Akademikerinnen
Der Trend zur Höherqualifizierung im Erwerbssystem bescherte vor allem Akademikerinnen und Akademikern über viele Jahre hinweg Beschäftigungszuwächse und niedrige Arbeitslosenquoten. Doch hervorragend ausgebildete Frauen haben eine ähnlich problematische Situation wie ihre geringer qualifizierten Geschlechtsgenossinnen: Sie verdienen weniger als vergleichbar ausgebildete Männer und haben es schwerer, eine Karriere zu verfolgen. Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen und weiterführende Links zu den Arbeitsmarktchancen und den Beschäftigungsbedingungen hochqualifizierter Frauen.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
Are Employment Trajectories of STEM Doctoral Degree Holders Gender-Specific?: Evidence from a Large German Technical University (2024)
Zitatform
Bartsch, Simone, Guido Bünstorf, Anne Otto & Maria Theißen (2024): Are Employment Trajectories of STEM Doctoral Degree Holders Gender-Specific? Evidence from a Large German Technical University. In: C. Gross & S. Jaksztat (Hrsg.) (2024 ): Career Paths Inside and Outside Academia (=Soziale Welt. Special Edition 26), S. 89-129, 2022-10-26. DOI:10.5771/9783748925590-89
Abstract
"Um den vorhandenen Talentpool optimal zu nutzen, profitiert die Gesellschaft von einem ausgewogenen Geschlechterverhältnis in den verschiedenen Beschäftigungssektoren. Allerdings sind in Deutschland insbesondere in den MINT-Bereichen (Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik) Frauen als Forscherinnen und Professorinnen an Universitäten sowie außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen unterrepräsentiert. Um die Karrierewege von Promovierten besser zu verstehen, untersuchen wir die kritische Übergangsphase nach der Promotion. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher prozessgenerierter Daten für eine große deutsche technische Universität untersuchen wir den Zusammenhang zwischen Beschäftigungssektor und Beschäftigungsvolumen während und nach der Promotion. Die Ergebnisse einer Sequenzanalyse deuten darauf hin, dass die Beschäftigungsverläufe von Männern und Frauen ähnlichen Mustern folgen, sich die Prävalenz einzelner Sequenzmuster allerdings deutlich nach Geschlecht unter scheidet. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf eine erhebliche Pfadabhängigkeit in den Erwerbsbiografien hin. Die Regressionsergebnisse zeigen keine geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Sektorenwahl nach der Promotion, wenn man sektorspezifische Berufserfahrung und Fächerunterschiede berücksichtigt. Wenn wir jedoch zwischen Männern, Frauen ohne Kinder und Frauen mit Kindern (Müttern) unterscheiden, stellen wir fest, dass Frauen mit Kindern im Vergleich zu Männern eher im Hochschulsektor bleiben. Sowohl Frauen ohne Kinder als auch Frauen mit Kindern sind in den Jahren nach Abschluss der Promotion deutlich seltener vollzeitbeschäftigt als Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Nomos)
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Literaturhinweis
Perspektiven für Hanna: Dauerstellen für Daueraufgaben in der Wissenschaft (2024)
Keller, Andreas; Frommont, Yasmin;Zitatform
Keller, Andreas & Yasmin Frommont (Hrsg.) (2024): Perspektiven für Hanna. Dauerstellen für Daueraufgaben in der Wissenschaft. (GEW-Materialien aus Hochschule und Forschung 128), Bielefeld: wbv Media, 264 S. DOI:10.3278/9783763973576
Abstract
