job after graduation, even before most young individuals make family decisions. However, this gender wage gap decreases in the first year after entering the labor market and then increases slowly over time. We attribute this initial decrease in the gender wage gap to female university graduates experiencing greater returns from firm and occupational changes than their male counterparts. This suggests that women may use these changes to address skill mismatches, which are more common among women than men in their first job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sievertsen, Hans H. & Sarah Smith (2025): Do female experts face an authority gap? Evidence from economics. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 231. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.106912

Abstract

"This paper reports results from a survey experiment comparing the effect of (the same) opinions expressed by visibly senior, female versus male experts. Members of the public were asked for their opinion on topical issues and shown the opinion of either a named male or a named female economist, all professors at leading US universities. There are three findings. First, experts can persuade members of the public – the opinions of individual expert economists affect the opinions expressed by the public. Second, the opinions expressed by visibly senior female economists are more persuasive than the same opinions expressed by male economists. Third, removing credentials (university and professor title) eliminates the gender difference in persuasiveness, suggesting that credentials act as a differential information signal about the credibility of female experts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))

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Solga, Heike, Alessandra Rusconi & Sophie Hofmeister (2025): Gender biases in assistant professor recruitment: Does discipline matter? In: Research Policy, Jg. 54, H. 3. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2024.105170

Abstract

"Higher education institutions have implemented various affirmative action policies aimed at increasing the representation of female professors, including measures to reduce gender bias in professorship appointments. This raises the question of whether gender bias still exists. Research on gender bias in assistant professor appointments remains sparse. We therefore examine whether gender bias in assistant professor recruitment exists and differs across disciplines (looking at mathematics/physics, economics/sociology/political science, and German studies). Our analysis is based on a factorial survey experiment with 1857 professors from German universities in 2020. We draw on Crandall and Eshleman's (2003) justification-suppression model to argue that gender policies can help suppress the expression of prejudices (negative stereotypes) against female applicants. Our results show that in all disciplines studied, female applicants receive higher ratings than male applicants, both for perceived qualification for an assistant professorship and for being invited for an interview. The female advantage is more pronounced in mathematics/physics when applicants are perceived to be equally qualified, suggesting a greater normative pressure to comply with gender-based preferential selection. In mathematics/physics, however, we also find a smaller premium for having received a research grant among female applicants. Overall, the observed female advantage is rather small in all disciplines studied." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))

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Wegrzyn, Eva & Anja Mallat (2025): Eine gute Geschichte? – Zur Rolle der Hochschulkommunikation bei der Sichtbarmachung von Wissenschaftlerinnen. In: Gender, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 87-103. DOI:10.3224/gender.v17i1.07

Abstract

"Die Sichtbarkeit von Forschungsleistungen, sowohl in die akademische Fachwelt als auch in die breite Öffentlichkeit hinein, gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Beide Ebenen sind vergeschlechtlicht (Gender Visibility Gap). Dies zeigt sich darin, dass die Forschung von Wissenschaftlerinnen weniger sichtbar ist bzw. gemacht wird und somit weniger Anerkennung erhält als die von Kollegen, was neben anderen Faktoren dazu führen kann, dass Wissenschaftlerinnen das Hochschulsystem verlassen. Davon ausgehend stellt der Beitrag die Frage, welche Rolle der in diesem Kontext bisher wenig im Mittelpunkt der Forschung stehenden Hochschulkommunikation im Prozess der Sichtbarmachung von Wissenschaftlerinnen zukommt. Es wird vor dem Hintergrund macht- und repräsentationstheoretischer Perspektiven diskutiert, wie sich Mitarbeitende der Hochschulkommunikation im Prozess der Sichtbarmachung von Wissenschaftlerinnen positionieren und inwiefern sie sich hier in der (Mit-)Verantwortung sehen. Ein zentraler Befund ist, dass diese Akteursgruppe ihren Einfluss mit Rekurs auf wissenschaftsexterne, journalistische Kriterien, die es zu erfüllen gilt, ein Stück weit relativiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zamberlan, Anna, Diana Roxana Galos, Susanne Strauss & Thomas Hinz (2025): Fairness Evaluations of Higher Education Graduates’ Earnings: The Role of Female Preference for Equality and Self‐Interest. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 76, H. 3, S. 541-552. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13192

Abstract

"Educational and occupational horizontal segregation contribute significantly to economic inequalities, especially in contexts with a strong correspondence between fields of study and occupational outputs, such as in Germany. However, the extent to which individuals perceive disparities in economic returns across different fields of study as fair and the factors influencing these fairness evaluations remain largely unexplored. This study aims to understand fairness evaluations by assessing two theoretical explanations and their interrelation: (1) female preference for equality, where women generally favour smaller earnings disparities, and (2) biases leading to higher reward expectations for individuals in the same field of study as the evaluator. Our empirical research draws on a novel survey experiment from the German Student Survey (2021), in which higher education students evaluated the fairness of realistic earnings for graduates from various fields of study. These earnings relate to the entry phase of an individual's career, reflecting differences in economic returns exclusively tied to fields of study, independent of occupational or life trajectories. Our findings support the female preference for equality and self-interest theoretical perspectives, revealing that women and respondents in fields associated with lower-earning jobs tend to perceive greater unfairness. We further find evidence of an interaction between the two mechanisms, with women being particularly likely to perceive greater unfairness when it aligns with their self-interest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Álvarez, Inma, Clare Horáčková & Jitka Vseteckova (2025): Early career mobility and health and wellbeing of female doctorate holders: A narrative review of the international literature. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 202-242. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13138

Abstract

"While in the last decade gender research has shown great interest in problems around work–life balance for women and the implications for their career mobility, the links between these and women's health and wellbeing have not been fully examined. This article reviews international research undertaken between 1980 and 2020 on the early career period of female doctorate holders. The focus is on the early career mobility (career progression as well as international, disciplinary, and sectorial mobility) of women with doctorates and the connections between their mobility and their physical and mental health and wellbeing. Guided by feminist theories on recurrent institutionalized and legitimized gender inequalities, our review identifies the establishment of inequity during the early career period for female doctoral graduates inside and outside academia and associates this with imbalances in mobility patterns, which are directly connected with their personal lives. The evidence found also suggests that women's health and wellbeing is mostly negatively impacted by these circumstances which may be contributing to women leaving academia or employment. Some improvements at institutional level are recommended as well as the need to continue challenging perceptions of gender roles and responsibilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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(2025): Akademiker/-innen. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, o. S.

Abstract

"Der Allgemeine Teil beschreibt die Entwicklung von Erwerbstätigkeit, sozialversicherungspflichtiger Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und gemeldeten Arbeitsstellen am Arbeitsmarkt für Akademikerinnen und Akademiker. Er enthält auch einen Überblick über die Entwicklung des akademischen Nachwuchs und des Berufseinstiegs von Bachelor und Masterabsolventinnen und -absolventen. Der Teil Berufsgruppen enthält Einschätzungen und aktuelle Daten zu den größeren akademischen Berufsgruppen, wie Ingenieurberufe, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Rechtswissenschaften, Medizin und Pharmazie, Sozialwesen, Lehrkräfte, Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Psychologie, Geisteswissenschaften und Publizistik." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Antoni, Manfred, Hans-Dieter Gerner, Robert Jäckle & Stefan Schwarz (2024): When Women Learn That They Earn Less: The Gender Pay Gap in University Student Internships. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 122018), München, 34 S.

Abstract

"Internships are an important and often mandatory part of academic education. They offer valuable insights into the labor market but can also expose students to negative aspects of the working world, such as gender pay disparities. Our paper provides first evidence of a gender pay gap in mandatory internships, with women earning up to 7% less per hour than men. Notably, this gap is not due to women choosing higher-quality internships over higher pay. Further analyses show that the internship pay gap is similar in magnitude to the labor market entry wage gap among graduates. We discuss potential mechanisms by which the internship pay gap may contribute to the graduation wage gap and present empirical evidence to support this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartsch, Simone, Guido Bünstorf, Anne Otto & Maria Theißen (2024): Are Employment Trajectories of STEM Doctoral Degree Holders Gender-Specific? Evidence from a Large German Technical University. In: C. Gross & S. Jaksztat (Hrsg.) (2024 ): Career Paths Inside and Outside Academia (=Soziale Welt. Special Edition 26), S. 89-129, 2022-10-26. DOI:10.5771/9783748925590-89

Abstract

"Um den vorhandenen Talentpool optimal zu nutzen, profitiert die Gesellschaft von einem ausgewogenen Geschlechterverhältnis in den verschiedenen Beschäftigungssektoren. Allerdings sind in Deutschland insbesondere in den MINT-Bereichen (Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik) Frauen als Forscherinnen und Professorinnen an Universitäten sowie außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen unterrepräsentiert. Um die Karrierewege von Promovierten besser zu verstehen, untersuchen wir die kritische Übergangsphase nach der Promotion. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher prozessgenerierter Daten für eine große deutsche technische Universität untersuchen wir den Zusammenhang zwischen Beschäftigungssektor und Beschäftigungsvolumen während und nach der Promotion. Die Ergebnisse einer Sequenzanalyse deuten darauf hin, dass die Beschäftigungsverläufe von Männern und Frauen ähnlichen Mustern folgen, sich die Prävalenz einzelner Sequenzmuster allerdings deutlich nach Geschlecht unter scheidet. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf eine erhebliche Pfadabhängigkeit in den Erwerbsbiografien hin. Die Regressionsergebnisse zeigen keine geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Sektorenwahl nach der Promotion, wenn man sektorspezifische Berufserfahrung und Fächerunterschiede berücksichtigt. Wenn wir jedoch zwischen Männern, Frauen ohne Kinder und Frauen mit Kindern (Müttern) unterscheiden, stellen wir fest, dass Frauen mit Kindern im Vergleich zu Männern eher im Hochschulsektor bleiben. Sowohl Frauen ohne Kinder als auch Frauen mit Kindern sind in den Jahren nach Abschluss der Promotion deutlich seltener vollzeitbeschäftigt als Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Nomos)

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Dahmen-Adkins, Jennifer & Andrea Wolffram (Hrsg.) (2024): Wissenschaftskarrieren und Gender Bias. Chancengerechtigkeit an Hochschulen zwischen formellen Vorgaben und informellen Einflüssen. Opladen: Budrich, 240 S. DOI:10.3224/84742580

