Happiness – wie Glück, Arbeit und Einkommen zusammenhängen
Das Streben nach Glück ist ein zentrales Element im Leben, wobei das individuelle Wohlbefinden sowohl persönliche als auch gesellschaftliche Ursachen hat. Welchen Einfluss haben Wirtschaftsentwicklung, Einkommen, der berufliche Werdegang oder Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrungen auf das Glücksempfinden eines Menschen? Die IAB-Infoplattform bietet hierzu aktuelle Literatur.
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Literaturhinweis
Subjective well-being, income, economic development and growth (2010)
Zitatform
Sacks, Daniel W., Betsey Stevenson & Justin Wolfers (2010): Subjective well-being, income, economic development and growth. (NBER working paper 16441), Cambridge, Mass., 53 S. DOI:10.3386/w16441
Abstract
"We explore the relationships between subjective well-being and income, as seen across individuals within a given country, between countries in a given year, and as a country grows through time. We show that richer individuals in a given country are more satisfied with their lives than are poorer individuals, and establish that this relationship is similar in most countries around the world. Turning to the relationship between countries, we show that average life satisfaction is higher in countries with greater GDP per capita. The magnitude of the satisfaction-income gradient is roughly the same whether we compare individuals or countries, suggesting that absolute income plays an important role in influencing well- being. Finally, studying changes in satisfaction over time, we find that as countries experience economic growth, their citizens' life satisfaction typically grows, and that those countries experiencing more rapid economic growth also tend to experience more rapid growth in life satisfaction. These results together suggest that measured subjective well-being grows hand in hand with material living standards." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lebenszufriedenheit und Wohlbefinden in Deutschland: Studie zur Konstruktion eines Lebenszufriedenheitsindikators (2010)
Suntum, Ulrich van; Prinz, Aloys; Uhde, Nicole;Zitatform
Suntum, Ulrich van, Aloys Prinz & Nicole Uhde (2010): Lebenszufriedenheit und Wohlbefinden in Deutschland. Studie zur Konstruktion eines Lebenszufriedenheitsindikators. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 259), Berlin, 62 S.
Abstract
"Die Konstruktion eines umfassenden Lebenszufriedenheitsindikators erfordert (...) eine Kombination dieser klassischen Wohlfahrtsindikatoren mit den neueren Erkenntnissen der Glücksforschung. Für Deutschland lassen sich Letztere mit Hilfe der Umfragedaten aus dem Sozio-oekonomischen Panel (SOEP) ermitteln. Dabei sind vor allem solche Glücksfaktoren interessant, welche die Politik zumindest auf längere Sicht beeinflussen kann. Individuelle Glückskomponenten wie etwa Familienstand und Alter sollten deshalb nicht in einen Glücksindikator eingehen, der als Kompass für die Politik gedacht ist. Sie müssen aber gleichwohl als Kontrollvariablen berücksichtigt werden, wenn es um die fundierte Ableitung eines Indikators aus den Daten des SOEP geht. Im Folgenden werden die Ergebnisse einer solchen Analyse dargestellt. Sie liefert eine Reihe von Variablen, die für einen umfassenden Lebenszufriedenheitsindikator für Deutschland verwendet werden können. Die Analyse bestätigt weitgehend die Ergebnisse der internationalen empirischen 'Glücksforschung' und erweitert sie um einige neue Aspekte, insbesondere was Arbeitsmarktflexibilität und soziale Sicherheit als Glücksfaktoren betrifft. Im folgenden Abschnitt werden zunächst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der internationalen Glücksforschung vorgestellt. Anschließend wird die Auswertung der SOEP-Daten für Deutschland vorgestellt und erläutert, welche Faktoren hierzulande einen positiven oder negativen Einfluss auf die Lebenszufriedenheit haben. Daraus wird ein Lebenszufriedenheitsindikator ('Glücks-BIP') für Deutschland abgeleitet, der sowohl materielle als auch immaterielle Wohlstandskomponenten enthält. Im letzten Abschnitt wird dieser Indikator sowohl mit dem Bruttoinlandsprodukt als klassischem Wohlstandsindikator als auch mit der Lebenszufriedenheit insgesamt verglichen, wie sie sich aus den entsprechenden Umfragen des SOEP ergibt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Second European quality of life survey: subjective well-being in Europe (2010)
Watson, Dorothy; Wallace, Claire; Pichler, Florian;Zitatform
Watson, Dorothy, Florian Pichler & Claire Wallace (2010): Second European quality of life survey. Subjective well-being in Europe. Dublin, 98 S.
