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Böheim, René, Rainer Eppel & Helmut Mahringer (2024): Impact evaluation of a new counselling and support programme for unemployed with multiple placement obstacles. In: International Journal of Social Welfare. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12657

Abstract

"We analyzed a new counselling and support program for people with lowemployment prospects in Austria. The Austrian Public Employment Service introduced regional pilots to investigate whether a new counselling strategycould improve labor market outcomes for this group. Eligible unemployed individuals could opt for third-party counselling and support, access a widerange of low-threshold services, and focus on personal stability rather than jobplacement. The goal was to achieve similar or even better labor market out-comes at lower cost. By comparing pilot and control regions, we found that introducing the offer resulted in higher costs without improving labour market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Firpo, Sergio & Alysson Portella Lorenzon (2024): The labor market in Brazil, 2001–2022. (IZA world of labor 441), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.441.v2

Abstract

"In the first decade of the 21st century, the Brazilian economy experienced an important expansion followed by a significant decline in inequality. The minimum wage increased rapidly, reducing inequality with no negative effects on employment or formality. This resulted from economic growth and greater supply of skilled labor. However, from 2014-2021, real wages were stagnant, and unemployment rates surged. Inequality rose again, although only marginally. Some positive signs emerged in 2022, although it is still too early to know whether they mark a return to past trends or a recovery from the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gökten, Meryem, Philipp Heimberger & Andreas Lichtenberger (2024): How Far from Full Employment? The European Unemployment Problem Revisited. (WIIW working paper 245), Wien, 44 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses deviations from full employment in EU countries, compared with the US and the UK. We apply the Beveridge (full-employment-consistent) rate of unemployment (BECRU), derived from the unemployment-vacancies relationship. The BECRU is the level of unemployment that minimizes the non-productive use of labor. Based on a novel dataset for the period 1970-2022, we find full employment episodes in selected EU countries (Germany, Sweden, Austria, Finland) during the 1970s. The European unemployment problem emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, as Beveridgean full employment gaps increased. In the run-up to the global financial crisis, full employment gaps declined, then increased during the Great Recession. Slack in labor markets increased initially during the pandemic. Labour markets became tighter when recovering from the COVID-19 crisis, but few countries hit full employment. Panel regressions highlight that hysteresis, labor market institutions, structural factors, macroeconomic factors and political factors contribute to explaining full employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hora, Ondrej & Tomáš Sirovátka (2024): Do individualized projects help integrate the long-term unemployed and disadvantaged people? Lessons from the Czech Republic. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 675-689. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12635

Abstract

"This article evaluates a national project for the integration of long‐term unemployed and disadvantaged groups of jobseekers implemented in the Czech Republic since 2019. It discusses how individual work and active labor market policy measures for these groups have changed, and what the outcomes were. We combined a quantitative evaluation of the targeting and outcomes of the measures with a qualitative evaluation of changes in the project implementation through semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions conducted at the Labor Office branches. The findings show the need to broaden the availability of hard measures such as private‐sector placement subsidies for the most disadvantaged jobseekers, and to improve soft measures (counselling and training), especially if front‐line workers do not have sufficient competences for individual work. We are cautious about generalising the findings, as the pandemic complicated the implementation of soft measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Kaila, Martti, Emily Nix & Krista Riukula (2024): The Impact of an Early Career Shock on Intergenerational Mobility. In: Journal of labor economics online erschienen am 06.03.2024. DOI:10.1086/730322

Abstract

"Children’s and parent’s incomes are highly correlated, yet little is known about how early career shocks contribute to this correlation. This paper focuses on a consequential labor market shock: job loss. We document three new results. First, adult children born into the Bottom 20% of the income distribution have double the unemployment following job loss compared with those from the top 20%, and 154% higher earnings losses. Second, this increases the rank-rank correlation 30% for those impacted. Third, richer parents provide career opportu-nities to their adult children after job loss, consistent with advantages from wealthy parents persisting well into adulthood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mueller, Andreas I. & Johannes Spinnewijn (2023): The Nature of Long-Term Unemployment: Predictability, Heterogeneity and Selection. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15955), Bonn, 74 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the predictability of long-term unemployment (LTU) and analyzes its main determinants using rich administrative data in Sweden. Compared to using standard socio-demographic variables, the predictive power more than doubles when leveraging the rich data environment. The largest gains come from adding job seekers' employment history prior to becoming unemployed. Applying our prediction algorithm over the unemployment spell, we show that dynamic selection into LTU explains at least half of the observed decline in job finding. While the within-individual declines are small on average, we find substantial heterogeneity in the individual-level declines and thus reject the commonly used proportional hazard assumption. Applying our prediction algorithm over the business cycle, we find that the cyclicality in average LTU risk is not driven by composition but rather by within-individual cyclicality and that individual rankings are relatively persistent across years. Finally, we evaluate the implications of our findings for the value of targeting unemployment policies and how these change over the unemployment spell and the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2021): The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Job Quality Components in Determining Welfare Exit. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 79-103. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000977

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit means tested public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labor market. Studies on welfare use determinants that traced these policy changes focused on individuals’ characteristics, economic condition, and various policy components. Little attention was paid to welfare recipients’ job quality or its role in determining welfare exit. The present study examined the contribution of various job quality aspects, beyond wages, to welfare exit among welfare recipients in Israel. We considered the use of workers’ own skills and occupation, existence of standard employment contract (versus temporary), irregular work schedule, and application of mandatory and non-mandatory non-wage compensation attributes. The data derive from a national panel survey of 2,800 single-mother recipients of welfare in 2003. The results indicate the importance of these job components for welfare exit, above and beyond wages. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kospentaris, Ioannis (2021): Unobserved heterogeneity and skill loss in a structural model of duration dependence. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 39, S. 280-303. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2020.07.008

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Raml, Reinhard & Aleksandra Waldhauser (2021): Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und ihre gravierenden Folgen für die Betroffenen und die Gesellschaft. In: WISO, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 11-28.