"Im Sommer 2021 beherrschte ein Hashtag in den sozialen Netzwerken den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs: Unter „#IchBinHanna“ diskutierten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler über die prekären Arbeitsverhältnisse an den Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. Denn zu viele Zeitverträge mit zu kurzen Laufzeiten führen dazu, dass das Berufsfeld unattraktiv wird, Chancengleichheit in weite Ferne rückt und eine langfristige Lebens- und Karriereplanung unmöglich wird. Der Sammelband fasst die Ergebnisse der 11. Wissenschaftskonferenz der GEW zusammen, die diese Diskussion aufgegriffen hat. Ausgewiesene Expertinnen und Experten aus den Bereichen Hochschule und Forschung, Politikerinnen und Politiker sowie Vertreterinnen und Vertreter von Wissenschaftsorganisationen plädieren für eine umfassende Reform des Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetzes (WissZeitVG), um die Beschäftigungsbedingungen nachhaltig verbessern zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © wbv)
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Literaturhinweis
Navigating treacherous waters: Exploring the dual career experiences of European Research Council applicants (2024)
Zitatform
Schels, Brigitte, Sara Connolly, Stefan Fuchs, Channah Herschberg & Claartje Vinkenburg (2024): Navigating treacherous waters. Exploring the dual career experiences of European Research Council applicants. In: C. Gross & S. Jaksztat (Hrsg.) (2024): Career Paths Inside and Outside Academia (=Soziale Welt. Special Edition 26), S. 341-371, 2023-02-27. DOI:10.5771/9783748925590-341
Abstract
"Die Karrieren von Wissenschaftler_innen entwickeln sich nicht in einem sozialen Vakuum. Nach dem Konzept der „linked lives“ (Moen 2003) hat der Karriereverlauf eines Partners Auswirkungen auf die Karriere des anderen Partners. Wir untersuchen die Doppelkarrieren von Wissenschaftler_innen, die sich auf eine Förderung durch den European Research Council (ERC) beworben haben, auf Basis einer quantitativen Befragung und von qualitativen Interviews. Während das idealtypische Bild von Wissenschaftler_innen auf einem individualistischen Karrieremodell mit uneingeschränkter internationaler Mobilität und Karriereengagement beruht, zeigt sich quantitativ, dass die Mehrheit der Antragsteller_innen beim ERC erwerbstätige Partner_innen, häufig ebenfalls Wissenschaftler_innen, und Kinder haben. Das Gros der ERC-Antragsteller_innen mit berufstätigen Partner_innen bewertet, dass beide Karrieren in der Partnerschaft gleich wichtig sind. Bei den Antragstellerinnen ist der Anteil jedoch höher. Selbst wenn die eigene Karriere wichtiger erscheint, erleben die Wissenschaftler_innen die Koordination zweier Karrieren als nicht einfach. Dies gilt sowohl für ältere etablierte Wissenschaftler_innen als auch für Wissenschaftler_innen, die sich noch in der "Rushhour" des Lebens befinden. In den erlebten Erfahrungen der ERC-Antragsteller_innen zeigt sich, dass sie dem vorherrschenden Idealbild in der Wissenschaft entsprechen wollen, aber an Grenzen stoßen, insbesondere wenn Mobilitätsanforderungen durch fehlende Übertragbarkeit des Job der Partner_innen eingeschränkt ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, wie sie zwei Karrieren koordinieren, für sie immer wieder neu. Diese Anforderungen bestehen sowohl für Wissenschaftler als auch Wissenschaftlerinnen, aber einige der Konsequenzen – etwa bei wem die Kinder sind und wer vorrangig die Betreuung übernimmt – sind geschlechtsspezifisch. Wir ziehen Schlussfolgerungen zur Förderung dualer Karrieren in der Wissenschaft für Arbeitgeber_innen und Forschungsförderung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Nomos)
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Literaturhinweis
Inheritance of fields of study (2023)
Zitatform
Altmejd, Adam (2023): Inheritance of fields of study. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2023,11), Uppsala, 60 S.
