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Adriaans, Jule & Matteo Targa (2023): Gender differences in fairness evaluations of own earnings in 28 European countries. In: European Societies, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 107-131. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2022.2083651

Abstract

"Women tend to evaluate their own pay more favorably than men. Contented women are speculated to not seek higher wages, thus the ‘paradox of the contented female worker’ may contribute to persistent gender pay differences. We extend the literature on gender differences in pay evaluations by investigating fairness evaluations of own earnings and underlying conceptions of fair earnings, providing a closer link to potential subsequent wage demands than previous literature. Using European Social Survey (2018/2019) data, we find no evidence that women evaluate their own earnings more favorably than men. In 15 out of the 28 analyzed countries, women actually report more intense levels of perceived unfairness. Studying fair markups on unfair earnings, i.e. the relative distance between the earnings received and earnings considered fair, we find that women report the same, if not lower, fair markups compared to men in most countries; thus indicating limited potential for perceived unfairness as a driving force to reduce the gender pay gap in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adriaans, Jule (2023): Fairness of earnings in Europe: the consequences of unfair under- and overreward for life satisfaction. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 1, S. 118-131. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcac044

Abstract

"A large percentage of workers in Europe perceive their earnings to be unfairly low. Such perceptions of unfairness can have far-reaching consequences, ranging from low satisfaction to poor health. To gain insight into the conditions that can attenuate or amplify these adverse consequences, comparative research on the role of country contexts in shaping responses to perceived unfairness is needed. Furthermore, justice theory proposes that both types of perceived unfairness - underreward and overreward - cause distress, but evidence on overreward from representative survey data is scarce and laboratory studies have produced mixed results. Data from the European Social Survey (collected in 2018/2019) offer a means of addressing both of these gaps in the research. Studying the association between perceived fairness of personal earnings and life satisfaction in a cross-section of 29 European countries, I find that both underreward and overreward are associated with lower life satisfaction. This relationship is more pronounced in countries where the equity norm is strongly legitimized and weaker in countries where the trade union density is high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Afzali, Aaron, Lars Oxelheim, Trond Randøy & João Paulo Vieito (2023): The Impact of Relative CEO Pay on Employee Productivity. (IFN working paper / Research Institute of Industrial Economic 1458), Stockholm, 38 S.

Abstract

"In this study, we examine the relationship between within-firm pay inequality and employee productivity. We use hand-collected data on a sample of S&P 1500 companies from 2018-2022 and find a concave relationship between the relative CEO pay and employee productivity. Consistent with tournament theory, we show that the pay gap between the CEO and the Vice Presidents initially positively affects employee productivity. However, this positive effect only works up to a certain level, at which - as expressed by the CEO-employee pay ratio - employee discontent initiates a fall in firm-level productivity. We identify this tipping point as the point at which CEO pay exceeds the median worker's pay by a factor of 40. The average CEO-employee pay ratio in our sample is 193:1, suggesting that most firms could have avoided a fall in productivity by reducing their CEO-employee pay ratio. Our results remain robust after controlling for endogeneity. From a public policy perspective, our findings pave the way for corporate self-regulation of CEO pay to avoid politically imposed hard laws." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bauer, Felix (2023): Fairness im Berufsleben. Die Bedeutsamkeit der Fairnessdimensionen für die Arbeitszufriedenheit und die Vermeidung von Burnout-Symptomen : Die Ergebnisse der Replikationsstudie vom Frühjahr 2023. Frankfurt am Main, 20 S.

Abstract

"Wie bedeutsam sind Fairnessdimensionen für die Arbeitszufriedenheit und für die Vermeidung von Burnout-Symptomen? Das prüfte die FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management (Nürnberg) unter Leitung von Dr. Felix Bauer. Grundlage der Studie bildete eine Untersuchung der iba – Internationale Berufsakademie und der berufundfamilie im Sommer 2022 zu der Bedeutsamkeit und Umsetzung von Fairnessaspekten aus Sicht von Erwerbstätigen. Für die Replikationsstudie wurden die Daten von 518 Personen ausgewertet, die vom 17.03 bis zum 25.04.2023 an der Online-Befragung teilnahmen. Gut 2/3 von ihnen waren weiblich und 88,2% gehörten der Altersgruppe der 18- bis 31-Jährigen an, also der Generation Y und Generation Z. Die Auswertung zeigt: Fairnessdimensionen haben einen starken Einfluss auf die Arbeitszufriedenheit. Und: Burn-out-Symptome werden deutlich schwächer, je mehr Fairness-Kriterien eingehalten werden. Je mehr Beschäftigte das Empfinden haben, dass Fairnessfaktoren bei ihrer Arbeit gegeben sind, umso zufriedener sind sie. Dabei spielen insbesondere Aspekte aus den Bereichen Information und Kommunikation sowie Führung eine Rolle: „ein respektvoller und wertschätzender Umgang der Vorgesetzten mit den Anliegen der Mitarbeitenden“, „ein konstruktiver Umgang mit Fehlern“, „eine wertschätzende und respektvolle Kommunikation auf Teamebene bzw. mit Kolleg*innen“, die Möglichkeit gegenseitig regelmäßig Feedback zu geben bzw. zu erhalten sowie dass Termine bzw. Teambesprechungen eingehalten werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brüggemann, Ole & Thomas Hinz (2023): Do women evaluate their lower earnings still to be fair? Findings on the contented female worker paradox examining the role of occupational contexts in 27 European countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 6, S. 904-919. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcac073

Abstract

"It is still a puzzling question which gender inequalities in the labour market are perceived as fair and which are not – in the eye of the beholder. This study focuses on gender differences in the perceptions of the fairness of one’s own wage and the role of the occupational context individuals are embedded in. Based on data collected from 27 European countries as part of the 2018 European Social Survey (Round 9), our study contributes to the growing field of wage fairness perceptions by analysing the role of the occupational context (measured as the share of women and the gender pay gap in the respondent’s occupation), and how it moderates gender differences in fairness perceptions. Results indicate that – overall – female workers across Europe perceive their wages more often as unfairly “too low” than their male counterparts within the same country context and occupation, and that this gender gap is more pronounced in occupations with a high proportion of women and higher levels of gender inequality. We interpret these results as an indicator of growing awareness among women regarding the persisting “unfair” gendered wage distributions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eder, Anja & Franz Höllinger (2023): Notions of fair earnings for high-Status and low-status professions. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 37-51. DOI:10.1017/S1474746421000518