Abstract
"What are the factors that give rise to a feeling of satisfaction with one's life and do these vary from country to country across Europe? This report explores the role of different aspects of an individual's life - such as income, age, employment, marital status and health - in shaping the quality of their lives. Drawing on findings from the second European Quality of Life Survey, carried out by Eurofound in 2007, it gives a wide-ranging picture of the diverse social realities in Europe today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gleichheit ist Glück: warum gerechte Gesellschaften für alle besser sind (2010)
Wilkinson, Richard; Pickett, Kate;Zitatform
Wilkinson, Richard & Kate Pickett (2010): Gleichheit ist Glück. Warum gerechte Gesellschaften für alle besser sind. Berlin: Tolkemitt, 368 S.
Abstract
"In jahrzehntelanger Forschung haben die beiden Wissenschaftler Richard Wilkinson und Kate Pickett empirische Daten gesammelt und ausgewertet, anhand derer sie den Einfluss der Ungleichheit auf eine Vielzahl der drängendsten sozialen Probleme entwickelter Gesellschaften untersuchen. Die geistige Gesundheit oder der Drogenkonsum der Mitglieder einer Gesellschaft, Lebenserwartung, Gesundheit, Übergewicht, Bildung, die Geburtenrate bei Minderjährigen, die Verbrechensrate und nicht zuletzt die soziale Mobilität: All diese Phänomene hängen statistisch eindeutig davon ab, wie ungleich die Einkommens- und somit Chancenverteilung einer Gesellschaft ist. Ab einem gewissen Einkommensniveau, das etwa auf der Höhe dessen von - ausgerechnet - Kuba liegt, ist es eben nicht mehr die Höhe des Durchschnittseinkommens, die es den Menschen immer bessergehen lässt, sondern die Verteilung des Einkommens." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Economics of Happiness: ein neues Paradigma für die Finanzpolitik? (2010)
Zitatform
(2010): Economics of Happiness. Ein neues Paradigma für die Finanzpolitik? In: Monatsbericht des BMF H. 4, S. 38-53.
Abstract
- Einkommen spielt eine große Rolle für die Lebenszufriedenheit der Menschen. Allerdings wird dieser Effekt vor allem durch Einkommensvergleiche mit anderen Menschen und mit der eigenen Vergangenheit erzeugt.
- Die Lebenszufriedenheit von Arbeitslosen ist deutlich geringer als die von Beschäftigten. Dies gilt selbst dann, wenn der Einkommensverlust der Arbeitslosen vollständig kompensiert würde. Auch die Arbeitslosigkeit anderer Menschen, Inflation und Umweltverschmutzung wirken sich negativ auf die Lebenszufriedenheit aus. Positive Effekte entstehen hingegen durch enge soziale Kontakte.
- Glück ist ein mehrdimensionales Konzept. Daher sollte die Wohlfahrtsmessung durch das Bruttoinlandsprodukt um andere objektive und subjektive Indikatoren der Lebensqualität und des Wohlbefindens ergänzt werden. Neben der Lebenszufriedenheit existieren noch andere Maße des Glücks, deren Bestimmungsfaktoren sich von denen der Lebenszufriedenheit unterscheiden können.
- Eine aus der Glücksforschung abgeleitete Rechtfertigung progressiver Einkommensteuern kann nicht bestätigt werden, da eine gesamtwirtschaftliche Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit bei gleichzeitiger Ausweitung der Freizeit, selbst bei hypothetischer Konstanz des individuellen Haushaltseinkommens, die durchschnittliche Lebenszufriedenheit nicht erhöht.
- Die Lebenszufriedenheitsforschung kann bei der Bestimmung einer optimalen Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik hilfreich sein. Bei dem gegenwärtigen Wissensstand ist es aber noch zu früh, gesicherte Empfehlungen für eine Abkehr von den mit den bekannten Methoden der Wirtschaftswissenschaft abgeleiteten Politikempfehlungen zu geben. -
Literaturhinweis
Maternal employment and happiness: the effect of non-participation and part-time employment on mothers' life satisfaction (2009)
Zitatform
Berger, Eva M. (2009): Maternal employment and happiness. The effect of non-participation and part-time employment on mothers' life satisfaction. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 890), Berlin, 32 S.
Abstract
"In contrast to unemployment, the effect of non-participation and parttime employment on subjective well-being has much less frequently been the subject of economists' investigations. In Germany, many women with dependent children are involuntarily out of the labor force or in part-time employment because of family constraints (e.g., due to lack of available and appropriate childcare). Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Study, this paper analyzes the impact of involuntary familyrelated non-participation and part-time employment on mothers' life satisfaction. Controlling for unobserved individual fixed effects, I find that both the pecuniary effects (foregone earnings) and the non-pecuniary effects (psychological costs) are significantly negative. Compensating income variations reveal that the residual household income would have to be raised by 182 percent (157 percent/77 percent) in order to just offset the negative effect of not being able to work because of family constraints (of being in short/long part-time employment). Moreover, in terms of overall happiness among mothers, non-participation is revealed to be a more serious problem than unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lebensverläufe, Lebensbewältigung, Lebensglück: Ergebnisse der LifE-Studie (2009)
Fend, Helmut; Glaesser, Judith; Lauterbach, Wolfgang; Grob, Urs; Sandmeier Rupena, Anita; Erzinger, Andrea B.; Stuhlmann, Karin; Berger, Fred; Weil, Mareike; Georg, Werner; Bruggmann, Jean-Michel;Zitatform
Fend, Helmut, Fred Berger & Urs Grob (Hrsg.) (2009): Lebensverläufe, Lebensbewältigung, Lebensglück. Ergebnisse der LifE-Studie. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 482 S.
