Schwarzarbeit
Schwarzarbeit ist entgeltliche Arbeit, für die rechtswidrig weder Steuern noch Sozialabgaben bezahlt werden. Sie ist Teil der im Verborgenen blühenden Schattenwirtschaft. Entsprechend schwierig ist es, ihren Umfang genau zu quantifizieren oder die Erfolge bei der Bekämpfung der illegalen Beschäftigung zu bewerten. Die Infoplattform erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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Literaturhinweis
Korruption und Schattenwirtschaft (2010)
Belke, Ansgar; Opitz, Stefanie;Zitatform
Belke, Ansgar & Stefanie Opitz (2010): Korruption und Schattenwirtschaft. In: Das Wirtschaftsstudium, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 385-390.
Abstract
"Korruption und Schattenwirtschaft können zu beträchtlichen volkswirtschaftlichen Schaden führen und den wirtschaftlichen Fortschritt hemmen. Sie hängen auf unterschiedliche Weise zusammen. Es gibt mehrere Möglichkeiten, sie zu bekämpfen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Abschätzung des Ausmaßes der Schwarzarbeit: eine Untersuchung im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales (2010)
Boockmann, Bernhard; Döhrn, Roland; Verbeek, Hans; Groneck, Max;Zitatform
Boockmann, Bernhard, Roland Döhrn, Max Groneck & Hans Verbeek (2010): Abschätzung des Ausmaßes der Schwarzarbeit. Eine Untersuchung im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. (IAW Policy Reports 04), Tübingen u.a., 120 S.
Abstract
"Zum Wesen der Schwarzarbeit gehört es, dass sie sich im Verborgenen abspielt. Eine möglichst genaue Beschreibung und Quantifizierung der der Schwarzarbeit zugrunde liegenden Phänomene ist jedoch Voraussetzung für ein planvolles Vorgehen der Politik. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das Forschungsprojekt zum Ziel, den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zur Messung von Schwarzarbeit zu ermitteln und die Möglichkeiten zu klären, im Rahmen weiterer Forschungsvorhaben neue Erkenntnisse über Ursachen, Art und Ausmaß der Schwarzarbeit zu gewinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The changing nature of the OECD shadow economy (2010)
Bovi, Maurizio; Dell¿Anno, Roberto;Zitatform
Bovi, Maurizio & Roberto Dell¿Anno (2010): The changing nature of the OECD shadow economy. In: Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 19-48. DOI:10.1007/s00191-009-0138-8
Abstract
"Traditionally, the presence of the shadow economy (SE) has been associated, mainly and positively, with taxation. Recently, some authors have suggested that the SE may be also linked to the institutional setting (efficiency of the bureaucracy, regulations, corruption, etc.) so that just two stable equilibria are possible. In the 'good' one, there is a small hidden sector, large fiscal revenues and honest/appreciated institutions. The other, 'bad', equilibrium is the opposite. Unlike the traditional approach, therefore, the recent literature argues that the tax burden and SE can be negatively correlated. Examining the links between these variables in relatively uncorrupt systems, this paper reconciles the two views. Theoretically, it claims that many different good equilibria can emerge whereby SE and its determinants are linked in complex and different ways. For instance, taxation and SE can go hand-in-hand, even taking into account the institutional framework. Empirical evidence for OECD countries supports both the model and the changing nature of the SE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dropping the books and working off the books (2010)
Cappariello, Rita; Zizza, Roberta;Zitatform
Cappariello, Rita & Roberta Zizza (2010): Dropping the books and working off the books. In: Labour, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 139-162. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2010.00479.x
Abstract
"The paper empirically tests the relationship between underground labour and schooling achievement for Italy, a country ranking badly in both respects when compared with other high-income economies, with a marked duality between North and South. In order to identify underground workers, we exploit the information on individuals' social security positions available from the Bank of Italy's Survey on Household Income and Wealth. After controlling for a wide range of sociodemographic and economic variables and addressing potential endogeneity and selection issues, we show that a low level of education sizeably and significantly increases the probability of working underground. Switching from completing compulsory school to graduating at college more than halves this probability for both men and women. The gain is slightly higher for individuals completing the compulsory track with respect to those having no formal education at all. The different probabilities found for self-employed and dependent workers support the view of a dual informal sector, in which necessity and desirability coexist." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Shadow employment in post-transition: is informal employment a matter of choice or no choice in Poland? (2010)
Zitatform
Cichocki, Stanislaw & Joanna Tyrowicz (2010): Shadow employment in post-transition. Is informal employment a matter of choice or no choice in Poland? In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 527-535. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2010.03.003
Abstract
"According to a dualistic view, shadow employment may follow from two main labour market failures: (i) official market labour taxation distortions make it ineffective for some agents to engage in registered employment due to a tax wedge; or (ii) for some workers regular employment may be unattainable do to some high access costs or demand constraints, which results in seeking earning opportunities beyond the boundaries of the official labour market. Whereas in the first case revenues from unofficial employment should be higher than the corresponding official ones (tax evasion hypothesis), in the alternative explanation labour market tightness seems to be an underlying reason (market segmentation hypothesis). We use a unique data set from a survey on undeclared employment from Poland. Using propensity score matching and decomposition techniques we demonstrate that workers of shadow economy are characterised by slightly higher endowments, while their revenues are considerably lower than among matched official economy counterparts. Although unobservable heterogeneity is considerable, results are robust. Although this is not direct evidence, we believe these results point to the labour market segmentation hypothesis and endangerment with social exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Shadow economy: the impact of regulation in OECD-countries (2010)
Enste, Dominik H.;Zitatform
Enste, Dominik H. (2010): Shadow economy: the impact of regulation in OECD-countries. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 555-571. DOI:10.1080/10168737.2010.525996
Abstract
"A comprehensive regulation index covering five major fields (labour, product and capital market; education/innovation and the quality of institutions) has been used to analyse the relationship between the density of regulations and the size of shadow economies. The empirical results from 25 OECD countries for the time period 1995-2005 show that - apart from tax burden and tax morale - the main causes are labour and product market regulations, overall regulations and poor quality of official public institutions and administration. An overview of relevant findings on the impact of regulation on irregular activities complements these findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Shadow economy and entrepreneurial entry (2010)
Zitatform
Estrin, Saul & Tomasz Mickiewicz (2010): Shadow economy and entrepreneurial entry. (IZA discussion paper 5053), Bonn, 51 S.