Abstract

"Wie gestaltet sich der soziale Wandel mit Blick auf Chancengerechtigkeit in Wissenschaftskarrieren? Wie kann dem Gender Bias hier strukturell und nachhaltig entgegengewirkt werden? Der Sammelband verfolgt einen doppelten Fokus auf diesen Wandel hin zu einer Steigerung der Chancengerechtigkeit in wissenschaftlichen Karrieren. Die Beiträge analysieren die Erfahrungen von Wissenschaftler*innen sowie von mikropolitisch agierenden Stakeholdern in den Forschungsorganisationen und geben Antworten auf die Frage nach Chancengerechtigkeit auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene. Im ersten Teil konzentrieren sich die Beiträge auf jeweils ein spezifisches Stadium einer Wissenschaftskarriere und die Erfahrungen und Handlungsweisen der Wissenschaftler*innen. Hierbei kommt sozialen Beziehungen und Netzwerken eine grundlegende Bedeutung zu. Inwieweit können diese als illegitime Praxis oder aber als Teil des Wissenschaftsalltags betrachtet werden? Dieser Frage nähern sich die Beiträge insbesondere im Vergleich zu Maßnahmen, die Chancengleichheit fördern. Der zweite Teil widmet sich den organisationalen Bedingungen der Hochschul- und Forschungseinrichtungen unter Berücksichtigung aktueller gleichstellungspolitischer Entwicklungen. Ein Fokus liegt dabei auf europäischer Ebene und deren Wirkkraft auf nationale Rahmenbedingungen. Die organisationalen Bedingungen werden vor allem aus der Perspektive gleichstellungspolitischer Akteur*innen betrachtet, um so erfolgreiche institutionelle Veränderungspotenziale zu identifizieren. Die einende Perspektive aller Beträge ist die Frage, wie und unter welchen (Gelingens-)Bedingungen dem Gender Bias in den verschiedenen Stadien einer Wissenschaftskarriere strukturell und mit kulturellen Effekten nachhaltig entgegengewirkt werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Budrich)

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Dilmaghani, Maryam & Min Hu (2024): Gender earnings gap in Canadian economics departments. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 31, H. 11, S. 1059-1066. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2023.2174494

Abstract

"The status of women in economics is increasingly researched. However, the gender earnings gap among economics faculty is rarely examined due to data limitations. Relying on Canadian Public Sector Salary Disclosure lists, we construct a unique dataset of earnings, credentials, and research productivity of economics faculty members. We find a ceteris paribus gender earnings gap, which is driven by full professors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Galos, Diana Roxana, Susanne Strauss & Thomas Hinz (2024): Discrimination or a Competitive Climate? Why Women Cannot Translate Their Better High School Grades into University Grades. In: Research in Higher Education, Jg. 65, H. 8, S. 1804-1825. DOI:10.1007/s11162-024-09815-5

Abstract

"While girls have better grades than boys in high school, this does not translate into better performance of young women, as compared to young men, in university. Due to the high signalling value of university grades for subsequent income and employment outcomes, this has important consequences for gender inequalities at labour market entry. However, previous studies have not yet examined the potential barriers that might limit women’s ability to maintain their previous academic achievement at the university level. Drawing on the nation-wide Student Survey, this study addresses this shortcoming by investigating perceived discrimination against women and perceived competition among students as two potential correlates. Our findings first confirm that while girls have better grades in high school than boys, this has reversed at the university level. Further, high school grades are less strongly correlated with university grades for girls compared to boys. Our results highlight that young women perceive there to be more discrimination against women as well as higher levels of competition within their field of study, than do their male peers. The study further demonstrates that an increased level of perceived discrimination is strongly associated with lower university performance for young women, thereby plausibly hindering their ability to reach their full academic potential." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haynes, Kathryn (2024): Resisting sexisms, aggression, and burnout in academic leadership: Surviving in the gendered managerial academy. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 2286-2302. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13137

Abstract

"How is it possible to survive as a woman senior leader in the gendered managerial academy? In this autoethnographical article, I illustrate the lived reality, insecurity, and struggle of academic leadership. Drawing from three vignettes, I discuss decision-making processes, blatant sexist aggressions, and the problematic negation of affect and personal life. Their critical contribution is to expose the consequences of gendered managerialism in the neo-liberal academy and the false promise of ‘leadership’, in which women continue to experience gender challenges, sexism, and the risk of burnout in their everyday experiences. However, I also show how it is possible to counter the detrimental effects of gendered managerialism through four forms of resistance: resistance through embodied affective authenticity; resistance through solidarities, and social relations with others; resistance through feminist activism; and resistance by stepping back." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Hägglund, Anna Erika (2024): Same degrees, different outcomes? Fields of study choices and gender wage inequality in Finland and Germany. In: Social science research, Jg. 122. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103029

Abstract

"Men and women's diverging fields of study choices contribute to the gender wage gap among highly educated workers in several countries, yet systematic cross-national comparisons are rare. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, the German Microcensus, and Statistics Finland this study explores whether fields of study shape the gender wage gap differently in Germany than in Finland; two countries that display strong linkages between education and employment, but differ in the generosity of family policies. The results show that fields of study are an important source of gender wage disparities in both countries. In Germany, associations between characteristics of fields and wages do not seem to differ between the genders. In Finland, the findings suggest that women profit more than men from fields with strong linkages to occupations. Our findings highlight that research analyzing the association between fields of study and gender inequality needs to consider institutional features and gender-specific patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Johannesen, Niels & Simon Muchardt (2024): Is the Bar Higher for Female Scholars? Evidence from Career Steps in Economics. (CESifo working paper 11101), München, 35 S.

Abstract

"Do gender disparities in academia reflect that female scholars are held to higher standards than males? We address this question by comparing the scientific merit of male and female academic economists who make the same career step. Across four domains – i.e. faculty positions, network affiliations, research grants and editor appointments – we find no evidence that standards are higher for females. By contrast, the average female has less citations and publications than the average male who makes the same career step. In most domains, this reflects a gender gap for “marginal” scholars, consistent with lower merit thresholds for females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keller, Andreas & Yasmin Frommont (Hrsg.) (2024): Perspektiven für Hanna. Dauerstellen für Daueraufgaben in der Wissenschaft. (GEW-Materialien aus Hochschule und Forschung 128), Bielefeld: wbv Media, 264 S. DOI:10.3278/9783763973576

Abstract

"Im Sommer 2021 beherrschte ein Hashtag in den sozialen Netzwerken den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs: Unter „#IchBinHanna“ diskutierten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler über die prekären Arbeitsverhältnisse an den Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. Denn zu viele Zeitverträge mit zu kurzen Laufzeiten führen dazu, dass das Berufsfeld unattraktiv wird, Chancengleichheit in weite Ferne rückt und eine langfristige Lebens- und Karriereplanung unmöglich wird. Der Sammelband fasst die Ergebnisse der 11. Wissenschaftskonferenz der GEW zusammen, die diese Diskussion aufgegriffen hat. Ausgewiesene Expertinnen und Experten aus den Bereichen Hochschule und Forschung, Politikerinnen und Politiker sowie Vertreterinnen und Vertreter von Wissenschaftsorganisationen plädieren für eine umfassende Reform des Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetzes (WissZeitVG), um die Beschäftigungsbedingungen nachhaltig verbessern zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © wbv)

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Kray, Laura, Jessica Kennedy & Margaret Lee (2024): Now, Women Do Ask: A Call to Update Beliefs about the Gender Pay Gap. In: The Academy of Management Discoveries, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 11-37. DOI:10.5465/amd.2022.0021

Abstract

"For over two decades, gender differences in the propensity to negotiate have been thought to explain the gender pay gap. We ask whether a “women don’t ask” pattern holds today among working adults. We compare estimates of gender differences in negotiation propensity (Study 1) with actual patterns from MBA students (n = 1,435) and alumni (n = 1,939) from a top U.S. business school (Studies 2A-2B). Contrary to lay beliefs, women report negotiating their salaries more often (not less) than men. We then re-analyze meta-analytic data on self-reported initiation of salary negotiations to reconcile our findings with prior work (Study 2C). While men reported higher negotiation propensity than women prior to the twenty-first century, the gender difference grew neutral and then reversed since then. Negotiation propensity rose across time for both men and women, although to differing degrees. Finally, we explore the consequences of the now-outdated belief that “women don’t ask,” finding that it increases gender stereotyping, even on dimensions unrelated to negotiation, and it is associated with both greater system-justification and weaker support for legislation addressing pay equity (Studies 3 and 4). Our research calls for an updating of beliefs about gender and the propensity to negotiate for pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nielsen, Mathias Wullum, Jens Vognstoft Pedersen & Julien Larregue (2024): Getting ahead in the social sciences: How parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 322-346. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13088

Abstract

"How do parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement? While extensive research examines the causes of gender disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers, we know much less about the factors that constrain women's advancement in the social sciences. Combining detailed career- and administrative register data on 976 Danish social scientists in Business and Management, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology (5703 person-years) that obtained a PhD degree between 2000 and 2015, we estimate gender differences in attainment of senior research positions and parse out how publication outputs, parenthood and parental leave contribute to these differences. Our approach is advantageous over previous longitudinal studies in that we track the careers and publication outputs of graduates from the outset of their PhD education and match this data with time-sensitive information on each individual's publication activities and family situation. In discrete time-event history models, we observe a ∼24 per cent female disadvantage in advancement likelihoods within the first 7 years after PhD graduation, with gender differences increasing over the observation period. A decomposition indicates that variations in publishing, parenthood and parental leave account for ∼ 40 per cent of the gender gap in career advancement, suggesting that other factors, including recruitment disparities, asymmetries in social capital and experiences of unequal treatment at work, may also constrain women's careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ransmayr, Juliane & Doris Weichselbaumer (2024): The Role of Sex Segregation in the Gender Wage Gap Among University Graduates in Germany. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 244, H. 1-2, S. 37-81. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2022-0018

Abstract

"In this paper we examine the gender wage gap among university graduates in Germany from 1997 to 2013 based on the DZHW (the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies) Absolventenpanel. We focus in particular on the effect of female presence in a subject or occupation on wage inequality. Earlier research has shown not only that female-dominated university subjects or occupations pay less, but also that men face a higher wage penalty than women when they graduated in a female-dominated subject and experience a lower penalty for working in a female-dominated occupation. For the five waves considered, we confirm the very strong negative association between female presence in a subject or occupation and wages. However, no consistent pattern emerges with regard to whether men’s or women’s wages suffer larger penalties. There is also no time trend observable with regard to the wage penalty that is associated with female-dominated fields. We further show that significant gender wage gaps exist within fields of studies, especially in male-dominated fields like engineering and natural science." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Roller, Katrin (2024): Das un-sichtbare Care-Band. Intersektionale und Care-zentrierte Perspektiven auf weibliche Mobilität. In: Zeitschrift für Diversitätsforschung und -management, Jg. 9, H. 1-2024, S. 38-50. DOI:10.3224/zdfm.v9i1.04