Abstract
"Wie bedeutsam ist die Lebensphase Jugend für die spätere Lebensbewältigung? Werden hier die sprichwörtlichen Weichen für den Lebensverlauf und das spätere Lebensglück gestellt oder ist sie nur eine 'Durchgangsphase' ohne nachhaltige Bedeutung? Das Buch befasst sich mit den zentralen Fragen der Prognose sowie der Stabilität und des Wandels menschlicher Entwicklung von der späten Kindheit bis ins frühe Erwachsenenalter. Es versucht, mit dem Blick nach vorne (Was ist aus den Jugendlichen geworden?) und dem Blick zurück (Wie sieht die Vorgeschichte der Erwachsenen aus?) die wichtigsten Entwicklungspfade beim Übergang ins Erwachsenenalter zu beschreiben und zu erklären. Vorgestellt werden zentrale Ergebnisse zur beruflichen, sozialen, kulturellen und gesundheitlichen Entwicklung von über 1500 Personen, die vom 12. bis zum 35. Lebensjahr im Rahmen der LifE-Studie (Lebensverläufe ins frühe Erwachsenenalter), einer der längsten prospektiven Entwicklungsstudien im deutschsprachigen Raum, untersucht wurden. Gemessen am überaus langen Zeitraum ergeben sich überraschende Hinweise auf die Relevanz und Vorhersagekraft von frühen Erfahrungen sowie die Stabilität von Orientierungen aus dem Jugendalter. Vor dem Hintergrund der sich verändernden Lebensumstände und Bedürfnisstrukturen beim Übergang ins Erwachsenenalter lassen sich aber auch eine eindrückliche Plastizität in der menschlichen Entwicklung und Vielfalt in den individuellen Lebensverläufen nachweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness and age cycles - return to start...?: on the functional relationship between subjective well-being and age (2009)
Fischer, Justina A.V.;Zitatform
Fischer, Justina A.V. (2009): Happiness and age cycles - return to start...? On the functional relationship between subjective well-being and age. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 99), Paris, 42 S. DOI:10.1787/220573570724
Abstract
"Previous happiness research has explicitly assumed that subjective well-being is U-shaped in age. This paper sheds new light on this issue testing several functional forms. Using micro data from the World Values Survey on 44 000 persons in 30 economically advanced OECD countries with long life expectancies, we reveal a hyperbolic functional form. We find that life satisfaction reaches another local maximum around the age of 83, with a level identical to that of a 26-year old. This hyperbolic well-beingage relation is robust to the inclusion of cohort effects. We test this relationship for each OECD country separately, and corroborate the functional form using a sample of non-OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What makes young adults happy?: employment and non-work as determinants of life satisfaction (2009)
Zitatform
Khattab, Nabil & Steve Fenton (2009): What makes young adults happy? Employment and non-work as determinants of life satisfaction. In: Sociology, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 11-26. DOI:10.1177/0038038508099095
Abstract
"Durkheim and subsequent commentators have argued for the'benign' influence of work and employment in modern life. Contemporary patterns of work and employment are thought to be fragmented and precarious and thus alienating and demoralizing - and this runs largely, but not wholly, counter to Durkheim's prognosis. If employment may be integrative or demoralizing, this raises the question of are employment factors key determinants of life satisfaction? 'We explore data on 1100 young adults to test the relationship between employment variables, non-employment variables and life satisfaction. Employment-related variables are significantly related to Life Satisfaction (LS) as are non-employment variables (social relations, home satisfaction). Crucially, the influence of all variables on LS is mediated by 'sense of life control', and patterns for young men and women differ significantly, suggesting divergent valuation of work and home. Regression models uncover, with some precision, direct and indirect relationships between independent variables and Life Satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Life satisfaction and relative income: perceptions and evidence (2009)
Zitatform
Mayraz, Guy, Gert G. Wagner & Jürgen Schupp (2009): Life satisfaction and relative income. Perceptions and evidence. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 214), Berlin, 24 S.
