Erwerbstätigkeit im Rentenalter
Immer mehr Personen sind erwerbstätig nachdem sie das 65. Lebensjahr vollendet haben. Die individuellen Motive für eine Erwerbstätigkeit nach dem Erreichen des Rentenalters unterscheiden sich jedoch beträchtlich je nach finanzieller Situation, der Arbeitsplatzsituation, dem Gesundheitszustand oder der Wertschätzung der eigenen Arbeit. Vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels werden die Weiterbeschäftigungspotenziale der über 65-Jährigen vermehrt diskutiert.
Die Infoplattform bietet einen Überblick über die aktuellen Ergebnisse der empirischen Forschung zum Thema.
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Literaturhinweis
Opportunity entrepreneurship after 65: Relevant factors in OECD countries (2024)
Zitatform
Amorós, José Ernesto, Marcelo Leporati, Alfonso Jesús Torres-Marín & Sergio Roses (2024): Opportunity entrepreneurship after 65: Relevant factors in OECD countries. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 1215-1244. DOI:10.1007/s11365-024-00953-x
Abstract
"This research aims to analyze individual and national level factors that influence opportunity-driven senior entrepreneurship (people older than 65 years) in a group of 12 OECD countries. At this age most people in developed economies could choose between retiring, continuing working, or starting a new venture. It is important to understand the motivations behind their decision. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), to identify the effect of attitudes, perceptions, and aspirations as well as their sociodemographic characteristics. The sample consists of 24,139 observations from individuals older than 65 years. Additionally, we used the Human Development Index (HDI) – from the United Nations database–, to measure the country's level of development. Because of the nested nature of the data, we estimate our models using a multilevel logistic regression. Our results show that income, education, and occupation, in conjunction with the level of human development of a country have a significant influence on the probability of entrepreneurship by opportunity for senior individuals (+ 65). This research has policy and practical implications related to the decision of senior people to explore the creation of a new venture instead of opting for other alternatives such as retiring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Varying effects of public pensions: Pension spending and old-age employment under different pension regimes (2024)
Zitatform
Lee, Kun (2024): Varying effects of public pensions: Pension spending and old-age employment under different pension regimes. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/09589287231223391
Abstract
"Socioeconomic consequences of pension reforms have often been discussed without careful consideration of institutional contexts, despite the fact that institutional designs of public pensions differ substantially across countries. This study argues that the outcomes of pension reforms vary depending on the institutional structure of public pensions, by showing that the associations between public pension spending and old-age employment rates of different socio-demographic groups vary across different institutional contexts. Using time-series cross-section data from 20 European countries and the United States from 1998 to 2019, the study examines how changes in public pension spending ‘per older person’, a comparable measure for the welfare state effort towards old-age income security, are associated with gender- and education-specific employment rates in old age. The study also explores how these associations differ under different pension regimes, constructed based on the degree to which financing and benefit structures exhibit redistributive orientations. The results reveal complex gender and educational gradients in the relationship between public pension spending and old-age employment. Female employment rates, especially among the low-educated, are more sensitive to changes in pension spending in the ‘Beveridgean’ regime that focuses on basic income security. In the Bismarckian regime characterized by earnings-related pensions, educational differences in the marginal effects on male employment rates are, in particular, larger. Future pension reforms balancing the goal of activation and social equity should therefore consider the longstanding institutional design of public pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Research Landscape on Hidden Workers in Aging Populations: Bibliometric Review (2024)
Zitatform
Lee, Sora & Woojin Kang (2024): Research Landscape on Hidden Workers in Aging Populations: Bibliometric Review. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 13, H. 7. DOI:10.3390/socsci13070342
Abstract
"In this study, we employ ‘hidden workers’ as a key concept to integrate the three vulnerable subgroups of aging workers: underemployed, unemployed, and discouraged workers. (1) Background: The challenges faced by underemployed, unemployed, and discouraged workers in the older population are complex. It would be beneficial to visualize the intellectual landscape of these three distinct groups in aging populations to understand which aspects have been highlighted by various disciplines and where gaps exist. (2) Method: Through a scientometric analysis of more than 50 years of research, this study identified the size, scope, and structure of knowledge on hidden workers in an aging population using 2831 articles collected from the Web of Science database in January 2024. (3) Results: Indeed, the multidisciplinary nature of hidden workers goes beyond welfare and labor economics and involves issues such as health, occupational science, behavior change, policy interventions, and circles around the keyword of unemployment. Keyword co-occurrence and co-citation analysis confirm that the spectrum of research on hidden workers is being carried out distinctly within distinct disciplines across the broader aging research horizon. (4) Conclusions: The relatively scattered and uneven intellectual, conceptual, and social landscape of research on hidden workers in aging populations evidently falls short of providing concerted policy recommendations for the population group. This study provides a conceptual understanding of hidden workers in different research clusters and identifies gaps and opportunities for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Returns to work following retirement in Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom (2024)
Zitatform
Platts, Loretta G. & Karen Glaser (2024): Returns to work following retirement in Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1093/workar/waae005
Abstract
"Most unretirement research has focused on single countries, indicating that socio-economic advantage and financial need predict unretirement in particular settings. Remarkably, little is known about whether the frequency and predictors of unretirement—returning to Paid work after ceasing work at retirement—vary in relation to the Country setting. We followed recent retirees over time in Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom to compare unretirement rates and predictors, and whether financial need predicted unretirement in a middle-income setting rather than in a high-income setting. We harmonized data ex post from four prospective surveys: German Socio-Economic Panel Study (1991–2016), Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (1994–2016), and for the United Kingdom, British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008), and Understanding Society (2010–2015). Unretirement was examined using Cox Regression in relation to gender, age, education, health, household income, and financial difficulties. After 20 years of follow-up, the cumulative hazard of unretirement attained 0.20 in German, 0.24 in British, and 0.40 in Russian participants. Unretirement rates were generally higher for retirees who were younger, in better health and had higher household income. Worries about finances did not predict unretirement in Russia; such concerns predicted higher unretirement rates only in fully adjusted models in Germany and the United Kingdom. Since retirees in financial need may have difficulties finding suitable jobs, unretirement is a process with the potential to deepen financial inequality in later life. Variations in unretirement rates and predictors across countries demonstrate the importance of extending unretirement research to incorporate a cross-national comparative perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Patterns of work and retirement in a pension system with a flexible old-age retirement age: a register study of Finnish employees and self-employed persons born in 1949 (2024)
Zitatform
Polvinen, Anu, Aart-Jan Riekhoff, Satu Nivalainen & Susan Kuivalainen (2024): Patterns of work and retirement in a pension system with a flexible old-age retirement age: a register study of Finnish employees and self-employed persons born in 1949. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, S. 1-7. DOI:10.1093/workar/waad032
Abstract
"The aims of this study were to explore patterns of work and retirement of Finnish employees and self-employed persons in a pension system with a flexible old-age retirement age and how income develops in these patterns. We used individual-level register data from Statistics Finland of the total Finnish birth cohort born in 1949. The cohort was 62–70 years old over the study period 2011–2019. Sequence and cluster analyses were used to identify typical trajectories of individuals’ transitions in and out of salaried work and self-employment and work in old-age retirement. Our analysis yielded a ten-cluster solution: four clusters were found for employees who did not continue working in retirement (62%), four clusters for those employees who continued working in retirement (26%), and two clusters for the self-employed (12%). The clusters differed by the timing of retirement. The results showed that employees who retired earlier on an old-age pension and who were not working afterwards had lower incomes. Their incomes also decreased after old-age retirement. Employees who worked for several years in retirement had higher incomes which remained stable between the ages of 62 and 70. We found two types of self-employed persons: those who continued working in retirement with high incomes and those who stopped working earlier and had lower incomes. The results indicate that inequalities between lower and higher income groups might become exacerbated in a flexible retirement system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wer im Alter arbeitet, ist zufriedener (2024)
Potthoff, Jennifer; Schüler, Ruth Maria;Zitatform
Potthoff, Jennifer & Ruth Maria Schüler (2024): Wer im Alter arbeitet, ist zufriedener. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Trotz Krisen ist die Lebenszufriedenheit der deutschen Wohnbevölkerung in den letzten Jahren gestiegen. Dabei äußern ältere Menschen, die einer Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen, im Durchschnitt eine höhere Lebenszufriedenheit als ältere Menschen, die dies nicht tun. Innerhalb der älteren Generation sind die 66- bis 70-Jährigen, die über die Regelaltersgrenze hinaus als „Silver Worker“ weiterarbeiten, besonders zufrieden mit ihrem Leben." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die neue Beschäftigung zur Probe (2024)
Winkel, Rolf;Zitatform
Winkel, Rolf (2024): Die neue Beschäftigung zur Probe. In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 73, H. 5, S. 20-24.