Abstract

"Der Beitrag untersucht aus einer intersektional-feministischen Perspektive weibliche Mobilität unter Bezugnahme von Care als Grundanforderung an weibliche Personen in der Gesellschaft. Dabei werden zwei unterschiedliche Gruppen von Frauen – hochqualifizierte Dienstreisende und transnational mobile Frauen aus der 24-Stunden-Pflege – einander gegenübergestellt, um ihren Deutungen von Care und Mobilität zu Grunde liegende Weiblichkeitsmuster herauszuarbeiten. Mobilität dient als Vehikel, sowohl Ermächtigungen als auch Ungleichheitslinien herauszuarbeiten, die erst in intersektionaler Verknüpfung von Geschlecht, ethnischer Herkunft und Care sichtbar werden." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Sandner, Malte & Ipek Yükselen (2024): Unraveling the Gender Wage Gap: Exploring Early Career Patterns among University Graduates. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17293), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"A large body of literature has shown that the gender wage gap is small in the first years after graduation and increases gradually with age, largely because of family decisions, i.e., a penalty caused by childbirth. However, the gender wage gap immediately after graduation has received less attention. Using a unique dataset that links 5,000 university graduates with master’s degrees or equivalent from a large German university to detailed employment records from the German social security register, we specifically analyze the gender wage gap at the first job and its dynamics during the initial years of their careers after graduation. We find that a significant gender wage gap already exists in the first job after graduation, even before most young individuals make family decisions. However, this gender wage gap decreases in the first year after entering the labor market and then increases slowly over time. We attribute this initial decrease in the gender wage gap to female university graduates experiencing greater returns from firm and occupational changes than their male counterparts. This suggests that women may use these changes to address skill mismatches, which are more common among women than men in their first job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schels, Brigitte, Sara Connolly, Stefan Fuchs, Channah Herschberg & Claartje Vinkenburg (2024): Navigating treacherous waters. Exploring the dual career experiences of European Research Council applicants. In: C. Gross & S. Jaksztat (Hrsg.) (2024): Career Paths Inside and Outside Academia (=Soziale Welt. Special Edition 26), S. 341-371, 2023-02-27. DOI:10.5771/9783748925590-341

Abstract

"Die Karrieren von Wissenschaftler_innen entwickeln sich nicht in einem sozialen Vakuum. Nach dem Konzept der „linked lives“ (Moen 2003) hat der Karriereverlauf eines Partners Auswirkungen auf die Karriere des anderen Partners. Wir untersuchen die Doppelkarrieren von Wissenschaftler_innen, die sich auf eine Förderung durch den European Research Council (ERC) beworben haben, auf Basis einer quantitativen Befragung und von qualitativen Interviews. Während das idealtypische Bild von Wissenschaftler_innen auf einem individualistischen Karrieremodell mit uneingeschränkter internationaler Mobilität und Karriereengagement beruht, zeigt sich quantitativ, dass die Mehrheit der Antragsteller_innen beim ERC erwerbstätige Partner_innen, häufig ebenfalls Wissenschaftler_innen, und Kinder haben. Das Gros der ERC-Antragsteller_innen mit berufstätigen Partner_innen bewertet, dass beide Karrieren in der Partnerschaft gleich wichtig sind. Bei den Antragstellerinnen ist der Anteil jedoch höher. Selbst wenn die eigene Karriere wichtiger erscheint, erleben die Wissenschaftler_innen die Koordination zweier Karrieren als nicht einfach. Dies gilt sowohl für ältere etablierte Wissenschaftler_innen als auch für Wissenschaftler_innen, die sich noch in der "Rushhour" des Lebens befinden. In den erlebten Erfahrungen der ERC-Antragsteller_innen zeigt sich, dass sie dem vorherrschenden Idealbild in der Wissenschaft entsprechen wollen, aber an Grenzen stoßen, insbesondere wenn Mobilitätsanforderungen durch fehlende Übertragbarkeit des Job der Partner_innen eingeschränkt ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, wie sie zwei Karrieren koordinieren, für sie immer wieder neu. Diese Anforderungen bestehen sowohl für Wissenschaftler als auch Wissenschaftlerinnen, aber einige der Konsequenzen – etwa bei wem die Kinder sind und wer vorrangig die Betreuung übernimmt – sind geschlechtsspezifisch. Wir ziehen Schlussfolgerungen zur Förderung dualer Karrieren in der Wissenschaft für Arbeitgeber_innen und Forschungsförderung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Nomos)

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Schütz, Jana, Virginia Sondergeld & Insa Weilage (2024): The Women in Economics Index – Monitoring Women Economists' Representation in Leadership Positions. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2076), Berlin, 26 S.

Abstract

"We contribute to the research on gender representation in economics by documenting the share of women among economists in a variety of leadership positions in the academic, but also in the private and public sectors, both globally and by region. For the years 2019 to 2023, we find women economists’ representation overall to be low in all sectors and no clear-cut trends over time. In academia, we find women’s representation to be highest in Africa and Oceania, an observation that previous studies could not show so far as they analysed global top departments and thus mechanically focused on North America and Europe. Also for the public sector, we highlight significant regional discrepancies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Altmejd, Adam (2023): Inheritance of fields of study. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2023,11), Uppsala, 60 S.

Abstract

"University graduates are more than three times as likely to hold a degree in the field that their parent graduated from. To estimate how much of this association is caused by the educational choices of parents, I exploit admission thresholds to university programs in a regression discontinuity design. I study individuals who applied to Swedish universities between 1977 and 1992 and evaluate how their enrollment in different fields of study increases the probability that their children later study the same topic. I find strong causal influence. At the aggregate level, children become 50% more likely to graduate from a field if their parent has previously enrolled in it. The effect is positive for most fields, but varies substantially in size. Technology, engineering, medicine, business exhibit the largest, significant, effects. For these fields, parental enrollment increases child graduation probability with between 2.0 and 12.8 percentage points. I show that the parent’s labor market experience plays an important role in explaining the results, but parental field enrollment does not increase subject-specific skills, nor is it associated with higher returns to earnings. I find little evidence for comparative advantage being the key driver of field inheritance. Rather, parents seem to function as role models, making their own field choice salient. This is indicated by the fact that children become less likely to follow parents with weak labor market prospects, and that children are more likely to follow the parent with the same gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brunetti, Marianna, Annalisa Fabretti & Mariangela Zoli (2023): A Further Look at the Gender Gap in Italian Academic Careers. (CEIS Tor Vergata research papers 570), Rom, 39 S.

Abstract

"In developed countries women have now achieved educational parity with men. Yet disparities persist in reaching top positions in the job market, with academia making no exception. This paper assesses the gender gap in career advancements in Italian universities over the 2013-2021 period, and explores the potential role of a third factor, i.e. mobility, besides competitiveness and scientific productivity typically investigated in the literature. The results, strongly robust, show a gender gap in advancements to associate professorship of about 4 percentage points, which is only partially explained by competitiveness, while scientific productivity and mobility do not seem to play a role. The estimated gender gap almost doubles for transitions to full professorship, and it remains unaffected when both competitiveness and scientific productivity are considered. Interestingly, mobility in this case matters: the gap is still there but (as much as 5 times) smaller when career advancements occur along with a move to a different University." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Civera, Alice & Michele Meoli (2023): Empowering female entrepreneurs through university affiliation: evidence from Italian academic spinoffs. In: Small business economics, Jg. 61, H. 3, S. 1337-1355. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00729-z

Abstract

"Female entrepreneurship, despite increasing attention, is still largely understudied, especially in the academic context. By adopting the lenses of entrepreneurial ecosystems and feminist theories, the paper investigates the firm performance of female entrepreneurs. We provide empirical evidence of the underperformance of women-led firms, being academic spinoffs or not, compared to men-led firms in terms of growth and their overperformance in terms of survival rate. In addition, we focus on differences in the performance of women-led firms only by comparing Italian academic and nonacademic companies. In virtue of their university affiliation, women-led academic spinoffs result to grow more than women-led nonacademic spinoffs and tend to show lower survival rates, which makes them more similar to men-led companies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Daling, Lea, Johanna M. Werz, Paulina Blessing, Esther Borowski & Ingrid Isenhardt (2023): Ingenieurinnen im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau: Frauen für technische Berufe gewinnen und halten. Qualitative Studie im Auftrag der IMPULS-Stifung, Frankfurt/Main. Frankfurt am Main, 86 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie zeigt auf, dass in den letzten Jahren bereits positive Veränderungen angestoßen wurden, die die individuellen Karrierewege von Frauen im Ingenieurwesen fördern und unterstützen. Gleichzeitig sehen sich angehende und bereits berufstätige Ingenieurinnen noch immer mit ähnlichen Hindernissen bezüglich der gleichberechtigten Anerkennung von Fachkompetenzen, der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie sowie der fehlenden individuellen Förderung von Fach- und Führungskarrieren konfrontiert. Diese Herausforderungen werden von den Unternehmen erkannt, jedoch bedarf es aktuell konkreter Ansatzpunkte, die den Möglichkeiten und Handlungsspielräumen von z.B. familiengeführten kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) entsprechen. Daher wurden, abgestimmt auf die aufgeführten Erkenntnisse, konkrete Empfehlungen in den Handlungsfeldern (1) Interesse wecken für das Berufsbild der Ingenieurin (vgl. Kapitel 6.1), (2) Rekrutierung und Gewinnung von Ingenieurinnen (vgl. Kapitel 6.2) sowie (3) Ingenieurinnen langfristig binden und halten (vgl. Kapitel 6.3) abgeleitet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Eckstein, Zvi, Michael P. Keane & Osnat Lifshitz (2023): What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16612), Bonn, 58 S.