Abstract

"In den heutigen europäischen Gesellschaften beruhen Vorstellungen von Lohngerechtigkeit einerseits auf dem meritokratischen Prinzip, demnach Menschen, die in ihrem Job mehr leisten, mehr verdienen sollten; andererseits sind diese Vorstellungen von historisch gewachsenen Ideen sozialer Gerechtigkeit geprägt, die sich von Land zu Land unterscheiden. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchen wir, welche Lohnunterschiede zwischen Berufen mit hohem Status (Manager*innen, Minister*innen, Mediziner*innen) und solchen mit niedrigem Status (Verkäufer*innen, ungelernte Arbeiter*innen) von der Bevölkerung in 14 west- und osteuropäischen Ländern als gerecht angesehen werden. Die Analysen beruhen auf Umfragedaten des International Social Survey Programme. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse für 2009 und 2019 zeigt auch, ob sich die Vorstellungen zur Lohngerechtigkeit zwischen den Berufsgruppen in einer Zeit zunehmender sozialer Ungleichheit und prekärer Arbeitsbedingungen verändert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Griesser, Markus, Martin Gruber-Risak, Benjamin Herr, Leonhard Plank & Laura Vogel (2023): Faire Arbeit in der österreichischen Plattformökonomie? (Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 242), Wien, 94 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie liefert eine branchenübergreifende Darstellung der ortsgebundenen Plattformarbeit in Österreich anhand einer Untersuchung von sechs Unternehmen aus vier unterschiedlichen Branchen (Essenslieferung, Lebensmittellieferung, Personentransport, Reinigungsarbeit). Sie entstand im Kontext des internationalen Fairwork-Netzwerks, das im Sinne der Aktionsforschung zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen im Bereich der Plattformökonomie beitragen möchte. Dabei werden Unternehmen entlang von fünf Prinzipien (faire Bezahlung, faire Arbeitsbedingungen, faire Verträge, faire Management-Prozesse, faire Mitbestimmung) auf Basis eines multimethodischen Designs bewertet. Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterstreichen die große Heterogenität von ortsgebundener Plattformarbeit und verdeutlichen, dass die Auswirkungen für Beschäftigte stark von den gewählten Geschäftsmodellen der Unternehmen abhängen. Dabei schneiden jene Plattformen am besten ab, die geschäftliche Risiken und Verantwortung nicht einseitig auf Beschäftigte abschieben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hvidberg, Kristoffer B., Claus T. Kreiner & Stefanie Stantcheva (2023): Social Positions and Fairness Views on Inequality. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 90, H. 6, S. 3083-3118. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdad019

Abstract

"We link survey data on Danish people’s perceived income positions and fairness views on inequality within various reference groups to administrative records on their reference groups, income histories, and life events. People are, on average, well-informed about the income levels of their reference groups. Yet, lower-ranked respondents in all groups tend to overestimate their own position among others because they believe others’ incomes are lower than they actually are, whereas the opposite holds true for higher-ranked respondents. Misperceptions of positions in reference groups relate to proximity to other individuals, transparency norms, and visible signals of income. People view inequalities within their co-workers and education groups as significantly more unfair than overall inequality, yet underestimate inequality the most exactly within these groups. Views on the fairness of inequalities are strongly correlated with an individual’s current position, move with shocks like unemployment or promotions, and change when experimentally informing people about their actual positions. However, the higher perceived unfairness of income differences within co-workers and education groups stays unchanged. The theoretical framework shows that this can have important implications for redistribution policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Khan, Maria Hameed, Jannine Williams, Penny Williams & Robyn Mayes (2023): Caring in the Gig Economy: A Relational Perspective of Decent Work. In: Work, Employment and Society online erschienen am 25.05.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1177/09500170231173586

Abstract

"The rapidly expanding gig economy has been criticized for creating precarious and indecent working conditions. These critiques draw on decent work debates centred on employment classification, regulation and platform fairness, with less focus on the interactions between workers, platforms and clients, which are central to the experience of platform-mediated work. This article adopts a worker-centric relational perspective to explore decent work in the gig economy. Drawing on the experiences of workers in platform-mediated domestic care work, the insights from this study highlight the importance of social interactions and relationships, using an ethics of care lens, to elucidate how relational aspects shape workers? experiences. The findings reveal platform workers centre mutuality of interests, responsiveness and reciprocity, attentiveness and solidarity to maintain a balance of care (care-for-self and care-for-others) when negotiating platform-mediated care work. This article contributes relationality as a key dimension of decent work currently overlooked in studies exploring gig work arrangements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Marrero, Gustavo A. & Juan G. Rodríguez (2023): Unfair inequality and growth. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 125, H. 4, S. 1056-1092. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12531

Abstract

"Fighting against economic inequality is one fundamental social goal in the agendas of most governments. However, recent studies highlight that people actually prefer unequal societies, as they accept inequality generated by an individual's effort and wish to reduce only unfair inequality (generated by factors beyond an individual's control). This distinction might help to explain the fundamental unsolved question about whether inequality is good or bad for growth: unfair inequality (UI) could be growth-deterring, while fair inequality (FI) might be growth-enhancing. We derive a reduced-form growth equation from a stylized overlapping-generations model with human capital that includes FI, UI, and poverty. Then, using an instrumental variable approach, we show for alternative samples and inequality measures at the worldwide level that the estimated coefficient associated with UI is always negative, while the coefficient of total inequality increases when UI is included in the regression. Moreover, we find that poverty mediates this relationship because the higher the poverty rate, the smaller the impact of either type of inequality on growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Mohrenweiser, Jens & Christian Pfeifer (2023): Wage Structures, Fairness Perceptions, and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data. In: Journal of happiness studies, Jg. 24, H. 7, S. 2291-2308. DOI:10.1007/s10902-023-00680-0

Abstract

"The paper investigates the impact of firms’ wage structures and workers’ wage fairness perceptions on workers’ well-being. For this purpose, worker and establishment surveys are linked with administrative social security data. Four variables are generated, using approximately half a million worker-year observations, that describe firms’ wage structures and workers’ positions within the wage structures: own absolute wages, internal reference wages within firms, external reference wages, and the wage dispersion in firms. The interrelations between these wage structure variables, workers’ perceived wage fairness, and job satisfaction are then analyzed using regressions. Interpersonal wage comparisons between co-workers in the same firm and across firms as well as wage fairness perceptions are found to be significant determinants of workers’ well-being. The overall findings suggest that equity and social status considerations as well as altruistic preferences towards co-workers and inequality aversion are more important than signal considerations in this context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

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Nelson, Jennifer L. & Tiffany D. Johnson (2023): How White Workers Navigate Racial Difference in the Workplace: Social-Emotional Processes and the Role of Workplace Racial Composition. In: Work and occupations online erschienen am 12.06.2023, S. 1-46. DOI:10.1177/07308884231176833

Abstract

"Research on racialized emotions and racialized organizations has begun to inform how we understand social interactions in the workplace and their implications for racial inequality. However, most research to date focuses on the experiences and coping strategies of racial minority workers, especially when confronted with instances of racial prejudice and discrimination. We extend research on racialized emotions in the workplace by mapping the stages of belonging/unbelonging white workers go through when they encounter instances of racial discomfort or perceived prejudice in the workplace. This is an important contribution to the study of race and work because existing research suggests the deleterious effects for people of color when white people experience negative emotions such as threat, fear, and anxiety in interracial encounters. Drawing on interview data with 56 white teachers in a metropolitan area in the U.S. Southeast, we document a process of racialized belonging. This is a process whereby white workers experienced varying degrees of surprise, confusion, frustration, and fear resulting from interracial—and some intraracial—experiences with coworkers as well as students. We note how the process is informed by racialized imprinting prior to workplace entry and followed by racialized emotions and racialized coping. Racial composition of the workplace also played a role, though the process looked similar across contexts. We argue that by accounting for white workers’ prior life experiences as well as organizations’ involvement in accommodating their emotional expectations, the way white workers behave when race becomes salient to them can be better understood and addressed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schildberg-Hörisch, Hannah, Marco A. Schwarz, Chi Trieu & Jana Willrodt (2023): Perceived Fairness and Consequences of Affirmative Action Policies. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 133, H. 656, S. 3099-3135. DOI:10.1093/ej/uead063