Abstract
"We analyze theoretically and empirically the impact of the shadow economy on entrepreneurial entry, utilising 1998-2005 individual-level Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data merged with macro level variables. A simple correlation coefficient suggests a positive linear link between the size of the shadow economy and entrepreneurial entry. However, this masks more complex relationships. With appropriate controls and instrumenting for potential endogeneity where required, the impact of the shadow economy on entry is found to be negative, based on a linear specification. Moreover, there is also evidence of nonlinearity: entrepreneurial entry is least likely when the shadow economy is of medium size. We attribute the negative effects of shadow economy on entry to perceived strong competition faced by new entrants when the shadow economy is widespread. At the individual level, an extensive shadow economy has a more negative impact on respondents who are risk averse. In addition, in the economies where property rights are strong, the negative impact of the shadow economy is weaker." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Survey on the shadow economy and undeclared earnings in OECD Countries (2010)
Zitatform
Feld, Lars P. & Friedrich Schneider (2010): Survey on the shadow economy and undeclared earnings in OECD Countries. In: German economic review, Jg. 11, H. 2, S. 109-149. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00509.x
Abstract
"In most OECD countries the policy instrument of choice to prevent people from working in the shadows has been deterrence. While deterrence is well founded from a theoretical point of view, the empirical evidence on its success is weak: tax policies and state deregulation appear to work much better. The discussion of the recent literature underlines that in addition to economic opportunities, the overall situation in the labor market and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entrepreneurship and the hidden economy: an extended matching model (2010)
Gaetano, Lisi; Pugno, Maurizio;Zitatform
Gaetano, Lisi & Maurizio Pugno (2010): Entrepreneurship and the hidden economy: an extended matching model. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 587-605. DOI:10.1080/10168737.2010.526000
Abstract
"This paper develops a labour market matching model in order to address the problem of the persistence of the hidden sector and of its regional concentration, as in Italy and in the enlarged Europe. The main novel features of the model are that entrepreneurial ability affects job productivity, and that regular firms receive negative externalities from the hidden sector, which may capture the pressure typically exerted by corruption and organised crime, and positive externalities from the other regular firms. At least one interior equilibrium emerges, thus providing an explanation for the so-called 'shadow puzzle', with the possibility that tougher monitoring may reduce both the hidden sector and unemployment. If externalities are non-linear, two equilibria may emerge, thus accounting for regional dualism. The 'better' equilibrium is in fact characterised by a smaller hidden sector, higher levels of overall productivity, output, entrepreneurial ability used, extra-profits, relative wages, and more favourable externalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Irreguläre Arbeit in Privathaushalten: rechtliche und institutionelle Anreize zu irregulärer Arbeit in Privathaushalten in Deutschland. Bestandsaufnahme und Lösungsansätze (2010)
Gottschall, Karin; Schwarzkopf, Manuela;Zitatform
Gottschall, Karin & Manuela Schwarzkopf (2010): Irreguläre Arbeit in Privathaushalten. Rechtliche und institutionelle Anreize zu irregulärer Arbeit in Privathaushalten in Deutschland. Bestandsaufnahme und Lösungsansätze. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Arbeitspapier 217), Düsseldorf, 78 S.
Abstract
"Der Bedarf privater Haushalte an Hilfe bei Haushaltsführung, Kinderbetreuung und der Pflege von Angehörigen steigt. Er wird in Deutschland überwiegend durch irreguläre Arbeit gedeckt. Die Studie zeigt, dass institutionelle und rechtliche Regulierungen diese Konstellation für beide Seiten, Haushalte wie Beschäftigte, begünstigen: Sozial- und steuerrechtliche Regelungen legen eine geringfügige Beschäftigung von verheirateten Frauen nahe. Restriktive Zuverdienstregeln im Sozialleistungsrecht und hohe Abgaben auf Niedrigeinkommen führen dazu, dass Sozialleistungsbeziehende und Geringverdienende ihre prekäre ökonomische Situation mit regulärer Beschäftigung kaum verbessern können. Menschen aus Ländern außerhalb der Europäischen Union schließlich haben auf Grund restriktiver Zuwanderungsregelungen kaum Möglichkeiten, in Deutschland legal einer Arbeit nachzugehen. Gesteigert werden könnte das Interesse an regulärer Beschäftigung u. a. durch eine Anhebung der Zuverdienstgrenzen und die Förderung Existenz sichernder Beschäftigung im Bereich haushaltsbezogener Dienstleistungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The size of the underground economy in Japan (2010)
Kanao, Koji; Hamori, Shigeyuki;Zitatform
Kanao, Koji & Shigeyuki Hamori (2010): The size of the underground economy in Japan. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 903-912.
Abstract
"This paper empirically analyzes the size of the underground economy in Japan. The results show that (i) the size of the underground GDP peaked in the early 1990s but has been declining since; (ii) the underground economy reached its peak in around 1992, approximating 25% of nominal GDP; and (iii) two laws (the Act for the Prevention of Wrongful Acts by Members of Organized Crime Groups and the Act Regulating the Adult Entertainment Business, etc.) successfully worked to reduce the size of the underground economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The strange case of Dr. "Unemployed" and Mr "Hidden" in Italy (2010)
Lisi, Gaetano;Zitatform
Lisi, Gaetano (2010): The strange case of Dr. "Unemployed" and Mr "Hidden" in Italy. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 2802-2816.
