Happiness – wie Glück, Arbeit und Einkommen zusammenhängen
Das Streben nach Glück ist ein zentrales Element im Leben, wobei das individuelle Wohlbefinden sowohl persönliche als auch gesellschaftliche Ursachen hat. Welchen Einfluss haben Wirtschaftsentwicklung, Einkommen, der berufliche Werdegang oder Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrungen auf das Glücksempfinden eines Menschen? Die IAB-Infoplattform bietet hierzu aktuelle Literatur.
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Literaturhinweis
Zwischen Glücksjagd und Sinnsuche in der Arbeitswelt (2014)
Hardering, Friedericke;Zitatform
Hardering, Friedericke (2014): Zwischen Glücksjagd und Sinnsuche in der Arbeitswelt. In: Sozialwissenschaften und Berufspraxis, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 175-187.
Abstract
"Im Folgenden wird zunächst auf die soziologische Erforschung von Glücksvorstellungen der Arbeit eingegangen. Anschließend werden verschiedene subjektive Bezugnahmen auf Glücksvorstellungen vorgestellt, die aus Interviews mit freiwilligen BerufswechslerInnen rekonstruiert wurden. Da diese Gruppe durch den beruflichen Wechsel eine erhöhte Reflexivität im Hinblick auf eigene Erwartungen an die Arbeit aufweist, lassen sich Deutungen und Eigentheorien darüber, welche Glücksvorstellungen sich für die InterviewpartnerInnen als tragfähig erwiesen haben und welchen Vorstellungen vom Glück sie folgen, gut rekonstruieren. Insgesamt zielt der Beitrag darauf ab, die eigensinnigen Aneignungen und Reaktualisierungen von Glücksvorstellungen in der Arbeit abzubilden, um so den Blick auf individuell genutzte Handlungsspielräume und Ressourcen zu richten und zudem einen konzeptionellen Beitrag zur Systematisierung gegenwärtiger Glücksvorstellungen der Arbeit zu leisten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness and work (2014)
Krause, Annabelle;Zitatform
Krause, Annabelle (2014): Happiness and work. (IZA discussion paper 8435), Bonn, 12 S.
Abstract
"The relationship between happiness and work is subject to an ever growing empirical literature in economics. The analyses are mostly based on large-scale survey data to measure subjective well-being. Whereas one large strand of research investigates the effect of job loss and becoming unemployed, another field of study focuses on the determinants of job satisfaction evolving around employment conditions, self-employment, and potential public sector satisfaction premiums. A smaller part of the literature investigates potential driving effects of happiness on labor market outcomes. This article will give an overview about the most significant subareas of research and the empirical literature in economics to date." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic approaches to understanding change in happiness (2014)
Zitatform
Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Alois Stutzer (2014): Economic approaches to understanding change in happiness. (IZA discussion paper 8131), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"Are people condemned to an inherent level of experienced happiness? A review of the economic research on subjective well-being gives reason to the assessment that happiness can change. First, empirical findings clearly indicate that people are not indifferent to adverse living conditions when reporting their subjective well-being as observed for limited freedom of choice, low levels of democratization, unemployment, low income, etc. Second, considering people's adaptation to life events and (external) conditions reveals substantial heterogeneity in the speed as well as the degree of reversion. Together, the evidence suggests that reported subjective well-being is a valuable complementary source of information about human well-being and the phenomenon of adaptation. Many challenges, of course, remain. First, we are only at the beginning of understanding variation in the process of adaptation. The modeling of happiness over the life course promises a productive perspective. Second, adaptation might well pose a challenge to individual decision-making when people are not good in predicting it. Third, adaptation might have great consequences for public policy and the idea of social welfare maximization depending on how fast and slow adapting people are treated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Richer in money, poorer in relationships and unhappy?: time series comparisons of social capital and well-being in Luxembourg (2014)
Sarracino, Francesco;Zitatform
Sarracino, Francesco (2014): Richer in money, poorer in relationships and unhappy? Time series comparisons of social capital and well-being in Luxembourg. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 115, H. 2, S. 561-622. DOI:10.1007/s11205-012-0223-5
Abstract