Abstract

"Eine Sonderauswertung des Arbeitsklima Index knüpft an der Pionierarbeit „Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal“ an und zeigt, welche Auswirkungen Arbeitslosigkeit auch in der heutigen Zeit noch hat und wie schwierig es für die Betroffenen mit zunehmender Dauer ist, jenes (Selbst-)Vertrauen und jene Fertigkeiten aufrechtzuerhalten, die Voraussetzung für einen selbstständigen Wiedereinstieg in das Berufsleben sind. Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit, die während der Corona-Krise massiv angestiegen ist, ist kein Einzelschicksal, sondern verändert die Gesellschaft auch als Ganzes" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © ISW-Linz)

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2020): Welfare-use accumulation and chronic dependency in Israel. The role of structural factors. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 49, H. 1, S. 81-101. DOI:10.1017/S0047279418000843

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labour market. These policies have substantially changed the trade-offs of employment and welfare-use behaviour, making employment far more attractive than welfare dependency. Despite this new reality, many welfare recipients circulate in and out of the welfare system and the low-wage labour market or become disconnected from both work and welfare. Drawing on longitudinal administrative data of single Israeli mothers who received Income Support Benefit in 2003, this study focuses on the role of structural factors, including local labour market conditions and local availability of subsidised child-care, in explaining the intensity of welfare receipt over a 51-month period. The results indicate notable diversity in welfare-use accumulation. Some mothers were classified as short- to mid-termer recipients while others showed a much more intensive use, and about a third were classified as chronically dependent. Local labour market conditions and their change over time played an important part in explaining welfare accumulation, while local child-care availability had no effect. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, Henrik Lindegaard Andersen & Morten Saaby (2020): The Relationship between Active Labor Market Programs and Employability of the Long-Term Unemployed. In: Labour, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 154-175. DOI:10.1111/labr.12172

Abstract

"It can be difficult to document whether active labor market programs are effective for the long-term unemployed because their transitions to employment are rare. This study examines whether eight measures of employability are useful intermediate outcome measures for the long-term unemployed. We use a repeated survey linked to administrative register data and estimate three-way fixed-effect models. The results show that self-reported health is a useful outcome measure for the given population of long-term unemployed in the following sense: Only this measure both predicts subsequent employment and is positively associated with prior participation in an active labor market program compared with non-participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Buchner, Elisabeth & Helmut P. Gaisbauer (2020): Unterstützungsangebote für arbeitsmarktferne MindestsicherungsbezieherInnen: Chancen und Barrieren. In: WISO, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 53-70.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag stellt anhand von zwei Projekten aus dem „Salzburger Stufenmodell“ dar, wie besonders arbeitsmarktferne, mehrfach belastete MindestsicherungsbezieherInnen bei der Lebensbewältigung und Stärkung ihrer Teilhabechancen wirksam unterstützt werden können und zeigt Schnittstellenprobleme und Barrieren für die Betroffenen auf. Diese entstehen vor allem aufgrund der fehlenden Durchlässigkeit und Abstimmung zwischen dem arbeitsmarktpolitischen sowie dem Sozial- und Gesundheitssystem." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © ISW-Linz)

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Jarosch, Gregor & Laura Pilossoph (2019): Statistical discrimination and duration dependence in the job finding rate. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 86, H. 4, S. 1631-1665. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdy055

Abstract

"This article models a frictional labour market where employers endogenously discriminate against the long-term unemployed. The estimated model replicates recent experimental evidence which documents that interview invitations for observationally equivalent workers fall sharply as unemployment duration progresses. We use the model to quantitatively assess the consequences of such employer behaviour for job finding rates and long-term unemployment and find only modest effects given the large decline in callbacks. Interviews lost to duration impact individual job finding rates solely if they would have led to jobs. We show that such instances are rare when firms discriminate in anticipation of an ultimately unsuccessful application. Discrimination in callbacks is thus largely a response to dynamic selection, with limited consequences for structural duration dependence and long-term unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pasquini, Alessandra, Marco Centra & Guido Pellegrini (2019): Fighting long-term unemployment: Do we have the whole picture? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 61. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101764

Abstract

"Theoretical literature on active labour market policies underlined as targeted policies can have unplanned consequences (i.e. displacement and postponed hiring effects) on individuals outside the target group. These consequences mostly affect the hiring of those that are more often used in the control group when a counterfactual approach is used to evaluate a policy. They may imply a misestimation of policy effect. Surprisingly, few empirical analysis took into account of this possibility. We tried to fill this gap in the literature evaluating Law 407/90, a hiring subsidies policy targeting long-term unemployed and implemented in one of the most critic European labour markets: the Italian ones. Using administrative data, we applied a regression discontinuity design to determine policy effectiveness. To select the bandwidth we introduced a new methodology motivated by the time-varying forcing variable. We furthermore checked for the presence of displacement and postponed hiring effects using a counterfactual approach. The results show the policy had a positive and significant impact. Moreover, no displacement and postponed hiring effects were detected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Peterie, Michelle, Gaby Ramia, Greg Marston & Roger Patulny (2019): Social isolation as stigma-management: Explaining long-term unemployed people's 'failure' to network. In: Sociology, Jg. 53, H. 6, S. 1043-1060. DOI:10.1177/0038038519856813

Abstract

"Social networks play an important role in helping people find employment, yet extant studies have argued that unemployed 'job-seekers' rarely engage in 'networking' behaviours. Previous explanations of this inactivity have typically focused on individual factors such as personality, knowledge and attitude, or suggested that isolation occurs because individuals lose access to the latent benefits of employment. Social stigma has been obscured in these debates, even as they have perpetuated stereotypes regarding individual responsibility for unemployment and the inherent value of paid work. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 80 unemployed Australians, this article argues that stigma-related shame is an important factor in networking decisions. First, it demonstrates that stigma is ubiquitous in the lives of the unemployed. Second, it identifies withdrawal from social networks and disassociation from 'the unemployed' as two key strategies that unemployed people use to manage stigma-related shame, and shows how these strategies reduce networking activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beck, Vanessa (2018): Capabilities and Choices of Vulnerable, Long-Term Unemployed Individuals. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/0950017016686028