Abstract
"Using a unique dataset we study both the actual and self-perceived relationship between subjective well-being and income comparisons against a wide range of potential comparison groups, enabling us to investigate a broader range of questions than in previous studies. In questions inserted into a 2008 module of the German-Socio Economic Panel Study we ask subjects to report (a) how their income compares to various groups, such a co-workers, friends, and neighbours, and (b) how important these income comparisons are to them. We find substantial gender differences, with income comparisons being much better predictors of subjective well-being in men than in women. Generic (same-gender) comparisons are the most important, followed by within profession comparisons. Once generic and within-profession comparisons are controlled for, income relative to neighbours has a negative coeffcient, implying that living in a high-income neighbourhood increases happiness. The perceived importance of income comparisons is found to be uncorrelated with its actual relationship to subjective well-being, suggesting that people are unconscious of its real impact. Subjects who judge comparisons to be important are, however, significantly less happy than subjects who see income comparisons as unimportant. Finally, the marginal effect of relative income on subjective well-being does not depend on whether a subject is below or above the reference group income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income distribution and subjective happiness: a survey (2009)
Zitatform
Senik, Claudia (2009): Income distribution and subjective happiness. A survey. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 96), Paris, 25 S. DOI:10.1787/218860720683
Abstract
"This survey summarises the insights that the new literature based on subjective data has shed on the issue of income inequality and income comparisons. It reviews the various channels that relate income distribution and subjective well-being. It considers the welfare effect of income gaps in general, both in terms of the difference between individual income and the income of some relevant other, and with regard to generic income distribution. Concerning income comparisons, the general lesson is that it is useful to distinguish status effects from signal effects: income comparisons hurt, but they may also increase life satisfaction when they mean good news; this is all the more likely as the reference group is made of people who most likely share a common destiny. Concerning income distribution in general, the relationship with subjective well-being is generally found to be negative, with higher societal inequality being associated with lower subjective well-being. There are many possible pathways which may lie behind such an empirical finding. The first type of aversion to income inequality derives from self-centred motives, such as risk-aversion and prospects for upward mobility (POUM). Both stem from a perception of the income distribution as a ladder that one risks falling from or has a chance to climb. Attitudes to inequality are also sometimes found to be based on other-regarding preferences such as fairness and reciprocity, which are generally independent of the income position of the individual himself. An important point is that subjective attitudes are the joint output of preferences and beliefs concerning income distribution in society. The demand for redistribution is higher whenever people have strong preferences for equal outcomes or opportunities but believe that in the society in which they live, outcomes or opportunities are actually not equal. As illustrated by several studies, preferences and beliefs concerning income distribution are context dependent and are thus heterogeneous across countries and groups of the population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness and health: Well-being among the self-employed (2008)
Andersson, Pernilla;Zitatform
Andersson, Pernilla (2008): Happiness and health: Well-being among the self-employed. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 213-236. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2007.03.003
Abstract
"Is well-being greater among the self-employed than among wage-earners? In order to investigate this question, data from the Swedish Level-of-Living Survey for the 2 years 1991 and 2000 are used and six indicators of well-being are considered: (1) job satisfaction, (2) life satisfaction, (3) whether the job is stressful, (4) whether the job is mentally straining, (5) mental health problems, and (6) poor general health. Six logit models are estimated and to handle the possible selection of more satisfied individuals and individuals more able to handle stress into self-employment, conditional fixed-effects logit models are estimated for each of the outcomes. We find that self-employment leads to an increase in job satisfaction. We also find a positive correlation between self-employment and life satisfaction. There is some evidence that self-employment leads to more mental health problems, and that the self-employed are less likely to perceive their job as mentally straining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Absolute income, relative income, and happiness (2008)
Ball, Richard; Chernova, Kateryna;Zitatform
Ball, Richard & Kateryna Chernova (2008): Absolute income, relative income, and happiness. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 497-529. DOI:10.1007/s11205-007-9217-0
Abstract
"This paper uses data from the World Values Survey to investigate how an individual's self-reported happiness is related to (i) the level of her income in absolute terms, and (ii) the level of her income relative to other people in her country. The main findings are that (i) both absolute and relative income are positively and significantly correlated with happiness, (ii) quantitatively, changes in relative income have much larger effects on happiness than do changes in absolute income, and (iii) the effects on happiness of both absolute and relative income are small when compared to the effects several non-pecuniary factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job satisfaction and family happiness: The part-time work puzzle (2008)
Booth, Alison L.; Ours, Jan C. van;Zitatform
Booth, Alison L. & Jan C. van Ours (2008): Job satisfaction and family happiness: The part-time work puzzle. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F77-F99.
Abstract
"We investigate the relationship between part-time work and working hours satisfaction, job satisfaction and life satisfaction. We account for interdependence within the family using data on partnered men and women from the British Household Panel Survey. Men have the highest hours-of-work satisfaction if they work full-time without overtime hours but neither their job satisfaction nor their life satisfaction are affected by how many hours they work. Women present a puzzle. Hours satisfaction and job satisfaction indicate that women prefer part-time jobs irrespective of whether these are small or large but their life satisfaction is virtually unaffected by hours of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Well-being and inequality (2008)
Böhnke, Petra;Zitatform
Böhnke, Petra (2008): Well-being and inequality. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2008-201), Berlin, 51 S.