Abstract
"While the literature is unanimous in considering unemployment and underground employment as strongly connected and interdependent phenomena, the link between existing causality is controversial. This empirical paper aims at clarifying this intricate relationship. Precisely, two key results emerge from the analysis. The first shows that unemployment (positively) influences the underground employment and vice versa. The second demonstrates that the impact of unemployment on underground employment is stronger than the reverse." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration als Ressource: Zur Pendelmigration polnischer Frauen in Privathaushalte der Bundesrepublik (2010)
Metz-Göckel, Sigrid; Münst, Senganata; Kalwa, Dobrochna;Zitatform
Metz-Göckel, Sigrid, Senganata Münst & Dobrochna Kalwa (2010): Migration als Ressource: Zur Pendelmigration polnischer Frauen in Privathaushalte der Bundesrepublik. Opladen: Budrich, 366 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitsmigrantinnen pendeln in unterschiedlichen Rhythmen zwischen ihrem Heimatort in Polen und den Arbeitsplätzen in Deutschland. Hier arbeiten sie ungeschützt in prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen in Privathaushalten und organisieren weiterhin ihren Haushalt in Polen. In den meisten Fällen nutzen sie ein informelles Netzwerk für die Arbeits- und Wohnungsakquise, sehr viel seltener informelle Vermittlungsagenturen. Die Grundlage bilden Interviews mit 20 Pendlerinnen im Ruhrgebiet und 20 Pendlerinnen in Polen. Die interviewten Frauen sind vorwiegend in der Altenbetreuung und Reinigung beschäftigt. Im Alter, Bildungsstand, Berufserfahrungs- und Migrationserfahrung sind sie sehr heterogen. Die größte Gruppe bilden ältere Frauen mit Kindern. Welche Motive ihrem Pendeln zugrunde liegen, und welche Auswirkungen dies auf die Geschlechterbeziehungen in Deutschland sowie auf die Familien bzw. Haushalte in Polen hat, wird aus einer intersektionalen Perspektive analysiert." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Shadow economy, tax evasion, and transfer fraud: definition, measurement, and data problems (2010)
Petersen, Hans-Georg; Wohlleben, Pierre; Thießen, Ulrich;Zitatform
Petersen, Hans-Georg, Ulrich Thießen & Pierre Wohlleben (2010): Shadow economy, tax evasion, and transfer fraud. Definition, measurement, and data problems. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 421-441. DOI:10.1080/10168737.2010.525973
Abstract
"The paper tries to shed some light on the definition of the shadow economy, in order to separate shadow activities from market activities and household production. A total income concept is applied, which is based on the labor force being engaged in market, shadow and household activities. Based on such a clear concept, tax evasion can be defined and identified in the market sector and is also usually taking place in the shadow economy, where it is often accompanied by evasion of social security contributions as well as transfer fraud. Money usage in the three sectors is then critically analyzed, and measurement as well as data problems are seriously taken into consideration. The results of our research project suggest that the size of the shadow economy as estimated with the currency approach often yields the highest possible values. Other approaches and plausibility considerations produce much lower values, which seem to be much more realistic. Consequently, policy considerations to strengthen the control mechanisms should be met with utmost skepticism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Some alternative estimates of underground economies in 12 new EU member states (2010)
Zitatform
Quintano, Claudio & Paolo Mazzocchi (2010): Some alternative estimates of underground economies in 12 new EU member states. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 611-628. DOI:10.1080/10168737.2010.526007
Abstract
"This paper investigates alternative estimates of the Non-Observed Economy (NOE) for 12 new European Union (EU) Member Countries during the transition period by an exploration of the reliability of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures. The authors analyze several methodologies applied in various countries performing the Eurostat (2005) Pilot Projects on the Exhaustiveness (PPE); having in mind the different methods of measuring the shadow economy, the authors examine the relationship between selected economic aggregates to estimate the size and growth of the unrecorded sector using the Latent Variable Method to validate - as far as available - the official data, and to quantify the NOE phenomenon. The empirical results obtained by using this different estimation method do not reveal the same convergence as the national statistical offices have shown. These experiences include, to various degrees, the lack of coverage being dependent on the different types of underground economic activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Finanzpolitik und Schattenwirtschaft (2010)
Richter, Wolfram F.; Schneider, Friedrich; Thum, Marcel; Wickström, Bengt-Arne; Tillmann, Georg;Zitatform
Richter, Wolfram F., Friedrich Schneider, Marcel Thum & Georg Tillmann, herausgegeben von B. Wickström (Hrsg.) (2010): Finanzpolitik und Schattenwirtschaft. (Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik. N.F. 324), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 196 S.
Abstract
"In einem empirischen und drei theoretischen Aufsätzen befassen sich die Autoren des Bandes mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Steuerhinterziehung. Friedrich Schneider liefert eine umfassende Schätzung des Umfangs der Schattenwirtschaft in allen Erdteilen sowie eine Übersicht über die Literatur und die verschiedenen empirischen Schätzmethoden. In einer Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen Steuerhinterziehung und Bestrafungsmaßnahmen betrachtet Wolfram F. Richter die Überlegungen eines rational handelnden Individuums, das sich für oder gegen den Versuch, Steuern zu hinterziehen, entscheidet. Es wird dafür plädiert, daß das auf Gerechtigkeitsüberlegungen aufbauende Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip der deutschen Gesetzgebung durch Maßnahmen mit sinnvollen Anreizen für ein rational handelndes Individuum zu ersetzen ist. Georg Tillmann untersucht das Zusammenspiel von Steuerhinterziehung und Steuerwettbewerb. Im Wettbewerb zwischen Staaten setzen diese Steuersätze als strategische Instrumente ein, um ihre eigenen Interessen zu fördern. Tillmann vergleicht die Gleichgewichte in diesem Spiel mit einer optimalen kooperativen Lösung. Marcel Thum zeigt, daß es eine Komplementarität zwischen Korruption und Schattenwirtschaft gibt. Im Spiel zwischen korrupten Bürokraten reduziert die Existenz der Schattenwirtschaft die Möglichkeiten der korrupten Bürokraten, Schmiergeld zu fordern. Daher ist der offizielle Sektor in einer korrupten Wirtschaft größer, wenn es auch eine Schattenwirtschaft gibt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Inhaltsverzeichnis:
Friedrich Schneider: Shadow economies all over the world - what do we know? (9-65);
Wolfram F. Richter: Geplante Steuerhinterziehung und ihre effiziente Bestrafung (67-92);
Georg Tillmann: Steuerhinterziehung und Steuerwettbewerb (93-168);
Marcel Thum: Korruption und Schattenwirtschaft (169-196). -
Literaturhinweis
Determinants and size of the shadow economy: a structural equation model (2010)
Ruge, Marcus;Zitatform
Ruge, Marcus (2010): Determinants and size of the shadow economy. A structural equation model. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 511-523. DOI:10.1080/10168737.2010.525988
Abstract
"The main objective of this paper is to analyze the determinants of the shadow economy within a coherent Structural Equation Model using a data set of 11 latent variables with 58 indicators from 35 countries. The shadow economy is closely connected to its determinants; a higher wealth and development level, a better administrative system, lower taxes and social security payments and the extent of labor market regulations determine the level of shadow economy. Germany ranks 16th of 35 countries by shadow economy, with a score of 3.6, with the best being New Zealand, 1.0, and the worst Romania, 10." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New estimates for the shadow economies all over the world (2010)
Schneider, Friedrich; Buehn, Andreas; Montenegro, Claudio E.;Zitatform
Schneider, Friedrich, Andreas Buehn & Claudio E. Montenegro (2010): New estimates for the shadow economies all over the world. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 443-461. DOI:10.1080/10168737.2010.525974
Abstract
"This paper presents estimations of the shadow economies for 162 countries, including developing, Eastern European, Central Asian, and high income OECD countries over 1999 to 2006/2007. According to our estimations, the weighted average size of the shadow economy (as a percentage of 'official' GDP) in Sub-Saharan Africa is 37.6%, in Europe and Central Asia (mostly transition countries) 36.4% and in high income OECD countries 13.4%. We find that an increased burden of taxation (direct and indirect ones), combined with (labour market) regulations and the quality of public goods and services as well as the state of the 'official' economy are the driving forces of the shadow economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Indian informal sector: the impact of globalization and reform (2010)
Siggel, Eckhard;Zitatform
Siggel, Eckhard (2010): The Indian informal sector. The impact of globalization and reform. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 149, H. 1, S. 93-105.