Abstract
"University graduates are more than three times as likely to hold a degree in the field that their parent graduated from. To estimate how much of this association is caused by the educational choices of parents, I exploit admission thresholds to university programs in a regression discontinuity design. I study individuals who applied to Swedish universities between 1977 and 1992 and evaluate how their enrollment in different fields of study increases the probability that their children later study the same topic. I find strong causal influence. At the aggregate level, children become 50% more likely to graduate from a field if their parent has previously enrolled in it. The effect is positive for most fields, but varies substantially in size. Technology, engineering, medicine, business exhibit the largest, significant, effects. For these fields, parental enrollment increases child graduation probability with between 2.0 and 12.8 percentage points. I show that the parent’s labor market experience plays an important role in explaining the results, but parental field enrollment does not increase subject-specific skills, nor is it associated with higher returns to earnings. I find little evidence for comparative advantage being the key driver of field inheritance. Rather, parents seem to function as role models, making their own field choice salient. This is indicated by the fact that children become less likely to follow parents with weak labor market prospects, and that children are more likely to follow the parent with the same gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Further Look at the Gender Gap in Italian Academic Careers (2023)
Brunetti, Marianna; Zoli, Mariangela; Fabretti, Annalisa;Zitatform
Brunetti, Marianna, Annalisa Fabretti & Mariangela Zoli (2023): A Further Look at the Gender Gap in Italian Academic Careers. (CEIS Tor Vergata research papers Vol.21 (2023),7,No.570), Rom, 39 S.
Abstract
"In developed countries women have now achieved educational parity with men. Yet disparities persist in reaching top positions in the job market, with academia making no exception. This paper assesses the gender gap in career advancements in Italian universities over the 2013-2021 period, and explores the potential role of a third factor, i.e. mobility, besides competitiveness and scientific productivity typically investigated in the literature. The results, strongly robust, show a gender gap in advancements to associate professorship of about 4 percentage points, which is only partially explained by competitiveness, while scientific productivity and mobility do not seem to play a role. The estimated gender gap almost doubles for transitions to full professorship, and it remains unaffected when both competitiveness and scientific productivity are considered. Interestingly, mobility in this case matters: the gap is still there but (as much as 5 times) smaller when career advancements occur along with a move to a different University." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Empowering female entrepreneurs through university affiliation: evidence from Italian academic spinoffs (2023)
Zitatform
Civera, Alice & Michele Meoli (2023): Empowering female entrepreneurs through university affiliation: evidence from Italian academic spinoffs. In: Small business economics, Jg. 61, H. 3, S. 1337-1355. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00729-z
Abstract
"Female entrepreneurship, despite increasing attention, is still largely understudied, especially in the academic context. By adopting the lenses of entrepreneurial ecosystems and feminist theories, the paper investigates the firm performance of female entrepreneurs. We provide empirical evidence of the underperformance of women-led firms, being academic spinoffs or not, compared to men-led firms in terms of growth and their overperformance in terms of survival rate. In addition, we focus on differences in the performance of women-led firms only by comparing Italian academic and nonacademic companies. In virtue of their university affiliation, women-led academic spinoffs result to grow more than women-led nonacademic spinoffs and tend to show lower survival rates, which makes them more similar to men-led companies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ingenieurinnen im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau: Frauen für technische Berufe gewinnen und halten: Qualitative Studie im Auftrag der IMPULS-Stifung, Frankfurt/Main (2023)
Daling, Lea; Blessing, Paulina; Isenhardt, Ingrid; Borowski, Esther; Werz, Johanna M.;Zitatform