Abstract

"This article discusses the issue of choice as it applies to long-term unemployed and vulnerable individuals. It argues that the combination of poor employment opportunities, requirements, compulsions and sanctions has not merely reduced available choice for individuals with multiple barriers to re-/join the labour market but has also resulted in curtailed decision-making abilities when it comes to their pathways into employment. The outcomes can include protective resistance as a response to the extent of regulation, which may undermine engagement in job search and related activities. Despite attempts by benevolent staff in a charity to provide support and enhance capabilities that result in the overcoming of protective resistance, they operate within a broader institutional framework of choice as set by government policy. The end result is compulsion, not choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Belle, Eva van, Valentina Di Stasio, Ralf Caers, Marijke De Couck & Stijn Baert (2018): Why are employers put off by long spells of unemployment? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 6, S. 694-710. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcy039

Abstract

"Recent evidence from large-scale field experiments has shown that employers use job candidates' unemployment duration as a sorting criterion. In the present study, we investigate what underlies this pattern. To this end, we conduct a survey experiment in which employers make hiring decisions concerning fictitious job candidates who have experienced spells of unemployment of different length. In addition, candidates are rated on several statements that are central to four signals often associated with unemployment: (i) a signal of trainability, (ii) a signal of other fixed skills, (iii) a signal of skill loss, and (iv) a signal of negative evaluation by other employers. We use these ratings to estimate a multiple mediation model, in which the effect of the duration of unemployment on hiring intentions is mediated by the four signals. Our findings indicate that longer unemployment spells are mainly perceived by employers as a signal of lower motivation and, as a result, the long-term unemployed (LTU) have lower chances to be hired or even be invited to a job interview. Understanding the reasons why employers are reluctant to hire the LTU is crucial to devise proper activation measures to facilitate their re-employment. Our study is a contribution in this direction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Farré, Lídia, Francesco Fasani & Hannes Mueller (2018): Feeling useless: The effect of unemployment on mental health in the Great Recession. In: IZA journal of labor economics, Jg. 7, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5

Abstract

"This article documents a strong connection between unemployment and mental distress using data from the Spanish National Health Survey. We exploit the collapse of the construction sector to identify the causal effect of job losses in different segments of the Spanish labor market. Our results suggest that an increase of the unemployment rate by 10 percentage points due to the breakdown in construction raised reported poor health and mental disorders in the affected population by 3 percentage points, respectively. We argue that the size of this effect responds to the fact that the construction sector was at the center of the economic recession. As a result, workers exposed to the negative labor demand shock faced very low chances of re-entering employment. We show that this led to long unemployment spells, stress, hopelessness, and feelings of uselessness. These effects point towards a potential channel for unemployment hysteresis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina, Thomas Rhein & Thomas Rothe (2018): Ländervergleich Deutschland, Dänemark und Finnland: Kaum mehr Unterschiede bei chronischer Arbeitslosigkeit. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2018), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Personen, deren Arbeitslosigkeit durch kurze Phasen der Beschäftigung, Inaktivität oder Teilnahme an arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen unterbrochen wird, zählen nicht zu den offiziellen Langzeitarbeitslosen, obwohl sie am ersten Arbeitsmarkt nicht dauerhaft Fuß fassen können. Mit dem Konzept der 'chronischen Arbeitslosigkeit' berücksichtigen die Autoren auch diesen Personenkreis und untersuchen für Deutschland, Dänemark und Finnland, wer davon hauptsächlich betroffen ist und welche Rolle aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik bei ihrer Überwindung spielen kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kroft, Kory, Fabian Lange, Matthew J. Notowidigdo & Matthew Tudball (2018): Long time out: Unemployment and joblessness in Canada and the United States. (NBER working paper 25236), Cambrige, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w25236

Abstract

"We compare patterns of unemployment and joblessness between Canada and the U.S. during the Great Recession. Similar to previous findings for the U.S. in Kroft et al. [2016], we document a rise in long-term unemployment in Canada. This increase is not accounted for by changes in the observable composition of the unemployed. We then extend the matching model in Kroft et al. [2016] to exploit the restricted-access panel data from the Canadian Labor Force Survey which contains information on the time since the last job ('joblessness duration') for both unemployed individuals and non-participants. This allows us to model duration dependence in all labor force flows involving either unemployment or non-participation. To calibrate the extended matching model, we create a new historical vacancy series for Canada based on relative employment in 'recruiting industries', allowing us to construct a monthly Beveridge curve for Canada. We find that the calibrated model matches the time series of unemployment fairly well, but does less well matching non-participation. Our results also indicate that allowing for duration dependence in flows between unemployment and non-participation is crucial for explaining overall levels in long-term joblessness, and that changes in the duration distribution among the unemployed and non-participants contributed less to the deterioration of labor market conditions in Canada, relative to the U.S. In part, this difference comes from the fact that the U.S. recession was much more severe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schobesberger, Theresa & Dennis Tamesberger (2018): Herausforderung Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit: Was wäre zu tun? Bericht. In: WISO, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 167-179.