Abstract

"Debates about affirmative action often revolve around fairness. In a laboratory experiment, we study three quota rules in tournaments that favor individuals whose performance is low, either due to discrimination, low productivity, or choice of a short working time. Affirmative action favoring discriminated individuals is perceived as fairest, followed by that targeting individuals with a short working time, while favoring low-productivity individuals is not perceived as fairer than an absence of affirmative action. Higher fairness perceptions coincide with a higher willingness to compete and less retaliation against winners, underlining that fairness perceptions matter for the consequences of affirmative action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Senghaas, Monika, Christopher Osiander, Gesine Stephan, Olaf Struck & Richard Wolff (2023): The perceived fair duration of unemployment benefits for older workers. The role of lifetime achievements in the labour market. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 164-177., 2022-08-03. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12558

Abstract

"The welfare state regulates social policies and reallocates scarce resources. For the social legitimacy of the welfare state, it is important that the public supports the principles underlying this reallocation. This article examines the impact of different activities during the life course on public deservingness perceptions of older unemployed people. In a factorial survey experiment conducted among a random sample of individuals drawn from German administrative employment records, we examine the maximum duration of benefit receipt which is perceived as fair for older unemployed persons with different biographies. The results indicate strong public support for a nexus between previous contributions and benefit entitlements. Besides financial contributions to unemployment insurance, parenting and further training are considered to be ‘lifetime achievements’ which justify longer unemployment benefit receipt. We interpret these findings as an expression of a generalised form of reciprocity which guides perceptions of deservingness regarding older unemployed persons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))

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Hufe, Paul, Ravi Kanbur & Andreas Peichl (2022): Measuring Unfair Inequality: Reconciling Equality of Opportunity and Freedom from Poverty. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 89, H. 6, S. 3345-3380. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdab101

Abstract

"Empirical evidence on distributional preferences shows that people do not judge inequality as problematic per se but that they take into account the fairness or unfairness of the outcome. This article conceptualizes a view of unfair inequality and introduces a new measure of inequality based on two widely held fairness principles: equality of opportunity and freedom from poverty. It develops a method for decomposing inequality and its trends into an unfair and a fair component. We provide two empirical applications of our measure. First, we analyse the development of inequality in the US from 1969 to 2014 from a fairness perspective. Second, we conduct a corresponding international comparison between the US and 31 European countries in 2010. Our results document that unfair inequality matches the well-documented inequality growth in the US since 1980. This trend is driven by decreases in social mobility, i.e., increasing importance of parental education and occupation for the income of their children. Among the 32 countries of our international comparison, the land of opportunity ranks among the most unfair societies in 2010." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reyes, Germán & Leonardo Gasparini (2022): Are fairness perceptions shaped by income inequality? evidence from Latin America. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 893-913. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09526-w

Abstract

"A common assumption in the literature is that the actual level of income inequality shapes individuals' beliefs about whether the income distribution is fair (“fairness views,” for short). However, individuals do not directly observe income inequality (which often leads to large misperceptions), nor do they consider all inequities to be unfair. In this paper, we empirically assess the link between objective measures of income inequality and fairness views in a context of high but decreasing income inequality. To do this, we combine opinion poll data with harmonized data from household surveys of 18 Latin American countries from 1997–2015. We find a strong and statistically significant relationship between income inequality and unfairness views across countries and over time. Unfairness views evolved in the same direction as income inequality for 17 out of the 18 countries in our sample. We find that individuals who are older, unemployed, and left-wing are, on average, more likely to perceive the income distribution as very unfair. Finally, we find that fairness views and income inequality have predictive power for individuals' self-reported propensity to mobilize and protest independent of each other, suggesting that these two variables capture different channels through which changes in the income distribution can affect social unrest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Senghaas, Monika, Christopher Osiander, Gesine Stephan & Olaf Struck (2022): Fairness perceptions regarding in-work benefits: a survey experiment. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 42, H. 13/14, S. 30-49., 2022-06-14. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-04-2022-0101

Abstract

"In many countries, individuals can receive welfare support whilst simultaneously being employed. The level of earned income that welfare recipients are allowed to keep has long been a subject of debate. Core issues include whether in-work benefit regulations provide incentives for individuals to expand labour market participation and are thus also socially effective and whether the population perceives welfare benefits for individuals who earn own income as fair. This article contributes to the debate about the social legitimacy of in-work benefit regulations by shedding light on the principles guiding judgements about an adequate amount of in-work benefit receipt. The authors use a factorial survey experiment to investigate which factors guide judgements about an adequate level of in-work benefit receipt. In the authors' factorial survey, the household composition, health status, and monthly earnings of a hypothetical in-work benefit recipient were varied experimentally. The study investigates Germany's basic income support programme, a means-tested social policy programme that targets both unemployed and employed individuals. The results show that respondents consider higher earnings retention rates for lower-income earners to be fair. This preference mirrors the German legislation, which is based on the principle of need. Furthermore, the presence of children and of physical as well as mental health impairments are associated with support for higher earnings retention rates. The findings suggest that citizens support the core features of in-work benefit regulations but do not consider in-work benefit recipients as a homogenous group when assessing the adequate level of benefit receipt." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald) ((en))

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Stadtmüller, Sven, Laura Amelong, Yasmin Beithan, Sophia Ettel, Nils-David Hirsch, Melina Jakob & Annika Klages (2022): Der Einfluss von Geschlechterrollenbildern auf die Zuschreibung gerechter Einkommen. Ergebnisse eines Vignettenexperiments. (SocArXiv papers), 31 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/bhmeu

Abstract

"Im Jahr 2021 verdienten erwerbstätige Frauen, auch unter Kontrolle einkommensrelevanter Merkmale, etwa sechs Prozent weniger als Männer. Dieser bereinigte Gender Pay Gap spiegelt eine Lohndiskriminierung von Frauen, deren Ursachen wissenschaftlich nicht gesichert sind. Der folgende Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit Geschlechterrollenbilder die Zuschreibung gerechter Einkommen beeinflussen. Dabei lautet unsere Hypothese, dass besonders Personen mit traditionellen Rollenbildern bei der Zuschreibung gerechter Einkommen nach dem Geschlecht diskriminieren. Zur Prüfung dieser Hypothese nutzen wir Daten einer zufallsbasierten Online-Befragung in der Stadt Frankfurt am Main (n=301). Zentraler Bestandteil der Befragung war ein sogenanntes Vignettenexperiment, in dem die Befragten gebeten wurden, das als gerecht empfundene Einkommen von sechs fiktiven, beschäftigten Personen anzugeben. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen zwar für die Gesamtheit unserer Befragten keine Lohndiskriminierung von Frauen. Dennoch findet unsere Hypothese empirische Unterstützung: demnach sind es insbesondere Personen mit sehr traditionellen Geschlechterrollenbildern, die höhere Löhne für Männer als gerecht empfinden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Stoilova, Rumiana & Petya Ilieva-Trychkova (2022): Fairness of educational opportunities and income distribution: gender-sensitive analysis in a European comparative perspective. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 1/2, S. 272-291. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2022-0065