Daling, Lea, Johanna M. Werz, Paulina Blessing, Esther Borowski & Ingrid Isenhardt (2023): Ingenieurinnen im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau: Frauen für technische Berufe gewinnen und halten. Qualitative Studie im Auftrag der IMPULS-Stifung, Frankfurt/Main. Frankfurt am Main, 86 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie zeigt auf, dass in den letzten Jahren bereits positive Veränderungen angestoßen wurden, die die individuellen Karrierewege von Frauen im Ingenieurwesen fördern und unterstützen. Gleichzeitig sehen sich angehende und bereits berufstätige Ingenieurinnen noch immer mit ähnlichen Hindernissen bezüglich der gleichberechtigten Anerkennung von Fachkompetenzen, der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie sowie der fehlenden individuellen Förderung von Fach- und Führungskarrieren konfrontiert. Diese Herausforderungen werden von den Unternehmen erkannt, jedoch bedarf es aktuell konkreter Ansatzpunkte, die den Möglichkeiten und Handlungsspielräumen von z.B. familiengeführten kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) entsprechen. Daher wurden, abgestimmt auf die aufgeführten Erkenntnisse, konkrete Empfehlungen in den Handlungsfeldern (1) Interesse wecken für das Berufsbild der Ingenieurin (vgl. Kapitel 6.1), (2) Rekrutierung und Gewinnung von Ingenieurinnen (vgl. Kapitel 6.2) sowie (3) Ingenieurinnen langfristig binden und halten (vgl. Kapitel 6.3) abgeleitet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender earnings gap in Canadian economics departments (2023)
Zitatform
Dilmaghani, Maryam & Min Hu (2023): Gender earnings gap in Canadian economics departments. In: Applied Economics Letters online erschienen am 05.02.2023, S. 1-8. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2023.2174494
Abstract
"The status of women in economics is increasingly researched. However, the gender earnings gap among economics faculty is rarely examined due to data limitations. Relying on Canadian Public Sector Salary Disclosure lists, we construct a unique dataset of earnings, credentials, and research productivity of economics faculty members. We find a ceteris paribus gender earnings gap, which is driven by full professors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment (2023)
Zitatform
Eckstein, Zvi, Michael P. Keane & Osnat Lifshitz (2023): What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16612), Bonn, 58 S.
Abstract
"In the 1960 cohort, American men and women graduated from college at the same rate, and this was true for Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. But in more recent cohorts, women graduate at much higher rates than men. To understand the emerging gender education gap, we formulate and estimate a model of individual and family decision-making where education, labor supply, marriage and fertility are all endogenous. Assuming preferences that are common across ethnic groups and fixed over cohorts, our model explains differences in all endogenous variables by gender/ethnicity for the '60-'80 cohorts based on three exogenous factors: family background, labor market and marriage market constraints. Changes in parental background are a key factor driving the growing gender education gap: Women with college educated mothers get greater utility from college, and are much more likely to graduate themselves. The marriage market also contributes: Women's chance of getting marriage offers at older ages has increased, enabling them to defer marriage. The labor market is the largest factor: Improvement in women's labor market return to college in recent cohorts accounts for 50% of the increase in their graduation rate. But the labor market returns to college are still greater for men. Women go to college more because their overall return is greater, after factoring in marriage market returns and their greater utility from college attendance. We predict the recent large increases in women's graduation rates will cause their children's graduation rates to increase further. But growth in the aggregate graduation rate will slow substantially, due to significant increases in the share of Hispanics – a group with a low graduation rate – in recent birth cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lost female talent: Gender differences in college aspirations and expectations in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Erdmann, Melinda, Marcel Helbig & Marita Jacob (2023): Lost female talent: Gender differences in college aspirations and expectations in Germany. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin P 2023-002), Berlin, 36 S.