Abstract
"Globalization and economic reforms typically affect the formal sector, the informal sector existing outside regulation. Yet, numerous links between them mean the informal sector is variously affected. Traditionally, the model used to explain the impact of these forces was labour market segmentation and migration: workers laid off in the formal sector increase informal labour supply, leading to wage decline and increased poverty. The author examines whether this pattern applies in India following economic reforms in the 1990s, and finds a more appropriate model, driven by expansion both in labour supply and in demand, through outsourcing, skill transfers and new enterprises." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regional estimates of the shadow economy in Europe (2010)
Zitatform
Tafenau, Egle, Helmut Herwartz & Friedrich Schneider (2010): Regional estimates of the shadow economy in Europe. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 629-636. DOI:10.1080/10168737.2010.526010
Abstract
"The aim of the paper is to estimate the extent of the shadow economy in the regions of the European Union. For this purpose the multiple-indicators multiple-causes approach combined with elements of spatial econometrics is implemented. The analysis shows that the shadow economy is most extensive in Eastern and Southern Europe, confirming results from previous literature. Within countries, the poorest regions tend to exhibit the highest shadow economy quotas. The smallest extent of shadow activities is obtained for the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, while in Poland the shadow economy is most extensive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The shadow economy in international comparison: options for economic policy derived from an OECD panel analysis (2010)
Thießen, Ulrich;Zitatform
Thießen, Ulrich (2010): The shadow economy in international comparison. Options for economic policy derived from an OECD panel analysis. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1031), Berlin, 74 S.
Abstract
"Building on new behavioral and institutional theories, using a data set of about 450 variables and augmenting the Sala-i-Martin definition of robustness, we find evidence in support of the hypothesis that the standard causes of the shadow economy (SE), taxes, the administrative burden and labor market regulations, are not per se crucial in determining the size of the SE. There are many other influences with a consistently estimated plausible sign and whose quantitative impact appears to be even larger and more significant than that of the standard causes. Many of the robust influences emanate from relatively new theories such as elements of direct democracy, social interaction effects, moral aspects, and happiness, and from the institutional literature on the relative importance of specific institutions for economic performance. Most of them can well be influenced by governments. Hence, in order to reduce the SE and tax avoidance, a coordinated international strategy of using incentives to work, save, and invest in the official economy, including the behavior of the government, could be more successful than a strategy built on more government control, increased punishment and less freedom. The latter strategy would contradict the new theories and our evidence but appears to have been adopted by some OECD countries. Simulations of the size of the SE demonstrate their sensitivity to required velocity assumptions and show that previous estimates, including those of the so-called Mimic model, appear to be based on the very high end of possible velocity assumptions. Relatively low velocity assumptions can be defended much better and yield macro estimates of the SE consistent with the micro evidence. Finally, for the first time we separate the relatively large 'criminal' shadow activity from the 'non-criminal' one." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The shadow economy in international comparison: options for economic policy derived from an OECD panel analysis (2010)
Thießen, Ulrich;Zitatform
Thießen, Ulrich (2010): The shadow economy in international comparison. Options for economic policy derived from an OECD panel analysis. In: International Economic Journal, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 481-509.
Abstract
"Building on new behavioral theories, using a data set of about 450 variables and augmenting the Sala-i-Martin definition of robustness, we find evidence in support of the hypothesis that the standard causes of the shadow economy (SE), taxes, the administrative burden and labor market regulations, are not per se crucial in determining the size of the SE. Many of the robust influences emanate from relatively new theories such as elements of direct democracy, social interaction effects, and happiness, and from the institutional literature on the relative importance of specific institutions for economic performance. Most of them can well be affected by governments. Hence, if one believes the SE to be a problem in high income industrial countries, governments could address it through many ways, including their own behavior. And these could be more successful than a strategy built on more government control, increased punishment and less freedom, as adopted by some OECD countries. Simulations of the size of the SE demonstrate their sensitivity to the required velocity assumption and show that previous estimates, including those of the so-called Mimic model, appear to be based on very high velocity assumptions. A moderate velocity assumption yields macro estimates of the SE consistent with the micro evidence, i.e. not more than a few percent of official GDP. Finally, for the first time, we separate the relatively large 'crime-related' shadow activity from the 'non-criminal' one." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The linkage between corruption and shadow economy size: does geography matter? (2010)
Virta, Heli;Zitatform
Virta, Heli (2010): The linkage between corruption and shadow economy size. Does geography matter? In: International Journal of Development Issues, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 4-24. DOI:10.1108/14468951011033770
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of corruption on the size of the shadow economy in countries that differ with respect to income level or geographical location. The underlying idea is that the primary manifestation of corruption might be associated with country characteristics and that different types of corruption might have different consequences. IV regressions and bootstrapping are applied to a cross-section of countries to show that geographical location of a country impacts on the relationship between corruption and the shadow economy. An interaction term of the level of corruption and geography is used to capture the differences in the types and consequences of corruption between countries. Corruption does not seem to affect the size of the shadow economy outside the tropics. Instead, the higher the tropical area fraction of a country, the more a certain level of corruption enlarges the unofficial economy. Moreover, corruption and the shadow economy seem to be substitutes in the tropics. Different types of corruption may have different consequences. Unlike most of the previous literature, the paper accounts for the fact that some corrupt practices tend to be commonplace in some parts of the world, while other countries may be plagued by other types of corruption. Therefore, the consequences of corruption might also differ." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Explaining participation in undeclared work: a result of exit or exclusion? (2010)
Zitatform
Williams, Colin C. & John Round (2010): Explaining participation in undeclared work. A result of exit or exclusion? In: European Societies, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 391-418. DOI:10.1080/14616691003716910
Abstract
"This paper evaluates critically competing explanations for participation in undeclared work that either read engagement through a structuralist lens as driven by 'exclusion' from state benefits and the circuits of the modern economy or through a neo-liberal and/or post-structuralist lens as driven by the voluntary 'exit' of workers out of formal institutions. Reporting a 2005/6 household work practices survey involving 313 face-to-face interviews in contemporary Moscow, the finding is that there is no single unique logic underpinning undeclared work in this post-Soviet city; such work is neither universally driven by exclusion nor exit. Different mixtures of the two prevail across different populations and forms of undeclared work. The outcome is a call for greater appreciation of the multifarious character of undeclared work and a move beyond simplistic explanations and policy responses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Retheorizing participation in the underground economy (2010)
Zitatform
Williams, Colin C. (2010): Retheorizing participation in the underground economy. In: Labor Studies Journal, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 246-267. DOI:10.1177/0160449X08330741
Abstract
"Until now, participation in underground work has been explained either through a structuralist lens as driven by 'exclusion' from state benefits and the circuits of the modern economy or through a neoliberal and/or poststructuralist lens as driven by the voluntary 'exit' of workers out of formal institutions and into this alternative economic environment. Reporting the results of an extensive twenty-seven-nation European survey, this article reveals how such either-or explanations need to be transcended and displays the need for future research to analyze how both exit and exclusion are variously entwined in different settings so as to achieve a more context-bound understanding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of labour market policies in an economy with an informal sector (2009)
Albrecht, James; Vroman, Lucas; Navarro, Lucas;Zitatform
Albrecht, James, Lucas Navarro & Lucas Vroman (2009): The effects of labour market policies in an economy with an informal sector. In: The economic journal, Jg. 119, H. 539, S. 1105-1129. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02268.x
Abstract
"In this article, we build an equilibrium search and matching model of an economy with an informal sector. Our model extends Mortensen and Pissarides (1994) by allowing for ex ante worker heterogeneity with respect to formal-sector productivity. We use the model to analyse the effects of labour market policy on informal-sector and formal-sector output, on the division of the workforce into unemployment, informal-sector employment and formal-sector employment, and on wages. Finally, we examine the distributional implications of labour market policy; specifically, we analyse how labour market policy affects the distributions of wages and productivities across formal-sector matches." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Corruption and the shadow economy: a structural equation model approach (2009)
Buehn, Andreas; Schneider, Friedrich;Zitatform
Buehn, Andreas & Friedrich Schneider (2009): Corruption and the shadow economy. A structural equation model approach. (IZA discussion paper 4182), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"The relationship between corruption and the shadow economy is not clear. Theoretically, they either substitute or complement each other - exhibiting either a negative or positive relationship. This paper - using a structural equation model with two latent variables - extracts information on various dimensions of corruption and the shadow economy to contribute to the debate on their relationship. It presents empirical evidence of a positive relationship between the shadow economy and corruption. The results show that the shadow economy influences corruption more than corruption influences the shadow economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Shadow economy and do-it-yourself activities: the German case (2009)
Buehn, Andreas; Karmann, Alexander; Schneider, Friedrich;Zitatform
Buehn, Andreas, Alexander Karmann & Friedrich Schneider (2009): Shadow economy and do-it-yourself activities. The German case. In: Journal of institutional and theoretical economics, Jg. 165, H. 4, S. 701-722.