Abstract
"Bezieher:innen von teilweisen und vollen Erwerbsminderungsrenten können seit 1. Januar 2024 die Wiederaufnahme einer Erwerbsarbeit erproben - ohne Angst haben zu müssen die Erwerbsminderungsrente aufs Spiel zu setzen. Dieser Beitrag erklärt, wie es geht und was unbedingt zu beachten ist." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Lohnt sich der Hinzuverdienst bei vorgezogenem Rentenbezug? (2023)
Zitatform
Beznoska, Martin & Ruth Maria Schüler (2023): Lohnt sich der Hinzuverdienst bei vorgezogenem Rentenbezug? (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2023,40), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Zum 1. Januar 2023 ist die Hinzuverdienstgrenze für vorgezogene Altersrenten gefallen. Rentnerinnen und Rentner, die vorzeitig mit Abschlägen oder abschlagsfrei in Rente gehen, können neben dem Bezug ihrer Rente unbegrenzt sozialversicherungspflichtig weiterverdienen. Die Abgabenbelastung ist jedoch relativ hoch, so dass die Arbeitsanreize eher gering sind." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Tightening Access to Early Retirement: Who Can Adapt? (2023)
Zitatform
Boockmann, Bernhard, Martin Kroczek & Natalie Laub (2023): Tightening Access to Early Retirement: Who Can Adapt? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16292), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"We study heterogeneity in the effects of two pension reforms in Germany that closed pathways into early retirement: the abolition of an old-age pension scheme for women and the abolition of a pension after unemployment or part-time work. We focus on heterogeneity with respect to several occupational characteristics. Both reforms had significant effects on individual employment states, and in both cases the effects differ significantly by occupation. The positive effect on employment is smaller in occupations with higher job strain and, in case of the old-age pension for women, the effect on unemployment is larger. The effects also differ by occupational tasks, PC use and the introduction of new technologies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IAW-Diskussionspapiere 142 -
Literaturhinweis
Abgabenbelastung bei Kombination von Pensions- und Erwerbseinkommen (2023)
Fink, Marian; Rocha-Akis, Silvia; Mayrhuber, Christine;Zitatform
Fink, Marian, Christine Mayrhuber & Silvia Rocha-Akis (2023): Abgabenbelastung bei Kombination von Pensions- und Erwerbseinkommen. In: Monatsberichte / WIFO, Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 96, H. 8, S. 539-551.
Abstract
"Um das Arbeitsangebot von Personen mit Pensionsbezug zu erhöhen, wird derzeit die Senkung der Pensionsversicherungsbeiträge für Ältere diskutiert. Wie die Simulation eines Entfalls der arbeitnehmerseitigen Pensionsversicherungsbeiträge zeigt, ist der Nettoeinkommenseffekt insbesondere bei geringem Einkommen schwächer als der Rückgang der Beitragszahlungen, da die Lohnsteuerschuld ansteigt. Für ein monatliches Erwerbseinkommen von 1.500 € brutto in Verbindung mit einer Pension erreicht die Partizipationsbelastung ab einer Pensionshöhe von 2.815 € ihr Maximum von 43,4%. Durch die Streichung der Pensionsversicherungsbeiträge würde die Partizipationsbelastung bei einer Pension von 1.500 € bzw. 2.500 € um jeweils fast 20% gesenkt. Dies würde sich positiv auf die Arbeitsanreize für Pensionist:innen auswirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © WIFO - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)
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Literaturhinweis
Demografischer Wandel und Arbeitskräftemangel: Personalpolitik von jung bis alt (2023)
Freuding, Julia; Garnitz, Johanna; Schaller, Daria;Zitatform
Freuding, Julia, Johanna Garnitz & Daria Schaller (2023): Demografischer Wandel und Arbeitskräftemangel: Personalpolitik von jung bis alt. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 7, S. 62-67.
Abstract
"Das ifo Institut befragt im Auftrag von Randstad Deutschland quartalsweise deutsche HR-Abteilungen zu personalpolitisch relevanten Themen. In diesem Quartal befasst sich das Schwerpunktthema mit personalpolitischen Maßnahmen hinsichtlich des demografischen Wandels. Derzeit beschäftigen 70% der befragten Unternehmen Mitarbeitende, die bereits Rente beziehen. Da etwa ein Drittel der Belegschaft der rund 540 befragten Unternehmen in den kommenden Jahren den Arbeitsmarkt verlassen wird, ist es umso wichtiger, Mitarbeitende langfristig an das Unternehmen zu binden und einen attraktiven Arbeitsplatz anzubieten. Für die älteren Beschäftigten bieten derzeit 37% der Unternehmen die Möglichkeit von Arbeitsteilzeitmodellen an, für jüngere Altersgruppen hingegen liegt der Fokus auf der Weiterbildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Demografischer Wandel – bekannte Herausforderungen, neue Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten: Die Babyboomer verändern Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (2023)
Haist, Karin;Zitatform
Haist, Karin (2023): Demografischer Wandel – bekannte Herausforderungen, neue Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Die Babyboomer verändern Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 11, S. 3-7.