Abstract

"In the 1960 cohort, American men and women graduated from college at the same rate, and this was true for Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. But in more recent cohorts, women graduate at much higher rates than men. To understand the emerging gender education gap, we formulate and estimate a model of individual and family decision-making where education, labor supply, marriage and fertility are all endogenous. Assuming preferences that are common across ethnic groups and fixed over cohorts, our model explains differences in all endogenous variables by gender/ethnicity for the '60-'80 cohorts based on three exogenous factors: family background, labor market and marriage market constraints. Changes in parental background are a key factor driving the growing gender education gap: Women with college educated mothers get greater utility from college, and are much more likely to graduate themselves. The marriage market also contributes: Women's chance of getting marriage offers at older ages has increased, enabling them to defer marriage. The labor market is the largest factor: Improvement in women's labor market return to college in recent cohorts accounts for 50% of the increase in their graduation rate. But the labor market returns to college are still greater for men. Women go to college more because their overall return is greater, after factoring in marriage market returns and their greater utility from college attendance. We predict the recent large increases in women's graduation rates will cause their children's graduation rates to increase further. But growth in the aggregate graduation rate will slow substantially, due to significant increases in the share of Hispanics – a group with a low graduation rate – in recent birth cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Erdmann, Melinda, Marcel Helbig & Marita Jacob (2023): Lost female talent: Gender differences in college aspirations and expectations in Germany. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin P 2023-002), Berlin, 36 S.

Abstract

"Our study focuses on the gender gap in college aspirations and enrolment among high school students in Germany. We build on socialization theory, rational choice theory, and formal restrictions to college access to explain gender differences in idealistic college aspirations, realistic college expectations, and the disparities between the two. Specifically, we examine the prevalence of 'pessimistic' college expectations, where college aspirations are higher than expectations, which we expect to be more likely among young women than young men. By analyzing survey data from 1,766 upper secondary students in Germany, we find that women are equally interested in pursuing higher education as their male counterparts. They even express higher aspirations for college enrolment. However, women are more pessimistic than men about realizing their aspirations. While factors such as the subjective probability of success and perceived costs impact both genders, young women are also affected by formal restrictions limiting entry to their preferred fields of study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernandes, Mario, Simon Hilber, Jan-Egbert Sturm & Andreas Walter (2023): Closing the gender gap in academia? Evidence from an affirmative action program. In: Research Policy, Jg. 52, H. 9. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104865

Abstract

"This study investigates a unique incentive-based affirmative action program in Germany’s academic labor market. By analyzing a sample of business administration professors, we document that the probability that a newly tenured professor is female increases at universities that participate in this government program compared to universities that do not. By delving deeper into the mechanisms of the program, we show that program universities lowered the entry barrier for tenured professorships regarding publication records for new female professors. While favoring women, we show that the program had no harmful effects on male professors regarding the entry barrier to tenured professorships. Overall, we provide evidence of the effectiveness of financial incentives as a means of reducing female underrepresentation in academic labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia (2023): Career and Family. Women’s Century-Long Journey toward Equity. Princeton u.a.: Princeton University Press, 330 S.

Abstract

"A century ago, it was a given that a woman with a college degree had to choose between having a career and a family. Today, there are more female college graduates than ever before, and more women want to have a career and family, yet challenges persist at work and at home. This book traces how generations of women have responded to the problem of balancing career and family as the twentieth century experienced a sea change in gender equality, revealing why true equity for dual career couples remains frustratingly out of reach. Drawing on decades of her own groundbreaking research, Claudia Goldin provides a fresh, in-depth look at the diverse experiences of college-educated women from the 1900s to today, examining the aspirations they formed—and the barriers they faced—in terms of career, job, marriage, and children. She shows how many professions are “greedy,” paying disproportionately more for long hours and weekend work, and how this perpetuates disparities between women and men. Goldin demonstrates how the era of COVID-19 has severely hindered women’s advancement, yet how the growth of remote and flexible work may be the pandemic’s silver lining. Antidiscrimination laws and unbiased managers, while valuable, are not enough. Career and Family explains why we must make fundamental changes to the way we work and how we value caregiving if we are ever to achieve gender equality and couple equity." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Morettini, Lucio & Massimiliano Tani (2023): Gender and Career Progression in Academia: European Evidence. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16206), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"We study career trajectories of university researchers in Europe, with a particular emphasis on the speed of career progression by gender. Using the panel data collected by the MORE project (Mobility Survey of the Higher Education Sector) - a longitudinal database that gathers survey responses from over 10,000 university researchers across Europe - we find that women have a lower probability of promotion, but conditional on a career advance, their career development proceeds at a faster pace than that of comparable male researchers. Faster progression among women is positively influenced by the share of female researchers in the academic environment. Higher salaries in sectors outside academia appear to reinforce the positive selection of women preferring to stay in academia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Passaretta, Giampiero & Moris Triventi (2023): Inequality at the top. The gender earnings gap among the Italian educational elite. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100796

Abstract

"Does a gender earnings gap exist at the top of the educational distribution? Based on population data on two recent cohorts of PhD graduates in Italy, we find that women’s monthly earnings are on average 16 % lower than men’s after 5–6 years in the labor market. The gender earnings gap is even wider at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution, reaching approximately 22 % and 19 %, respectively. Educational pathways before and during PhD studies, occupational characteristics, and family situation explain almost half of women’s average penalty and working hours alone one-fifth of it. The wider penalties at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution remain largely unexplained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))

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Sassler, Sharon & Pamela Meyerhofer (2023): Factors shaping the gender wage gap among college-educated computer science workers. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 18. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0293300

Abstract

"Encouraging women to pursue STEM employment is frequently touted as a means of reducing the gender wage gap. We examine whether the attributes of computer science workers–who account for nearly half of those working in STEM jobs–explain the persistent gender wage gap in computer science, using American Community Survey (ACS) data from 2009 to 2019. Our analysis focuses on working-age respondents between the ages of 22 and 60 who had a college degree and were employed full-time. We use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of logged wages on observed characteristics, before turning to regression decomposition techniques to estimate what proportion of the gender wage gap would remain if men and women were equally rewarded for the same attributes–such as parenthood or marital status, degree field, or occupation. Women employed in computer science jobs earned about 86.6 cents for every dollar that men earned–a raw gender gap that is smaller than it is for the overall labor force (where it was 82 percent). Controlling for compositional effects (family attributes, degree field and occupation) narrows the gender wage gap, though women continue to earn 9.1 cents per dollar less than their male counterparts. But differential returns to family characteristics and human capital measures account for almost two-thirds of the gender wage gap in computer science jobs. Women working in computer science receive both a marriage and parenthood premium relative to unmarried or childless women, but these are significantly smaller than the bonus that married men and fathers receive over their childless and unmarried peers. Men also receive sizable wage premiums for having STEM degrees in computer science and engineering when they work in computer science jobs, advantages that do not accrue to women. Closing the gender wage gap in computer science requires treating women more like men, not just increasing their representation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Solga, Heike, Alessandra Rusconi & Nicolai Netz (2023): Professors' gender biases in assessing applicants for professorships. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 6, S. 841-861. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad007

Abstract

"Recent evidence suggests that women are more likely to be selected for professorships when they apply. This female advantage may be partly due to the widely promoted gender-equality policy of having a substantial female quota in selection committees. Yet, research has rarely considered whether male and female committee members evaluate applicants for professorships differently. We address this research gap based on a large factorial survey experiment with German university professors from different disciplines. We asked these professors to rate how qualified hypothetical applicants are for full professorships and the likelihood of inviting these applicants for a job interview. We find that female applicants have an modest advantage both in their perceived qualifications and in their likelihood of being invited—with no differences between the male and female professors assessing them. Importantly, however, the female advantage in invitation does not apply to highly qualified female applicants but only to female applicants with low and mediocre perceived qualifications—again, there is no difference between male and female professors. Moreover, our analyses do not indicate a Matilda effect, that is, we do not find a co-authorship penalty for female applicants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zhang, Lin, Fan Qi, Gunnar Sivertsen, Liming Liang & David Campbell (2023): Gender differences in the patterns and consequences of changing specialization in scientific careers. (SocArXiv papers), 21 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/ep5bx

Abstract

"Changes of specialization in scientific careers is related to the so-called “essential tension” between exploration of new knowledge and exploitation of established knowledge in research and innovation. Changes of specialization are thereby assumed to influence the evolution of science in general. Research has shown that such changes may also affect the success of individual scientists in their careers. However, the gender dimension of this aspect of career development is so far understudied. There is also need for more dynamic indicators to record and interpret career developments in macro data. This study combines the gender perspective with the introduction of new indicators. We selected more than 29,000 scientists in Physics & Astronomy and studied them over six decades using a bibliographic dataset from Scopus. We find that females are less likely to change specialization than their male counterparts, and that the research performance of males is more positively affected by changing specialization. We discuss the policy implications of these findings as well as the methodological advancement related to the new indicators of career development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beatty, Alex, Carolin Formella, Sandra Kretschmer, Pia Molitor, Jana Schütz, Arnim Seidlitz, Virginia Sondergeld, Yuki Takahashi, Insa Weilage & Kaneta Zillur (2022): The Women in Economics Index 2022. (WiE-Index / The Women in Economics Initiative e.V. 4), Berlin, 27 S.

Abstract

"The Women in Economics Index 2022 is the fourth edition of the WiE Index that monitors and tracks the share of women economists in senior positions in the academic, private, and public sectors globally. The key result of the WiE Index 2021 was an overall low share of women across sectors, especially in the academic sector (31, Private: 34, Public: 38). This continues to be the case in the WiE Index 2022, with index values of 33 in the Academic and the Private Sector and 32 in the Public Sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berroth, Lara, Dominik Adrian, Kolja Briedis & Antje Wegner (2022): Beschäftigungsbedingungen für junge Forscher*innen - ein empirischer Beitrag zu #IchBinHanna. (DZHW-Brief 2022,04), Hannover, 12 S. DOI:10.34878/2022.04.dzhw_brief