Abstract
Auf der Grundlage eines Strukturgleichungsmodells legt der Beitrag eine Schätzung des Ausmaßes und der Entwicklung der Schattenökonomie und der Eigenarbeit in Deutschland für die Jahre 1970 bis 2005 vor. Für das Jahr 2005 ergibt sich ein Niveau von rund 17 Prozent und von 5 Prozent des offiziellen Bruttoinlandsprodukts. Während die Schattenökonomie seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre kontinuierlich zugenommen hat, blieb der Anteil der Eigenarbeit mehr oder weniger konstant. Die Triebkräfte für Schattenökonomie sind Regulierung und Steuerbelastung; für Eigenarbeit hingegen ist Arbeitslosigkeit der entscheidende Faktor. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Is informal normal?: towards more and better jobs in developing countries (2009)
Jütting, Johannes P.; Gagnon, Jason; Kuvera, David; Laiglesia, Juan R. de; Xenogiani, Theodora; Charmes, Jacques;Zitatform
Jütting, Johannes P. & Juan R. de Laiglesia (Hrsg.) (2009): Is informal normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries. Paris, 163 S.
Abstract
"Informelle Beschäftigung hat weltweit ein Rekordniveau erreicht, was schwerwiegende Folgen für das Armutsrisiko in Entwicklungsländern hat. Mit der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise verlieren viele Menschen ihren Arbeitsplatz. In Entwicklungsländern trifft sie dieses Schicksal besonders hart, da es dort meist keine Arbeitslosenversicherung gibt. Die Menschen suchen sich deshalb im informellen Sektor Arbeit und arbeiten mit geringem Verdienst, ohne soziale Absicherung und mit hohen Unfallrisiken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Formal and informal work: the hidden work regime in Europe (2009)
Pfau-Effinger, Birgit ; Koistinen, Pertti; Kolkkonen, Arja; Kilpeläinen, Riitta; Slezak, Ewa; Jensen, Per H. ; Flaquer, Lluis; Escobedo, Anna; Meyer, Traute; Baxendale, Graham; Rathlev, Jakob; Surdej, Aleksander; Sakac, Sladana Magdalenic;Zitatform
Pfau-Effinger, Birgit, Lluis Flaquer & Per H. Jensen (Hrsg.) (2009): Formal and informal work. The hidden work regime in Europe. (Routledge advances in sociology), London u.a.: Routledge, 245 S.
Abstract
"Informal work - family care, voluntary work, and undeclared or unregulated work - is a critical form of labor in today's economy, yet remains underanalyzed and examined. This volume develops a comprehensive conceptual framework of informal work and analyses systematically the relationship of formal and informal work. Using a coherent theoretical and methodological approach, this volume explores informal and formal work in six countries and contributes to our empirical knowledge of informal work and its different interrelations with formal work in various societies. A landmark study in the analysis of work, the book demonstrates how the relationship of formal and informal work is developing, how this can be explained in the specific context of the arrangement of work and welfare, and in which ways informal work possibly contributes to social integration and social cohesion." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Varieties of undeclared work in European societies (2009)
Zitatform
Pfau-Effinger, Birgit (2009): Varieties of undeclared work in European societies. In: BJIR, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 79-99. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2008.00711.x
Abstract
"Until recently, undeclared work was understood as largely the result of tax evasion by employers and workers. However, this viewpoint fails to do justice to the complexity of the phenomenon. The category of undeclared work covers several distinct types of employment relation which arise from different motives and strategies of firms, workers and contractors, and their interplay. There is no uniform logic of development. This article introduces a new typology of undeclared work and shows how the development of the different types of undeclared work can be explained by the ways in which they are embedded in a variety of institutional, cultural and socio-structural contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of tax morale and institutional quality on the shadow economy (2009)
Zitatform
Torgler, Benno & Friedrich Schneider (2009): The impact of tax morale and institutional quality on the shadow economy. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 228-245. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2008.08.004
Abstract
"This paper uses a multivariate analysis to examine how countries' tax morale and institutional quality affect the shadow economy. The literature strongly emphasizes the quantitative importance of these factors in understanding the level of and changes in the shadow economy. Newly available data sources offer the unique opportunity to further illuminate a topic that has received increased attention. After controlling for a variety of potential factors, we find strong support that a higher tax morale and a higher institutional quality lead to a smaller shadow economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beyond hierarchical representations of the formal/informal employment dualism: some lessons from Ukraine (2009)
Zitatform
Williams, Colin C. & John Round (2009): Beyond hierarchical representations of the formal/informal employment dualism. Some lessons from Ukraine. In: European Societies, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 77-101. DOI:10.1080/14616690801961819
Abstract
"This paper evaluates critically the conventional hierarchical representation of the formal/informal employment dualism, which depicts formal employment as extensive and positively contributing to economic development and social cohesion, and the separate realm of informal employment as weaker, inhabiting the margins and impairing progress and development. Although the discourses of informal employment as weak, marginal and separate from formal employment have been previously put under the spotlight, there has been little questioning of whether informal employment is a negative phenomenon. Through a study of Ukraine, however, this paper finds evidence that informal employment positively contributes to not only economic development as a seedbed for enterprise and entrepreneurship but also social cohesion as a primary vehicle for delivering community self-help. The outcome is a call for a finer-grained understanding of informal (and ultimately also formal) employment that recognises its plurality of forms and their varying consequences for economic development and social cohesion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Formal and informal employment in Europe: beyond dualistic representations (2009)
Zitatform
Williams, Colin C. (2009): Formal and informal employment in Europe. Beyond dualistic representations. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 147-159. DOI:10.1177/0969776408101686
Abstract
"This article reveals that formal labour markets in the European Union are not always quite as pure, wholesome and legitimate as might be supposed. Until now, it has been commonly assumed that the formal economy is separate and discrete from the informal economy. To contribute to the emerging literature showing that this is not always the case and that the formal economy can be permeated by informal practices, a so far little discussed employment arrangement is here brought to the fore in which formal employers pay their formal employees two wages, one declared and the other an undeclared ('envelope') wage. Reporting a 2007 survey composed of 26,659 face-to-face interviews in the 27 EU member states, the finding is that some 5 percent of all formal employees receive such undeclared wages from their formal employers which amount on average to two-fifths of their wage packet. However, this employment practice is not evenly distributed across the EU. Such quasi-formal employment is markedly more prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), where the undeclared wage is more likely to be paid for regular employment hours, while in Continental Europe and Nordic countries undeclared wages are less common and are received mostly for overtime or extra work conducted. Given the prevalence in the EU of this hybrid employment practice which is neither purely formal nor informal, the article concludes by calling for greater recognition of how formal and informal employment are sometimes intimately interlocked and entwined rather than separate and discrete spheres." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measures to tackle undeclared work in the European Union (2009)
Zitatform
Williams, Colin C. & Piet Renooy (2009): Measures to tackle undeclared work in the European Union. Dublin, 62 S.