Abstract
"Der Anteil älterer Menschen an der Gesamtbevölkerung wird steigen, gerade durch das Vorrücken der Babyboomer-Jahrgänge ins Rentenalter. Das Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung prognostiziert einen Anstieg des Anteils der über 65-Jährigen von heute 22 % auf 28 % im Jahr 2040 und auf 30 % im Jahr 2060 (vgl. Abb. 3). Eine andere Zahl, die die Drastik der Veränderung deutlich macht: Schon 2035 wird es rund 20 Mio. Menschen über 67 Jahre geben – heute sind es 16 Mio. Unabhängig davon, was diese Veränderungen für die Gesellschaft von morgen bedeuten – zum Beispiel die bislang völlig ungelöste Frage, wer die Babyboomer pflegen soll, wenn sie hochaltrig werden –, werden auch heute schon große Verwerfungen deutlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Graying and Staying on the Job: The Welfare Implications of Employment Protection for Older Workers (2023)
Zitatform
Morris, Todd & Benoit Dostie (2023): Graying and Staying on the Job: The Welfare Implications of Employment Protection for Older Workers. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16430), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We study the welfare implications of employment protection for older workers, exploiting recent bans on mandatory retirement across Canadian provinces. Using linked employer- employee tax data, we show that the bans cause large and similar reductions in job separation rates and retirement hazards at age 65, with further reductions at higher ages. The effects vary substantially across industries and firms, and around two-fifths of the adjustments occur between ban announcement and implementation dates. We find no evidence that the demand for older workers falls, but the welfare effects are mediated by spillovers on savings behavior, workplace injuries, and spousal retirement timing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The nature of paid work in the retirement years (2023)
Zitatform
Platts, Loretta G., Agnieszka Ignatowicz, Hugo Westerlund & Dara Rasoal (2023): The nature of paid work in the retirement years. In: Ageing & Society, Jg. 46, H. 6, S. 1310-1332. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X21001136
Abstract
"Ever more people are in paid work following the age of state pension availability, and yet the experience of working in this phase of the late career has been little studied. We interviewed a purposive sample of 25 Swedish people in their mid- to late sixties and early seventies, many of whom were or had recently been working while claiming an old-age pension. The data were analysed with constant comparative analysis in which we described and refined categories through the writing of analytic memos and diagramming. We observed that paid work took place within a particular material, normative and emotional landscape: a stable and secure pension income decommodifying these workers from the labour market, a social norm of a retired lifestyle and a looming sense of contraction of the future. This landscape made paid work in these years distinctive: characterised by immediate intrinsic rewards and processes of containing and reaffirming commitments to jobs. The oldest workers were able to craft assertively the temporal flexibility of their jobs in order to protect the autonomy and freedom that retirement represented and retain favoured job characteristics. Employed on short-term (hourly) contracts or self-employed, participants continually reassessed their decision to work. Participation in paid work in the retirement years is a distinctive second stage in the late career which blends the second and third ages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbs- und Lebenslagen von Über-60-Jährigen: Mit Pandemiebeginn arbeiteten auch Ältere mehr im Homeoffice als davor (2023)
Zitatform
Trahms, Annette, Basha Vicari & Christian Westermeier (2023): Erwerbs- und Lebenslagen von Über-60-Jährigen: Mit Pandemiebeginn arbeiteten auch Ältere mehr im Homeoffice als davor. (IAB-Kurzbericht 7/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2307
Abstract
"Von der Covid-19-Pandemie waren Über-60-Jährige mehrfach betroffen. Einerseits wegen des höheren Risikos für einen schweren Infektionsverlauf. Andererseits wirkte sich der Rückgang der betrieblichen Arbeitskräftenachfrage infolge von Kontaktbeschränkungen insbesondere auf die atypische Beschäftigung aus: Dazu zählen auch Minijobs, die gerade für ältere Beschäftigte und Rentenbeziehende eine häufige Erwerbsform darstellen. Mit Daten des IAB untersuchen die Autorinnen pandemiebedingte Veränderungen in verschiedenen Erwerbs- und Lebenslagen von 60- bis 70-jährigen Beschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of the Social Security Earnings Test (2022)
Zitatform
Gelber, Alexander M., Damon Jones, Daniel W. Sacks & Jae Song (2022): The Employment Effects of the Social Security Earnings Test. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 2, S. 341-371. DOI:10.3368/jhr.57.2.1018-9830R2
Abstract
"We investigate the impact of the Social Security Annual Earnings Test (AET) on the employment decisions of older Americans. The AET reduces Social Security benefits by one dollar for every two dollars earned above the exempt amount. Using a differences-in-differences design, we find that the employment rate of those predicted to become subject to the AET decreases substantially relative to those not predicted to become subject to it. The point estimates suggest that the AET reduces the employment rate of Americans aged 63-64 by at least 1.2 percentage points." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 26696 -
Literaturhinweis
Calling Older Workers Back to Work (2022)
Zitatform
Grigoli, Francesco, Zsóka Kóczán & Petia Topalova (2022): Calling Older Workers Back to Work. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 559-566. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2021.1876205
Abstract
"Population ageing in advanced economies could have significant macroeconomic implications, unless more individuals choose to participate in labour markets. In this context, the steep increase in the share of older workers who remain economically active since the mid-1990s is an overlooked yet encouraging trend. We identify the drivers of the rise in participation of the elderly relying on cross-country and individual-level data from advanced economies over the past three decades. Our findings suggest that the bulk of the increase in their participation is driven by gains in educational attainment and changes in labour market policies, such as the tax benefit system, and pension reforms. Urbanization and the increasing role of services also contributed, while automation weighed on their participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsbeteiligung im Ruhestandsalter: Die Rolle von Einkommensarmut und finanzieller Situation (2022)
Mergenthaler, Andreas;Zitatform
Mergenthaler, Andreas (2022): Erwerbsbeteiligung im Ruhestandsalter. Die Rolle von Einkommensarmut und finanzieller Situation. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 3-7.
Abstract
"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung im Ruhestandsalter ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Neben Reformen des Rentenrechts und einer veränderten Erwerbsneigung ist auch die finanzielle Situation für eine Erwerbstätigkeit älterer Menschen bedeutsam. Dieser Beitrag geht auf der Grundlage von Daten der Studie „Transitions and Old Age Potential“ (TOP) der Frage nach, welche Rolle Einkommensarmut und eine als schwierig wahrgenommene finanzielle Situation hinsichtlich der Erwerbsabsicht und der Erwerbsbeteiligung im Ruhestandsalter spielen. Hierbei wird deutlich, dass sowohl die objektive als auch die wahrgenommene Einkommenslage eine Beteiligung älterer Menschen am Arbeitsmarkt beeinflussen" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Rentnerinnen und Rentner am Arbeitsmarkt: Erwerbsarbeit im Ruhestand hat vielfältige Gründe - nicht nur finanzielle (2022)
Zitatform
Romeu Gordo, Laura, Stefanie Gundert, Heribert Engstler, Claudia Vogel & Julia Simonson (2022): Rentnerinnen und Rentner am Arbeitsmarkt: Erwerbsarbeit im Ruhestand hat vielfältige Gründe - nicht nur finanzielle. (IAB-Kurzbericht 08/2022), Nürnberg, 12 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2208
Abstract
"Erwerbstätigkeit im Ruhestand ist heute wesentlich stärker verbreitet als noch Mitte der 1990er Jahre. Dabei sind die Gründe, warum Rentnerinnen und Rentner einer bezahlten Arbeit nachgehen, vielfältig und häufig nicht in erster Linie finanzieller Art. Weitgehend unerforscht ist bisher, warum Personen im Ruhestand keiner Erwerbsarbeit nachgehen und welche Motive hinter nicht realisierten Erwerbswünschen im Rentenalter stehen. Der vorliegende Bericht bietet einen Überblick über die sozioökonomischen Lebensverhältnisse von erwerbstätigen und nicht erwerbstätigen Menschen im Ruhestand und zeigt die Gründe für (Nicht-)Erwerbstätigkeit in dieser Lebensphase." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsminderungsrenten und Erwerbstätigkeit in der späten Lebensphase (2022)
Zitatform
Seitz, Björn, Dirk Hofäcker & Hans Martin Hasselhorn (2022): Erwerbsminderungsrenten und Erwerbstätigkeit in der späten Lebensphase. In: Deutsche Rentenversicherung, Jg. 77, H. 4, S. 357-378.