Abstract

"Die durchschnittliche Vertragslaufzeit der an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen beschäftigten Promovierenden beträgt 27 Monate. 26 Prozent haben einen Arbeitsvertrag mit einer Laufzeit von bis zu 12 Monaten. Auch wenn sich somit gegenüber älteren Studien eine Entwicklung zu längeren Vertragslaufzeiten abzeichnet, bleibt dennoch eine Lücke zwischen den Vertragslaufzeiten von Promovierenden und den tatsächlichen Promotionsdauern. Die subjektive Einschätzung der Finanzierungs- und Beschäftigungssituation fällt überwiegend positiv aus: Etwa drei Viertel der Promovierenden sind damit zufrieden. Im Durchschnitt wenden Promovierende mit einem Arbeitsvertrag an einer Hochschule oder Forschungseinrichtung 23 Stunden pro Woche für ihre Promotion auf. Regelungen zur Promotionszeit werden im Arbeitsvertrag oder der Promotionsvereinbarung selten getroffen. Sie garantieren aber meist einen recht hohen Zeitanteil der Arbeitszeit für die Promotion bzw. gehen mit einer höheren Zahl an aufgewendeten Wochenstunden für die Promotion einher. Im Vergleich mit Hochschulabsolvent*innen, die in anderen Bereichen erwerbstätig sind, zeigen Promovierende mit einer Stelle in der Wissenschaft in vielen Teilaspekten der Beschäftigung eine höhere (berufliche) Zufriedenheit. Deutlich unzufriedener sind sie jedoch mit der Arbeitsplatzsicherheit. Zentrale Ergebnisse zur Finanzierungs- und Beschäftigungssituation Promovierender sowie zu zahlreichen weiteren Themen finden sich unter nacaps-datenportal.de." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bostwick, Valerie & Bruce Weinberg (2022): Nevertheless She Persisted? Gender Peer Effects in Doctoral STEM Programs. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 397-436. DOI:10.1086/714921

Abstract

"We study the effects of peer gender composition in STEM doctoral programs on persistence and degree completion. Leveraging unique new data and quasi-random variation in gender composition across cohorts within programs, we show that women entering cohorts with no female peers are 11.7pp less likely to graduate within 6 years than their male counterparts. A 1 sd increase in the percentage of female students differentially increases women’s probability of on-time graduation by 4.4pp. These gender peer effects function primarily through changes in the probability of dropping out in the first year of a Ph.D. program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brandt, Gesche & Heike Spangenberg (2022): Karriere mit Kind – Wie wirkt sich frühe Mutterschaft auf das Erreichen von Führungspositionen bei Akademikerinnen aus? In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 74, H. 3, S. 303-327. DOI:10.1007/s11577-022-00854-3

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag widmet sich im Anschluss an die Diskussion zur Entzerrung der „Rushhour des Lebens“ der Frage, ob es vorteilhaft für die berufliche Karriere von Akademikerinnen ist, wenn sie, anstatt nach dem Berufseinstieg, bereits vor dem Studienabschluss oder direkt im Anschluss daran Kinder bekommen. Während ein Aufschieben der Erstgeburt verschiedenen Studien zufolge durchaus positiv für den Karriereverlauf ist, ist der Zusammenhang zwischen einer frühen Familiengründung und dem Erreichen einer Führungsposition für Deutschland bislang kaum erforscht. Anhand von Absolventendaten des Deutschen Zentrums für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung (DZHW) wird mit logistischen Regressionsanalysen untersucht, wie wahrscheinlich das Erreichen einer Führungsposition für Mütter mit akademischem Abschluss in Abhängigkeit vom Geburtentiming ist. Die Befunde zeigen, dass Mütter, die bereits vor dem Berufseinstieg Kinder bekommen haben, zehn Jahre nach Studienabschluss mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit in Führungspositionen tätig sind als die Vergleichsgruppe der Mütter, die erst während des Erwerbsverlaufs eine Familie gegründet haben. Erstere weisen im Erwerbsverlauf weniger Vollzeitphasen, aber mehr Teilzeitphasen und weniger Unterbrechungsphasen auf. Die Ergebnisse stützen humankapital- und signaltheoretische Annahmen, wonach Akademikerinnen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt von einer Familiengründung vor dem Berufseinstieg profitieren, da längere Erwerbsunterbrechungen unwahrscheinlicher werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Conzelmann, Johnathan G., Steven W. Hemelt, Brad J. Hershbein, Shawn Martin, Andew Simon & Kevin Stange (2022): Grads on the Go: Measuring College-Specific Labor Markets for Graduates. (IZA discussion paper 15323), Bonn, 60 S.

Abstract

"This paper introduces a new measure of the labor markets served by colleges and universities across the United States. About 50 percent of recent college graduates are living and working in the metro area nearest the institution they attended, with this figure climbing to 67 percent in-state. The geographic dispersion of alumni is more than twice as great for highly selective 4-year institutions as for 2-year institutions. However, more than one-quarter of 2-year institutions disperse alumni more diversely than the average public 4-year institution. In one application of these data, we find that the average strength of the labor market to which a college sends its graduates predicts college-specific intergenerational economic mobility. In a second application, we quantify the extent of "brain drain" across areas and illustrate the importance of considering migration patterns of college graduates when estimating the social return on public investment in higher education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Czerney, Sarah, Lena Eckert & Silke Martin (Hrsg.) (2022): Mutterschaft und Wissenschaft in der Pandemie. (Un-) Vereinbarkeit zwischen Kindern, Care und Krise. Leverkusen: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 230 S.

Abstract

"In der Pandemie spitzen sich gesellschaftliche Schieflagen und strukturelle Ungerechtigkeiten zu, so auch die berufliche Benachteiligung, die maßgeblich durch die Ungleichverteilung von Care-Arbeit begünstigt wird. Dieses Buch versammelt Erfahrungsberichte von Frauen*, die im Wissenschaftsbetrieb tätig sind und von ihren Erlebnissen während der Pandemie an deutschen Hochschulen berichten, und trägt somit zur Sichtbarkeit tabuisierter und individualisierter Erfahrungen bei. So werden die prekären Bedingungen, die sich während der Pandemie noch verstärkt haben, deutlich gemacht." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Davies, Benjamin (2022): Gender sorting among economists: Evidence from the NBER. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 217. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110640

Abstract

"I compare the co-authorship patterns of male and female economists, using historical data on National Bureau of Economic Research working papers. Men tended to work in smaller teams than women, but co-authored more papers and so had more co-authors overall. Both men and women had more same-gender co-authors than we would expect if co-authorships were random. This was especially true for men in Macro/Finance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Eberhardt, Markus, Giovanni Facchini & Valeria Rueda (2022): Women are "hardworking", men are "brilliant": Stereotyping in the economics job market. In: VOX H. 08.02.2022, o.Sz.

Abstract

"Academia faces increased scrutiny because of its gender imbalance. This column uses machine learning methods to analyse gendered patterns in the text of reference letters written for candidates for entry-level positions in the economics job market. The findings reveal that women are systematically more likely to be praised for being hardworking and at times less likely to be praised for their ability. Given the time and effort letter writers devote to supporting their students, the authors suggest this gender stereotype is likely due to unconscious biases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eberhardt, Markus, Giovanni Facchini & Valeria Rueda (2022): Gender Differences in Reference Letters: Evidence from the Economics Job Market. (CEPR discussion paper 16960), London, 59 S.

Abstract

"Academia, and economics in particular, faces increased scrutiny because of gender imbalance. This paper studies the job market for entry-level faculty positions. We employ machine learning methods to analyze gendered patterns in the text of 9,000 reference letters written in support of 2,800 candidates. Using both supervised and unsupervised techniques, we document widespread differences in the attributes emphasized. Women are systematically more likely to be described using "grindstone" terms and at times less likely to be praised for their ability. Given the time and effort letter writers devote to supporting their students, this gender stereotyping is likely due to unconscious biases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eslen-Ziya, Hande & Tevfik Murat Yildirim (2022): Perceptions of gendered-challenges in academia: How women academics see gender hierarchies as barriers to achievement. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 301-308. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12744

Abstract

"Despite the egalitarian and collegial philosophy in its ideals, academic market is segregated and gendered where women receive fewer rewards than their male counterparts, are under-represented, segregated and excluded from participation in the formal and informal academic structures in academia. The country contexts, the gendered academic organizational settings as well as everyday interactions all play a major role not only in women's participation within academia, but also how they perceive their future in academic institutions. This research note, through an original survey with over 200 academics, attempts to study the latter assumption by looking at women academics' perceptions of their work life, their challenges, as well as aspirations. Our results show that those perceiving strong hierarchy in the realm of work are significantly more likely to believe that being woman in academia harms their job prospects. We also show that, not only were they pessimistic about the challenges facing them at the moment, but they were also more skeptical about women's potential in overcoming such challenges in the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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García-Peñalvo, Francisco José, Alicia García-Holgado, Angeles Dominguez & Jimena Pascual (Hrsg.) (2022): Women in STEM in Higher Education. Good Practices of Attraction, Access and Retainment in Higher Education. (Lecture Notes in Educational Technology), Singapore: Imprint: Springer, XIV, 197 S. DOI:10.1007/978-981-19-1552-9

Abstract

"This open access book addresses challenges related to women in STEM in higher education, presenting research, experiences, studies, and good practices associated with the engagement, access, and retention of women in the STEM disciplines. It also discusses strategies implemented by universities and policymakers to reduce the existing gender gap in these areas. The chapters provide an overview of implementations in different regions of the world and provide numerous examples that can be transferred to other higher education institutions." (Provided by publisher)

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Horwitz, Ilana M., Kaylee T. Matheny, Krystal Laryea & Landon Schnabel (2022): From Bat Mitzvah to the Bar: Religious Habitus, Self-Concept, and Women's Educational Outcomes. In: American sociological review, Jg. 87, H. 2, S. 336-372. DOI:10.1177/00031224221076487

Abstract

"This study considers the role of religious habitus and self-concept in educational stratification. We follow 3,238 adolescents for 13 years by linking the National Study of Youth and Religion to the National Student Clearinghouse. Survey data reveal that girls with a Jewish upbringing have two distinct postsecondary patterns compared to girls with a non-Jewish upbringing, even after controlling for social origins: (1) they are 23 percentage points more likely to graduate college, and (2) they graduate from much more selective colleges. We then analyze 107 interviews with 33 girls from comparable social origins interviewed repeatedly between adolescence and emerging adulthood. Girls raised by Jewish parents articulate a self-concept marked by ambitious career goals and an eagerness to have new experiences. For these girls, elite higher education and graduate school are central to attaining self-concept congruence. In contrast, girls raised by non-Jewish parents tend to prioritize motherhood and have humbler employment aims. For them, graduating from college, regardless of its prestige, is sufficient for self-concept congruence. We conclude that religious subculture is a key factor in educational stratification, and divergent paths to self-concept congruence can help explain why educational outcomes vary by religion in gendered ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kortendiek, Beate, Lisa Mense, Sandra Beaufaÿs, Jenny Bünnig, Ulla Hendrix, Jeremia Herrmann, Heike Mauer & Jennifer Niegel (2022): Gender-Report 2022: Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit an nordrhein-westfälischen Hochschulen. Hochschulentwicklungen - Gleichstellungspraktiken - Ungleichheiten im Mittelban. (Gender-Report … / Netzwerk Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung NRW 5 39), Essen, 400 S.