Abstract
"An objective and a subjective approach to study well-being is introduced. The objective approach is particularly useful to compare the quality of life of given societies across time and space. Using the objective approach, we can identify strong differences of quality of life between European countries. In comparison to Western Europe, East European countries tend to have a rather low quality of life. Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Belgium form a cluster of countries with high quality of life. The subjective approach to study well-being is useful for investigating the importance of dimensions of social inequality for people themselves. It is shown that most of the inequality dimensions traditionally analysed by social scientists affect people's subjective well-being. However, it is also shown that some of the more materialistic inequality dimensions (such as income) tend to be less important in rich societies, while certain non-materialistic dimensions (such as family) are getting more important. The subjective approach to study well-being is also used to investigate the importance of characteristics of societies for people's well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The science of subjective well-being (2008)
Eid, Michael ; Buss, David M.; Kalil, Ariel; Biswas-Diener, Robert M.; King, Laura A.; Cacioppo, John T.; Klinger, Ryan; Diener McGavran, Mary Beth; Koo, Jayoung; Diener, Ed; Koo, Minkyung; Emmons, Robert A.; Lucas, Richard E.; Fujita, Frank; McMahon, Darrin M.; Haybron, Daniel M.; Myers, David G.; Huebner, E. Scott; Oishi, Shigehiro; Judge, Timothy; Pavot, William; Compton, Rebecca J.; Prizimic, Zvjezdana; Diener, Larrisa L.; Robinson, Michael D.; Hawkley, Louise C.; Schimmack, Ulrich; Hughes, M. E.; Suh, Eunkook M.; Diener, Carol; Thisted, Ronald A.; Hill, Sarah E.; Waite, Linda; Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Larsen, Randy J.;Zitatform
Eid, Michael & Randy J. Larsen (Hrsg.) (2008): The science of subjective well-being. New York u.a.: Guilford Press, 546 S.
Abstract
"This authoritative volume reviews the breadth of current scientific knowledge on subjective well-being (SWB): its definition, causes and consequences, measurement, and practical applications that may help people become happier. Leading experts explore the connections between SWB and a range of intrapersonal and interpersonal phenomena, including personality, relationship satisfaction, wealth, cognitive processes, emotion regulation, religion, family life, school and work experiences, and culture. Interventions and practices that enhance SWB are examined, with attention to both their benefits and limitations. The concluding chapter from Ed Diener dispels common myths in the field and presents a thoughtful agenda for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Subjective well-being and the duration of aggregate unemployment in Europe (2008)
Zitatform
Ochsen, Carsten (2008): Subjective well-being and the duration of aggregate unemployment in Europe. (Thünen-series of applied economic theory. Working paper 97), Rostock, 19 S.
Abstract
"This study examines whether the distribution of aggregate unemployment by duration affects individual well-being. Two hypotheses are provided to explain how the shares of short-term (up to 3 months) and long-term (more than 1 year) unemployed people could affect the well-being of the employed and unemployed: The severity hypothesis and the flow hypothesis. Using data from almost 300,000 individuals from 11 EU countries, an ordered probit estimator is used to analyze the impact of the distribution of aggregate unemployment by duration on individual well-being. We find significant evidence in favor of both the severity and the flow hypotheses. Hence, the fear of losing (or not finding) a job is more detrimental when the prospect is to remain unemployed for a longer time. At some point, however, both the employed and unemployed adapt to unemployment at the macro level. Using an alternative specification that allows for a duration-specific risk of becoming/being unemployed, we arrive at similar conclusions. What seems to bother people is thus not just the risk of becoming/remaining unemployed, but more so the risk of being out of work for 4 to 12 months." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income, working hours, and happiness (2008)
Pouwels, Babette; Vlasblom, Jan Dirk; Siegers, Jacques;Zitatform
Pouwels, Babette, Jacques Siegers & Jan Dirk Vlasblom (2008): Income, working hours, and happiness. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 99, H. 1, S. 72-74. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.05.032
Abstract
"In empirical analyses, the effect of income on happiness tends to be underestimated by ignoring the fact that income has to be earned. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, our analysis confirms this tendency. For men, the underestimation amounts to 25%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness quantified: a satisfaction calculus approach (2008)
Praag, Bernard M. S. van; Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Ada;Zitatform
Praag, Bernard M. S. van & Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2008): Happiness quantified. A satisfaction calculus approach. Oxford u.a.: Oxford University Press, 370 S.