Abstract
"Our study focuses on the gender gap in college aspirations and enrolment among high school students in Germany. We build on socialization theory, rational choice theory, and formal restrictions to college access to explain gender differences in idealistic college aspirations, realistic college expectations, and the disparities between the two. Specifically, we examine the prevalence of 'pessimistic' college expectations, where college aspirations are higher than expectations, which we expect to be more likely among young women than young men. By analyzing survey data from 1,766 upper secondary students in Germany, we find that women are equally interested in pursuing higher education as their male counterparts. They even express higher aspirations for college enrolment. However, women are more pessimistic than men about realizing their aspirations. While factors such as the subjective probability of success and perceived costs impact both genders, young women are also affected by formal restrictions limiting entry to their preferred fields of study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Closing the gender gap in academia? Evidence from an affirmative action program (2023)
Fernandes, Mario; Sturm, Jan-Egbert; Hilber, Simon; Walter, Andreas;Zitatform
Fernandes, Mario, Simon Hilber, Jan-Egbert Sturm & Andreas Walter (2023): Closing the gender gap in academia? Evidence from an affirmative action program. In: Research Policy, Jg. 52, H. 9. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104865
Abstract
"This study investigates a unique incentive-based affirmative action program in Germany’s academic labor market. By analyzing a sample of business administration professors, we document that the probability that a newly tenured professor is female increases at universities that participate in this government program compared to universities that do not. By delving deeper into the mechanisms of the program, we show that program universities lowered the entry barrier for tenured professorships regarding publication records for new female professors. While favoring women, we show that the program had no harmful effects on male professors regarding the entry barrier to tenured professorships. Overall, we provide evidence of the effectiveness of financial incentives as a means of reducing female underrepresentation in academic labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Now, Women Do Ask: A Call to Update Beliefs about the Gender Pay Gap (2023)
Kray, Laura; Lee, Margaret; Kennedy, Jessica;Zitatform
Kray, Laura, Jessica Kennedy & Margaret Lee (2023): Now, Women Do Ask: A Call to Update Beliefs about the Gender Pay Gap. In: The Academy of Management Discoveries online erschienen am 15.08.2023. DOI:10.5465/amd.2022.0021
Abstract
"For over two decades, gender differences in the propensity to negotiate have been thought to explain the gender pay gap. We ask whether a “women don’t ask” pattern holds today among working adults. We compare estimates of gender differences in negotiation propensity (Study 1) with actual patterns from MBA students (n = 1,435) and alumni (n = 1,939) from a top U.S. business school (Studies 2A-2B). Contrary to lay beliefs, women report negotiating their salaries more often (not less) than men. We then re-analyze meta-analytic data on self-reported initiation of salary negotiations to reconcile our findings with prior work (Study 2C). While men reported higher negotiation propensity than women prior to the twenty-first century, the gender difference grew neutral and then reversed since then. Negotiation propensity rose across time for both men and women, although to differing degrees. Finally, we explore the consequences of the now-outdated belief that “women don’t ask,” finding that it increases gender stereotyping, even on dimensions unrelated to negotiation, and it is associated with both greater system-justification and weaker support for legislation addressing pay equity (Studies 3 and 4). Our research calls for an updating of beliefs about gender and the propensity to negotiate for pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and Career Progression in Academia: European Evidence (2023)
Zitatform
Morettini, Lucio & Massimiliano Tani (2023): Gender and Career Progression in Academia: European Evidence. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16206), Bonn, 21 S.
Abstract
"We study career trajectories of university researchers in Europe, with a particular emphasis on the speed of career progression by gender. Using the panel data collected by the MORE project (Mobility Survey of the Higher Education Sector) - a longitudinal database that gathers survey responses from over 10,000 university researchers across Europe - we find that women have a lower probability of promotion, but conditional on a career advance, their career development proceeds at a faster pace than that of comparable male researchers. Faster progression among women is positively influenced by the share of female researchers in the academic environment. Higher salaries in sectors outside academia appear to reinforce the positive selection of women preferring to stay in academia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality at the top. The gender earnings gap among the Italian educational elite (2023)
Zitatform
Passaretta, Giampiero & Moris Triventi (2023): Inequality at the top. The gender earnings gap among the Italian educational elite. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100796
Abstract
"Does a gender earnings gap exist at the top of the educational distribution? Based on population data on two recent cohorts of PhD graduates in Italy, we find that women’s monthly earnings are on average 16 % lower than men’s after 5–6 years in the labor market. The gender earnings gap is even wider at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution, reaching approximately 22 % and 19 %, respectively. Educational pathways before and during PhD studies, occupational characteristics, and family situation explain almost half of women’s average penalty and working hours alone one-fifth of it. The wider penalties at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution remain largely unexplained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Factors shaping the gender wage gap among college-educated computer science workers (2023)