Abstract

"Der Gender-Report 2022 umfasst drei Teilstudien: In Teil I wird die Geschlechter(un)gleichheit an den Hochschulen in NRW anhand hochschulstatistischer Daten gemessen und verglichen. Wie sind Frauen und Männer auf die Qualifizierungsstufen und Statusgruppen verteilt (vertikale Segregation) – und welche Entgeltungleichheiten zeigen sich bei Professuren und im MTV-Bereich? Welche Geschlechterungleichheiten werden sichtbar, wenn die Fächergruppen betrachtet werden (horizontale Segregation)? Die besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt den 37 Hochschulen in Trägerschaft des Landes NRW. In Teil II wird die Umsetzung der gesetzlichen Gleichstellungsvorgaben durch die Hochschulen analysiert und auf damit verbundene Herausforderungen eingegangen. Maßgeblich hierfür sind das Hochschulgesetz, das Kunsthochschulgesetz sowie das Landesgleichstellungsgesetz. Neben der Fortschreibung der Umsetzung von Gleichstellungsplänen, der geschlechterparitätischen Gremienbesetzung sowie der Gleichstellungsquoten werden u. a. Formen der Gleichstellungsgovernance, Maßnahmen zur Anerkennung von Geschlechtervielfalt sowie die Auswirkungen der Coronapandemie auf die Gleichstellungs- und Gremienarbeit untersucht. In Teil III des Gender-Reports wird die Situation des akademischen Mittelbaus an Hochschulen in Nordrhein-Westfalen aus einer multidimensionalen Geschlechterperspektive untersucht. Dabei geht es um den Mittelbau nicht nur unter der Perspektive des akademischen „Nachwuchses“, sondern auch um den Blick auf aktuelle Beschäftigungsverhältnisse (auch unter Bedingungen der Coronapandemie). Arbeitszufriedenheit und Berufsperspektiven verschiedener Gruppen werden ebenso analysiert wie Erfahrungen von Benachteiligung, Unterstützung und Förderung an Hochschulen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Löther, Andrea, Frederike Freund & Anke Lipinsky (2022): Zugänge, Barrieren und Potentiale für die internationale Mobilität von Wissenschaftlerinnen. Eine Untersuchung im Auftrag der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. (CEWS.Publik 25), Bonn, 119 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht die Gründe für die geringe Frauenbeteiligung in Programmen der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (ein Drittel im Jahr 2018) und gibt Handlungsimpulse, wie die Stiftung mehr exzellente Wissenschaftlerinnen für das Humboldt-Netzwerk gewinnen kann. Für die Potenzialanalyse untersuchten internationale Expert*innen für 14 Schlüsselländer die Repräsentanz von Wissenschaftlerinnen und geschlechtsspezifische Qualifikations- und Karrierestrukturen, insbesondere in Hinblick auf internationale Mobilität. In den untersuchten Ländern zeigen sich bei der Beteiligung von Frauen im Wissenschaftssystem ähnliche Muster der horizontalen und vertikalen Segregation, jedoch mit spezifischen Ausprägungen in einzelnen Ländern. Die Defizitanalyse für drei Programme fokussiert auf die Themen Zugang zu den Programmen und Durchführung des Forschungsaufenthaltes. Verschiedene Referenzdaten zeigen, dass das Potenzial an internationalen Wissenschaftlerinnen, die für einen Forschungsaufenthalt in Deutschland gewonnen werden könnten, nicht ausgeschöpft wird. Für den Zugang zu den Programmen analysiert die Studie Zugänge zu Netzwerken und Kontakten vor der Bewerbung und homosoziale Muster der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Gastgebenden und internationalen Wissenschaftler*innen. Beim Forschungsaufenthalt stehen die Nutzung familienpolitischer Leistungen und Dual-Career im Vordergrund. Als Kontextfaktoren werden die Gleichstellungspolitik der Stiftung und der Exzellenzbegriff untersucht. Abschließend werden Ansatzpunkte aufgezeigt, um mehr internationale Wissenschaftlerinnen für einen Forschungsaufenthalt in Deutschland zu gewinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Maier, Tobias (2022): Advanced further training or dual higher education study: a choice experiment on the influence of employers’ preferences on career advancement. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 56. DOI:10.1186/s12651-022-00309-4

Abstract

"Although the number of graduates with a bachelor’s degree has risen over recent years, little information is available as to which position such persons hold within an establishment and whether they compete on the career ladder with persons from the vocational sector with advanced further training, for example master craftsmen, technicians or certified senior clerks. This article presents the results of a choice experiment in which decision makers at German establishments had to choose between three candidates to fill a vacant project management position. The candidates had completed either advanced further training or a bachelor’s programme in dual courses of study (training- or practice-integrated). They further differed in other characteristics, such as the place of training, final mark, occupational experience and specialisation. The results show that the training strategy of the establishments as well as their general experience with bachelor’s graduates plays an important role when the chances of career advancement are assessed. Persons with advanced further training certificates are only preferred if the establishments exclusively support advanced training programmes. For all other establishments the qualification path of the candidates does not matter. The results give rise to the supposition that dual higher education studies will represent an attractive alternative for young people as opposed to advanced further training if such dual programmes are expanded and awareness of them increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Mansour, Hani, Daniel I. Rees, Bryson M. Rintala & Nathan N. Wozny (2022): The Effects of Professor Gender on the Postgraduation Outcomes of Female Students. In: ILR review, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 693-715. DOI:10.1177/0019793921994832

Abstract

"Although women earn approximately 50% of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) bachelor’s degrees, more than 70% of scientists and engineers are men. The authors explore a potential determinant of this STEM gender gap using newly collected data on the career trajectories of United States Air Force Academy students. Specifically, they examine the effects of being assigned female math and science professors on occupation choice and postgraduate education. The results indicate that, among high-ability female students, being assigned a female professor leads to substantial increases in the probability of working in a STEM occupation and the probability of receiving a STEM master’s degree." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rudolph, Clarissa, Anne Reber & Sophia Dollsack (Hrsg.) (2022): Geschlechtergerechtigkeit und MINT. Irritationen, Ambivalenzen und Widersprüche in Geschlechterdiskursen an Hochschulen. Leverkusen: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 277 S.

Abstract

"Entgegen allen Objektivitäts- und Neutralitätsansprüchen bestehen an deutschen Hochschulen Geschlechterungleichheiten fort. Insbesondere im MINT-Bereich sind Frauen* noch immer unterrepräsentiert. Der Sammelband greift Fragen nach den Gründen für die anhaltenden Ungleichheiten sowie Veränderungsmöglichkeiten im Kontext der Diskurse zu Fachkulturen und Intersektionalität auf und diskutiert Strategien für mehr Geschlechtergerechtigkeit an Hochschulen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Weichselbaumer, Doris & Juliane Ransmayr (2022): The role of sex segregation in the gender wage gap among university graduates in Germany. (Working paper / Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler Universität of Linz 2022-12), Linz, 48 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we examine the gender wage gap among university graduates in Germany from 1997 to 2013 based on the DZHW (the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies) Absolventenpanel. We focus in particular on the effect of female presence in a subject or occupation on wage inequality. Earlier research has shown not only that female-dominated university subjects or occupations pay less, but also that men face a higher wage penalty than women when they graduated in a female-dominated subject and experience a lower penalty for working in a female-dominated occupation. For the five waves considered, we confirm the very strong negative association between female presence in a subject or occupation and wages. However, no consistent pattern emerges with regard to whether men’s or women’s wages suffer larger penalties. There is also no time trend observable with regard to the wage penalty that is associated with female-dominated fields. We further show that significant gender wage gaps exist within fields of studies, especially in male-dominated fields like engineering and natural science." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Westphal, Matthias, Daniel A. Kamhöfer & Hendrik Schmitz (2022): Marginal College Wage Premiums under Selection into Employment. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 132, H. 646, S. 2231-2272. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueac021

Abstract

"We identify female long-term wage returns to college education using the educational expansion between 1960–90 in West Germany as exogenous variation for college enrolment. We estimate marginal treatment effects and propose a simple partial identification technique accounting for women selecting into employment due to having a college education. College-educated women are, on average, more than 18 percentage points more likely to be employed due to having a college education than those without college education. Taking this into account, we bound wage returns to 5.7%–13.9% per year of education completed (average treatment effects on the treated)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2022): Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt: Akademiker/-innen - Berufsgruppen. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, Getr. Sz.

Abstract

"Die deutsche Wirtschaft befand sich 2021 in einem gebremsten konjunkturellen Aufschwung. Das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes im Jahr 2021 um 2,9 Prozent gewachsen, nach einem Minus von 4,6 Prozent im Jahr 2020. Mit den im Frühsommer 2021 einsetzenden Lockerungen hat die Wirtschaft im zweiten Quartal wieder an Fahrt aufgenommen, wurde aber im weiteren Jahresverlauf von Lieferengpässen und neuen Einschränkungen infolge der vierten Corona-Welle gebremst. Der Arbeitsmarkt bewegte sich 2021 auf einem Erholungskurs, der im Zuge der Lockerungen im Frühsommer deutlich an Dynamik gewann. So ist vor allem die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung deutlich gestiegen. Weil Minijobs und Selbständigkeit im Jahresdurchschnitt weiter rückläufig waren, blieb die gesamte Erwerbstätigkeit jahresdurchschnittlich aber unverändert. Im Jahresverlauf gab es allerdings einen erheblichen Zuwachs. Arbeitslosigkeit und Unterbeschäftigung (ohne Kurzarbeit) sind im Jahresdurchschnitt gesunken, im Jahresverlauf noch deutlich stärker. Die Folgen der Corona-Krise wurden zunehmend kleiner, sind aber vor allem in einer gestiegenen Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit sichtbar. Der Arbeitsmarkt wurde auch 2021 in erheblichem Umfang durch den Einsatz von Kurzarbeit gestützt, die Inanspruchnahme hat aber im Vergleich zum ersten Corona-Jahr deutlich abgenommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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(2022): Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt: Akademiker/-innen - Allgemeiner Teil. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, Getr. Sz.