Abstract

"Österreich befindet sich in einem Konjunkturaufschwung. Es gibt mehr offene Stellen, die Arbeitslosigkeit geht zurück und die Staatsschulden sinken. Davon werden aber Langzeitarbeitslose nur in geringem Ausmaß profitieren. Diese Rahmenbedingungen würden rechtfertigen, freiwerdende Ressourcen speziell der Zielgruppe der Langzeitarbeitslosen zukommen zu lassen. Notwendig wäre ein Policy Mix, wo auf der einen Seite sinnvolle Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten für Langzeitarbeitslose öffentlich geschaffen werden und auf der anderen Seite Beratungen sowie Weiterbildungen intensiviert werden. Hierfür braucht das AMS vor allem mehr finanzielle und personelle Ressourcen. Die österreichische Regierung hat aber das Gegenteil vollzogen, die Aktion 20.000 sistiert und die AMS-Mittel für Langzeitbeschäftigungslose ältere Menschen (50+) gekürzt. Dies erscheint ökonomisch unvernünftig und erweckt den Eindruck, dass Ältere und Langzeitarbeitslose von der Regierung benachteiligt werden." (Textauszug, © ISW-Linz)

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2018): From long-term unemployment to a matching job. The role of vocational training in sustainable return to work. (CEDEFOP reference series 107), Thessaloniki, 74 S. DOI:10.2801/937641

Abstract

"Skill deficits are a major bottleneck in sustainable activation of the long-term unemployed. Those managing to get back to work often end up in less complex and skill-intensive jobs and have fewer opportunities to develop their potential.
Those long-term unemployed not successful in making a transition to work are likely to face even more severe and complex skill deficits, among other problems. This report makes the case for a more forward-oriented, skills matching approach to activation that aims at sustainable labour market reintegration. Drawing on evidence and diverse practices from around Europe and the views of practitioners and experts, it presents approaches that put sustainable skills matching centre stage. The report shows how at different steps of the journey towards a job - engagement, programme interventions, and job placement, matching and follow-up - innovative principles, policies and tools can make the return to work of the long-term unemployed a long-lasting outcome." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersen, Niklas A., Dorte Caswell & Flemming Larsen (2017): A new approach to helping the hard-to-place unemployed. The promise of developing new knowledge in an interactive and collaborative process. In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 335-352. DOI:10.1177/1388262717745193

Abstract

"The reforms of the social and employment services that have swept across most of the developed world since the 1990s have enormously expanded the groups of citizens receiving active employment measures. Nevertheless, up until now, most countries have only seen limited results from enhancing the labour market participation of the most vulnerable groups. We argue that the goal of including a greater share of the harder-to-place unemployed in the labour market is not likely to be achieved through the tried and tested ways of developing knowledge, policy and practice. Rather, we propose a different approach to generating and exchanging the necessary knowledge for developing active employment policy and practice. As an alternative to the evidence-based knowledge paradigm, we set up a model for knowledge production that is made through co-operation between practice and research. This model investigates the potential for integrated services and for co-production by acknowledging the importance of the experiences of frontline professionals and clients in developing employment services." (Author's abstract, © Intersentia, Ltd.) ((en))

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Bentolila, Samuel, J. Ignacio García-Pérez & Marcel Jansen (2017): Are the Spanish long-term unemployed unemployable? (CESifo working paper 6338), München, 48 S.

Abstract

"Long-term unemployment reached unprecedented levels in Spain in the wake of the Great Recession and it still affects around 57% of the unemployed. We document the sources that contributed to the rise in long-term unemployment and analyze its persistence using state-of-the-art duration models. We find pervasive evidence of negative duration dependence, while personal characteristics such as mature age, lack of experience, and entitlement to unemployment benefits are key to understand the cross-sectional differences in the incidence of long-term unemployment. The negative impact of low levels of skill and education is muted by the large share of temporary contracts, but once we restrict attention to employment spells lasting at least one month these factors also contribute to a higher risk of long-term unemployment. Surprisingly, workers from the construction sector do not fare worse than similar workers from other sectors. Finally, self-reported reservation wages are found to respond strongly to the cycle, but much less to individual unemployment duration. In view of these findings, we argue that active labour market policies should play a more prominent role in the fight against long-term unemployment while early activation should be used to curb inflows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Contini, Bruno, J. Ignacio Garcia Perez, Toralf Pusch & Roberto Quaranta (2017): New approaches to the study of long-term non-employment duration in Italy, Germany and Spain. (IZA discussion paper 11167), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"This study proposes a new approach to the analysis of non-employment and its duration in Germany, Italy and Spain using administrative longitudinal databases. Non-employment includes the discouraged unemployed not entitled to draw unemployment benefits and the long-term inactive. Many of the non-employed individuals will never return to the official labour market. We estimate the magnitude and duration of non-employment, applying the survival methodology developed in recent years to deal with 'workforce disposal'. Long-term non-employment (LTNE) may lead to dramatic changes in individual lifestyles, family and childbearing projects, levels of poverty and welfare at large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nesporova, Alena (2017): Long-term unemployment in Central Europe. A review of its nature and determinants in five countries. (Employment working paper 218), Genf, 63 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the factors contributing to diversity in labour market performance to help identify both obstacles for jobless persons to (re-)enter the labour market as well as the direction of policies that could help in this respect and, thus, guide policy makers. The analysis focuses on five Central European countries - Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia - that, despite being similar with regard to their economic structure, industrial traditions and culture, closely linked through trade and production chains and therefore prone to synchronized economic fluctuations, have very different labour market performance, including during and after the recent economic recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tarkiainen, Laura (2017): Long-term unemployed Finnish interviewees address deservingness. Separating, declining and enriching as means of resisting. In: The journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 219-231. DOI:10.1332/175982717X14999284090396

Abstract

"This article explores how Finnish long-term unemployed interviewees resist the unemployment category applied to them in interview settings by addressing different deservingness cues. Data collection occurred through group and individual interviews among 70 long-term unemployed individuals with limitations to their ability to work. During analysis, three means of resistance were identified and named: 'separating', 'declining' and 'enriching' through which the interviewees address their proximity to 'us', neediness and lack of control." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Policy Press) ((en))

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Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Statistik/Arbeitsmarktberichterstattung (2017): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von langzeitarbeitslosen Menschen 2016. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 24 S.