Abstract
"This overview report and the accompanying knowledge bank represent an important first step in producing a comprehensive learning hub, where social partners can pool and share knowledge on how to tackle undeclared work, review evaluations of policy initiatives and explore their feasibility and transferability to other sectors and areas. It is hoped that having identified the gaps in understanding in this database, a more proactive and concerted effort can now be taken to address these shortcomings. If pursued, this database has the potential to become the prime global site for pooling expertise on the fight against undeclared work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Tackling undeclared work in Europe: lessons from a 27-nation survey (2009)
Zitatform
Williams, Colin C. (2009): Tackling undeclared work in Europe. Lessons from a 27-nation survey. In: Policy Studies, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 143-162. DOI:10.1080/01442870902723667
Abstract
"The aim of this article is to unravel the heterogeneous nature of undeclared work across the European Union and to evaluate the consequences for tackling such work. Until now, most studies of undeclared work have sought to measure the variations in its magnitude. Far fewer have evaluated the nature of undeclared work and whether it is configured in different ways across nations. Indeed, the only evidence so far available on its nature is that produced by small-scale intensive studies of particular places, populations and sectors. Although these display the existence of heterogeneous varieties of undeclared work, what is not known is whether all of these types are ubiquitous across the EU, as well as whether the overall configuration of undeclared work varies across different regions and nations. To fill this gap, the first cross-national survey of undeclared work is here reported undertaken in the 27 member states of the EU based on 26,659 face-to-face interviews conducted during 2007. The overarching finding is that although the array of types of undeclared work exists across the EU, some are more concentrated in particular countries and regions than others, resulting in marked geographical variations in the configuration of the undeclared sphere. Analysing the policy approaches used by the 27 member states, it is then revealed that most countries, due to their adoption of narrow readings of the character of undeclared work, currently use only a relatively limited range of the potential policy measures at their disposal. The article therefore concludes by calling for wider recognition of the diverse nature of undeclared work in the EU and for a broader range of policy approaches and measures to be experimented with when tackling such work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Moonlighting entrepreneurs (2009)
Wilson, Linus;Zitatform
Wilson, Linus (2009): Moonlighting entrepreneurs. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 1900-1907.
Abstract
"When ability complements effort, we would expect effort to increase with variables that proxy for ability. For example, we show that the hours worked by entrepreneurs should increase in experience, a proxy for ability. Yet, even if education is positively correlated with entrepreneurial ability, it is shown that the relationship between education and hours worked is ambiguous. This is because education allows small business owners to work outside the venture (moonlight) at higher wages. These predictions are supported by existing empirical work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Elfter Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Auswirkungen des Gesetzes zur Bekämpfung der illegalen Beschäftigung (2009)
Zitatform
Bundesregierung (2009): Elfter Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Auswirkungen des Gesetzes zur Bekämpfung der illegalen Beschäftigung. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 16/13768 (03.07.2009)), 34 S.
Abstract
"Der Bericht stellt entsprechend dem Auftrag des Deutschen Bundestages die Entwicklung der Bekämpfung der Schwarzarbeit und illegalen Beschäftigung dar. Er beschränkt sich dabei wie die vorangegangenen Berichte nicht allein auf die Erfahrungen mit dem Gesetz zur Bekämpfung illegaler Beschäftigung (BillBG) bzw. mit dem Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Schwarzarbeit und illegalen Beschäftigung (Schwarzarbeitsbekämpfungsgesetz - SchwarzArbG), sondern stellt die Entwicklung im gesamten Bereich der Schwarzarbeit und der illegalen Beschäftigung für die Jahre 2005 bis einschließlich 2008 dar." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Irregular immigration: economic convenience and other factors (2008)
Zitatform
Ambrosini, Maurizio (2008): Irregular immigration: economic convenience and other factors. In: Transfer, Jg. 14, H. 4, S. 557-572.
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag veranschaulicht die Faktoren, die zur Einreise und Arbeitsmarktintegration illegaler Einwanderer führen: die wirtschaftlichen Vorteile für Unternehmen und Familien, die mit der Beschäftigung nicht angemeldeter Arbeitskräfte verbunden sind; die Unterstützung durch Netzwerke von Landsleuten und ethnisch strukturierte Wirtschaftsbereiche; der 'embedded liberalism' der Rechtsordnungen demokratischer Staaten; die Kosten und Organisationsschwierigkeiten bei Kontrolle und Ausweisung; und die Rolle der Solidaritätsgruppen der Zivilgesellschaft einschließlich der Gewerkschaften. Vor allem in Südeuropa werden immer wieder Massenamnestien durchgeführt, die zur Legalisierung dieser Migranten führen und das Hauptinstrument der Migrationspolitik darstellen. Insofern scheint der illegale Einwanderer eine vorübergehende Figur zu sein, der auf seine Anerkennung und Erlaubnis wartet, die ihm früher oder später erteilt wird. Die Gewerkschaften gehören zu den sozialen Gruppen, die sich für die Durchführung von Legalisierungsmaßnahmen einsetzen. Auf diese Weise bekräftigen sie ihre Verbundenheit mit den Idealen von Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität und bekämpfen zugleich den unlauteren Wettbewerb, dem ordnungsgemäß geführte Unternehmen und korrekt angemeldete Arbeitnehmer durch die Schattenwirtschaft ausgesetzt sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
MIMIC models, cointegration and error correction: an application to the French shadow economy (2008)
Bühn, Andreas; Schneider, Friedrich;Zitatform
Bühn, Andreas & Friedrich Schneider (2008): MIMIC models, cointegration and error correction. An application to the French shadow economy. (CESifo working paper 2200), München, 33 S.