Abstract

"Die deutsche Wirtschaft befand sich 2021 in einem gebremsten konjunkturellen Aufschwung. Das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes im Jahr 2021 um 2,9 Prozent gewachsen, nach einem Minus von 4,6 Prozent im Jahr 2020. Mit den im Frühsommer 2021 einsetzenden Lockerungen hat die Wirtschaft im zweiten Quartal wieder an Fahrt aufgenommen, wurde aber im weiteren Jahresverlauf von Lieferengpässen und neuen Einschränkungen infolge der vierten Corona-Welle gebremst. Der Arbeitsmarkt bewegte sich 2021 auf einem Erholungskurs, der im Zuge der Lockerungen im Frühsommer deutlich an Dynamik gewann. So ist vor allem die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung deutlich gestiegen. Weil Minijobs und Selbständigkeit im Jahresdurchschnitt weiter rückläufig waren, blieb die gesamte Erwerbstätigkeit jahresdurchschnittlich aber unverändert. Im Jahresverlauf gab es allerdings einen erheblichen Zuwachs. Arbeitslosigkeit und Unterbeschäftigung (ohne Kurzarbeit) sind im Jahresdurchschnitt gesunken, im Jahresverlauf noch deutlich stärker. Die Folgen der Corona-Krise wurden zunehmend kleiner, sind aber vor allem in einer gestiegenen Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit sichtbar. Der Arbeitsmarkt wurde auch 2021 in erheblichem Umfang durch den Einsatz von Kurzarbeit gestützt, die Inanspruchnahme hat aber im Vergleich zum ersten Corona-Jahr deutlich abgenommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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(2022): Chancengleichheit in Wissenschaft und Forschung. 26. Fortschreibung des Datenmaterials (2020/2021) zu Frauen in Hochschulen und außerhochschulischen Forschungseinrichtungen. (Materialien der GWK / Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz 26 82), Bonn, 28, 85, 30 S.

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Alfano, Vincenzo, Lorenzo Cicatiello, Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta & Mauro Pinto (2021): The Gender Wage Gap among Ph.D. Holders: Evidence from Italy. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1107-1148. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2020-0319

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the literature on the gender wage gap by empirically analyzing those workers who hold the highest possible educational qualification, i.e., a Ph.D. The analysis relies on recent Italian cross-sectional data collected through a survey on the employment conditions of Ph.D. holders. The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis and quantile decomposition analysis are carried out, and the selection of Ph.D. holders into employment and STEM/non-STEM fields of specialization is taken into account. Findings suggest that a gender gap in hourly wages exists among Ph.D. holders, with sizeable differences by sector of employment and field of specialization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Brandt, Gesche, Kolja Briedis & Ulrike Schwabe (2021): Promovieren mit Kind: Welche Rolle spielen Promotionskontexte für eine erfolgreiche Vereinbarkeit von familialen und beruflichen Anforderungen in der Promotionsphase? In: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 43, H. 3, S. 1-30.

Abstract

"Vor dem Hintergrund der Etablierung von Personalentwicklungsstrategien an Hochschulen ist die Vereinbarkeit von Privat- und Erwerbsleben in den vergangenen Jahren ein wichtiges Thema im Berufsfeld Wissenschaft geworden. Mit Daten der National Academics Panel Study werden erstmals die Bedingungen für Elternschaft während der Promotionsphase in verschiedenen Promotionskontexten in den Blick genommen. Im Zentrum der Analysen steht ein schrittweises Regressionsmodell zu den Determinanten der Zufriedenheit mit der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Arbeit promovierender Eltern. Diese ist bei Müttern geringer als bei Vätern und variiert sowohl zwischen Promotionsfächern als auch -formen. Eine als gut eingeschätzte Promotionsbetreuung in Form von Betreuungsstabilität und emotionaler Unterstützung erweist sich als besonders bedeutsam. Die Analysen zeigen somit Handlungsspielräume auf, in denen hochschulische Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Familienfreundlichkeit verortet werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Briedis, Kolja, Gesche Brandt & Ulrike Schwabe (2021): Promovieren im Spannungsfeld zwischen wissenschaftlicher Qualifizierung und Elternschaft. Aktuelle Ergebnisse der National Academics Panel Study. (DZHW-Brief 2021,04), Hannover, 12 S. DOI:10.34878/2021.04.dzhw_brief

Abstract

"Von den in Nacaps befragten Promovierenden haben 17 Prozent Kinder. Dieser Anteil ist bei weiblichen und männlichen Promovierenden gleich hoch. Unter Promovierenden in strukturierten Promotionsprogrammen ist der Anteil geringer (11 Prozent). Knapp drei Viertel der kinderlosen Promovierenden wünschen sich Kinder zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt, etwa ein Fünftel ist in dieser Frage noch unentschlossen und eine kleine Gruppe spricht sich zum Befragungszeitpunkt dezidiert gegen eigene Kinder aus. Kinderlose Promovierende sehen die größten Schwierigkeiten bei der Familienplanung in der beruflichen Unsicherheit sowie in der als schwierig wahrgenommenen Vereinbarkeit von Berufs- und Privatleben. Promovierende mit Kind geben eine mittlere Zufriedenheit mit der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf an. Auf einer Skala mit insgesamt elf Stufen liegt der mittlere Wert der Zufriedenheit bei einem Wert von 6,1. Promovierende Väter geben mit einem durchschnittlichen Skalenwert von 6,3 eine höhere Zufriedenheit an als promovierende Mütter (5,8). Die Zufriedenheit mit der Vereinbarkeit steht in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Stabilität der Promotionsbetreuung, der emotionalen Unterstützung in der Promotionsphase sowie der Unterstützung bei der allgemeinen Karriereplanung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cortés, Patricia, Jessica Pan, Laura Pilossoph & Basit Zafar (2021): Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap. Evidence from Business Majors. (IZA discussion paper 14373), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

"To understand gender differences in the job search process, we collect rich information on job offers and acceptances from past and current undergraduates of Boston University's Questrom School of Business. We document two novel empirical facts: (1) there is a clear gender difference in the timing of job offer acceptance, with women accepting jobs substantially earlier than men, and (2) the gender earnings gap in accepted offers narrows in favor of women over the course of the job search period. Using survey data on risk preferences and beliefs about expected future earnings, we present empirical evidence that the patterns in job search can be partly explained by the higher levels of risk aversion displayed by women and the higher levels of overoptimism (and slower belief updating) displayed by men. We develop a job search model that incorporates these gender differences in risk aversion and (over)optimism about prospective offers. Our counterfactual exercises show that simple policies such as eliminating "exploding offers" by allowing students to hold onto offers for an additional month, or providing them with accurate information about the labor market, can reduce the gender gap significantly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Deryugina, Tatyana, Olga Shurchkov & Jenna E. Stearns (2021): COVID-19 Disruptions Disproportionately Affect Female Academics. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 111, S. 164-168. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20211017

Abstract

"The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent countermeasures disrupted economic activity around the world. We investigate the effects of COVID-19 disruptions on the gender gap in academia. We administer a global survey of academics to collect nuanced data on the respondents' circumstances, such as the number and ages of children and time use. All academics report substantial increases in childcare and housework burdens, but women experienced significantly larger increases than men. Female academics with children report a disproportionate reduction in research time, both relative to childless men and women and to male academics with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dusdal, Jennifer & Frank Fernandez (2021): Examining Gender (In)Equality in German Engineering. Considering the Importance of Interest, Perceptions, and Choice. In: H. K. Ro, F. Fernandez & E. Ramon (Hrsg.) (2021): Gender Equity in STEM in Higher Education. International Perspectives on Policy, Institutional Culture, and Individual Choice, S. 121-139. DOI:10.4324/9781003053217-14

Abstract

"Germany leads Europe in producing and publishing STEM scholarship. We consider how Germany’s higher education prepares its STEM workforce with a focus on ways gender inequality persists in undergraduate engineering education. In this chapter, we analyze panel data from the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW) to examine the interests, perceptions, and choices of women who ultimately decide not to study engineering. We identify reasons why women may choose not to pursue engineering education and offer implications for recruiting women into engineering. Finally, we highlight promising policies and practices to attract women into STEM and retain them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernandes, Ana, Martin Huber & Giannina Vaccaro (2021): Gender differences in wage expectations. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 6. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0250892

Abstract

"Using an own survey on wage expectations among students at two Swiss institutions of higher education, we examine the wage expectations of our respondents along two main lines. First, we investigate the rationality of wage expectations by comparing average expected wages from our sample with those of similar graduates; further, we examine how our respondents revise their expectations when provided information about actual wages. Second, using causal mediation analysis, we test whether the consideration of a rich set of personal and professional controls, inclusive of preferences on family formation and number of children in addition to professional preferences, accounts for the difference in wage expectations across genders. Results suggest that both males and females overestimate their wages compared to actual ones and that males respond in an overconfident manner to information about realized wages. Personal mediators alone cannot explain the indirect effect of gender on wage expectations; however, when combined with professional mediators, this results in a quantitatively large reduction in the unexplained effect of gender on wage expectations. Nonetheless, a non-negligible and statistically significant direct (or unexplained) effect of gender on wage expectations remains in several, but not all specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fortin, Nicole, Thomas Lemieux & Marit Rehavi (2021): Gender Differences in Fields of Specialization and Placement Outcomes among PhDs in Economics. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 111, S. 74-79. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20211028

Abstract

"This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender disparities in job placement among recent economics PhD candidates. Women are underrepresented as assistant professors, especially at top-50 institutions, and overrepresented in nonresearch positions. Our decomposition results show that our variables account for 28 percent to 67 percent of the gender gap in placement outcomes. Fields of specialization account for the larger share (75 percent to 132 percent) of the explained differences for positions outside of top-50 institutions. For top-50 institutions, the ranking of the PhD institutions accounts for two-thirds of the explained placement differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friebel, Guido, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Alisa Weinberger (2021): Statusbericht zum Frauenanteil in der Volkswirtschaftslehre an deutschen Universitäten. In: Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 142-155. DOI:10.1515/pwp-2021-0005

Abstract

"In diesem Artikel stellen wir die Ergebnisse einer ersten systematischen Erhebung des Frauenanteils in der Volkswirtschaftslehre an deutschen Universitäten auf allen Karriereebenen dar. Unsere Zahlen verdeutlichen, dass Frauen auf allen Stufen unterrepräsentiert sind. Dabei fällt der Frauenanteil von der Assistenzprofessur zur „vollen“ Professur stark ab: Nur 15 Prozent der volkswirtschaftlichen Lehrstühle werden von Frauen besetzt. In Österreich und der Schweiz ist der Frauenanteil unter den Professuren ähnlich niedrig, in den meisten anderen europäischen Ländern jedoch höher. Der Frauenanteil variiert erheblich zwischen den Forschungsfeldern und ist besonders gering in den Bereichen Makroökonomie und Finanzen. Wir weisen auf potentielle Ursachen, Konsequenzen und Maßnahmen hin, um dem Problem der geringen Repräsentation von Frauen in unserer Profession entgegenzuwirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Janßen, Melike, Uwe Schimank & Ariadne Sondermann (2021): Hochschulreformen, Leistungsbewertungen und berufliche Identität von Professor*innen. Eine fächervergleichende qualitative Studie. (Organization & Public Management), Wiesbaden: Imprint: Springer VS, VII, 386 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-33289-1