Abstract

"Purpose: The focus of this article is on gender justice with respect to opportunities (educational) and outcome (earnings). The main research question is whether educational opportunities are positively converted into fairness of income, and for whom and where this is the case. The importance of this study lies in the understanding that the subjective feeling of justice is a significant measure of quality of life, of the individual's subjective feeling of happiness and of the fulfilment of the goals people have reason to value. Design/methodology/approach The study takes a micro-macro approach, combining macro-level data taken from official statistics and micro-data from the 2018 European Social Survey for 25 European countries; the authors also apply multilevel modelling to the data analysis. Findings At individual level the authors found gender differences in the associations between education and fairness of educational opportunities. With regard to the scope of fairness, the authors emphasise that fairness of educational opportunities and net pay in European countries is less likely to be felt by someone who has a lower educational level. Higher educational expenditures are positively correlated with fairness of educational opportunities but not with fairness of net pay. Originality/value This article contributes to theoretical, empirical and policy-relevant gender justice research on the link between inequalities and justice perceptions. The authors have expanded the theoretical understanding of the concept of gender justice by taking into account the role of a specific gender norm on fairness perceptions. The norm, when asked about in a gender-neutral way, is not associated with fairness of pay, but when posed as a question specifically to women, has a negative relationship with perceptions of fair pay. The empirical contribution consists in the evaluation of individual and country mechanisms from a gender justice perspective. The policy contribution consists in questioning the belief that longer paid maternity leave is beneficial for women. In countries with long paid leave available to mothers, women reported even lower levels of fairness of net pay than men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald) ((en))

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Voswinkel, Stephan (2022): Bewusstsein, Ansprüche und der „Soziale Wert der Arbeitskraft“. In: Arbeits- und industriesoziologische Studien, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 40-53.

Abstract

"Das Bewusstsein der Arbeitenden resultiert aus einer Auseinandersetzung der Subjekte mit den Bedingungen ihrer sozialen Lage, mit ihren Identitätszuschreibungen und mit ihren Ressourcen, es verarbeitet also das Sein. Die Situation in der Arbeit ist eingebettet in den gesamten Lebenszusammenhang. Inwieweit hierin der Arbeit eine zentrale Rolle zukommt, ist eine empirische Frage und wird fassbar im Rahmen von Lebensorientierungen. Das Bewusstsein ist wesentlich normativ strukturiert, so dass Wertigkeits- und Anerkennungsmustern für das Bewusstsein eine zentrale Rolle zukommt. Der Bezug auf kulturelle Einbettungen und Anerkennungsverhältnisse existiert nicht neben den ökonomischen Verhältnissen und der Interessenorientierung, sondern beide sind miteinander verschränkt. Arbeitssoziologisch fasst der Beitrag dies mit der Kategorie des Sozialen Werts der Arbeitskraft, in der verschiedene Ungleichheitsdimensionen und kulturelle Dimensionen ökonomisch relevant werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wilcox, Annika & Amanda Koontz (2022): Workplace well-being: Shifting from an individual to an organizational framework. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 16, H. 10. DOI:10.1111/soc4.13035

Abstract

"Well-being (or lack thereof) is one phenomena that is shaped by and has important implications for organizational (in)equalities, yet remains widely conceptualized at an individual level. Through a review of previous research on organizational inequality and diversity, we argue for a shift towards studying “workplace well-being”—well-being as created by and through work organizations. We identify and discuss three pillars of workplace well-being and consider how these pillars are constituted across three levels of analysis. We note that “workplace well-being” offers a more theoretically- and empirically-grounded framework for understanding how well-being operates in the workplace. This concept can be utilized to “check” where organizational change is needed and develop change initiatives that better support diversity, inclusivity, and equity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ziano, Ignazio, Christophe Lembregts & Mario Pandelaere (2022): People weigh salaries more than ratios in judgments of income inequality, fairness, and demands for redistribution. In: Journal of Economic Psychology, Jg. 89. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2022.102495

Abstract

"Five experiments (total n = 2422, with U.S. American and French participants, four preregistered) show that people are more likely to use median salaries rather than CEO-median employee compensation ratios when making inequality and fairness judgments based on company compensation data. In separate evaluation of companies, we find no significant impact of compensation ratios, which express objective levels of income inequality, but a significant impact of median salaries. In joint evaluation, ratios have an impact, but median salaries have a bigger impact. Our results point to a difference between perceived and actual inequality indicators: people do not perceive inequality based on a widely-used indicator of inequality (compensation ratios), but rather use representative workers' salaries, and believe lower representative wages are connected to higher inequality. We discuss theoretical implications for the psychological understanding of economic inequality, and practical implications for the regulation of the presentation of compensation data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hüther, Michael & Judith Niehues (2021): Inequality and Unemployment in Germany: Perception and Reality. In: Journal of contextual economics, Jg. 141, H. 1/2, S. 25-45. DOI:10.3790/schm.141.1-2.25

Abstract

"Data for the time before the corona pandemic reveal a largely positive picture of the economic and social development in Germany. Most individuals perceived their own situation as very positive, but their views on society are rather pessimistic and overly critical. Contrasting abstract redistributive preferences with prevailing norms of justice reveals further inconsistencies. Thus, it is increasingly unlikely that policymakers can adequately address the concerns and wishes of the population. The pronounced discrepancy between empirical findings on distributional aspects and citizens' perceptions constitutes a veritable problem for democratic processes. That is because this discrepancy is the basis for mistrust between citizens (principals) and politics (agents). Therefore, it becomes increasingly important that politicians explain the logic of their actions in an understandable way. An important prerequisite for more communicable politics is a comprehensive infrastructure for research data that enables politicians, the media, and the public to make valid assessments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jann, Ben, Barbara Zimmermann & Andreas Diekmann (2021): Lohngerechtigkeit und Geschlechternormen: Erhalten Männer eine Heiratsprämie? In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 73, H. 2, S. 201-229. 2021-05-10. DOI:10.1007/s11577-021-00757-9

Abstract

"Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied hat sich in der Schweiz ebenso wie in Deutschland in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten zwar leicht verringert, die Lücke ist aber immer noch beträchtlich und lässt sich nur zum Teil durch produktivitätsrelevante Faktoren erklären. Um zu untersuchen, ob sich ein entsprechender „gender wage gap“ auch darin wiederfindet, welche Löhne als gerecht angesehen werden, haben wir im Rahmen von Schweizer Bevölkerungsumfragen drei randomisierte Vignettenexperimente durchgeführt. Im Unterschied zu den meisten anderen Experimenten wurde den Befragten nur jeweils eine Vignette vorgelegt, um Einflüsse sozialer Wünschbarkeit zu vermindern. Das erste Experiment belegt eine geschlechtsspezifische Doppelmoral bei der Einkommensbewertung: Bei Männern wurde ein gegebenes Einkommen eher als zu gering beurteilt als bei Frauen. Der Befund konnte in einem zweiten Experiment mit ähnlichem Design jedoch nicht repliziert werden, wobei ein zentraler Unterschied zwischen den beiden Experimenten in dem in den Vignetten beschriebenen Haushaltskontext lag. In einem dritten Experiment haben wir deshalb den Einfluss der familiären Situation systematisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur bei verheirateten Personen ein Unterschied zwischen Frauen und Männern gemacht wird, nicht jedoch bei Singles. Im Einklang mit dem Stereotyp des männlichen Haupternährers zeigt sich ein ausgeprägter Effekt einer „Heiratsprämie“. Verheirateten Männern wird in der Wahrnehmung der Bevölkerung bei sonst gleichen Merkmalen ein höherer Lohn zugestanden als verheirateten Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Mijs, Jonathan J. B. (2021): The paradox of inequality: income inequality and belief in meritocracy go hand in hand. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 7-35. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwy051

