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Augustine, Grace & Brayden G. King (2024): From Movements to Managers: Crossing Organizational Boundaries in the Field of Sustainability. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 207-248. DOI:10.1177/07308884221142215

Abstract

"This study investigates a route to occupational activism whereby individuals with significant experience in a social movement enter organizational positions that have been established to address those same movement's concerns. Utilizing data on the career pathways of 800 individuals from the field of sustainability in higher education, we formulate and test hypotheses related to whether or not individuals with more experience in the environmental movement gain access to sustainability manager positions, and whether or not entry patterns change as the roles become more institutionalized. These questions matter because although movements pressure organizations to address issues such as equality, diversity, and sustainability, it is individuals inside organizations who are best positioned to institutionalize movement-aligned practices and policies. And if those individuals have movement backgrounds, they can be carriers of movement praxis and ideals. Through our analyses, we find that although individuals with more experience in the environmental movement have a higher likelihood of entering sustainability manager positions overall, their advantage diminishes as the positions become institutionalized as formalized organizational roles. Our findings contribute to scholarship on occupational activism and in particular to outstanding questions regarding the role of occupations and occupational members in furthering social movement ideals and initiatives inside organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bourabain, Dounia & Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe (2023): Equality for all? Support for equal opportunity among professors in Europe. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 17, H. 1. DOI:10.1111/soc4.13039

Abstract

"Equal Opportunity programs (EO) continue to be at the center of the debate about promoting equality in higher education. While support for EO has been well-studied in American higher education, this research is the first to investigate the attitudes towards and support for a range of EO policies among professors in Europe. We specifically examine faculty support for seven different EO measures used in European universities that require varying levels of involvement and commitment. From a sample of 689 professors, findings show that women professors tend to show more support for all EO programs compared to men professors. We also see differences across disciplines. Professors from the humanities and social sciences are more likely to endorse such programs than their counterparts in STEM disciplines. Moreover, the differences across disciplines and gender decrease substantially when controlling for racial and gender attitudes. Finally, soft/differential programs, which prioritize merit but take group membership into account are preferred over hard/preferential programs which prioritize achieving equality by targeting members from marginalized groups. This research is innovative for its geographical location, sample of study, and range of included measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brunetti, Marianna, Annalisa Fabretti & Mariangela Zoli (2023): A Further Look at the Gender Gap in Italian Academic Careers. (CEIS Tor Vergata research papers Vol.21 (2023),7,No.570), Rom, 39 S.

Abstract

"In developed countries women have now achieved educational parity with men. Yet disparities persist in reaching top positions in the job market, with academia making no exception. This paper assesses the gender gap in career advancements in Italian universities over the 2013-2021 period, and explores the potential role of a third factor, i.e. mobility, besides competitiveness and scientific productivity typically investigated in the literature. The results, strongly robust, show a gender gap in advancements to associate professorship of about 4 percentage points, which is only partially explained by competitiveness, while scientific productivity and mobility do not seem to play a role. The estimated gender gap almost doubles for transitions to full professorship, and it remains unaffected when both competitiveness and scientific productivity are considered. Interestingly, mobility in this case matters: the gap is still there but (as much as 5 times) smaller when career advancements occur along with a move to a different University." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eckstein, Zvi, Michael P. Keane & Osnat Lifshitz (2023): What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16612), Bonn, 58 S.

Abstract

"In the 1960 cohort, American men and women graduated from college at the same rate, and this was true for Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. But in more recent cohorts, women graduate at much higher rates than men. To understand the emerging gender education gap, we formulate and estimate a model of individual and family decision-making where education, labor supply, marriage and fertility are all endogenous. Assuming preferences that are common across ethnic groups and fixed over cohorts, our model explains differences in all endogenous variables by gender/ethnicity for the '60-'80 cohorts based on three exogenous factors: family background, labor market and marriage market constraints. Changes in parental background are a key factor driving the growing gender education gap: Women with college educated mothers get greater utility from college, and are much more likely to graduate themselves. The marriage market also contributes: Women's chance of getting marriage offers at older ages has increased, enabling them to defer marriage. The labor market is the largest factor: Improvement in women's labor market return to college in recent cohorts accounts for 50% of the increase in their graduation rate. But the labor market returns to college are still greater for men. Women go to college more because their overall return is greater, after factoring in marriage market returns and their greater utility from college attendance. We predict the recent large increases in women's graduation rates will cause their children's graduation rates to increase further. But growth in the aggregate graduation rate will slow substantially, due to significant increases in the share of Hispanics – a group with a low graduation rate – in recent birth cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ha, Jeongmin, Elizabeth Kayoon Hur & Hee-Seung Yang (2023): Do more educated people work for the government? In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 149-152. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2021.1980192