Abstract
"Drawing on a range of surveys on people's satisfaction with their jobs, income, housing, marriages, and government policy, among other areas of life, this book shows how satisfaction with life 'as a whole' is an aggregate of these domain satisfactions. Using German, British, Dutch, and Russian data, the authors cover a wide range of topics. The book presents a new and fruitful methodology that constitutes a welcome addition to the social sciences. The paperback edition has been revised to bring the literature review up-to-date and the chapter on poverty has been revised and extended to take account of new research." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness inequality in the United States (2008)
Stevenson, Betsey; Wolfers, Justin;Zitatform
Stevenson, Betsey & Justin Wolfers (2008): Happiness inequality in the United States. (NBER working paper 14220), Cambridge, Mass., 22 S., Anhang. DOI:10.3386/w14220
Abstract
"This paper examines how the level and dispersion of self-reported happiness has evolved over the period 1972-2006. While there has been no increase in aggregate happiness, inequality in happiness has fallen substantially since the 1970s. There have been large changes in the level of happiness across groups: Two-thirds of the black-white happiness gap has been eroded, and the gender happiness gap has disappeared entirely. Paralleling changes in the income distribution, differences in happiness by education have widened substantially. We develop an integrated approach to measuring inequality and decomposing changes in the distribution of happiness, finding a pervasive decline in within-group inequality during the 1970s and 1980s that was experienced by even narrowly-defined demographic groups. Around one-third of this decline has subsequently been unwound. Juxtaposing these changes with large rises in income inequality suggests an important role for non-pecuniary factors in shaping the well-being distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income evaluation and happiness in the case of an income decline (2007)
Antonides, Gerrit;Zitatform
Antonides, Gerrit (2007): Income evaluation and happiness in the case of an income decline. In: Kyklos, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 467-484.
Abstract
Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags stehen Menschen, die Einkommenseinbußen hinnehmen mussten, ihre Bewertung des Einkommens und der Grad ihres Wohlbefindens in einer Reihe von Lebensbereichen. In der Studie wurden 800 Teilnehmer danach gefragt, ob sie angesichts sinkenden Einkommens nach Informationen gesucht haben und vorsogliche Maßnahmen ergriffen haben, um die Auswirkungen der Einkommenseinbußen abzumildern. Mittels einer Categorical-Principal-Components-Analyse werden zwei Verhaltens-Skalen entwickelt. Diese Skalen erklären die Bewertung des Einkommens und das Wohlbefinden in Abhängigkeit von Haushaltseinkommen, Familienstruktur und Ursachen der Einkommenseinbußen. Hieraus werden Vorschläge für das Finanzmanagement öffentlicher Haushalte gezogen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Handbook on the economics of happiness (2007)
Bruni, Luigino; Hirata, Johannes; Irwin, Julie R.; Gutierrez, Monica D.; Vivenza, Gloria; Bartolini, Stefano; Porta, Pier Luigi; Bianchi, Marina; Jesus Garcia, Jose de; Cogoy, Mario; Karayiannis, Anastasios; Cremaschi, Sergio; Marzetti Dall' Aste Brandolini, Silva; Domenighetti, Gianfranco; Peiro, Amado; Filippini, Massimo; Pelligra, Vittorio; Grimalda, Gianluca; Powdthavee, Nattavudh ; Guillen Royo, Monica; Pugno, Maurizio; Becchetti, Leonardo; Raghunathan, Rajagopal; Cox, Donald; Sacconi, Lorenzo; Drakopoulos, Stravos; Salvador, A. Borrego; Guidi, Marco E. L.; Santor, Marika; Chekola, Mark; Scazzieri, Roberto; Fuentes, Nicole Christa; Stark, Oded; Crivelli, Luca; Tapia, Alejandro; Zarri, Luca; Vendrik, Maarten;Zitatform
Hirata, Johannes, Julie R. Irwin, Monica D. Gutierrez, Gloria Vivenza, Stefano Bartolini, Marina Bianchi, Jose de Jesus Garcia, Mario Cogoy, Anastasios Karayiannis, Sergio Cremaschi, Silva Marzetti Dall' Aste Brandolini, Gianfranco Domenighetti, Amado Peiro, Massimo Filippini, Vittorio Pelligra, Gianluca Grimalda, Nattavudh Powdthavee, Monica Guillen Royo, Maurizio Pugno, Leonardo Becchetti, Rajagopal Raghunathan, Donald Cox, Lorenzo Sacconi, Stravos Drakopoulos, A. Borrego Salvador, Marco E. L. Guidi, Marika Santor, Mark Chekola, Roberto Scazzieri, Nicole Christa Fuentes, Oded Stark, Luca Crivelli, Alejandro Tapia, Luca Zarri & Maarten Vendrik (2007): Handbook on the economics of happiness. (Elgar original reference), Cheltenham u.a.: Elgar, 596 S.