"The worrying decline of social capital (Putnam in Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster, New York, 2000) and the disappointing trends of subjective well-being characterising the US (Easterlin in Nations and households in economic growth. Academic Press, New York, 1974; Easterlin and Angelescu in Happiness and growth the world over: time series evidence on the happiness income paradox, 2009; Easterlin et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:22463 - 22468, 2010) raise urgent questions for modern societies: is the erosion of social capital a feature of the more developed and richer countries or is it rather a characteristic aspect of the American society? To test the hypothesis that the erosion of social capital and declining well-being are not a common feature of richer countries, present work focuses on Luxembourg. The main results are: (1) the erosion of social capital is not a legacy of the richest countries in the world; (2) between 1999 and 2008, people in Luxembourg experienced a substantial increase in almost every proxy of social capital; (3) both endowments and trends of social capital and subjective well-being differ significantly within the population. Migrants participate less in social relationships and report lower levels of well-being; (4) the positive relationship between trends of subjective well-being and social capital found in previous literature is confirmed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How was life?: global well-being since 1820 (2014)
Zanden, Jan Luiten van; Baten, Joerg; Mira d¿Ercole, Marco; Timmer, Marcel; Rijpma, Auke; Smith, Conal;Zitatform
Zanden, Jan Luiten van, Joerg Baten, Marco Mira d¿Ercole, Auke Rijpma, Conal Smith & Marcel Timmer (Hrsg.) (2014): How was life? Global well-being since 1820. Paris, 269 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264214262-en
Abstract
"Die Lebensqualität der Menschen hat sich seit dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert in großen Teilen der Welt verbessert. Gerade in jüngerer Zeit haben sich die Lebensbedingungen in den Ländern rund um den Globus stärker angeglichen als das Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Kopf. Mit einer Ausnahme, den Ländern südlich der Sahara.
Die Studie 'How Was Life? - Global Well-being since 1820' bietet zum ersten Mal systematische Erkenntnisse über langfristige Trends in Gesundheit, Bildung, sozialer Gleichheit, Umwelt oder persönlicher Sicherheit. Die historischen Daten erstrecken sich von inflationsbereinigten Löhnen über das BIP, die Lebenserwartung, Bildungsabschlüsse, Größe (als Maß für physisches Wohlbefinden und Ernährung), Sicherheit, politische Institutionen, die Umwelt bis hin zur Ungleichheit in Bezug auf Einkommen und zwischen den Geschlechtern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Weiterführende Informationen
Deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Predicting the trend of well-being in Germany: how much do comparisons, adaptation and sociability matter? (2013)
Bartolini, Stefano; Bilancini, Ennio; Sarracino, Francesco;Zitatform
Bartolini, Stefano, Ennio Bilancini & Francesco Sarracino (2013): Predicting the trend of well-being in Germany. How much do comparisons, adaptation and sociability matter? In: Social indicators research, Jg. 114, H. 2, S. 169-191. DOI:10.1007/s11205-012-0142-5
Abstract
"Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimate the variation of subjective well-being experienced by Germans over the last two decades testing the role of some of the major correlates of people's well-being. Our results suggest that the variation of Germans' well-being between 1996 and 2007 is well predicted by changes over time of income, demographics and social capital. The increase in social capital predicts the largest positive change in subjective well-being. Income growth, also predicts a substantial change in subjective well-being, but it is compensated for about three fourths by the joint negative predictions due to income comparison and income adaptation. Finally, we find that aging of the population predicts the largest negative change in subjective well-being. This result appears to hinge on the large loss of satisfaction experienced by individuals in old age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The drivers of happiness inequality: suggestions for promoting social cohesion (2013)
Zitatform
Becchetti, Leonardo, Riccardo Massari & Paolo Naticchioni (2013): The drivers of happiness inequality. Suggestions for promoting social cohesion. (IZA discussion paper 7153), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"This paper identifies and quantifies the contribution of a set of covariates in affecting levels and over time changes of happiness inequality. Using a decomposition methodology based on RIF regression, we analyse the increase in happiness inequality observed in Germany between 1992 and 2007, using the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) database, deriving the following findings. First, trends in happiness inequality are mainly driven by composition effects, while coefficient effects are negligible. Second, among composition effects, education has an inequality-reducing impact, while the increase in unemployment contributes to the rise in happiness inequality. Third, the increase in average income has a reducing impact on happiness inequality, while the raise in income inequality cannot be considered as a driver of happiness inequality trends. A clear cut policy implication is that policies enhancing education and economic performance contribute to reduce happiness inequality and the potential social tensions arising from it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happy working mothers? Investigating the effect of maternal employment on life satisfaction (2013)