Abstract

"We investigate the effect of education on public job choice using quarter of birth as an instrumental variable. We find that an additional year of education increases the probability of public sector employment by 1.87 percentage points. However, this positive effect is driven by females, whites, and those with high school degrees or less. For those with college or higher degrees, we observe a decrease in public employment with more education. Our results imply that highly-educated individuals go into high-risk, high-return occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hunt, Wil, B. Baldauf & C. Lyonette (2023): Horses for Courses: Subject Differences in the Chances of Securing Different Types of Graduate Jobs in the UK. In: Journal of Social Policy online erschienen am 16.03.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1017/S0047279423000041

Abstract

"Analysis of the 2010/11 Longitudinal Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education survey shows that overly-simplistic conceptions of graduate success underestimate the value of obtaining a degree in some subjects. Using a skills-based classification of graduate jobs the research finds that maths and vocationally-oriented subjects associated with higher earnings returns (Belfield et al., 2018a, 2018b) – engineering, architecture, computer science and nursing – increase the chances of having an ‘Expert’ job compared to the average for all graduates. However, more generalist subjects that have been linked with lower earnings such as creative arts, languages and mass communication and documentation are better for accessing graduate jobs where creativity and ability to communicate is key. The research demonstrates the value of using a more nuanced conception of graduate jobs and shows that debate about the value of higher education needs to move away from a narrow focus on earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lehmann, Wolfgang (2023): Mobility and stability: post-graduate employment experiences of working-class students. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 79-93. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2022.2128188

Abstract

"The transition from university to the graduate labour market has become increasingly competitive. As university degrees no longer offer a guarantee for success, graduates mobilise other forms of capital to gain a competitive advantage. First-in-family and working-class students are seen to be disadvantaged as they lack access to the types of economic, social and personal capital employers prefer. This article is based on a qualitative longitudinal study of first-in-family, working-class students in Canada. Starting university in 2005 with very high ambitions and goals for substantial mobility, I will show how most gradually revised these goals over the 16 years they have been followed in the study, and how they engaged in a range of strategies to negotiate their potential working-class disadvantages to find career success. They further evoked a broader notion of mobility beyond career achievement, in that they also discussed personal/intellectual growth through education, their ability to develop and accumulate middle-class cultural capital, while not abandoning their working-class roots, and the importance of stability over status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Passaretta, Giampiero & Moris Triventi (2023): Inequality at the top. The gender earnings gap among the Italian educational elite. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100796

Abstract

"Does a gender earnings gap exist at the top of the educational distribution? Based on population data on two recent cohorts of PhD graduates in Italy, we find that women’s monthly earnings are on average 16 % lower than men’s after 5–6 years in the labor market. The gender earnings gap is even wider at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution, reaching approximately 22 % and 19 %, respectively. Educational pathways before and during PhD studies, occupational characteristics, and family situation explain almost half of women’s average penalty and working hours alone one-fifth of it. The wider penalties at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution remain largely unexplained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))

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Pustelnikovaite, Toma & Shiona Chillas (2023): Modes of Incorporation: The Inclusion of Migrant Academics in the UK. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 6, S. 1627-1645. DOI:10.1177/09500170221092337

Abstract

"This article examines the internationalisation of professions in a qualitative study of migrant academics, drawing on social closure theory to understand how professions respond to the growing numbers of migrants. While studies of closure in professions tend to focus on forms of exclusion based on ascribed characteristics, this article is concerned with how professions include migrants in their ranks. Analysis of interviews with 62 foreign-born academics working in the UK reveals differences in degree of closure towards migrant academics, indicating that inclusion and exclusion are not binary opposites. The article captures degrees of closure in a novel concept – ‘modes of incorporation’ – identifying three inclusion patterns: integration, subordination and marginalisation. ‘Modes of incorporation’ extends closure theory by showing how inclusion is controlled and designed to preserve the status quo, thereby restricting internationalisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Siler, Kyle (2023): Gerontocracy, labor market bottlenecks, and generational crises in modern science. (SocArXiv papers), 37 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/xw6ua