Abstract

"Inequality is on the rise: gains have been concentrated with a small elite, while most have seen their fortunes stagnate or fall. Despite what scholars and journalists consider a worrying trend, there is no evidence of growing popular concern about inequality. In fact, research suggests that citizens in unequal societies are less concerned than those in more egalitarian societies. How to make sense of this paradox? I argue that citizens’ consent to inequality is explained by their growing conviction that societal success is reflective of a meritocratic process. Drawing on 25 years of International Social Survey Program data, I show that rising inequality is legitimated by the popular belief that the income gap is meritocratically deserved: the more unequal a society, the more likely its citizens are to explain success in meritocratic terms, and the less important they deem nonmeritocratic factors such as a person’s family wealth and connections." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scholz, Robert & Sigurt Vitols (2021): Mitbestimmt ist nicht gleich mitbestimmt: Pfadabhängige Variation der Unternehmensmitbestimmung in Deutschland. In: Industrielle Beziehungen, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 317-341. DOI:10.3224/indbez.v28i3.05

Abstract

"Von Pfadabhängigkeit wird gesprochen, wenn Entscheidungen in der Vergangenheit die Handlungsoptionen heute beeinflussen oder sie sogar einengen. Der am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung entwickelte Mitbestimmungsindex (MBix) analysiert anhand von sechs Indikatoren die Konfiguration der Repräsentation von Arbeitnehmer*innen primär im Aufsichtsrat. Da die Daten über mehrere Jahre erfasst werden, nimmt der vorliegende Beitrag die zeitliche Perspektive in Betracht und kommt zu zwei zentralen Ergebnissen: erstens variiert die Verankerung der Mitbestimmung stark zwischen den Unternehmen, zweitens bleibt das jeweilige unternehmensspezifische Niveau der Mitbestimmung über die Zeit stabil. Die Unternehmen nähern sich also im Zeitverlauf weder an, noch driften sie auseinander. Der institutionelle Kontext, etwa beeinflusst durch Gesetze, Betriebs- und Sozialpartnerschaft, bedingt eine pfadabhängige Kontinuität und macht ein Abschwächung oder Stärkung auch für die Akteur*innen aufwendig oder sie wird gar nicht beabsichtigt. Stattdessen scheint die jeweilige unternehmensspezifische Konfiguration der Mitbestimmung selbst Stabilität und Erwartungssicherheit zu verschaffen, auch für die Seite der Anteilseigner*innen. Die einzige Option, um die Mitbestimmung zu schwächen, ist sich dem System gänzlich zu entziehen, etwa durch die Umfirmierung in eine ausländische Rechtsform, so dass die deutschen Mitbestimmungsgesetze nicht anzuwenden sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ugur, Zeynep B. (2021): How does Inequality Hamper Subjective Well-being? The Role of Fairness. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 158, H. 2, S. 377-407. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02711-w

Abstract

"In this study, we aim at clarifying the role of economic inequality on the subjective well-being of individuals. For this purpose, we use more than 180,000 individuals from 51 countries in the most recent five waves (1990–2014) of the World Values Survey. We observe a significant tradeoff between life satisfaction, happiness and the Gini coefficient. Also, inequality is negatively associated with life satisfaction and happiness for lower-income groups as well as higher-income groups. Interestingly, our data also shows large scale embracement of inequality in self-reported attitudes as even almost half (49%) of the lower-income group support the statement that some inequality is necessary for sustaining individual effort. Perceived freedom, and perceived social mobility partially mediates the relationship between the Gini coefficient and subjective wellbeing indicators. Yet, there remains a substantial negative effect of inequality on subjective well-being. Nevertheless, when individuals' perception of fairness is included, the effect of inequality disappears for both higher-income and lower-income groups. Overall, our findings suggest that people are bothered by inequality primarily due to fairness concerns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kuhn, Andreas (2020): The individual (mis-)perception of wage inequality: measurement, correlates and implications. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 59, H. 5, S. 2039-2069. DOI:10.1007/s00181-019-01722-4

Abstract

"This paper presents a simple conceptual framework specifically tailored to measure individual perceptions of wage inequality. Using internationally comparable survey data, the empirical part of the paper documents that there is huge variation in inequality perceptions both across and within countries as well as survey-years. Focusing on the association between aggregate-level inequality measures and individuals' subjective perception of wage inequality, it turns out that there are both a high correlation between the two measures and a considerable amount of misperception of the prevailing level of inequality. The final part of the analysis shows that subjective inequality perceptions appear to be more important, in a statistical sense, in explaining variation in individual-level attitudes toward social inequality than objective measures of inequality. This underlines the conceptual and practical importance of distinguishing between subjective perceptions of inequality and the true level of inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Osiander, Christopher, Monika Senghaas, Gesine Stephan, Olaf Struck & Richard Wolff (2020): “Acceptance of social- and labor market programs and regulations”: Methodological report on the first survey wave. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 07/2020), Nürnberg, 32 S.

Abstract

"Das FIS-geförderte Projekt „Die Akzeptanz sozial- und arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen und Regelungen“ befragt Bürgerinnen und Bürger zu ihrer Einschätzung konkreter Ausgestaltungsalternativen der Sozial- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland. Dieser Bericht beschreibt das Design und die Feldorganisation der ersten Online-Befragung im Rahmen des Projekts. Er präsentiert zudem eine Selektivitätsanalyse der Kontakt- und Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeiten sowie eine Analyse der Zustimmung zur Verknüpfung der Antworten mit prozessproduzierten Daten. Ein zentraler Bestandteil der hier beschriebenen Online-Befragung sind faktorielle Surveys. Darüber hinaus erhebt die Umfrage ausgewählte demografische Merkmale und Einstellungen der Teilnehmenden. Aus den prozessgenerierten Daten der BA wurden für die Kontaktierung von potenziellen Teilnehmenden zwei Stichproben gezogen: Eine erste Stichprobe umfasst Personen, die in den letzten Jahren mit der BA in Kontakt standen und für die eine E-Mail-Adresse verfügbar war. Diese Personen wurden per E-Mail kontaktiert. Eine zweite Stichprobe besteht aus Personen, die in den letzten Jahren nicht bei der BA registriert waren, sondern für die ausschließlich Beschäfti-gungsmeldungen vorlagen. Diese Personen erhielten einen Brief, in dem sie zur Teilnahme an der Befragung eingeladen wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tepe, Markus & Pieter Vanhuysse (2020): Taking social policy personally: How does neuroticism affect welfare state attitudes? In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 699-718. DOI:10.1111/spol.12568