Zitatform
Sassler, Sharon & Pamela Meyerhofer (2023): Factors shaping the gender wage gap among college-educated computer science workers. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 18. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0293300
Abstract
"Encouraging women to pursue STEM employment is frequently touted as a means of reducing the gender wage gap. We examine whether the attributes of computer science workers–who account for nearly half of those working in STEM jobs–explain the persistent gender wage gap in computer science, using American Community Survey (ACS) data from 2009 to 2019. Our analysis focuses on working-age respondents between the ages of 22 and 60 who had a college degree and were employed full-time. We use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of logged wages on observed characteristics, before turning to regression decomposition techniques to estimate what proportion of the gender wage gap would remain if men and women were equally rewarded for the same attributes–such as parenthood or marital status, degree field, or occupation. Women employed in computer science jobs earned about 86.6 cents for every dollar that men earned–a raw gender gap that is smaller than it is for the overall labor force (where it was 82 percent). Controlling for compositional effects (family attributes, degree field and occupation) narrows the gender wage gap, though women continue to earn 9.1 cents per dollar less than their male counterparts. But differential returns to family characteristics and human capital measures account for almost two-thirds of the gender wage gap in computer science jobs. Women working in computer science receive both a marriage and parenthood premium relative to unmarried or childless women, but these are significantly smaller than the bonus that married men and fathers receive over their childless and unmarried peers. Men also receive sizable wage premiums for having STEM degrees in computer science and engineering when they work in computer science jobs, advantages that do not accrue to women. Closing the gender wage gap in computer science requires treating women more like men, not just increasing their representation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Professors' gender biases in assessing applicants for professorships (2023)
Zitatform
Solga, Heike, Alessandra Rusconi & Nicolai Netz (2023): Professors' gender biases in assessing applicants for professorships. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 6, S. 841-861. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad007
Abstract
"Recent evidence suggests that women are more likely to be selected for professorships when they apply. This female advantage may be partly due to the widely promoted gender-equality policy of having a substantial female quota in selection committees. Yet, research has rarely considered whether male and female committee members evaluate applicants for professorships differently. We address this research gap based on a large factorial survey experiment with German university professors from different disciplines. We asked these professors to rate how qualified hypothetical applicants are for full professorships and the likelihood of inviting these applicants for a job interview. We find that female applicants have an modest advantage both in their perceived qualifications and in their likelihood of being invited—with no differences between the male and female professors assessing them. Importantly, however, the female advantage in invitation does not apply to highly qualified female applicants but only to female applicants with low and mediocre perceived qualifications—again, there is no difference between male and female professors. Moreover, our analyses do not indicate a Matilda effect, that is, we do not find a co-authorship penalty for female applicants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in the patterns and consequences of changing specialization in scientific careers (2023)
Zitatform
Zhang, Lin, Fan Qi, Gunnar Sivertsen, Liming Liang & David Campbell (2023): Gender differences in the patterns and consequences of changing specialization in scientific careers. (SocArXiv papers), 21 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/ep5bx
Abstract
"Changes of specialization in scientific careers is related to the so-called “essential tension” between exploration of new knowledge and exploitation of established knowledge in research and innovation. Changes of specialization are thereby assumed to influence the evolution of science in general. Research has shown that such changes may also affect the success of individual scientists in their careers. However, the gender dimension of this aspect of career development is so far understudied. There is also need for more dynamic indicators to record and interpret career developments in macro data. This study combines the gender perspective with the introduction of new indicators. We selected more than 29,000 scientists in Physics & Astronomy and studied them over six decades using a bibliographic dataset from Scopus. We find that females are less likely to change specialization than their male counterparts, and that the research performance of males is more positively affected by changing specialization. We discuss the policy implications of these findings as well as the methodological advancement related to the new indicators of career development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Women in Economics Index 2022 (2022)
Beatty, Alex; Takahashi, Yuki; Formella, Carolin; Kretschmer, Sandra; Weilage, Insa; Molitor, Pia; Sondergeld, Virginia; Schütz, Jana; Zillur, Kaneta; Seidlitz, Arnim;Zitatform
Beatty, Alex, Carolin Formella, Sandra Kretschmer, Pia Molitor, Jana Schütz, Arnim Seidlitz, Virginia Sondergeld, Yuki Takahashi, Insa Weilage & Kaneta Zillur (2022): The Women in Economics Index 2022. (WiE-Index / The Women in Economics Initiative e.V. 4), Berlin, 27 S.