Abstract
"Jüngere arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitische Reformen fokussieren vermehrt darauf, Bezieherinnen und Bezieher von Erwerbsminderungsrenten zurück in ein Beschäftigungsverhältnis zu bringen. Bislang ist jedoch wenig darüber bekannt, inwiefern Erwerbsminderungsverrentete noch einmal ins Erwerbsleben zurückkehren und in welchem Ausmaß noch weitere Rentenanwartschaften durch parallele Erwerbstätigkeit akkumuliert werden können. Der vorliegende Beitrag, der auf einem aktuellen vom Forschungsnetzwerk Alterssicherung (FNA) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung Bund geförderten Forschungsprojekt basiert, analysiert vor diesem Hintergrund detailliert die Erwerbsverläufe von Erwerbsgeminderten und ihre Rentenkonsequenzen. In Ergänzung existierender Forschung wird dabei auch die Erwerbsphase nach dem Eintritt in die Erwerbsminderungsrente mit einbezogen. Dafür wird auf Prozessdaten der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung zurückgegriffen. Auf Basis von Surveydaten der lidA-Studie wird zudem untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß sich bei erwerbsgeminderten Menschen im späteren Lebensalter noch Rückkehrwünsche in Erwerbsarbeit identifizieren lassen beziehungsweise unter welchen Umständen eine solche Rückkehr vorstellbar wäre." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
When and Why Do Employers (Re)Hire Employees Beyond Normal Retirement Age? (2022)
Tunney, Orlaith C.; Mulders, Jaap Oude;Zitatform
Tunney, Orlaith C. & Jaap Oude Mulders (2022): When and Why Do Employers (Re)Hire Employees Beyond Normal Retirement Age? In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 25-37. DOI:10.1093/workar/waab020
Abstract
"Older workers are increasingly being encouraged to work beyond normal retirement age (NRA). Given that employers generally control opportunities for employees to work beyond NRA, better understanding their motivations, attitudes, and experiences in (re)hiring employees to work beyond NRA is vital. To date, however, research investigating employment beyond NRA has primarily focused on the perspective and experiences of employees. In this study, we analyzed data from a 2017 survey of 1,214 Dutch employers to examine whether workplace social norms, employers’ concerns related to workforce aging, and structural organizational characteristics were related to whether or not they employed working retirees. We found that workplace norms about working beyond NRA, concerns about career opportunities for younger workers, and structural characteristics such as organizational size, sector, and proportion of female and older workers in the organization were significantly associated with whether or not organizations employed workers beyond NRA. In the second, exploratory, phase of our analysis, we investigated attitudes and approaches toward workers beyond NRA among those who had previously employed such workers. Most employers agree that they mainly (re)hire workers with unique knowledge or experience to work beyond NRA and that employees usually take the initiative in prolonging employment. Employers’ opinions on whether employees working beyond NRA should accept a pay cut or block the progress of other employees are more mixed. Insights gained from the current research can help guide future research and policy to support longer working lives, from both employee and employer perspectives, even beyond normal retirement age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trajectories of Worktime Control From Midlife to Retirement and Working Beyond Retirement Age (2022)
Virtanen, Marianna ; Kauppi, Maarit; Vahtera, Jussi ; Myllyntausta, Saana ; Prakash, K. C.; Stenholm, Sari ; Ervasti, Jenni ; Kivimäki, Mika ; Pentti, Jaana;Zitatform
Virtanen, Marianna, Saana Myllyntausta, Maarit Kauppi, Mika Kivimäki, Jaana Pentti, Jenni Ervasti, K. C. Prakash, Jussi Vahtera & Sari Stenholm (2022): Trajectories of Worktime Control From Midlife to Retirement and Working Beyond Retirement Age. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 273-281. DOI:10.1093/workar/waab023
Abstract
"The extent to which long-term individual-oriented flexibility in working hours is associated with working beyond retirement age is not known. The aims of the present study were to identify trajectories of worktime control (WTC) and to examine whether the membership of WTC trajectories was associated with working beyond individual’s pensionable age. A total of 1,953 older employees participated in the study and had data up to 16 years before pensionable age. Group-based latent trajectory modeling was used to identify WTC trajectories and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the associations of WTC trajectories with duration of employment. Seven trajectories described WTC: “Stable very low” (7%), “Stable low” (21%), “Declined” (12%), “Stable mid-low” (28%), “Improved” (10%), “Stable high” (16%), and “Stable very high” (5%). When compared with the lowest WTC trajectory groups, trajectories of “Stable high/very high” (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–1.54) and “Improved” WTC (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.25–1.78) were associated with longer duration of employment. Although the memberships of the “Stable high/very high” and “Improved” WTC trajectories correlated with gender, marital status, occupational position, and self-rated health, the association between WTC and duration of employment was not fully confounded or mediated by these factors. These findings support the hypothesis that having improved or constantly high control over working times from midlife to retirement age may prolong working lives at retirement age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Pensioner Employment, Well-Being, and Gender: Lessons from Russia (2021)
Ashwin, Sarah; Kozina, Irina M.; Keenan, Katherine;Zitatform
Ashwin, Sarah, Katherine Keenan & Irina M. Kozina (2021): Pensioner Employment, Well-Being, and Gender: Lessons from Russia. In: American journal of sociology, Jg. 127, H. 1, S. 152-193. DOI:10.1086/715150
Abstract
"Encouraging pensioner employment is one answer to the challenge of aging societies. Employment positively influences the subjective well-being (SWB) of working-age populations, but the implications for pensioners, including variance by gender and occupational class, are unclear. We examine this variance using mixed methods on data from Russia, where pensioner employment is comparatively high. Utilizing data on 5,703 individuals ages 45–70 from 12 waves of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (2003–15), we estimate individual fixed-effects models for life satisfaction, exploring mechanisms using longitudinal qualitative data. We find pensioner employment positively influences SWB of both genders across the occupational hierarchy. We attribute the muting of occupational variance to the decommodifying action of pensions. We find gender differences in mechanisms: pensioner employment gives women a noneconomic SWB boost, but additional income explains men’s SWB improvements. We theorize this finding using our qualitative data, showing how gendered age schemas shape pensioner well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Calling Older Workers Back to Work (2021)
Zitatform
Grigoli, Francesco, Zsóka Kóczán & Petia Topalova (2021): Calling Older Workers Back to Work. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 762), Essen, 12 S.