Zitatform
Berger, Eva M. (2013): Happy working mothers? Investigating the effect of maternal employment on life satisfaction. In: Economica, Jg. 80, H. 317, S. 23-43. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2012.00932.x
Abstract
"This paper analyses the effect of non-participation and part-time employment compared to full-time employment on life satisfaction of mothers in Germany. Using data from the SOEP and applying fixed-effects panel estimations, the results show that mothers in family-related non-participation and mothers employed part-time are less satisfied than mothers employed full-time. The direct and the indirect effect - due to foregone household income - each account for about half of the total effect. I attribute the found negative effects on the institutional and social conditions in Germany that prevent many mothers from reconciling (full-time) employment with motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality and happiness: when perceived social mobility and economic reality do not match (2013)
Bjørnskov, Christian; Gehring, Kai; Dreher, Axel; Schnellenbach, Jan; Fischer, Justina A.V.;Zitatform
Bjørnskov, Christian, Axel Dreher, Justina A.V. Fischer, Jan Schnellenbach & Kai Gehring (2013): Inequality and happiness. When perceived social mobility and economic reality do not match. In: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Jg. 91, H. July, S. 75-92. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.017
Abstract
"We argue that perceived fairness of the income generation process affects the association between income inequality and subjective well-being, and that there are systematic differences in this regard between countries that are characterized by a high or, respectively, low level of actual fairness. Using a simple model of individual labor market participation under uncertainty, we predict that high levels of perceived fairness cause higher levels of individual welfare, and lower support for income redistribution. Income inequality is predicted to have a more favorable impact on subjective well-being for individuals with high fairness perceptions. This relationship is predicted to be stronger in societies that are characterized by low actual fairness. Using data on subjective well-being and a broad set of fairness measures from a pseudo micro-panel from the WVS over the 1990 - 2008 period, we find strong support for the negative (positive) association between fairness perceptions and the demand for more equal incomes (subjective well-being). We also find strong empirical support for the predicted differences in individual tolerance for income inequality, and the predicted influence of actual fairness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can governments boost people's sense of well-being?: the impact of selected labour market and health policies on life satisfaction (2013)
Boarini, Romina; Comola, Margherita; Manchin, Robert; Keulenaer, Femke de; Smith, Conal;Zitatform
Boarini, Romina, Margherita Comola, Femke de Keulenaer, Robert Manchin & Conal Smith (2013): Can governments boost people's sense of well-being? The impact of selected labour market and health policies on life satisfaction. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 114, H. 1, S. 105-120. DOI:10.1007/s11205-013-0386-8
Abstract
"There is strong evidence that subjective well-being measures capture in a reliable way specific components of well-being that other non-subjective measures miss. The question of whether subjective well-being is policy amenable is however still largely unexplored in the research. This paper sheds some light on this issue, by looking at the impact of selected labour market and health policies on subjective well-being, using well-being data from the Gallup World Poll on the 34 OECD countries. The paper finds that the generosity of unemployment benefits and the strictness employment protection legislation affects positively life satisfaction, while out-of-pocket health expenses significantly reduce subjective well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are you happy while you work? (2013)
Zitatform
Bryson, Alex & George MacKerron (2013): Are you happy while you work? (CEP discussion paper 1187), London, 25 S.