Abstract
"The Women in Economics Index 2022 is the fourth edition of the WiE Index that monitors and tracks the share of women economists in senior positions in the academic, private, and public sectors globally. The key result of the WiE Index 2021 was an overall low share of women across sectors, especially in the academic sector (31, Private: 34, Public: 38). This continues to be the case in the WiE Index 2022, with index values of 33 in the Academic and the Private Sector and 32 in the Public Sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungsbedingungen für junge Forscher*innen - ein empirischer Beitrag zu #IchBinHanna (2022)
Berroth, Lara; Wegner, Antje; Briedis, Kolja; Adrian, Dominik;Zitatform
Berroth, Lara, Dominik Adrian, Kolja Briedis & Antje Wegner (2022): Beschäftigungsbedingungen für junge Forscher*innen - ein empirischer Beitrag zu #IchBinHanna. (DZHW-Brief 2022,04), Hannover, 12 S. DOI:10.34878/2022.04.dzhw_brief
Abstract
"Die durchschnittliche Vertragslaufzeit der an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen beschäftigten Promovierenden beträgt 27 Monate. 26 Prozent haben einen Arbeitsvertrag mit einer Laufzeit von bis zu 12 Monaten. Auch wenn sich somit gegenüber älteren Studien eine Entwicklung zu längeren Vertragslaufzeiten abzeichnet, bleibt dennoch eine Lücke zwischen den Vertragslaufzeiten von Promovierenden und den tatsächlichen Promotionsdauern. Die subjektive Einschätzung der Finanzierungs- und Beschäftigungssituation fällt überwiegend positiv aus: Etwa drei Viertel der Promovierenden sind damit zufrieden. Im Durchschnitt wenden Promovierende mit einem Arbeitsvertrag an einer Hochschule oder Forschungseinrichtung 23 Stunden pro Woche für ihre Promotion auf. Regelungen zur Promotionszeit werden im Arbeitsvertrag oder der Promotionsvereinbarung selten getroffen. Sie garantieren aber meist einen recht hohen Zeitanteil der Arbeitszeit für die Promotion bzw. gehen mit einer höheren Zahl an aufgewendeten Wochenstunden für die Promotion einher. Im Vergleich mit Hochschulabsolvent*innen, die in anderen Bereichen erwerbstätig sind, zeigen Promovierende mit einer Stelle in der Wissenschaft in vielen Teilaspekten der Beschäftigung eine höhere (berufliche) Zufriedenheit. Deutlich unzufriedener sind sie jedoch mit der Arbeitsplatzsicherheit. Zentrale Ergebnisse zur Finanzierungs- und Beschäftigungssituation Promovierender sowie zu zahlreichen weiteren Themen finden sich unter nacaps-datenportal.de." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Nevertheless She Persisted? Gender Peer Effects in Doctoral STEM Programs (2022)
Bostwick, Valerie; Weinberg, Bruce;Zitatform
Bostwick, Valerie & Bruce Weinberg (2022): Nevertheless She Persisted? Gender Peer Effects in Doctoral STEM Programs. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 397-436. DOI:10.1086/714921
Abstract
"We study the effects of peer gender composition in STEM doctoral programs on persistence and degree completion. Leveraging unique new data and quasi-random variation in gender composition across cohorts within programs, we show that women entering cohorts with no female peers are 11.7pp less likely to graduate within 6 years than their male counterparts. A 1 sd increase in the percentage of female students differentially increases women’s probability of on-time graduation by 4.4pp. These gender peer effects function primarily through changes in the probability of dropping out in the first year of a Ph.D. program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))