Abstract
"Population aging in advanced economies could have significant macroeconomic implications, unless more individuals choose to participate in labor markets. In this context, the steep increase in the share of older workers who remain economically active since the mid- 1990s is an overlooked yet encouraging trend. We identify the drivers of the rise in participation of the elderly relying on cross-country and individual-level data from advanced economies over the past three decades. Our findings suggest that the bulk of the increase in their participation is driven by gains in educational attainment and changes in labor market policies, such as the tax benefit system, and pension reforms. Urbanization and the increasing role of services also contributed, while automation weighed on their participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Attitudes towards working in retirement: a latent class analysis of older workers' motives (2021)
Zitatform
Hess, Moritz, Laura Naegele & Jana Mäcken (2021): Attitudes towards working in retirement: a latent class analysis of older workers' motives. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 357-368. DOI:10.1007/s10433-020-00584-5
Abstract
"One of the fastest growing labour market groups is working pensioners, meaning those who work past the statutory retirement age whilst receiving a pension. Previous research has investigated the motives of this group and found very heterogeneous reasons for employment in retirement. However, little is known about the expectations and preferred work arrangements of older workers regarding a potential post-retirement employment. Using data from the German survey transitions and old age potential, we explore older workers' motives, preferences and expectations towards working in retirement. Results show that about half of the respondents plan to work in addition to receiving a pension; however, the share is higher amongst men and those with higher levels of education. The motives for staying in post-retirement employment vary as well: using latent class analysis, we find four distinct patterns of motives that can be classified as (1) financially-driven, (2) status-driven, (3) contact and fun-driven, as well as (4) generativity-driven, underlining the complexity of retirement decisions. Furthermore, preferences regarding arrangements when combining work and retirement are very heterogeneous. Whilst highly educated men want to work as self-employed, women and those with lower qualifications want to stay in their old jobs. Only small differences were found regarding preferred hours (about 17) and days per week (2.24). In summary, the results show that the rapidly growing group of working pensioners and their preferences should be seen as characterised by differences by those responsible for creating these post-retirement employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Money also is sunny in a retiree’s world: financial incentives and work after retirement (2021)
Zitatform
Lorenz, Svenja & Thomas Zwick (2021): Money also is sunny in a retiree’s world: financial incentives and work after retirement. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 55. DOI:10.1186/s12651-021-00304-1
Abstract
"This paper assesses the impact of financial incentives on working after retirement. The empirical analysis is based on a large administrative individual career data set that includes information about 2% of all German employees subject to social security or in marginal employment until age 67 and their employers in the period 1975–2014. We use the classical labor supply model and differentiate between the impact of (potential) labor and non-labor (pension entitlements) income. A Heckman-type two step selection model corrects for endogeneity. We show that labor income has a positive and non-labor income a negative impact on the decision to work after retirement. Especially individuals who can substantially increase their earnings in comparison to their pension entitlements accordingly have a higher probability to work. Men are more attracted by labor earnings incentives than women. Also individuals who work until retirement are easier attracted to work after retirement by higher labor income than those with gaps between employment exit and retirement. Our results allow the calculation of the impact of changes in taxes on labor and non-labor income and changes in earnings offers by employers on work after retirement for different demographic groups." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reversing retirement frontiers in the spaces of post-socialism: active ageing through migration for work (2021)
Zitatform
Lulle, Aija (2021): Reversing retirement frontiers in the spaces of post-socialism: active ageing through migration for work. In: Ageing & Society, Jg. 41, H. 6, S. 1308-1327. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X20001518
Abstract
"This paper reworks the notion of active ageing through analysis of a case which reverses the retirement-migration nexus – people in the post-socialist realm who approach retirement age and then migrate to begin a new working life. They are thereby introducing a new and complex arrangement to the general concept of ‘international retirement migration’. In the post-socialist world, new retirement migration frontiers emerge in the context of a severe weakening of welfare systems. I illustrate this case with data from long-term research with ageing Latvian migrant women to the United Kingdom and the Nordic countries. Even those whose old-age pensions are more or less adequate nevertheless seek temporary employment and new cultural experiences abroad. However, the dominant trend has been towards the pauperisation of older parents and those approaching retirement age due to the significant decline in state welfare. This case of many older-age Latvians who de facto cannot retire due to low disposable income reveals ‘reverse frontiers of retirement’: working as long as they can, pushing their personal geographical frontiers outward by emigrating for work and making national frontiers more porous through transnational practices. Conceptually and geographically, the research holds relevance for a wider discussion of trends and contextual factors in other post-Soviet and post-socialist countries with increasing diversities among retirees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Intention to Paid and/or Unpaid Activities in Retirement. A Study of Older Workers in Germany (2021)
Micheel, Frank;Zitatform
Micheel, Frank (2021): The Intention to Paid and/or Unpaid Activities in Retirement. A Study of Older Workers in Germany. In: Journal of Aging & Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 101-119. DOI:10.1080/08959420.2019.1685354
Abstract
"Within the controversial active aging discourse in Germany, this article discusses if older people are willing to be active in retirement and which factors explain this phenomenon. Empirical analyses are based on the German representative survey “Transitions and Old Age Potentials” with an analytic sample of 1,313 blue and white collar workers born between 1946 and 1958. Results imply that intended unpaid post-retirement activities are a high priority in older adulthood. Furthermore, retirement planning shows the strongest association between paid and unpaid activities. Aside from actual retirement behavior, this study underlines the relevance of intended post-retirement work as an important facet in the active aging discourse." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do deferred benefit cuts for current employees increase separation? (2021)
Quinby, Laura D.; Wettstein, Gal;Zitatform
Quinby, Laura D. & Gal Wettstein (2021): Do deferred benefit cuts for current employees increase separation? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 73. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102081
Abstract
"This study examines whether deferred benefit cuts increase worker separation. The analysis utilizes a 2005 reform to the Employees' Retirement System of Rhode Island (ERSRI) that reduced benefits for ERSRI members who had not vested by 2005, and did not affect high-tenure ERSRI members and municipal government employees. A triple-differences research design yields an elasticity of employer-specific labor supply with respect to deferred benefits of 0.28. Although state employees were more sensitive to benefit cuts than teachers, low elasticities for both groups suggest that the labor market for public employees is not highly competitive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Adaptation or Exploration? Understanding Older Workers' Plans for Post-Retirement Paid and Volunteer Work (2021)
Zitatform
Solinge, Hanna van, Marleen Damman & Douglas A. Hershey (2021): Adaptation or Exploration? Understanding Older Workers' Plans for Post-Retirement Paid and Volunteer Work. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 129-142. DOI:10.1093/workar/waaa027
Abstract
"Numerous investigations have sought to understand the types of individuals who engage in post-retirement work. However, little is known about why older adults are motivated to engage. The aim of the present article is to examine the extent to which two possible mechanisms—adaptation (adjusting to the loss of work role) and exploration (retirement as opportunity to engage in activities in line with personal values)—play a role in explaining planning for paid work or volunteering after retirement. Analyses are based on large-scale survey data collected in 2015 among older workers in the Netherlands (N = 6,278). Results show that the large majority of older Dutch workers have plans for post-retirement paid and/or volunteer work. Moreover, both mechanisms appear to contribute to the understanding of post-retirement work plans, yet in different ways. Specifically, older workers who expect to miss latent work functions are more likely to have plans for post-retirement work, with their general values guiding the type of work they gravitate toward. Having plans for post-retirement paid work was more prevalent among older workers who attached more importance to personal growth, whereas having plans for volunteer work was more prevalent among older workers who had a stronger social orientation. Moreover, results suggest that men, more often than women, translate the anticipated loss of latent work functions into plans for post-retirement paid work. These insights regarding the motivational antecedents of post-retirement work plans are highly relevant in light of policy discussions of active and healthy aging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does a job guarantee pay off? The fiscal costs of fighting long-term unemployment in Austria* (2021)
Theurl, Simon; Tamesberger, Dennis;Zitatform
Theurl, Simon & Dennis Tamesberger (2021): Does a job guarantee pay off? The fiscal costs of fighting long-term unemployment in Austria*. In: European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 364-378. DOI:10.4337/ejeep.2021.0077
Abstract
"The idea of a job guarantee (JG) to tackle unemployment has become popular again over recent years. Critics often point to the fiscal costs and the macroeconomic impact of a government financing full employment. In this paper, we analyse the fiscal costs of a JG for long-term unemployed people over the age of 45 in Austria. We show that a JG pays off in the long run. Even if the amount of jobs to be provided increases in times of a recession, or if a government starts with a certain amount of jobs and increases it afterwards, the JG would pay for itself." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Zwangsrente ist ungerecht: Gastbeitrag (2021)
Zitatform
Weber, Enzo (2021): Die Zwangsrente ist ungerecht. Gastbeitrag. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung H. 04.10.2021, o. Sz., 2021-09-07.