Abstract

"In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird ein differenziertes Bild der Folgen von „Bologna“, „Exzellenzinitiative“, Drittmittelwettbewerb und „New Public Management“ für die berufliche Identität von Professor°innen gezeichnet. Eine qualitative empirische Studie zeigt, dass die mit diesen Reformen verbundenen Leistungsbewertungen nicht nur Identitätsbedrohungen mit sich bringen müssen, sondern auch neue Möglichkeiten der Identitätsentfaltung bieten können. Der Fokus auf Reformerfahrung und -bewältigung von Professor°innen bietet eine wichtige Ergänzung anderer Analysen der Universitätsreformen. Die Autoren Melike Janßen ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Deutschen Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung, Abteilung Forschungssystem und Wissenschaftsdynamik. Prof. Dr. Uwe Schimank ist Professor für Soziologie an der Universität Bremen im SOCIUM – Forschungszentrum Ungleichheit und Sozialpolitik. Ariadne Sondermann ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin im Bereich der Third Mission im Transfernetzwerk Soziale Innovation – s_inn an der Evangelischen Hochschule Rheinland-Westfalen-Lippe (EvH RWL)." (Verlagsangaben)

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Kasymova, Salima, Jean Marie S. Place, Deborah L. Billings & Jesus D. Aldape (2021): Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the productivity of academics who mother. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 28, H. S2, S. 419-433. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12699

Abstract

"The aim of the study is to document how academics who mother have reorganized work and childcare since the beginning of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, how those shifts have affected their academic productivity, and solutions proposed by academics living these experiences. We collected data via an online survey and, subsequently, by conducting qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants. From June to August 2020, 131 female-identified academics who mother were recruited via a Facebook group, Academic Mamas, and participated in our online survey. Twenty participants were then interviewed via phone or Zoom to explore more deeply the experiences of academics who mother. Results of our research suggest that since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the pressure on academics who mother is immense. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed three major themes: (1) inability to meet institutional expectations; (2) juggling work and family life; and (3) proposed solutions. Our results suggest that significant efforts must be made by academic institutions to acknowledge and value the childcare responsibilities of academics who mother and to create solutions that fully address the challenges they face in meeting the academic expectations and requirements that largely remain unmodified despite the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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King, Molly M. & Megan E. Frederickson (2021): The Pandemic Penalty: The Gendered Effects of COVID-19 on Scientific Productivity. In: Socius, Jg. 7, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1177/23780231211006977

Abstract

"Academia serves as a valuable case for studying the effects of social forces on workplace productivity, using a concrete measure of output: scholarly papers. Many academics, especially women, have experienced unprecedented challenges to scholarly productivity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The authors analyze the gender composition of more than 450,000 authorships in the arXiv and bioRxiv scholarly preprint repositories from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis reveals that the underrepresentation of women scientists in the last authorship position necessary for retention and promotion in the sciences is growing more inequitable. The authors find differences between the arXiv and bioRxiv repositories in how gender affects first, middle, and sole authorship submission rates before and during the pandemic. A review of existing research and theory outlines potential mechanisms underlying this widening gender gap in productivity during COVID-19. The authors aggregate recommendations for institutional change that could ameliorate challenges to women?s productivity during the pandemic and beyond." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meyer, Jasmin & Mara Mantinger (2021): Drehtür-Effekt im deutschen Hochschulsystem? Bildungswege nach dem Abbruch geschlechtsatypischer Studiengänge. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 72, H. 1, S. 27-54. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2021-1-27

Abstract

"Die bisherige Forschung zeigt, dass Studierende in geschlechtsatypischen Studiengängen ihr Studium häufiger vorzeitig beenden als Studierende in geschlechtstypischen oder -neutralen Studiengängen. Ungeklärt ist bisher, ob sie nach dem Verlassen dieser Studiengänge auch das geschlechtsatypische Bildungsumfeld an sich verlassen und welche Mechanismen diese Entscheidung erklären. Die empirische Analyse dieser Frage erfolgt auf Grundlage der Exmatrikuliertenbefragung des Deutschen Zentrums für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung (DZHW) der Jahre 2014 und 2017. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Mehrheit der Studierenden nach dem Abbruch eines geschlechtsatypischen Studiengangs das geschlechtsatypische Bildungsumfeld verlässt. Bei Frauen bewirken insbesondere Zweifel an ihrer Eignung für das jeweilige Studienfach, dass sie einen geschlechtstypischen oder -neutralen Bildungsweg einem geschlechtsatypischen vorziehen. Jene Frauen, denen das gesellschaftliche Ansehen wichtig ist, verbleiben hingegen eher im geschlechtsatypischen Umfeld. Bei Männern können die untersuchten Faktoren nicht erklären, warum auch sie nach dem Abbruch eines geschlechtsatypischen Studiengangs mehrheitlich den geschlechtsatypischen Bildungsweg verlassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schröder, Martin, Mark Lutter & Isabel M. Habicht (2021): Publishing, signaling, social capital, and gender: Determinants of becoming a tenured professor in German political science. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 1. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0243514

Abstract

"We apply event history analysis to analyze career and publication data of virtually all political scientists in German university departments, showing that each published refereed journal article increases a political scientist's chance for tenure by 9 percent, while other publications affect the odds for tenure only marginally and in some cases even negatively. Each received award and third party funding increases the odds for tenure by respectively 41 and 26 percent, while international experience, social capital and children hardly have a strong influence. Surprisingly, having degrees from a German university of excellence strongly decreases the odds for tenure. Women with similar credentials have at least 20 percent higher odds to get tenure than men. Our data therefore suggests that the lower factual hiring rates of women are better explained by a leaky pipeline, e.g. women leaving academia, rather than because women are not hired even when they are as productive as men. The article contributes to a better understanding of the role of meritocratic and non-meritocratic factors in achieving highly competitive job positions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sierminska, Eva & Ronald L. Oaxaca (2021): Gender Differences in Economics PhD Field Specializations with Correlated Choices. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 953), Essen, 53 S.

Abstract

"We model the process of field specialization choice among beginning economists within a multivariate logit framework that accommodates single and dual primary field specializations and incorporates correlations among field specialization choices. Conditioning on personal, economic, and institutional variables reveals that women graduate students are less likely to specialize in Labor/Health, Macro/Finance, Industrial Organization, Public Economics, and Development/Growth/International and are more likely to specialize in Agricultural/Resource/Environmental Economics. Field-specific gender faculty ratios and expected relative salaries as well as economics department rankings are significant factors for gender doctoral specialization dissimilarity. Preferences and characteristics contribute about equally to field specialization dissimilarity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wegrzyn, Eva, Lara Altenstädter, Yvonne Alberg, Süheda Öztas & Beyza Yilmaz (2021): Sorgearbeit und Qualifizierung in der Wissenschaft in Zeiten von Corona. Einblicke in qualitative Forschung zu Juniorprofessuren. In: Femina Politica, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 193-197. DOI:10.3224/feminapolitica.v30i2.20

Abstract

"Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Ergebnisse des Lehrforschungsprojektes ergänzen die in Altenstädter, Klammer und Wegrzyn (2021) referierte, noch begrenzte, Datenlage in der rekonstruktiven Sozialforschung zum Verhältnis zwischen Corona-Pandemie, Gender, Care und Karrieren an Hochschulen. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags konnte nur überblicksartig in die Problematik eingeführt werden. Eine komparative Fallanalyse in Hinblick auf das Geschlecht der Interviewpartner*innen und die innerpartnerschaftlichen Aushandlungsprozesse wird die Nuancen in Geschlechtergleichheit und Ungleichheit stärker in den Blick nehmen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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do Mar Pereira, Maria (2021): Researching Gender Inequalities in Academic Labour during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Avoiding Common Problems and Asking Different Questions. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 28, H. S2, S. 498-509. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12618

Abstract

"As the COVID‐19 pandemic unfolds, a growing body of international literature is analysing the effects of the pandemic on academic labour and, specifically, on gender inequalities in academia. In that literature, much attention has been devoted to comparing the unequal impacts of COVID‐19 on the research activities of women and men, with studies demonstrating that women's research productivity has been disproportionately disrupted, in ways that are likely to have detrimental effects in the short‐ and long‐term. In this paper, I discuss that emerging literature on gender inequalities in pandemic academic productivity. I reflect on the questions asked, the issues centred and the assumptions made within this literature, devoting particular attention to how authors conceptualise academic labour and productivity, on the one hand, and gender, on the other. I show that this literature makes major contributions to exposing old and new gender inequalities in academia, but argue that it also risks reproducing some problematic assumptions about gender and about academic work. Discussing those assumptions and their effects, I identify some important questions for us to consider as we expand this literature and deepen our understanding of the complex gendered effects of COVID‐19 on academic labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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(2021): Geschlecht und Hochschulinternationalität. (HSI Wissen+ 2021,01), Bonn, 25 S. DOI:10.46686/HSIMonitor.2021.k1

Abstract

"Die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in der Wissenschaft ist der Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen, dem Zusammenschluss der Wissenschafts- und Forschungsorganisationen in Deutschland, ein wichtiges Anliegen. Das Online-Datenportal „HSI-Monitor: Profildaten zur Hochschulinternationalität“ ermöglicht umfassende Auswertungsmöglichkeiten zur Geschlechterverteilung in allen personenrelevanten Themenbereichen der Internationalisierung. Diese bilden die Grundlage der vorliegenden Kurzanalyse HSI-Wissen+: Geschlecht und Hochschulinternationalität. Die Auswertungen analysieren dabei nicht nur die Personengruppen mit direktem Bezug zur Internationalität der Hochschulen (zum Beispiel Bildungsausländerinnen und Bildungsausländer im Studium oder Personal mit ausländischer Staatsbürgerschaft), sondern auch die relevanten Gesamtgruppen (Studierende insgesamt, Personal insgesamt), um Kontext und Bezugspunkte klarzustellen und damit eine bessere Einschätzung der Geschlechterdynamiken und ihrer Ursachen zu ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)