Abstract

"Das Wichtigste in Kürze:
- Die Arbeitslosigkeit war in den ersten fünf Jahren nach der Jahrtausendwende - mit Ausnahme des Jahres 2001 - Jahr für Jahr gestiegen und erreichte 2005 verstärkt durch einen statistischen Sondereffekt (infolge der Einführung der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende) mit 4,86 Millionen einen Rekordwert. Die Zahl der langzeitarbeitslosen Menschen erlangte ein Jahr später ihren Höchstwert mit 1,86 Millionen.
- Infolge der Arbeitsmarktreformen 2005 und der wirtschaftlichen Belebung ab 2006 war sowohl die Arbeitslosigkeit als auch die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit spürbar gesunken. Die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise drei Jahre später hat diese Entwicklung dann vorübergehend ausgebremst.
- 2016 waren im Jahresdurchschnitt 2,69 Millionen Menschen bei einer Agentur für Arbeit oder einem Jobcenter arbeits-los gemeldet (-3, Prozent im Vorjahresvergleich). 0,99 Millionen oder 37 Prozent von ihnen waren ein Jahr oder länger auf der Suche nach einer Beschäftigung, 4,4 Prozent weniger als 2015.
- Der etwas stärkere Rückgang der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit erklärt sich zum einen durch die stärkere präventive Ausrichtung der BA - die Übertritte in Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit sind im Vorjahresvergleich sichtbar gesunken. Außerdem wurde die Förderung mit Maßnahmen aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik für langzeitarbeitslose Menschen ausgeweitet.
- Ein vergleichsweise hohes Risiko langzeitarbeitslos zu sein haben ältere Menschen und Geringqualifizierte.
- 187.000 langzeitarbeitslosen Menschen gelang es 2016 eine Beschäftigung auf dem 1. Arbeitsmarkt inkl. selbständiger Tätigkeiten aufzunehmen.
- Langzeitleistungsbezieher in der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende dürfen nicht mit Langzeitarbeitslosen gleichgesetzt werden. Von den 2,80 Millionen Langzeitleistungsbeziehern waren 1,22 Millionen oder 44 Prozent arbeitslos und davon 742.000 oder 61 Prozent langzeitarbeitslos.
- Im europäischen Durchschnitt waren im Jahr 2015 nach der Definition der ILO (International Labour Organisation) 4,5 Prozent der Erwerbspersonen langzeiterwerbslos. Deutschland hatte dabei mit 2,0 Prozent eine vergleichsweise niedrige Langzeiterwerbslosenquote." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Duell, Nicola, Lena Thurau & Tim Vetter (2016): Long-term unemployment in the EU. Trends and policies. Gütersloh, 86 S.

Abstract

"Langfristige Arbeitslosigkeit verursacht hohe Kosten für den Einzelnen und die Gesellschaft. Durch die andauernde Beschäftigungslosigkeit kommt es zur Entwertung von Humankapital und Bildungsinvestitionen, sinkende Beschäftigungsquoten verringern die Arbeitsmarkteffizienz und das Wachstumspotenzial einer Wirtschaft. Für die Langzeiterwerbslosen steigt das Risiko von Armut und sozialer Ausgrenzung. Auch psychische und gesundheitliche Probleme nehmen mit der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit zu und verringern langfristig die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit der Betroffenen. Ein besseres Verständnis über die Zusammensetzung und die Ursachen des Phänomens im europäischen Vergleich ist vor diesem Hintergrund entscheidend, um kurz- und langfristige Strategien zum Abbau der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit zu entwickeln. Die Studie untersucht daher für alle 28 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten die Entwicklung von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und Inaktivität seit 2008, deren Struktur und Ursachen sowie Ansätze der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik zur Bekämpfung von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2016): Integration arbeitsmarktferner Personen im Ländervergleich: Kein Patentrezept in Sicht. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2016), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Der Anteil der Langzeiterwerbslosen an allen Erwerbslosen wird oft als Indikator für die Verfestigung von Erwerbslosigkeit herangezogen. Für einen länderübergreifenden Vergleich von schwer vermittelbaren oder arbeitsmarktfernen Personen ist dieser Indikator aber unzureichend. Neben einer Bestandsaufnahme von Personengruppen, die in der jeweiligen nationalen Abgrenzung als arbeitsmarktfern gelten, werden in diesem Kurzbericht Strategien zu ihrer Integration in ausgewählten EU-Ländern vorgestellt und vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Vorschläge in Deutschland diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rothstein, Donna S. (2016): An analysis of long-term unemployment. In: Monthly Labor Review, Jg. 139, H. July, S. 1-19.

Abstract

"This article uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to examine long-term unemployment of men in the United States during their early careers and midcareers. Over 22 percent of men in the sample experienced at least one long-term spell of unemployment from their mid-20s through 2009. On average, the first spell lasted over 1 year. Logit estimates from hazard models showed that being black, having lower educational attainment, and having lower cognitive skills were associated with increased odds of having a long-term spell of unemployment in any given month. Hazard estimates also showed that black men had decreased odds of reemployment in any given month after onset of a long-term spell. Having a higher cognitive test score, being younger, and having been displaced on the prior job were associated with increased odds of reemployment. The wage costs of a long-term spell were persistent with wage losses found 5 years after onset of the first long-term unemployment spell." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wozniak, Marcin (2016): Job placement agencies in an agent-based model of the local labor market with the long-term unemployed and on-the-job flows. (Economics. Discussion papers 2016-24), Kiel, 32 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, an agent-based search model of the labor market with heterogeneous agents and an on-the-job search is developed, i.e. the long-term unemployed and other job seekers compete for vacancies which differ in skills demands and in the sector of the economy. Job placement agencies help both types of unemployed persons find the proper vacant job by improving their search effectiveness and by sharing leveraged job advertisements. The agents' interactions take place in an artificial world drawn from labor market search theory. Six global model parameters were calibrated with the Latin hypercube sampling technique for one of the largest urban areas in Poland. To investigate the impact of parameters on model output, two global sensitivity analysis methods were used, i.e. Morris screening and Sobol indices. The results show that both programs considerably influence unemployment and long-term unemployment ratios as well as the level of wages, duration of unemployment, skills demand and worker turnover. Moreover, strong cross-effects were detected: programs aimed at one group of job seekers affect other job seekers and the whole economy. This impact is sometimes positive and sometimes it is negative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alatalo, Johanna, Håkan Gustavsson, Sabine Klinger, Anne Lauringson, Normunds Ozols, Heikki Räisänen, Vita Skuja, Johannes Sørbø & Kristi Villsaar (2015): Structural unemployment in selected countries. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Berichte 04/2015), Nürnberg, 48 S.