Abstract
"Über die Krise hat die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit deutlich zugenommen, und damit nehmen auch Fälle zu, in denen die Situation verpflichtender Frühverrentung eintreten könnte. Gleichzeitig sinkt seit vergangenem Jahr das Erwerbspersonenpotenzial in Deutschland. Unfreiwillige Renteneintritte würden da denkbar schlecht ins Bild passen. Die vorgeschlagene Reform bietet die Möglichkeit, die Zwangsrente ohne unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen aus der Welt zu schaffen. Diese Chance sollte die Politik im Zuge einer Neugestaltung des Grundsicherungssystems ergreifen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Organizational Practices for the Aging Workforce: Development and Validation of the Later Life Workplace Index (2021)
Zitatform
Wilckens, Max R., Anne M. Wöhrmann, Jürgen Deller & Mo Wang (2021): Organizational Practices for the Aging Workforce: Development and Validation of the Later Life Workplace Index. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 7, H. 4, S. 352-386. DOI:10.1093/workar/waaa012
Abstract
"The present three studies focused on the development and validation of a multifaceted measure of organizational practices for the aging workforce, the Later Life Workplace Index (LLWI). The first study developed a comprehensive item pool based on expert interview evidence from Germany and the United States. Two further studies among workers across industries in Germany (N = 609, N = 349) provided psychometric evidence. The LLWI comprises nine distinct domains of organizational practices for the aging workforce, namely an age-friendly organizational climate and leadership style, certain work design characteristics, health management, individual development opportunities, knowledge management, the design of the retirement transition, continued employment opportunities, and health and retirement coverage. The final LLWI consists of 80 items in total. In addition, the studies demonstrated that the LLWI measures correlated with older workers' work outcomes such as stress level, workability, person-organization fit, and post-retirement work intentions in meaningful ways. Applications for the LLWI in research and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmarkt 65 plus: Doppelt so viele Erwerbstätige wie vor zehn Jahren (2021)
Zitatform
(2021): Arbeitsmarkt 65 plus. Doppelt so viele Erwerbstätige wie vor zehn Jahren. In: Sozialrecht + Praxis, Jg. 31, H. 8, S. 499-503.
Abstract
"Erwerbstätige müssen bis zur Rente immer länger arbeiten. Seit 2012 steigt das Renteneintrittsalter stufenweise von 65 auf 67 Jahre bis 2031, zuletzt wurde auch eine Anhebung danach auf 68 Jahre diskutiert. Schon jetzt sind ältere Menschen deutlich häufiger erwerbstätig als vor zehn Jahren: Im Jahr 2019 waren hierzulande acht Prozent der Menschen im Alter ab 65 erwerbstätig, wie das Statistische Bundesamt mitteilt. 2009 betrug ihr Anteil noch vier Prozent." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Rentnerinnen und Rentnern zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (Serie "Corona-Krise: Folgen für den Arbeitsmarkt") (2020)
Zitatform
Anger, Silke, Annette Trahms & Christian Westermeier (2020): Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Rentnerinnen und Rentnern zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (Serie "Corona-Krise: Folgen für den Arbeitsmarkt"). In: IAB-Forum H. 31.07.2020 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2020-07-29.
Abstract
"Die Erwerbstätigkeit der Älteren ist in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Viele Beschäftigte würden nach ihrem Renteneintritt gerne weiterhin erwerbstätig sein, finden aber keinen entsprechenden Job. Durch die Corona-Krise dürfte die steigende Erwerbstätigkeit von Älteren einen Rückschlag erfahren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Unretirement in the 2010s: Prevalence, Determinants, and Outcomes (2020)
Cahill, Kevin E.; Giandrea, Michael D.; Quinn, Joseph F.;Zitatform
Cahill, Kevin E., Michael D. Giandrea & Joseph F. Quinn (2020): Unretirement in the 2010s: Prevalence, Determinants, and Outcomes. (BLS working paper 529), Washington, DC, 28 S.
Abstract
"For several decades a sizable minority of older Americans have reentered the labor force after an initial retirement, or “unretired.” The percentage who have done so has remained remarkably stable over the years. While measures of unretirement differ across studies, by one measure between 10 to 20 percent of older career workers reenter the labor after leaving for two or more years. This paper explores whether unretirements have been increasing in recent years, most notably in the aftermath of the Great Recession and the slow but persistent economic recovery that followed. We use data on four cohorts of older career workers from the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1992 through 2016 and examine the prevalence of reentry over time among each one. We find that reentry continues to play an important role in the retirement process of older Americans, with rates more or less consistent across cohorts. Most notably, we do not find evidence of a shift in the prevalence of unretirements in recent years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job strain in working retirees in Europe: a latent class analysis (2020)
Zitatform
Dingemans, Ellen & Kène Henkens (2020): Job strain in working retirees in Europe: a latent class analysis. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 40, H. 9, S. 2040-2060. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X19000473
Abstract
"Scientific research has made great progress towards a better understanding of the determinants and consequences of working after retirement. However, working conditions in post-retirement jobs remain largely unexplored. Therefore, using information on working conditions such as job demands, job control and work hours, we investigate whether working retirees can be categorised by the quality of their jobs. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we perform latent class analysis on a sample of 2,926 working retirees in 11 European countries. The results point to the existence of two sub-groups of working retirees. The first is confronted with high-strain jobs, while the second sub-group participates in low-strain jobs. Subsequent (multi-level) logit analysis undertaken to describe the two classes further suggests that classification in either group is predicted by the socio-economic status of working retirees and by the context of poverty in old age in the countries in question. We conclude that working after retirement in a high-strain job may be conceptually different from working in a low-strain job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
An ageless gift: Reciprocity and value creation by and for older workers (2020)
Foweraker, Barbara; Cutcher, Leanne;Zitatform
Foweraker, Barbara & Leanne Cutcher (2020): An ageless gift: Reciprocity and value creation by and for older workers. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 533-549. DOI:10.1177/0950017019841521
Abstract
"Much of the extant literature views older workers through the lenses of human capital theory or ageism and age discrimination, both of which emphasise older workers' value deficit. Using the case of a company that employs older workers, this article explores how ongoing exchanges between the organisation, its employees and its customers create three inter-related types of value: surplus value, staging value and accrual value. The organisation extracts surplus value by employing an older workforce who, grateful for employment during older age, reciprocate by drawing on embodied social capital to gift staging value, which sees customers reciprocate by endorsing the organisation's products. Employment in this case is viewed as extending beyond pure commodity exchange to incorporate elements of gift exchange. The ongoing interaction and exchange with others through their work is the means by which the employees attach accrual value to themselves, thereby reproducing the good and proper ageing subject." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working Pensioners in Europe: Demographics, health, economic situation and the role of pension systems (2020)
Goll, Nicolas;Zitatform
Goll, Nicolas (2020): Working Pensioners in Europe. Demographics, health, economic situation and the role of pension systems. (MEA discussion papers / Munich Center for the Economics of Aging 2020,10), München, 38 S.