Abstract
"The analysis of economic loss attributed to the shadow economy has attracted much attention in recent years by both academics and policy makers. Often, multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) models are applied to time series data estimating the size and development of the shadow economy for a particular country. This type of model derives information about the relationship between cause and indicator variables and a latent variable, here the shadow economy, from covariance structures. As most macroeconomic variables do not satisfy stationarity, long run information is lost when employing first differences. Arguably, this shortcoming is rooted in the lack of an appropriate MIMIC model which considers cointegration among variables. This paper develops a MIMIC model which estimates the cointegration equilibrium relationship and the error correction short run dynamics, thereby retaining information for the long run. Using France as our example, we demonstrate that this approach allows researchers to obtain more accurate estimates about the size and development of the shadow economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Shadow economy and unemployment rate in USA: is there a structural relationship?: an empirical analysis (2008)
Zitatform
Dell'Anno, Roberto & Offiong Helen Solomon (2008): Shadow economy and unemployment rate in USA: is there a structural relationship? An empirical analysis. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 40, H. 19, S. 2537-2555. DOI:10.1080/00036840600970195
Abstract
"This article aims to estimate the size of the US shadow economy (SE) using a structural equation approach and to evaluate if a structural relationship exists between the SE and the unemployment rate (UR) in the United States. The size of the SE is estimated to be decreasing over the last two decades. We corroborate the existence of a structural relationship between the SE and the UR by using a simple theoretical model. Furthermore, we extend the Okun's law to estimate the structural relationship between growth rate of official GDP, SE and UR. Our results indicate a significant positive relationship between the SE and the UR." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigrants' irregular economic activities in the Czech Republic: a multi-approach study (2008)
Drbohlav, Dušan; Janská, Eva; Dzúrová, Dagmar; Medová, Lenka; Cermáková, Dita; Cermák, Zdenek;Zitatform
Drbohlav, Dušan, Dagmar Dzúrová, Zdenek Cermák, Eva Janská, Dita Cermáková & Lenka Medová (2008): Immigrants' irregular economic activities in the Czech Republic. A multi-approach study. In: Transfer, Jg. 14, H. 4, S. 639-652.
Abstract
"This article presents selected results of a research project on irregular migration and migrants' irregular economic activities in the Czech Republic. The project explored several topics through quantitative as well as qualitative research techniques: a questionnaire survey (N=159) and interviews (N=37) with irregular migrants living in the Czech Republic and a Delphi survey among experts on migration. The article describes and explains the nature of migrants' irregular economic activities. It also provides a quantitative analysis of migrants' selected characteristics followed by a description and typology of relations within the so-called 'client' system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Familienunterstützende Dienstleistungen: internationale Benchmarking-Studie (2008)
Eichhorst, Werner; Tobsch, Verena;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Verena Tobsch (2008): Familienunterstützende Dienstleistungen. Internationale Benchmarking-Studie. (IZA research report 17), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
Das Gutachten untersucht die Entwicklung familienunterstützender Dienstleistungen in der Europäischen Union, vor allem in Schweden, Dänemark, Belgien und Frankreich, und zieht Schlussfolgerungen für die Gestaltung der Rahmenbedingungen in Deutschland. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Entwicklung eines Marktes für Dienstleistungen außerhalb bzw. in Ergänzung der öffentlich bereitgestellten Infrastruktur für Kinderbetreuung oder Kranken- und Altenpflege. Unter familienunterstützenden Dienstleistungen sind dabei all diejenigen Tätigkeiten zu verstehen, die von Nicht-Haushaltsmitgliedern gegen Entgelt in privaten Haushalten erbracht werden und die prinzipiell auch von den Nutzern selbst unentgeltlich erbracht werden könnten bzw. traditionell in Eigenarbeit erbracht werden. Die Studie zeigt, dass im Vergleich zu den anderen Ländern in Deutschland - neben der Schattenwirtschaft - das Modell der Minijobs in Privathaushalten vorherrscht, also die direkte Beschäftigung beim Nutzer. Im Ländervergleich besteht in Deutschland nach wie vor Nachholbedarf bei der Entwicklung des Marktes für familienunterstützende Dienstleistungen. Fortschritte lassen sich nach Meinung der Autoren nur über kostenseitige Entlastungen sowie ein einfach zu nutzendes Gutschein- oder Scheckmodell erzielen. Organisatorisch kann dies mit privaten Firmen oder Dienstleistungsagenturen verbunden werden. Familienunterstützende Dienstleistungen bieten sich hier auch als Baustein einer Aktivierungsstrategie für Transferbezieher an. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Much ado about not(h)ing: eine Replik zu Koch (2008) und Graf (2008) (2008)
Enste, Dominik H.; Schneider, Friedrich;Zitatform
Enste, Dominik H. & Friedrich Schneider (2008): Much ado about not(h)ing. Eine Replik zu Koch (2008) und Graf (2008). In: List-Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 112-122.
Abstract
Die Autoren nehmen Stellung zu der Kritik an ihren Forschungsmethoden in den Aufsätzen von Gerhard Graf (2008): Schatten über der Schwarzarbeit. In List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Bd. 34, H. 2, S. 102-111 und Walter A. S. Koch (2008): Sisyphusarbeiten: Untersuchungen zu Schattenwirtschaft und Schwarzarbeit - eine Erwiderung und Klarstellung. In: List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Bd. 34, H. 2, S. 81-101. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Schatten über der Schwarzarbeit (2008)
Graf, Gerhard;Zitatform
Graf, Gerhard (2008): Schatten über der Schwarzarbeit. In: List-Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 102-111.