Abstract
"Recent work in psychology and economics has investigated ways in which individuals experience their lives. This literature includes influences on individuals' momentary happiness. We contribute to this literature using a new data source, Mappiness (www.mappiness.org.uk), which permits individuals to record their wellbeing via a smartphone. The data contain more than a million observations on tens of thousands of individuals in the UK, collected since August 2010. We explore the links between individuals' wellbeing measured momentarily at random points in time and their experiences of paid work. We explore variation in wellbeing within-individual over time having accounted for fixed unobservable differences across people. We quantify the effects of working on individuals' affect relative to other activities they perform. We consider the effects of working on two aspects of affect: happiness and relaxation. We find paid work is ranked lower than any of the other 39 activities individuals engage in, with the exception of being sick in bed. Although controlling for other factors, including person fixed effects, reduces the size of the association its rank position remains the same and the effect is still equivalent to a 7-8% reduction in happiness relative to circumstances in which one is not working. Paid work has a similar though slightly larger negative impact on being relaxed. However, precisely how unhappy or anxious one is while working depends on the circumstances. Wellbeing at work varies significantly with where you work (at home, at work, elsewhere); whether you are combining work with other activities; whether you are alone or with others; and the time of day or night you are working." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The objective benefits of subjective well-being (2013)
De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel; Diener, Ed; Tay, Louis; Xuereb, Cody;Zitatform
De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel, Ed Diener, Louis Tay & Cody Xuereb (2013): The objective benefits of subjective well-being. (CEP discussion paper 1236), London, 35 S.
Abstract
"The aim of this paper is to survey the 'hard' evidence on the effects of subjective well-being. In doing so, we complement the evidence on the determinants of well-being by showing that human well-being also affects outcomes of interest such as health, income, and social behaviour. Generally, we observe a dynamic relationship between happiness and other important aspects of our lives, with influence running in both directions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trading up the happiness ladder (2013)
Dluhosch, Barbara; Horgos, Daniel;Zitatform
Dluhosch, Barbara & Daniel Horgos (2013): Trading up the happiness ladder. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 113, H. 3, S. 973-990. DOI:10.1007/s11205-012-0122-9
Abstract
"How globalization affects subjective happiness is highly disputed. Several studies use an index that amalgamates globalization's different dimensions into a single variable. Unlike previous studies and in order to better illuminate its facets, we adopt a disaggregated perspective on trade (policy) data. Distinguishing actual trade flows and the option value of trade, we find the former to slightly depress happiness, the latter to significantly promote happiness. Segmentation of WVS-data shows that the positive connotation is concentrated in low-income countries still in the process of climbing the income ladder, thus backing the notion of a shift in values." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality of happiness in the U.S.: 1972-2010 (2013)
Dutta, Indranil; Foster, James;Zitatform
Dutta, Indranil & James Foster (2013): Inequality of happiness in the U.S.: 1972-2010. In: Review of Income and Wealth, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 393-415. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2012.00527.x
Abstract
"It is well accepted that a country's GDP may not fully reflect its level of well-being. In recent years, happiness has emerged as an alternative indicator of well-being, and research has mainly focused on determining the level of happiness. While it is important to look at the level, the distribution of happiness is also a salient aspect in any evaluation of inequality. There has been a growing interest in the distribution of happiness, although the ordinal nature of the data makes the use of standard inequality measures problematic. Our paper contributes to the literature by exploring the distributions for the U.S. from 1972 to 2010. Based on new methods developed for ordinal data, we are able to overcome the problems associated with ordinality and obtain unambiguous rankings of happiness distributions. We also compute the level of happiness inequality using existing measures based on median centred approaches. Further, we decompose the median based inequality measures of happiness by gender, race, and region." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness and economic growth: the evidence (2013)
Easterlin, Richard A.;Zitatform
Easterlin, Richard A. (2013): Happiness and economic growth. The evidence. (IZA discussion paper 7187), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Long term trends in happiness and income are not related; short term fluctuations in happiness and income are positively associated. Evidence for this is found in time series data for developed countries, transition countries, and less developed countries, whether analyzed separately or pooled. Skeptics, who claim that the long term time series trend relationship is positive, are mistaking the short term association for the long term one, or are misguided by a statistical artifact. Some analysts assert that in less developed countries happiness and economic growth are positively related 'up to some point,' beyond which the association tends to become nil, but time series data do not support this view. The most striking contradiction is China where, despite a fourfold multiplication in two decades in real GDP per capita from a low initial level, life satisfaction has not improved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Testing the tunnel effect: Comparison, age and happiness in UK and German panels (2013)