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde es in vielen europäischen Ländern RentnerInnen vereinfacht, Rentenleistungen mit Erwerbseinkommen zu kombinieren. Dadurch wurde ihnen ein flexibler Renteneintritt erleichtert. Insgesamt gibt es zu erwerbstätigen Rentnern, die sich für einen flexiblen Renteneintritt entscheiden, bislang wenig Erkenntnisse. Das gilt insbesondere für Studien mit einem länderübergreifenden Blickwinkel. Dieses Papier untersucht mithilfe von Daten des Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) die Determinanten von Erwerbstätigkeit unter Rentenbeziehern in 13 europäischen Ländern. Die Untersuchung bezieht explizit die Rolle der Rentensysteme mit in die Analyse ein und überprüft, ob wichtige Merkmale des Rentensystems einen flexiblen Renteneintritt erleichtern oder erschweren. Danach wird analysiert, welche Variablen die länderübergreifende Variation erklären können. Die Hauptergebnisse sind, dass sowohl sozio-demografische Merkmale als auch die individuelle Gesundheit, ökonomische Aspekte und das Rentensystem wichtige Gründe sind, warum sich Individuen dazu entscheiden, am Ende ihrer Berufslaufbahn ihre Rentenbezüge mit Erwerbseinkommen zu kombinieren. Die Variation zwischen den Ländern kann hauptsächlich durch ökonomische Unterschiede und durch Unterschiede in den Rentensystemen erklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Socio-economic differences in retirement timing and participation in post-retirement employment in a context of a flexible pension age (2020)
Zitatform
Leinonen, Tania, Tarani Chandola, Mikko Laaksonen & Pekka Martikainen (2020): Socio-economic differences in retirement timing and participation in post-retirement employment in a context of a flexible pension age. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 348-368. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X18000958
Abstract
"Socio-economic circumstances influence later-life employment participation, which may take different forms as retirement processes are complex. We aimed to explore the diverse effects of various socio-economic sub-domains on pre- and post-retirement employment. We used Finnish register data to examine socio-economic predictors of time to retirement (i.e. receiving the statutory pension) using Cox regression analysis and on time spent in post-retirement employment using repeated negative binomial regression analysis over a follow-up between the ages of 63 and 68, i.e. the flexible pension age range. An average wage earner still employed at age 62 spent 13.5 months in pre-retirement employment (this corresponds to time to retirement) and 4.8 months in post-retirement employment. Those with tertiary education retired later, but the educational differences in the total time spent in employment were small when post-retirement employment was also considered. There was little variation in the timing of retirement by household income, but those in the highest quintile spent the longest time in post-retirement employment. Upper non-manual employees, home renters and those with high household debt retired later, and those with high household debt also spent a longer time in post-retirement employment. In a national flexible pension age system, high occupational class and household income thus appear to encourage either later retirement or participation in post-retirement employment. However, economic constraints also appear to necessitate continued employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ausweitung der Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer: Aktuell Stagnation bei den Babyboomern (2020)
Zitatform
Loichinger, Elke & Sebastian Klüsener (2020): Ausweitung der Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer. Aktuell Stagnation bei den Babyboomern. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 3-7.
Abstract
"Von der bereits länger andauernden Alterung der Gesellschaft hat Deutschland bisher eher profitiert. Hierzu trug bei, dass niedrige Geburtenraten zunächst den Anteil von abhängigen jüngeren Personen wie Kinder und Jugendliche reduziert haben. Gleichzeitig stieg der Anteil der Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter. In den kommenden Jahren wird sich diese Konstellation erheblich verändern, da die besonders stark besetzten „Babyboomer“-Jahrgänge der 1950er und 1960er Jahre das Rentenalter erreichen. Gleichzeitig treten relativ gering besetzte Jahrgänge in das Erwerbsalter ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Money also is sunny in a retiree's world (2020)
Zitatform
Lorenz, Svenja & Thomas Zwick (2020): Money also is sunny in a retiree's world. (ZEW discussion paper 2020-056), Mannheim, 27 S.
Abstract
"This paper shows that labor income plays an important positive role for the decision to work after retirement. Especially individuals who have the chance to substantially supplement their pension entitlements have a higher earnings elasticity. Men are more attracted by earnings incentives than women. Also individuals who work until retirement can easier be attracted by financial incentives to work after retirement than those with bridge options. Our analysis is based on a representative and large administrative individual career data set that includes employer information. We use an endogeneity correction model to estimate labor and non-labor financial determinants of labor market participation after retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Altes" und "Neues" Ehrenamt nach dem Berufsleben: Aktuelle Befunde aus der TOP-Studie des BiB (2020)
Mergenthaler, Andreas; Micheel, Frank;Zitatform
Mergenthaler, Andreas & Frank Micheel (2020): "Altes" und "Neues" Ehrenamt nach dem Berufsleben. Aktuelle Befunde aus der TOP-Studie des BiB. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 41, H. 5, S. 3-7.
Abstract
"Freiwilliges Engagement im Ehrenamt wird im Zuge der Zunahme der Lebenserwartung und der Alterung der Babyboomer als sinnstiftende Tätigkeit für ältere Menschen in der nachberuflichen Lebensphase, als „Arbeit nach der Arbeit“ (Backes, Höltge 2008), diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird der gesellschaftliche Nutzen des Ehrenamts hervorgehoben, da es sowohl eine wichtige Rolle bei der Erschließung der Potenziale älterer Menschen spielt als auch zur Solidarität zwischen den Generationen beitragen soll." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Retirees and motivation to work by the type of employment contract: impact of the Czech reform (2020)
Pertold, Filip; Lakotova, Lenka;Zitatform
Pertold, Filip & Lenka Lakotova (2020): Retirees and motivation to work by the type of employment contract: impact of the Czech reform. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 41, H. 5, S. 595-617. DOI:10.1108/IJM-12-2019-0544
Abstract
"Purpose: In this paper, the authors analyse a 2010 legal reform in the Czech Republic, which allowed retirees to simultaneously receive regular pension benefits and to work on a permanent contract for a period longer than one year. Previously, concurrence of employment and receipt of retirement benefits were only allowed in conjunction with a temporary work contract with a maximum duration of one year. Design/methodology/approach: The authors employ the difference-in-differences method. The authors include only males in the analysis because it is not possible to identify the legal retirement age for women from available data. Men in the workforce 1–3 years prior to the statutory retirement age are in a control group, while men 1–3 years older are in a treatment group. Findings: The authors show that the reform significantly increased the share of permanent contracts held by retirees (by 22.5–27.6 percentage points), though we do not find any aggregate short-term change in employment of retirees. Heterogeneity analysis shows a significant increase in the employment of retirees with only elementary school education (by 17.9 percentage points) and a significant decrease in the number of hours worked by retirees (by 2.5 h weekly for low-educated workers). Practical implications The policy conclusion is that the regulation of employment contract does not affect aggregate employment, but may improve employment of low skilled workers. Originality/value: To the authors' best knowledge, there are no studies directly analysing motivation of retirees by types of employment contracts. The authors, thus, add to the literature that studies dealing with the general fixed-term versus permanent contracts (Engellandt and Riphahn, 2003) and motivation to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Silver Worker – Beschäftigung jenseits der Regelaltersgrenze aus Arbeitnehmer- und Arbeitgeberperspektive (2020)
Pimpertz, Jochen; Stettes, Oliver;Zitatform
Pimpertz, Jochen & Oliver Stettes (2020): Silver Worker – Beschäftigung jenseits der Regelaltersgrenze aus Arbeitnehmer- und Arbeitgeberperspektive. In: IW-Trends, Jg. 47, H. 2, S. 43-63. DOI:10.2373/1864-810X.20-02-03
Abstract