Abstract
"This Handbook provides an unprecedented forum for discussion of the economic issues relating to happiness. It reviews the more recent literature and offers the interested reader an insight into the vast scope of the field in terms of the theory, its applications and also experimental design. The Handbook also gives substantial indications as to the future direction of research in the field, with particular regard to policy applications and developing an economics of interpersonal relations which includes reciprocity and social interaction theory. Reflecting the contribution of a major research activity an the study of happiness, economics and interpersonal relations, this book will be of great interest to economists and psychologists in general, as well as welfare economists and postgraduate scholars of cooperation, welfare, social planning, non-profit, corporate social responsibility and related fields." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Determinanten des Glücks: Lebenszufriedenheit in Europa (2007)
Zitatform
Böhnke, Petra & Ulrich Kohler (2007): Determinanten des Glücks: Lebenszufriedenheit in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 60, H. 7, S. 373-379. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2007-7-373
Abstract
"Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht das subjektive Wohlbefinden der Europäer als zentrale Dimension von Lebensqualität. Wie zufrieden sind Europäer mit ihrem Leben im Allgemeinen? Was bestimmt das Ausmaß an Lebenszufriedenheit in verschiedenen Ländern? Von Interesse ist zum einen der Einfluss sozialer Ungleichheit in Form von Einkommen, Bildung, Arbeitsmarktposition, Gesundheit und sozialen Beziehungen. Zum anderen werden gesellschaftspolitische Rahmenbedingungen als Kontextfaktoren untersucht, um die Variation von Lebenszufriedenheit in der europäischen Union zu erklären. Es zeigt sich, dass das Ausmaß der Lebenszufriedenheit die heterogenen Lebensverhältnisse in der erweiterten EU widerspiegelt. Doch die individuelle Position im Wohlstandgefüge eines Landes reicht nicht aus, um Lebenszufriedenheit zu erklären. Lebenszufriedenheit wird nicht nur von individuellen Lebensumständen geprägt, sondern auch vom Wohlfahrtsniveau und der Qualität der Gesellschaft: Soziales Kapital, soziale Rechte, Vertrauen in Demokratie und Sozialschutzsysteme bestimmen maßgeblich die individuelle Lebensqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Evolutionary efficiency and happiness (2007)
Rayo, Luis; Becker, Gary S.;Zitatform
Rayo, Luis & Gary S. Becker (2007): Evolutionary efficiency and happiness. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 115, H. 2, S. 302-337.
Abstract
"We model happiness as a measurement tool used to rank alternative actions. Evolution favors a happiness function that measures the individual's success in relative terms. The optimal function is based on a time-varying reference point-or performance benchmark-that is updated over time in a statistically optimal way in order to match the individual's potential. Habits and peer comparisons arise as special cases of such an updating process. This updating also results in a volatile level of happiness that continuously reverts to its long-term mean. Throughout, we draw a parallel with a problem of optimal incentives, which allows us to apply statistical insights from agency theory to the study of happiness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und psychisches Wohlbefinden (2007)
Zitatform
Schels, Brigitte (2007): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und psychisches Wohlbefinden. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 13/2007), Nürnberg, 51 S.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag betrachtet das psychische Wohlbefinden und die Erwerbssituation junger Menschen von 15 bis 24 Jahren in Deutschland, die bereits einmal arbeitslos waren. Im Fokus stehen die Auswirkungen von Arbeitslosigkeit im Zusammenhang mit der finanziellen Situation. Obwohl es bereits mehrere Studien in anderen Ländern zur Arbeitslosigkeit Jüngerer und ihrem psychischen Wohlbefinden gibt, wurde dies in Deutschland bislang selten thematisiert. Datenbasis der Untersuchung ist die deutsche Teilstichprobe der europäischen Vergleichsstudie 'Übergänge aus Jugendarbeitslosigkeit'. Die befragten Jugendlichen waren im Jahr 1998 für mindestens 90 Tage arbeitslos registriert und wurden zu zwei Zeitpunkten befragt. Auf dieser Grundlage betrachtet der Beitrag zum einen den Einfluss der aktuellen Lebenslage auf das psychische Wohlbefinden und zum anderen die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem weiteren Erwerbsverlauf der Jugendlichen und der Veränderung ihres psychischen Wohlbefindens. Wie sich zeigt, sind ein erfolgreicher Einstieg in das Erwerbsleben und eine zufriedenstellende finanzielle Situation zentral für das psychische Wohlbefinden der Jugendlichen. Erwerbstätigkeit hat allerdings für junge Frauen eine andere Bedeutung als für junge Männer: Während für die jungen Frauen der Einkommenserwerb im Vordergrund steht, steigt das Wohlbefinden der jungen Männer mit Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit unabhängig von finanziellen Faktoren. Dies verweist auf die konstitutive Rolle der Erwerbsarbeit auch jenseits finanzieller Aspekte für ein gelungenes Erwachsenwerden der Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How much happiness is there in the world?: a cross-country study (2006)
Borooah, Vani K.;Zitatform
Borooah, Vani K. (2006): How much happiness is there in the world? A cross-country study. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 13, H. 8, S. 483-488. DOI:10.1080/13504850500400652
Abstract
"This paper complements the burgeoning literature on country-specific studies of happiness by taking a global look at happiness and its determinants. In so doing, it makes two contributions. First, it presents indicators of happiness that are 'equity adjusted' and compares their values to those of unadjusted indicators. This comparison shows that countries with the lowest mean happiness scores have their unhappiness compounded when these means are adjusted to take account of the glaring inequality in their inter-personal distribution of happiness. Second, using data on nearly 113 000 respondents, drawn from 80 countries, it shows that people everywhere want broadly the same things in order to be happy: faith in a deity; a decent standard of living; a job; a good family and social life; a good neighbourhood in which to live; and, above all, good health." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A note on unhappiness and unemployment duration (2006)
Zitatform
Clark, Andrew E. (2006): A note on unhappiness and unemployment duration. (IZA discussion paper 2406), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"Although it is now widely-accepted that unemployment is associated with sharply lower levels of individual well-being, relatively little is known about how this effect depends on unemployment duration. Data from three large-scale European panels is used to shed light on this issue; these data allow us to distinguish habituation to unemployment from sample selection. The panel results show little evidence of habituation to unemployment in Europe in the 1990's." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Life cycle happiness and its sources intersections of psychology, economics, and demography (2006)
Easterlin, Richard A.;Zitatform
Easterlin, Richard A. (2006): Life cycle happiness and its sources intersections of psychology, economics, and demography. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 463-482.