Abstract
"Die Diskussion über Messung, Größenordnung und Konsequenzen der Schwarzarbeit steht bereits deshalb unter einem Schatten, der den Blick dafür trüben kann, weil ENSTE und SCHNEIDER trotz jahrelanger Befassung mit dem Thema Schwarzarbeit und Schattenwirtschaft nicht systematisch zu unterscheiden vermögen. Ihre Schätzungen für die Dimension des Phänomens beruhen zudem generell auf wissenschaftlich. nicht haltbaren Vorgehensweisen, die sie gleichwohl repetitiv anwenden. Die unterstellten Einnahmeverluste beim Staat ergeben sich im übrigen lediglich bei Vernachlässigung mikroökonomisch bedeutsamer Budgetrestriktionen sowie durch Außerachtlassung zwingender makroökonomischer Kreislaufzusammenhänge. Ihre weiteren Ergebnisse können schließlich jederzeit ohne Bezug zur Schwarzarbeit abgeleitet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeiten in der Grauzone: informelle Ökonomie in der Stadt (2008)
Henckel, Dietrich; Schmidt, Phillipe; Manning, Stephan; Wötzel, Uwe; Spars, Guido; Enste, Dominik H.; Sen, Faruk; Keller, Carsten; Wagner, Andrea; Floeting, Holger; White, Richard J.; Wukovitsch, Florian; Williams, Colin C. ;Zitatform
Henckel, Dietrich, Guido Spars & Florian Wukovitsch (Hrsg.) (2008): Arbeiten in der Grauzone. Informelle Ökonomie in der Stadt. Frankfurt am Main u.a.: Lang, 255 S.
Abstract
"Die Entstehung, Bedeutung und die Folgen der informellen Ökonomie sind immer wieder Gegenstand von Forschung und politischer Debatte. Das gilt sowohl für die Industrieländer wie auch für die Länder der Dritten Welt, auch wenn die Rahmenbedingungen völlig unterschiedlich sind. Gerade in Europa haben sich diese in den letzten 15 Jahren weit reichend geändert. Der Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs hat die Grenzen zu einem Raum mit deutlich niedrigeren Löhnen geöffnet und damit auch Anreize geschaffen, informelle Arbeit in den Hochlohnländern zu suchen. Gleichzeitig bleibt aber auch unabhängig davon der Anteil der informellen Wertschöpfung in West- und Osteuropa auf hohem Niveau. Der Sammelband geht den Fragen nach dem Verhältnis von formeller und informeller Ökonomie, der Entwicklung der informellen Ökonomie und den Möglichkeiten der Steuerung auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen und aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln nach." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Sisyphusarbeiten: Untersuchungen zu Schattenwirtschaft und Schwarzarbeit: eine Erwiderung und Klarstellung (2008)
Koch, Walter A. S.;Zitatform
Koch, Walter A. S. (2008): Sisyphusarbeiten: Untersuchungen zu Schattenwirtschaft und Schwarzarbeit. Eine Erwiderung und Klarstellung. In: List-Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 81-101.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den 'Kernpunkten' der Diskussion über den Umfang von Schwarzarbeit und Schattenwirtschaft Dabei geht es um den 'richtigen' Wertansatz für geleistete Schwarzarbeitsstunden, die Schätzungen des. Arbeitsvolumens in der Schwarzarbeit und die in der wissenschaftlichen und öffentlichen Diskussion häufig synonym verwendeten Begriffe 'Schwarzarbeit' und 'Schattenwirtschaft'. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese von ENSTE und SCHNEIDER beklagte 'Konfusion' durch sie selbst hervorgerufen wurde. Bei den von den Autoren eingesetzten Methoden zeigt sich, dass weder mit dem Bargeldansatz noch mit dem DYMIMIC-Verfahren belastbare Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. Es erhärten sich die Zweifel an den immer wieder vorgelegten Schätzungen zur Größenordnung. des Umfangs von Schattenwirtschaft und Schwarzarbeit Dieses Ergebnis wird durch einen Untersuchungsbericht des Bundesrechnungshofes zur Arbeitsweise und Organisation der 'Finanzkontrolle Schwarzarbeit' bestätigt, dessen Schlussfolgerungen indes für das verantwortliche Bundesministerium der Finanzen irrelevant zu sein. scheinen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Informal employment: two contested policy issues (2008)
Kucera, David; Roncolato, Leanne;Zitatform
Kucera, David & Leanne Roncolato (2008): Informal employment. Two contested policy issues. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 147, H. 4, S. 321-348.
Abstract
"This article addresses two contested issues of crucial importance to policy, namely: formal labour regulations as a cause of informal employment, and so-called 'voluntary' informal employment. The authors provide theoretical overviews on both issues and an extensive survey of empirical studies on the effects of formal labour regulations on informal employment. The article closes with observations on the relevance of the ILO's four decent work objectives for informal employment and economic development, with particular emphasis on the significance of - and potential for - organizing workers in the informal economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Varieties of undeclared work in European societies (2008)
Zitatform
Pfau-Effinger, Birgit (2008): Varieties of undeclared work in European societies. (CCWS working paper 62), Aalborg, 29 S.
Abstract
"In the current article, it is discussed which factors are relevant to explain the development of undeclared work in European societies. Up until now, the predominant view of undeclared work has explained its development in terms of the goal of employers and employees to evade tax payment. However, this viewpoint is rather narrow and fails to do justice to the complexity of the phenomenon. The term undeclared work does not describe a uniform type of employment, but rather covers a variety of forms of work that constitute distinctly different types of social integration, as they are based on different motives of employees and strategies of employers or contractors, and their interplay. For this reason, there is also no uniform type of social relevance and no uniform logic of development. The author introduces a typology of undeclared work and shows how the development of the different types of undeclared work can be explained by the ways in which it is embedded in the institutional, cultural and socio-structural context of societies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auf der Suche nach Schwarzarbeit: explorative Verfahren zur Erfassung devianten Verhaltens am Arbeitsmarkt (2008)
Weiß, Carsten;Zitatform
Weiß, Carsten (2008): Auf der Suche nach Schwarzarbeit. Explorative Verfahren zur Erfassung devianten Verhaltens am Arbeitsmarkt. (Nomos Universitätsschriften Politik 160), Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 323 S.
Abstract
"Was ist eigentlich Schwarzarbeit und wie lässt sich dieses Phänomen beziffern? Das Buch bringt Licht ins Dunkel, indem Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zur Generierung von empirisch belastbaren Aussagen über Art und Umfang devianten Verhaltens am Arbeitsmarkt in Form von Schwarzarbeit anhand von explorativen Verfahren vorgestellt werden. Begibt man sich auf die Suche nach Schwarzarbeit, so stößt man relativ schnell auf unterschiedliche Vorstellungen darüber, was eigentlich Schwarzarbeit ist und wie man dieses Phänomen beziffern kann. Genauso unterschiedlich sind die Annahmen zu den Ursachen von Schwarzarbeit und die damit verbundenen politischen Handlungsempfehlungen. Die Abhandlung soll zu einer differenzierteren Sichtweise auf das Phänomen 'Schwarzarbeit' auf Basis von empirisch reliablen Verfahren beitragen, um die Devianzforschung im Bereich der Arbeitsmarktpolitik sowohl substantiell als auch methodologisch einen guten Schritt weiterzubringen. Zudem wird eine Sensibilisierung in der sozialpolitischen Diskussion um Schwarzarbeit intendiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)