Zitatform
FitzRoy, Felix R., Michael A. Nolan, Max F. Steinhardt & David Ulph (2013): Testing the tunnel effect: Comparison, age and happiness in UK and German panels. (IZA discussion paper 7452), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"In contrast to previous results combining all ages we find positive effects of comparison income on happiness for the under 45s, and negative effects for those over 45. In the BHPS these coefficients are several times the magnitude of own income effects. In GSOEP they cancel to give no effect of effect of comparison income on life satisfaction in the whole sample, when controlling for fixed effects, and time-in-panel, and with flexible, age-group dummies. The residual age-happiness relationship is hump-shaped in all three countries. Results are consistent with a simple life cycle model of relative income under uncertainty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness inequality: How much is reasonable? (2013)
Gandelman, Néstor; Porzecanski, Rafael;Zitatform
Gandelman, Néstor & Rafael Porzecanski (2013): Happiness inequality: How much is reasonable? In: Social indicators research, Jg. 110, H. 1, S. 257-269. DOI:10.1007/s11205-011-9929-z
Abstract
"We compute the Gini indexes for income, happiness and various simulated utility levels. Due to decreasing marginal utility of income, happiness inequality should be lower than income inequality. We find that happiness inequality is about half that of income inequality. To compute the utility levels we need to assume values for a key parameter that can be interpreted as a measure of relative risk aversion. If this coefficient is above one, as many economists believe, then a large part of happiness inequality is not related to pecuniary dimensions of life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment expectations, excessive pessimism, and news coverage (2013)
Garz, Marcel;Zitatform
Garz, Marcel (2013): Unemployment expectations, excessive pessimism, and news coverage. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 34, H. February, S. 156-168. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2012.09.007
Abstract
"This study employs monthly survey data and information obtained from media content analyses to investigate the potential link between (negativity in) economic news coverage and the pessimism in German unemployment expectations. For the period from 2001 to 2009, time-series estimates do not indicate a link in the short-run, but the cumulative effects of repeated media coverage affect long-run attitudes. A single negative report has a long-term effect similar to that of a positive one, but the quantitative dominance of negative over positive news causes an asymmetric reaction in unemployment expectations, which promotes pessimism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Direct evidence on income comparisons and subjective well-being (2013)
Zitatform
Goerke, Laszlo & Markus Pannenberg (2013): Direct evidence on income comparisons and subjective well-being. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 549), Berlin, 18 S.
Abstract
"Subjective well-being (SWB) is generally argued to rise with relative income. However, direct evidence is scarce on whether and how intensively individuals undertake income comparisons, to whom they relate, and what they perceive their relative income to be. In this paper, novel data with direct information on income comparison intensity and perceived relative income with respect to predetermined reference groups is used to provide evidence on the relationship between income comparisons and SWB. We find negative correlations between comparison intensity and SWB for co-workers, people in the same occupation and friends. For job-related reference groups income comparisons are mostly upwards and perceiving to earn less than the reference group is negatively correlated with SWB." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of economic crisis on happiness (2013)
Gudmundsdottir, Dora Gudrun;Zitatform
Gudmundsdottir, Dora Gudrun (2013): The impact of economic crisis on happiness. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 110, H. 3, S. 1083-1101. DOI:10.1007/s11205-011-9973-8
Abstract
"There is a common belief that economic crisis will lead to a decrease in subjective wellbeing. Previous studies indicate that income is correlated with happiness and unemployment with unhappiness. The relationship between increased income and happiness is well documented while the impact of decreased income has been less explored. The aim of this paper is to study how the economic downfall in Iceland, followed by reduced income and increased unemployment, affects happiness as well as to explore which groups are most vulnerable to changes in happiness and which are most resilient. The study is a longitudinal, nationally representative postal survey which assessed 5,918 individual's aged 18-79. A total of 4,092 (77.3%) answered again in 2009. The relationship between economic factors and happiness was explored using multiple linear regression to find out how much they explain of the happiness variance and the changes in happiness, together with demographic factors, health and social relationships. Results indicate that income and unemployment did not predict happiness but financial difficulties did. A decrease in happiness was detected after the collapse. The change in happiness from 2007 to 2009 was normally distributed, 40% had the same score in both years and an equal number increased as decreased. The explored factors did not explain the changes in happiness. The economic crisis had a limited affect on happiness. Those with financial difficulties were hardest hit. Changes in happiness need to be studied further since they are not well explained by the factors which influence cross-sectional levels of happiness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))