Abstract

"The role of the “Big Five” personality traits in driving welfare state attitudes has received scant attention in social policy research. Yet neuroticism in particular - a disposition to stress, worry, and get nervous easily - is theoretically likely to be an important driver of welfare attitudes precisely because welfare states deliver social “security” and “safety” nets. Using cross-sectional data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we study three distinct attitude types (dissatisfaction with the social security system, feelings of personal financial insecurity, and preferences for state provision) and multiple social need contexts (including unemployment, ill health, old age, and nursing care). Controlling for established explanations such as self-interest, partisanship, and socialization, neuroticism does not systematically affect support for state provision. But it robustly increases general dissatisfaction with social security, as well as financial insecurity across various need contexts. Neurotic people are thus less happy with welfare state programmes across the board, yet they also appear to need these programmes more. This trait may be an important deeper layer driving other social attitudes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Adriaans, Jule, Philipp Eisnecker, Sebastian Hülle, Julian Klassen, Stefan Liebig & Peter Valet (2019): "Erwartungen an Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft" - Legitimation of inequality over the life-span. Feldbericht und Codebuch zur zweiten Welle (LINOS-2). (Data documentation 97), Berlin, 343 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie 'Legitimation of Inequality Over the Life-Span' (LINOS) wird im Kontext des durch die DFG geförderten Projekts 'Strukturelle Bedingungen von Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen über den Lebensverlauf' durchgeführt. Auf Grundlage eines handlungstheoretisch begründeten, soziologischen Erklärungsansatzes (Liebig & Sauer, 2013, 2016), wird in drei aufeinander bezogenen Forschungslinien untersucht, wie die strukturellen Bedingungen der sozialen Kontexte, in denen Individuen eingebunden sind (z.B. Betriebe, soziale Netzwerke, Partnerschaften/ Familien), ihre Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen beeinflussen und welche Mechanismen der Einstellungsbildung dabei wirksam werden. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen in Bezug auf (1) das eigene Erwerbseinkommen und der Einkommensverteilung in der Gesellschaft (ergebnisbezogene Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen), (2) die Regeln, nach denen Güter und Lasten in der Gesellschaft verteilt werden sollten (ordnungsbezogene Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen) und (3) die Verfahren, wie Ungleichheiten in der Gesellschaft generiert werden (verfahrensbezogene Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen). Die LINOS-Studie ist als Langfristpanel angelegt und zielt somit auf eine zentrale Schwäche der empirischen Gerechtigkeitsforschung ab. In dieser fehlt es bisher an genau solchen Längsschnittbeobachtungen auf Individualebene, die es erlauben, die Entwicklung von Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen über den Lebensverlauf zu untersuchen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bilancini, Ennio & Leonardo Boncinelli (2019): Wage inequality, labor income taxes, and the notion of social status. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 13, S. 1-35. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-32

Abstract

"The authors investigate the desirability of income taxes when the objective is to mitigate wasteful conspicuous consumption generated by people's status-seeking behavior. They consider the joint role of pre-tax wage inequality and of social norms determining how social status is assigned. They find that when social status is ordinal (i.e., only one's rank in the income distribution matters) inequality and taxation are substitutes. Instead, when status is cardinal (i.e., also the shape of the income distribution matters) inequality and taxation can be complements, although the relationship is in general non-monotonic. This is because the value of social status is endogenous, potentially giving rise to a perverse selfreinforcing mechanism where more waste in conspicuous consumption induces a greater competition for status and vice versa." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Breznau, Nate & Carola Hommerich (2019): The limits of inequality: Public support for social policy across rich democracies. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 138-151. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12341

Abstract

"Does public opinion react to inequality, and if so, how? The social harms caused by increasing inequality should cause public opinion to ramp up demand for social welfare protections. However, the public may react to inequality differently depending on institutional context. Using ISSP and WID data (1980?2006), we tested these claims. In liberal institutional contexts (mostly English-speaking), increasing income inequality predicted higher support for state provision of social welfare. In coordinated and universalist contexts (mostly of Europe), increasing inequality predicted less support. Historically higher income concentration predicted less public support, providing an account of the large variation in inequality within the respective liberal and coordinated contexts. The results suggest opinions in liberal societies - especially with higher historical inequality - reached the limits of inequality, reacting negatively; whereas in coordinated/universalist societies - especially with lower historical inequality - opinions moved positively, as if desiring more inequality." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Buss, Christopher (2019): Public opinion towards workfare policies in Europe. Polarisation of attitudes in times of austerity? In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 431-441. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12368

Abstract

"Increasing wage inequality, strong labour market divides and welfare retrenchment are widely believed to result in more polarised public opinion towards the welfare state. The present study examined if attitudes towards workfare policies have become more polarised in Europe over recent decades. To achieve this aim, the study analysed public opinion data from the European Value Study (EVS) from 23 European countries in the years 1990 - 2008, using multi-level regression analysis. It is found that individuals who are most affected by workfare - the unemployed, the poor and the young - most strongly oppose workfare concepts. Against expectations, there was no evidence of an increasing polarisation of attitudes in Europe. Attitudinal cleavages based on employment status, income and education have remained stable. Differences between age groups have even dissolved because younger cohorts increasingly favour strict workfare policies. The results suggest that warnings of increasing social conflicts and an erosion of solidarity in European societies are exaggerated" (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Collischon, Matthias (2019): Relative Pay, Rank and Happiness: A Comparison Between Genders and Part- and Full-Time Employees. In: Journal of happiness studies, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 67-80., 2017-11-01. DOI:10.1007/s10902-017-9937-z

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of comparison pay on job and life satisfaction with longitudinal survey data from Germany. I use linear fixed effects models to account for unobserved heterogeneity and define the reference groups as individuals within the same occupation and industry. Men and women are expected to behave differently to comparison pay and are therefore investigated separately. Additionally, I investigate full- and part-time employees separately because the effect of relative positions in the reference group should affect life satisfaction for full-time employees only. The findings indicate that both relative pay and the individual rank within the respective reference group affect job and life satisfaction for full-time employed males only, while part-time employed females gain job satisfaction with increasing rank within their reference group. Part-time employees experience no change in their life satisfaction due to changes in either inequality dimension." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Springer Nature ((en))

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Corgnet, Brice, Ludivine Martin, Peguy Ndodjang & Angela Sutan (2019): On the merit of equal pay: Performance manipulation and incentive setting. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 113, H. April, S. 23-45. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.12.006

Abstract

"Work performance is often difficult to assess thus leaving room for manipulation of commonly-used metrics. We created a laboratory workplace in which we can precisely assess both work performance along with manipulation activities. Using two independent experiments we show that, whenever pay for performance is used, manipulation is pervasive leading to both a waste of organizational resources and a weakening of incentives. By contrast, paying organizational members equally effectively deters manipulation attempts leading to higher organizational production." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Gerlach, Gisela I. (2019): Linking justice perceptions, workplace relationship quality and job performance : The differential roles of vertical and horizontal workplace relationships. In: German journal of human resource management, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 337-362. DOI:10.1177/2397002218824320

Abstract

"Due to decentralization, flat organizational structures and prevalence of team work, employees interact more frequently and intensively within horizontal relationships with coworkers than within vertical relationships with supervisors. The present study contributes to a more complete understanding of antecedents and outcomes of local, interpersonal workplace relationships by simultaneously investigating employee - supervisor and employee - coworker relationships. Drawing on organizational justice theory and social exchange theory as well as data collected from 571 employees at two points in time, this study explores how justice perceptions affect social exchange relationships with supervisors and coworkers, and identifies mechanisms through which these, in turn, enhance employee job performance. Results suggest that informational and interpersonal justice differentially affect the quality of employee - supervisor and employee - coworker relationships, underlining the relevance of considering both supervisors and coworkers as sources of justice. Moreover, the findings indicate that employee - supervisor and employee - coworker relationships contribute to job performance, but through distinct paths. Job satisfaction mediates the link between both social exchange relationships and job performance, while quality of employee - coworker relationships further enhances job performance through employees' motivation to engage in learning and knowledge sharing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Laenen, Tijs, Federica Rossetti & Wim van Oorschot (2019): Why deservingness theory needs qualitative research. Comparing focus group discussions on social welfare in three welfare regimes. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 3, S. 190-216. DOI:10.1177/0020715219837745