Abstract

"Der englischsprachige Bericht enthält auch eine deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung zum Thema 'Strukturelle Arbeitslosigkeit', dem Kernthema auf der Jahrestagung 2014 des International Labour Market Forecasting Network. Das Netzwerk ist eine Kooperation von Forschern und Politikberatern aus mehreren europäischen Ländern, die in Verbindung zur jeweiligen nationalen Arbeitsbehörde oder zum jeweiligen Arbeits- bzw. Wirtschaftsministerium stehen. Strukturelle Arbeitslosigkeit meint gerade die Arbeitslosigkeit, die nicht über den Konjunkturzyklus schwankt, sondern auf Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen wie dem Lohnbildungssystem oder auf Mismatch zwischen Bewerber- und Stellenprofil beruht und deshalb länger andauert. Die kurze Zusammenfassung beschreibt die Entwicklung der strukturellen Arbeitslosigkeit in den Ländern, stellt Einflussfaktoren vor und leitet Handlungsempfehlungen ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bouget, Denis, Hugh Frazer & Eric Marlier (2015): Integrated support for the long-term unemployed. A study of national policies. Brüssel, 45 S.

Abstract

"This Synthesis Report focusses on and assesses the efforts of countries to respond to this growing challenge of long-term unemployment. Three themes predominate. The first theme is the need for a broad range of measures to help people to overcome the obstacles they can face in accessing employment. In line with the 2008 European Commission Recommendation on active inclusion, these measures must encompass three main elements: adequate income benefits, effective and efficient social services and good quality active labour market programmes. The second theme is that effective coordination between employment, social assistance and social services is vital to ensure a holistic and integrated response to the variety and complexity of the needs of many of the long-term unemployed. The third theme is that an individualised and tailored approach is necessary to effectively address the many different combinations of problems and challenges that people experiencing long-term unemployment can face." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heidenreich, Martin (2015): The end of the honeymoon: the increasing differentiation of (long-term) unemployment risks in Europe. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 393-413. DOI:10.1177/0958928715594544

Abstract

"This article discusses the changing social distribution of unemployment and long-term unemployment risks during the current financial and economic crisis. These risks are interpreted as the result of three different, overlapping forms of labour market segmentation: first, the institutionally stabilized polarization between labour market insiders and outsiders; second, the occupational dualization of high- and low-skilled employees and occupations; and third, the marginalization of disadvantaged social groups. On the basis of European Union-Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data for 24 European countries (2005 - 2012), it can be shown that (long-term) unemployment risks increase especially for low-skilled persons and occupations, single parents, migrants and disabled persons. Women, older and permanently employed persons are relatively less affected by short-term unemployment but more affected by long-term unemployment. Hence, the current crisis strengthens the occupational and social dualization of labour markets, endangering the inclusiveness and long-term growth potential of the European economy and societies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina & Thomas Rhein (2015): Langzeiterwerbslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich: Die offiziellen Zahlen zeigen nicht das ganze Bild. In: IAB-Forum H. 2, S. 26-31., 2015-12-01. DOI:10.3278/IFO1502W026

Abstract

"Viele Menschen, die in Deutschland als langzeitarbeitslos gelten, werden in anderen Ländern nicht zu den Langzeitarbeitslosen gezählt, da sie eine Erwerbsunfähigkeits- oder eine Frührente beziehen. Sobald dies berücksichtigt wird, ist Deutschland weit weniger von Langzeiterwerbslosigkeit betroffen als die meisten anderen Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mitani, Naoki (2015): Mechanisms behind the occurrence of long-term unemployment and the problems it causes. A theoretical investigation. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 5-24.

Abstract

"This paper is mainly concerned with surveying theoretical literature on the mechanisms behind the occurrence of long-term unemployment and the problems caused by long-term unemployment. Factors behind increases in the incidence of long-term unemployment may be broadly divided into a decrease in the exit probability from unemployment of average duration, and an increase in the negative unemployment duration dependency of the exit probability. A decrease in the exit probability from unemployment of average duration is mostly caused by the same factors as a general increase in unemployment. On the other hand, there are various hypotheses concerning factors that cause the negative duration dependency of the exit probability. For example, (i) the screening hypothesis, whereby the exit probability of long-term unemployed decreases because unemployment duration is used as information showing the ability of workers as a method of recruitment screening, when there are heterogeneities among jobseekers; (ii) the ranking rule hypothesis, whereby the exit probability of long-term unemployed decreases because jobseekers with the shortest unemployment duration are chosen when there are no heterogeneities among jobseekers but there are multiple job applications for a job opening; (iii) the hypothesis that a negative duration dependency arises in the exit probability because workers' skills and willingness to work decrease during unemployment; and (iv) the hypothesis that the exit probability of long-term unemployed decreases because companies discriminate against long-term unemployed even if some unemployed workers invest financially in maintaining their skills. It has also been pointed out that long-term unemployment is prone to occur because the loss of skills due to unemployment is particularly pronounced at times when structural changes occur in the economy. Problems caused by long-term unemployment include the fact that increases in long-term unemployment cause wages to rise, make unemployment more persistent, and widen income disparity, and the fact that long-term unemployment significantly reduces the happiness level of the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blanchflower, David G. & Adam S. Posen (2014): Wages and labor market slack. Making the dual mandate operational. (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2014-06), Washington, DC, 28 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we examine the impact of rises in inactivity on wages in the US economy and find evidence of a statistically significant negative effect. These nonparticipants exert additional downward pressure on wages over and above the impact of the unemployment rate itself. This pattern holds across recent decades in the US data, and the relationship strengthens in recent years when variation in participation increases. We also examine the impact of long-term unemployment on wages and find it has no different effect from that of short-term unemployment. Our analysis provides strong empirical support, we argue, for the assessment that continuing labor market slack is a key reason for the persistent shortfall in inflation relative to the Federal Open Market Committee's (FOMC) 2 percent inflation goal. Further, we suggest our results point towards using wage inflation as an additional intermediate target for monetary policy by the FOMC." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bonoli, Giuliano (2014): Employers' attitudes towards long-term unemployed people and the role of activation in Switzerland. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 421-430. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12086