"Die Beschäftigung jenseits der Regelaltersgrenze kann ein Mittel sein, um die Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels für das Rentensystem und die Fachkräftesicherung zu bewältigen. Eine empirische Analyse auf Basis des IW-Personalpanels zeigt, dass in vier von zehn hiesigen Unternehmen Personen beschäftigt sind, die eine Rente beziehen oder das gesetzliche Renteneintrittsalter erreicht haben – die sogenannten Silver Worker. Die empirische Evidenz spricht dafür, dass Unternehmen den Einsatz von Silver Workern als personalpolitisches Instrument erkannt haben. Mit Teilzeitbeschäftigungsverhältnissen und Minijobs fördern sie den Wissenstransfer zwischen den Generationen im Betrieb, mit einer Weiterbeschäftigung in Vollzeit wenden sie hingegen eher eine drohende Fachkräftelücke im Betrieb ab. Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Hemmnisse sind vor allem für die Fälle zu vermuten, in denen mit dem Übergang zum Rentenbezug auch eine kündigungsschutzrechtlich relevante Änderung des Arbeitsvertrags einhergeht. Dies betrifft insbesondere das Befristungsverbot bei einer Weiterbeschäftigung, die erst nach dem Ausscheiden vereinbart wird. Mehr als ein Drittel der Unternehmen mit Erfahrungen bei der Beschäftigung von Silver Workern berichtet jedoch auch, dass ihr Bedarf auf kein Interesse bei den betroffenen Beschäftigten stößt. Zweifel bestehen, ob mit einer Ausweitung rentenrechtlicher Anreize diese Zurückhaltung überwunden werden kann. Denn ob verspätete Inanspruchnahme oder zusätzliche Beitragszahlung, sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung im Ruhestandsalter wirkt sich bereits im Status quo positiv auf die spätere Rentenhöhe aus." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
'I never really left the university:' Continuity amongst male academics in the transition from work to retirement (2020)
Zitatform
Rowson, Tatiana S. & Christopher Phillipson (2020): 'I never really left the university:' Continuity amongst male academics in the transition from work to retirement. In: Journal of Aging Studies, Jg. 53, S. 1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100853
Abstract
"This study investigates the transition to retirement of male academics. It applies approaches drawn from Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage (CAD) principles to expand Continuity theory by examining evidence for continuity and inequalities in the lifestyles of the respondents. Biographical-Narrative interviews with 20 retired academics in Brazil and the United Kingdom were conducted and analysed using Thematic Analysis. An exploration of the same occupational group in different cultural and social contexts was carried out to capture a diversity of CAD influences on retirement outcomes. The experience of continuity was individualised to each participant due to their unique combination of advantages, and their subjective interpretation of their experiences. Cumulative processes identified in this study related to (1) occupational roles played in their career; and (2) organisational level policies and practices for retirement. At the level of individual retired men, cultural and social context factors were not perceived as influential in the achievement of continuity in retirement. Continuity theory is still supported, but alone offers limited explanations of the diversity of experiences in the transition to retirement of male academics. A consideration of the role of cumulative processes and systemic dynamics, including how individuals respond to their experiences in retirement, shows how these different factors interact and affect retirement and ageing. Further studies should investigate the processes identified with other occupations, as well as women and minority groups." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Revisiting the effect of statutory pension ages on the participation rate (2020)
Turner, David; Morgavi, Hermes;Zitatform
Turner, David & Hermes Morgavi (2020): Revisiting the effect of statutory pension ages on the participation rate. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1616), Paris, 28 S. DOI:10.1787/3f430e2b-en
Abstract
"Many OECD governments have enacted, or are contemplating, future increases in statutory pension ages, sometimes provoking vociferous political opposition. Empirical cross-country estimation work consistently finds that coefficients on statutory pension ages are positive and highly statistically significant in explaining labour-force participation at older ages. There is also some consistency in the magnitude of the estimated effects across studies, although this magnitude seems surprisingly modest when translated into the implied effect on average retirement ages: an increase in statutory pension ages by one year is typically estimated to increase the average effective retirement age by only about two months." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
IAB-Stellenerhebung: Betriebe wollten 2018 deutlich mehr rentenberechtigte Mitarbeiter halten als 2015 (2020)
Westermeier, Christian; Wolf, Mario;Zitatform
Westermeier, Christian & Mario Wolf (2020): IAB-Stellenerhebung: Betriebe wollten 2018 deutlich mehr rentenberechtigte Mitarbeiter halten als 2015. (IAB-Kurzbericht 18/2020), Nürnberg, 12 S.
Abstract
"Der demografische Wandel in Deutschland erfordert zunehmend Flexibilität von Beschäftigten und Betrieben. Eine attraktivere Gestaltung der Weiterbeschäftigung bei gleichzeitigem Rentenbezug ist dabei eine wichtige Option, um ältere Menschen länger auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu halten. Auf Basis repräsentativer Betriebsbefragungen jeweils im 4. Quartal 2015 und 2018 untersuchen die Autoren diese Fragen: Wie viele und welche Betriebe haben überhaupt Interesse an einer Weiterbeschäftigung von rentenberechtigten Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern? Welche der verfügbaren Maßnahmen gelten als besonders hilfreich und welche werden tatsächlich genutzt? Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich der Anteil der rentenberechtigten Beschäftigten, die die Betriebe halten wollten, zwischen 2015 und 2018 mehr als verdoppelt hat. Am häufigsten wird die Weiterbeschäftigung über den Wechsel in einen Minijob realisiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Life-Course Influences on Extended Working: Experiences of Women in a UK Baby-Boom Birth Cohort (2020)
Wildman, Josephine M.;Zitatform
Wildman, Josephine M. (2020): Life-Course Influences on Extended Working: Experiences of Women in a UK Baby-Boom Birth Cohort. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 211-227. DOI:10.1177/0950017019880077
Abstract
Combining feminist political economy and life-course perspectives, this mixed-methods study critically examines the extent to which extended working life policies take account of women’s experiences of paid and unpaid work. I explore how decisions to extend working life are shaped by gendered social structures and norms across the life course among women in the Newcastle Thousand Families Study, a UK early baby-boom birth cohort. Among this cohort of women currently transitioning into retirement, analysis of longitudinal survey data identifies a range of mid- and later-life factors that impact on the likelihood of women working beyond state-pension age. In-depth life-course interviews identify further complex and interacting gendered life-course experiences, not captured in the survey data, which act to necessitate, encourage, enable or constrain extended working. I conclude that, if women are to extend their working lives, ‘joined-up’ policies are required, addressing gendered inequalities across the life course. (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of grandchildren on grandparental labour supply: Evidence from Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Backhaus, Andreas & Mikkel Barslund (2019): The effect of grandchildren on grandparental labour supply. Evidence from Europe. (EconPol working paper 31), München, 24 S.
Abstract
"Grandparents at working-age spend a considerable amount of time taking care of their grandchildren. These time transfers might imply economic trade-offs regarding the participation in the labour market. Using an instrumental variable strategy and multiple waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we estimate the causal effect of grandparenthood on the labour supply of working-age grandparents in ten European countries. In our preferred specification, we find a large negative impact of grandparenthood on the labour supply of women aged 55 to 64. This effect is particularly pronounced following the arrival of the first grandchild and for grandmothers who live in close distance to their offspring. It further operates at the extensive margin of labour supply, resulting in grandmothers leaving the labour market entirely. By contrast, male labour supply does not significantly adjust in response to grandparenthood. Our results imply a relevant trade-off between labour supply and grandchild care for European women of later working age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))