Abstract

"This article argues that the ever-growing research field of welfare deservingness is in need of qualitative research. Using focus group data collected in Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom, we show that citizens discussing matters of social welfare make explicit reference not only to the deservingness criteria of control, reciprocity, and need but also to a number of context-related criteria extending beyond the deservingness framework (e.g. equality/universalism). Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence of an institutional logic to welfare preferences, as the focus group participants to a large extent echoed the normative criteria that are most strongly embedded in the institutional structure of their country's welfare regime. Whereas financial need is the guiding criterion in the 'liberal' United Kingdom, reciprocity is dominant in 'corporatist-conservative' Germany. In 'social-democratic' Denmark, it appears impossible to single out one dominant normative criterion. Instead, the Danish participants seem torn between the criteria of need, reciprocity, and equality/universalism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Laenen, Tijs & Bart Meuleman (2019): Public support for the social rights and social obligations of the unemployed. Two sides of the same coin? In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 454-467. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12369

Abstract

"In light of the ever-growing shift towards activation in European welfare states, the present article examines the relationship between citizens' welfare generosity (i.e., support for social rights) and welfare conditionality (i.e., support for social obligations) with regard to the unemployed. Using data from the 2014 Belgian National Elections Study, we found that generosity and conditionality appear to be two sides of the same coin. The two factors are negatively correlated, and most of their respective attitudinal drivers are quite similar in strength, yet opposite in direction. In addition to self-interest and conventionally recognised ideational beliefs, such as egalitarianism and individualism, beliefs about welfare deservingness - an explanatory factor that has remained understudied in the field - are particularly influential in shaping people's welfare preferences. A stronger emphasis on criteria of deservingness such as control, attitude and reciprocity considerably lowers support for social rights and strengthens support for social duties." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lee, Soomi, Jacqueline A. Mogle, Chandra L. Jackson & Orfeu M. Buxton (2019): What's not fair about work keeps me up: Perceived unfairness about work impairs sleep through negative work-to-family spillover. In: Social science research, Jg. 81, H. July, S. 23-31. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.03.002

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Nelson, Jennifer L., Karen A. Heftvedt, Regine Haardörfer & Jennifer L. Hayward (2019): Trust and respect at work: Justice antecedents and the role of coworker dynamics. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 46, H. 3, S. 307-338. DOI:10.1177/0730888419835261

Abstract

"The authors address three overlooked issues regarding the well-established organizational justice and trust relationship: how an authority's enactment of fair outcomes, procedures, and interactions 'trickles down' to the development of coworker trust; how trust and respect represent distinct interpersonal outcomes; and whether coworker dynamics mediate these relationships. Using original survey data collected at two time points from 354 high school teachers, the authors investigate justice antecedents and the mediating role of coworker dynamics using structural equation modeling. The authors find that the effects of the authority's (i.e., principal's) distributive and procedural justice actions on coworker trust and respect do 'trickle down' and are mediated through coworkers' collective responsibility and work communication. In contrast, principal's interpersonal justice has no effect on coworker dynamics or interpersonal outcomes, but coworker interpersonal justice enhances these outcomes. The results of this study also provide empirical support for the conceptual distinctiveness of trust and respect in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pullman, Ashley & Lesley Andres (2019): General and work-based extrinsic educational beliefs across time. From late youth to middle adulthood. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 291-311. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1497782

Abstract

"The degree to which individuals consider education to be a valuable pursuit varies. Beliefs differ regarding the perceived purpose of education and whether it is deemed necessary for future life course and employment success. In this study, we employ a longitudinal data set that follows a cohort of high school graduates over 28 years to examine how different types of extrinsic educational beliefs change from late youth to middle adulthood. Growth curve modelling generates insight into how ascriptive factors in relation to education and employment experiences have an impact on initial beliefs in late youth and how they change over time. General and work-based extrinsic belief statements exhibit both similar and dissimilar patterns of change in terms of ascriptive characteristics and life course experiences. Employment and post-secondary education are influential factors on both types of extrinsic educational beliefs. Women and individuals from highly educated backgrounds express more positive general - but not work-based - extrinsic educational beliefs in late youth. Nevertheless, there is a trend of convergence with men and individuals without highly educated parents over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Roex, Karlijn L.A., Tim Huijts & Inge Sieben (2019): Attitudes towards income inequality. 'winners' versus 'losers' of the perceived meritocracy. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 47-63. DOI:10.1177/0001699317748340

Abstract

"Individuals with a higher social position are more tolerant of current income inequality than individuals with a lower social position. Besides this, attitudes towards income inequality are influenced by inequality-legitimising myths in a given society. Little is known about how these two factors interact. This study combines these two lines of research and argues that different social strata are more polarised in their attitudes towards inequality in societies with strong prevalent meritocratic perceptions. We expect lower-status individuals (i.e. with a lower income or education) to experience a threat to their group esteem and therefore be less likely to support their society's inequalities in societies with such strong meritocratic perceptions. This hypothesis was tested using data from the International Social Survey Programme 2009 (Social Inequality) on 39 countries. The results show that different social strata are indeed more polarised in their attitudes towards inequality in societies where meritocratic perceptions are more prevalent. Our results are robust for income, but not for education. This suggests that in perceived meritocracies, people regard income as the primary indicator of effort and ability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Röcke, Anja, Maria Keil & Erika Alleweldt (Hrsg.) (2019): Soziale Ungleichheit der Lebensführung. (Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Lebensführung im 21. Jahrhundert), Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 220 S.

Abstract

"In welchem Verhältnis stehen soziale Ungleichheit und Lebensführung? Das ist die übergreifende Frage der Autor_innen, die Phänomene wie Milliardäre in der Weltpolitik, das Refugiumsbürgertum in der DDR oder Formen investiver Statusarbeit innerhalb eines Spannungsfeldes von Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung einerseits und sozialer Strukturiertheit und kulturellem Eigenwert andererseits betrachten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
Inhaltsverzeichnis:
Maria Keil, Anja Röcke, Erika Alleweldt: Zur sozialen Ungleichheit der Lebensführung. Einführende und konzeptionelle Überlegungen (7-16);
Michael Makropoulos: "Lebensführung", "steuerloses Treiben" und "außengeleitete Lebensweise" (18-43);
Karin Lohr: Eigensinnige Lebensführung zwischen Fremd- und Selbstführung (44-77);
Steffen Mau, Olaf Groh-Samberg, Uwe Schimank: Investive Statusarbeit. Kontexte von Wachstum und Niedrigwachstum (80-102);
Cornelia Koppetsch: Das postindustrielle Bürgertum und die illiberale Gesellschaft. Zum Einfluss von Ungleichheitsdynamiken auf den Zeitgeist (103-130);
Karl-Siegbert Rehberg: Die verleugnete Klasse. Zur Lebensführung des 'Refugiumsbürgertums' in der DDR und nach der 'Wende' (131-141);
Nicole Burzan, Ronald Hitzler: Mindset Juvenilität'. Hängen individuelle Lebensführung und soziale Ungleichheit zusammen? (142-161);
Peter Hagel: Reichtum und Lebensführung: Wenn sich Milliardäre zur Weltpolitik berufen fühlen (162-186);
Uwe Krähnke: Fremdgeführte Selbstdisziplinierung und der Geist des Staatssozialismus. Zur Sozialpsychologie der Banalität der Stasi' (187-211);
Heinz Bude: Die Lebensführung auf dem Grund der Angst ( 212-218).