Abstract

"Over the last few years, most OECD countries have extended their activation policy to new groups of non-working people, including the long-term unemployed (LTU). However, it is widely known that employers tend to regard LTU people as potentially problematic persons. This is likely to constitute a major obstacle for long-term unemployed jobseekers. On the basis of a survey among employers in a Swiss canton (N = 722), this article aims to shed light on the perception employers have of the long-term unemployed and whether this may matter for their recruitment practices. It also asks what, from the employer point of view, may facilitate access to employment for an LTU person. A key finding is that large companies have a worse image of the long-term unemployed and are less likely to hire them. Furthermore, independent of company size, a test period or the recommendation of a trustworthy person is seen as the factors most likely to facilitate access to jobs for LTU people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krueger, Alan B., Judd Cramer & David Cho (2014): Are the long-term unemployed on the margins of the labor market? In: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity H. Spring, S. 229-299.

Abstract

"Long-term transition rates calculated from the Current Population Survey, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, and Rutgers University's Work Trends Survey indicate that the long-term unemployed have a 20 to 40 percent lower probability of being employed 1 to 2 years in the future than do the short-term unemployed. In comparison with the short-term unemployed, for the long-term unemployed the job finding rate is less sensitive to the state of the business cycle, but their labor force withdrawal rate is more procyclical. A calibration exercise finds that the tendency of the labor force withdrawal rate of the long-term unemployed to decline in a recession and then rise in a recovery plays an important role in the well-documented loop around the Beveridge curve. Overall, the results suggest that the longer workers are unemployed, the less attached they become to the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wyer, Bettina (2014): Der standardisierte Arbeitslose. Langzeitarbeitslose Klienten in der aktivierenden Sozialpolitik. Konstanz: UVK Medien Verlagsges., 247 S.

Abstract

"In der aktivierenden Sozialpolitik müssen erwerbslose Personen immer höhere Anforderungen bewältigen, um sich in der Zeit der Arbeitslosigkeit zu bewähren. In einer vermeintlich zweckdienlichen Standardisierung wird erwartet, dass die erwerbslosen Personen ihr Handeln an bestimmten Normen ausrichten: diese sind vor allen Dingen eine ausgeprägte Leistungsorientierung, Eigenverantwortung, Funktionstüchtigkeit und Selbststeuerungskompetenz. Einer solchen Standardisierung der Anforderungen liegt die technokratische Vorstellung zugrunde, dass alle oder die meisten erwerbslosen Personen diesen Standard erfüllen können. Dies trägt der unterschiedlichen Leistungsfähigkeit der Klienten nicht Rechnung. Unberücksichtigt bleiben auch Belastungen durch lange Arbeitslosigkeit, Ressourcenschwächen und biografisch bedingte Probleme. Der politische Ausschluss dieser Faktoren, die die Handlungsmöglichkeiten langzeiterwerbsloser Personen entscheidend beeinflussen, erzeugt ein Legimitationsdefizit in der aktivierenden Praxis. - In einer strukturtheoretischen Betrachtung der Aktivierungspolitik und einer empirischen Analyse der Situation langzeiterwerbsloser Klienten in der aktivierenden Praxis zeigt Bettina Wyer, wie die politischen Widersprüche die institutionelle Praxis determinieren. Dies hat weitreichende Folgen für die Situation der Klienten. Langzeitarbeitslose Personen, die ihr ganzes Engagement auf die verlangte Standardisierung legen, werden denn auch häufig nicht zu Arbeitnehmern im ersten Arbeitsmarkt, sondern bloß zu sehr guten Arbeitslosen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Koffarnus, Mikhail N., Conrad J. Wong, Michael Fingerhood, Dace S. Svikis, George E. Bigelow & Kenneth Silverman (2013): Monetary incentives to reinforce engagement and achievement in a job-skills training program for homeless, unemployed adults. In: Journal of applied behavior analysis, Jg. 46, H. 3, S. 582-591. DOI:10.1002/jaba.60

Abstract

"The current study examined whether monetary incentives could increase engagement and achievement in a job-skills training program for unemployed, homeless, alcohol-dependent adults. Participants (n?=?124) were randomized to a no-reinforcement group (n?=?39), during which access to the training program was provided but no incentives were given; a training reinforcement group (n?=?42), during which incentives were contingent on attendance and performance; or an abstinence and training reinforcement group (n?=?43), during which incentives were contingent on attendance and performance, but access was granted only if participants demonstrated abstinence from alcohol. abstinence and training reinforcement and training reinforcement participants advanced further in training and attended more hours than no-reinforcement participants. Monetary incentives were effective in promoting engagement and achievement in a job-skills training program for individuals who often do not take advantage of training programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Many factors put people at risk of long-term unemployment, including poverty and social exclusion, poor basic skills levels, discrimination, cultural distance from the mainstream labour market and poor local social capital. At the local level a holistic approach can help tackle such issues, with direct interventions in the fields of education and employment complementing wider actions to build social cohesion and community capacity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina & Vanessa Gash (2012): The social consequences of unemployment in Europe. A two-stage multilevel analysis. (CCSR working paper 2012-04), Manchester, 30 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we examine the relationship between unemployment and social participation and aim to identify the role of national policies and attitudes as possible mediators. We use the 2006 EU-SILC module on social participation - a dataset that provides rich information on social participation for 24 EU countries. We adopt a two-stage multilevel design, allowing us to directly examine the impact of national policies and norms on individual outcome. The paper reveals clear evidence that the negative impact of unemployment on participation levels can be alleviated by macro-level factors. Societies where egalitarian ideals are held high have higher social participation rates amongst their unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sproß, Cornelia & Parvati Trübswetter (2012): Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. In: H. Brücker, S. Klinger, J. Möller & U. Walwei (Hrsg.) (2012): Handbuch Arbeitsmarkt 2013 : Analysen, Daten, Fakten (IAB-Bibliothek, 334), S. Anhang 62-99, 2012-07-16. DOI:10.3278/300776W061