Abstract
"In the United States happiness rises slightly, on average, from ages 18 to midlife, and declines slowly thereafter. This pattern for the total population is the net result of disparate trends in the satisfaction people get from various life domains: their financial situation, family life, health, and work. The slight rise in happiness through midlife is due chiefly to growing satisfaction with one's family life and work, which together more than offset decreasing satisfaction with health. Beyond midlife, happiness edges downward as a continuing decline in satisfaction with health is joined by diminishing satisfaction with one's family situation and work; these negative trends are offset considerably, however, by a sizeable upturn in later life in people's satisfaction with their financial situation. These findings come from an analysis of the United States General Social Surveys, using the demographer's synthetic panel technique. They support neither the mainstream economics view that well-being depends only on one's objective conditions nor the psychologists' strong setpoint model in which adaptation to such conditions is rapid and complete. They are consistent with a 'bottom up' model in which happiness is the net outcome of both objective and subjective factors in various life domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Objektive regionale Lebensqualität und subjektives Wohlbefinden: was macht Bürgerinnen und Bürger zufrieden? (2006)
Kawka, Rupert; Sturm, Gabriele;Zitatform
Kawka, Rupert & Gabriele Sturm (2006): Objektive regionale Lebensqualität und subjektives Wohlbefinden. Was macht Bürgerinnen und Bürger zufrieden? In: Informationen zur Raumentwicklung H. 6/7, S. 309-316 u. 979.
Abstract
"Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, welchen Stellenwert das aus dem Grundgesetz abgeleitete Ziel der Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse in allen Teilräumen der Bundesrepublik in der Raumordnung und der sie gestaltenden Politik gehabt hat und weiterhin hat. Er wirft des weiteren die Frage auf, ob Gleichwertigkeit angesichts der neuen Rahmenbedingungen noch als ein ubiquitär zu verfolgendes Ziel zu sehen ist oder ob es nicht eher im Sinne einer Gewährung von gleichen Chance für den Einzelnen gesehen werden muss, jenseits und unabhängig von einer möglichen, räumlich ubiquitär zu verordneten Umsetzung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The happiness gains from sorting and matching in the labor market (2006)
Luechinger, Simon; Stutzer, Alois; Winkelmann, Rainer;Zitatform
Luechinger, Simon, Alois Stutzer & Rainer Winkelmann (2006): The happiness gains from sorting and matching in the labor market. (IZA discussion paper 2019), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"Sorting of people on the labor market not only assures the most productive use of valuable skills but also generates individual utility gains if people experience an optimal match between job characteristics and their preferences. Based on individual data on reported satisfaction with life it is possible to assess these latter gains from matching. We introduce a two-equation ordered probit model with endogenous switching and study self-selection into government and private sector jobs. We find considerable gains from matching amounting to an increase in the fraction of very satisfied workers from 53.8 to 58.8 percent relative to a hypothetical random allocation of workers to the two sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness, satisfaction and socio-economic conditions: some international evidence (2006)
Peiro, Amado;Zitatform
Peiro, Amado (2006): Happiness, satisfaction and socio-economic conditions. Some international evidence. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 348-365. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.042
Abstract
"The paper examines the relationships between socio-economic conditions and happiness or satisfaction of individuals in 15 countries. In agreement with earlier studies, age, health and marital status are strongly associated with happiness and satisfaction. In seeming contrast with other studies, unemployment does not appear to be associated with happiness, although it is clearly associated with satisfaction. Income is also strongly associated with satisfaction, but its association with happiness is weaker. These results point to happiness and satisfaction as two distinct spheres of well-being. While the first would be relatively independent of economic factors, the second would be strongly dependent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))