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Sage, Daniel (2019): Unemployment, wellbeing and the power of the work ethic. Implications for social policy. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 205-228. DOI:10.1177/0261018318780910

Abstract

"Unemployment is associated with a range of health and social problems, such as poor physical health and wellbeing. Welfare state research has recently considered how social policies can ameliorate the harmful effects of unemployment. This article argues that such policy suggestions disregard the role of the work ethic in shaping the experience of unemployment. In societies that glorify employment as a signifier of identity and status, it is unsurprising that those without employment suffer. Previous research supports this view, showing how subscription to the work ethic is associated with wellbeing amongst unemployed people. Original analysis of the European Values Study confirms the importance of the work ethic, showing how unemployed people with weaker work ethics have significantly higher life satisfaction than those with stronger work ethics. The article concludes that the most effective way of dealing with the deleterious effects of unemployment is to challenge the centrality of employment in contemporary societies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Uunk, Wilfred & Wim van Oorschot (2019): Going with the Flow? The Effect of Economic Fluctuation on People’s Solidarity with Unemployed People. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 143, H. 3, S. 1129-1146. DOI:10.1007/s11205-018-2023-z

Abstract

"Rising levels of unemployment in European welfare states have revived questions on the social protection of the unemployed and the people’s solidarity with this claimant group. Does people’s solidarity with the unemployed - in terms of the welfare benefits they would grant this Group - decrease when the economy fares ill and unemployment is on the rise, or does solidarity increase as many more people are at risk of losing their jobs? And, do changes in economic conditions and unemployment affect the solidarity of all social groups alike, or are there differences with people’s socio-economic position? In this study, we address these questions using repeated cross-section data from the Netherlands in the period 1975–2010. Our multilevel analyses show that in times of higher unemployment people’s solidarity with the unemployed is higher, while independently from that, in times of economic downturn solidarity is lower. These macro-level effects vary only little across social groups, yet we do find that the unemployment rate affects people’s solidarity more positively during economic good times. This indicates that people’s solidarity with the unemployed depends, among others, on the specific macro-economic constellation of economic welfare and unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Zimmermann, Katharina & Jan-Ocko Heuer (Hrsg.) (2019): "Fördern und Fordern" im Diskurs. Einstellungen in der Bevölkerung zu Hartz IV und aktivierender Arbeitsmarktpolitik. (Soziologie Magazin. Sonderheft 05), Opladen: Budrich, 190 S. DOI:10.3224/8474230001

Abstract

"Wie werden die 'Hartz-Reformen' und die 'Aktivierung' von Arbeitslosen durch 'Fördern und Fordern' in der Bevölkerung aufgenommen? Die Beiträge in diesem Sonderheft behandeln diese Frage mittels einer innovativen Forschungsmethode: Bei dieser als 'Deliberative Foren' bzw. 'Mini-Publics' bezeichneten Methode werden Bürger*innen eingeladen, über ein Thema zu diskutieren und ggf. unter Bereitstellung von Informationsmaterial politische Empfehlungen zu erarbeiten oder Szenarien zu entwickeln. Auf diese Weise können Formierungen und Begründungen von Einstellungen sowie ein möglicher Wandel im Verlauf der Diskussion beobachtet werden. Das Heft schlägt Brücken zwischen Sozialpolitik-, Einstellungs- und Deliberationsforschung." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Abraham, Martin, Miriam Rottmann & Gesine Stephan (2018): Sanktionen in der Grundsicherung: Was als gerecht empfunden wird. (IAB-Kurzbericht 19/2018), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Wer in Deutschland Arbeitslosengeld II bezieht, muss bestimmte Pflichten erfüllen. Andernfalls kann das Jobcenter die Leistungen teilweise kürzen oder vollständig einstellen. Wie stehen unbeteiligte Dritte zu solchen Sanktionen, was für Kürzungen halten sie für gerecht? Und hängt ihre Bewertung von der jeweiligen Situation und den Merkmalen der Befragten ab? So gelten etwa für Menschen unter 25 Jahren sowie bei wiederholten Sanktionen strengere Regeln. Die Befunde zeigen, dass die Bewertungen zwischen den Szenarien durchaus differieren. Anders als es der Gesetzgeber vorsieht, würden die Befragten junge Menschen nur geringfügig höher sanktionieren als ältere Menschen. Auch würden sie die zweite Sanktion nur leicht höher ansetzen als die erste. Ebenso fällt die Bewertung unterschiedlich aus, je nachdem, wer gefragt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Adriaans, Jule & Stefan Liebig (2018): Ungleiche Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland grundsätzlich akzeptiert aber untere Einkommen werden als ungerecht wahrgenommen. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 85, H. 37, S. 801-807. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2018-37-1

Abstract

"Einkommensunterschiede stehen in Deutschland immer wieder im Fokus öffentlicher Debatten. Daten von Beschäftigten aus der Langzeitstudie Sozio-oekonomisches Panel (SOEP) und einer separaten Studie (LINOS) zeigen: Dass es Ungleichheiten im Erwerbseinkommen gibt, wird tendenziell als gerecht wahrgenommen; dennoch empfindet ein substantieller Anteil der Befragten die aktuelle Verteilung der Bruttoerwerbseinkommen in Deutschland als ungerecht. Dies trifft vor allem auf die Mitte und das untere Ende der Einkommensverteilung zu: Eine breite Mehrheit der Befragten bewertet die niedrigen und mittleren Erwerbseinkommen insgesamt als zu niedrig. Hohe Einkommen werden dagegen viel seltener als ungerecht empfunden. Die Analyse zeigt, dass wahrgenommene Ungerechtigkeiten im oberen Bereich der Einkommensverteilung mit der Reduktion der eigenen Anstrengungen am Arbeitsplatz einhergehen, empfundene Ungerechtigkeit am unteren Ende der Einkommensverteilung hingegen mit dem Rückzug aus dem demokratischen Meinungsbildungsprozess." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baird, Sarah, David McKenzie & Berk Özler (2018): The effects of cash transfers on adult labor market outcomes. In: IZA journal of development and migration, Jg. 8, S. 20S. DOI:10.1186/s40176-018-0131-9

Abstract

"The basic economic model of labor supply has a very clear prediction of what we should expect when an adult receives an unexpected cash windfall: they should work less and earn less. This intuition underlies concerns that many types of cash transfers, ranging from government benefits to migrant remittances, will undermine work ethics and make recipients lazy. We discuss a range of additional channels to this simple labor-leisure trade-off that can make this intuition misleading in low- and middle-income countries, including missing markets, price effects from conditions attached to transfers, and dynamic and general equilibrium effects. We use this as a lens through which to examine the evidence on the adult labor market impacts of a wide range of cash transfer programs: government transfers, charitable giving and humanitarian transfers, remittances, cash assistance for job search, cash transfers for business start-up, and bundled interventions. Overall, cash transfers that are made without an explicit employment focus (such as conditional and unconditional cash transfers, and remittances) tend to result in little to no change in adult labor. The main exceptions are transfers to the elderly and to some refugees, who reduce work. In contrast, transfers made for job search assistance or business start-up tend to increase adult labor supply and earnings, with the likely main channels being the alleviation of liquidity and risk constraints." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))