Abstract

Das Kapitel F des Handbuchs Arbeitsmarkt 2013 enthält Zeitreihen von 1993-2010 zur Erwerbsbeteiligung, Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit/Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit für 21 Länder. Die Daten für den internationalen Datenhang wurden aus der Datenbank der OECD (OECD STAT), insbesondere aus der Beschäftigungsdatenbank (Online OECD Employment Database), und aus der jährlich erscheinenden Arbeitskräftestatistik (OECD Labour Force Statistics), dem Beschäftigungsausblick (OECD Employment Outlook) und dem Bildungsüberblick (OECD Education at a Glance) entnommen. Einige wenige Daten wurden aus der Arbeitskräfteerhebung (EUROSTAT) übernommen. (IAB2)

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Schuring, M., A. Burdorf, A. J. Voorham, K. der Weduwe & J. P. Mackenbach (2009): Effectiveness of a health promotion programme for long-term unemployed subjects with health problems. A randomised controlled trial. In: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Jg. 63, H. 11, S. 893-899. DOI:10.1136/jech.2008.080432

Abstract

"Background: Employment status is an important determinant of health inequalities. Among unemployed people, poor health decreases the likelihood of re-employment.
Methods: A randomised controlled trial with 6 months' follow-up among unemployed people with health complaints receiving social security benefits from the city of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. In total, 456 people were assigned to the control group and 465 people to the intervention group. The intervention consisted of three sessions weekly over 12 weeks. One session a week was focused on education to enhance the ability to cope with (health) problems, and two weekly sessions consisted of physical activities. The primary outcome measures were perceived health, measured by the Short Form 36 Health Survey, and psychological measures mastery, self-esteem and pain-related fear of movement. Secondary outcome measures were work values, job search activities and re-employment.
Results: Enrolment in the intervention programme was 65%, and 72% completed the programme with over 70% attendance at all sessions. The intervention had a good reach among subjects with lower education, but had no effect on mental and physical health, mastery, self-esteem and pain-related fear of movement. Participation in the programme had no influence on work values, job search activities or re-employment.
Conclusion: This intervention programme aimed at the promotion of physical and mental health in unemployed people with health complaints did not show beneficial effects. The lack of integration into regular vocational rehabilitation activities may have interfered with these findings. This particular health programme cannot be recommended for implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fromm, Sabine & Cornelia Sproß (2008): Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik: Wie wirken Programme für erwerbsfähige Hilfeempfänger in anderen Ländern? (IAB-Kurzbericht 04/2008), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"In den meisten modernen Wohlfahrtsstaaten wurden Aktivierungspolitiken eingeführt, die den 'Hartz-IV'-Reformen hierzulande vergleichbar sind. Die Wirkungen von Programmen für erwerbsfähige Hilfeempfänger werden hier an den Beispielen Großbritannien, Dänemark, Schweden und Niederlande untersucht. Die Gewährung von Leistungen an erwerbsfähige Hilfeempfänger wird systematisch an die Pflicht zur Arbeitsuche bzw. Teilnahme an Programmen geknüpft. Der Aktivierungsprozess und die Programmtypen weisen länderübergreifend große Ähnlichkeiten auf. Hauptsächliche Zielgruppen der Programme sind Jugendliche einerseits, Langzeitarbeitslose bzw. Sozialhilfeempfänger andererseits. Der Zugang zu den Maßnahmen ist selektiv: Arbeitsmarktferne Gruppen haben geringere Chancen auf Zugang zu arbeitsmarktnahen Programmen. Die Integrationseffekte der Programme sind insgesamt eher gering. Die stärksten Effekte haben ein professionelles Fallmanagement und Lohnsubventionierung. Zwischen der politischen Bedeutung der Aktivierung und dem Wissen über die Teilnahme an Programmen und deren Wirkungen besteht bisher eine erhebliche Diskrepanz. Bessere Evaluationsforschung könnte künftig bei der Gestaltung von Aktivierungspolitiken helfen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Aust, Judith (2006): Langzeitarbeitslos in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 59, H. 8, S. 453-459.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag diskutiert die finanziellen Konstruktionen und Dimensionen von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich. Gefragt wird, ob und wie sich das finanzielle Niveau der Absicherung im Verlauf der Erwerbslosigkeit verändert und wie die langfristigen finanziellen Implikationen der sozialen Absicherung zu bewerten sind. Mit Hilfe der von der OECD ausgewiesenen Nettolohnquoten kann gezeigt werden, dass insbesondere die Absicherung von Langzeitarbeitslosen in vielen Ländern der europäischen Union unzureichend ist. Problematisch ist dabei nicht nur der mit der Aussteuerung aus der Arbeitslosenversicherung verbundene finanzielle Abstieg. Kritisch zu bewerten sind auch die der selektiveren Ausgestaltung der bedarfsgeprüften Anschlussleistungen zugrunde liegenden Zumutbarkeitsklauseln und Bedürftigkeitsprüfungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)