Abstract

"Many Early Career Researchers (ECRs) currently face long odds attaining a full-time or tenure-track research position. Populations of graduate and postdoctoral researchers have continually increased, without concomitant increases in tenure-track jobs or stable research careers. The current hypercompetitive academic labor market is societally inefficient and often inhumane to ECRs, commonly characterized by precarious, exploitative and/or uncertain employment terms. Compounding the generational disadvantages endured by many ECRs at work, analysis of worldwide data on housing rental costs reveals that escalating costs-of-living are an especially acute problem for ECRs, since major research universities tend to be located in expensive cities. The unfavorable plight of today’s ECRs can be partly attributed to disproportionate distribution of resources to senior academics, particularly of the baby boomer generation. The uncertainty, precariousness and hypercompetitiveness of ECR academic labor markets undermine the quantity and quality of scientific innovations, both in the present and the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vecchi, Michela, Catherine Robinson, Maja Savic & Marina Romiti (2023): Vertical and Horizontal Mismatch in the UK: Are Graduates' Skills a Good Fit for Their Jobs? (NIESR discussion paper 548), London, 39 S.

Abstract

"Understanding the skill mismatch among graduates, its causes and consequences is crucial for an economy as it reveals an inefficient allocation of resources that can lead to a decline in workers' wages and in a country's overall productivity performance. This study contributes to the skill mismatch debate by examining graduates' vertical and horizontal mismatch in the UK. Using the 2017 Annual Population Survey, we introduce a new, objective measure of horizontal mismatch (fit index) and account for skills beyond education. Performance of the fit index is compared with a standard measure of vertical mismatch, that typically refers to graduates employed in non-graduate jobs. We find that approximately 30% of graduates in the UK are employed in non-graduate jobs, while nearly 33% work in fields unrelated to their degree subject. Using information on the skill classification of occupations (SOC2010), we adjust these overall figures controlling for unobservable skills. This allows us to derive six skill groups, each capturing the distance between graduates' skills and those required on the job. At the top of skill distribution, we find graduates who are matched in terms of qualification and skills (44%), followed by those who are only horizontally mismatched, that is those who are employed in an occupation requiring a university degree but whose field of study does not match the requirements of the job (23%). At the bottom of the skill distribution, we find graduates who are overqualified on paper but whose skills are likely to be very close to those required on the job (16%). These graduates are particularly penalized in terms of wages. In fact, our estimates show that they earn approximately 40% less compared to those with a perfect job match. This wage penalty, on the other hand, is substantially lower for graduates who are only horizontally mismatched (approximately 2%). However, although for individuals a pure horizontal mismatch does not impose a strong downward p" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zhang, Yue & Xinxing Duan (2023): Job demands, job resources and postdoctoral job satisfaction: An empirical study based on the data from 2020 Nature global postdoctoral survey. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 18. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0293653

Abstract

"Postdocs encounter numerous hurdles in terms of their professional survival and academic development, as a result of institutional reform and the prevailing academic environment. These challenges significantly impact their job satisfaction, which in turn plays a crucial role in shaping their scientific research career trajectory. To facilitate the advancement of relevant systems and augment the job satisfaction of postdocs, this study employs the 2020 Nature Global Postdoctoral Survey data to conduct a comprehensive analysis. Utilizing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis, the impact of job characteristic elements on postdoctoral job satisfaction was examined within the theoretical framework of the Job Requirements-Resources (JD-R) model, as well as the mechanisms by which job characteristic elements impact postdoctoral job satisfaction. It was found that job demands and job resources negatively and positively predicted postdoctoral job satisfaction, respectively, with job burnout and job engagement playing a partial mediating role. Job demands can drive postdocs to develop negative coping psychology and limit the motivating effect of job resources on job engagement; job resources can act as a buffer to reduce the probability of postdocs experiencing job burnout as a result of job demands. The aforementioned findings generally support the applicability of the JD-R model to postdocs, theoretically revealing the intrinsic psychological mechanisms by which job characteristics influence postdoctoral job satisfaction and providing theoretical supplements and practical references for postdoctoral training and management." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Şerifoğlu, Müzeyyen Merve (2023): Education and Employment: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries. In: Prague Economic Papers, Jg. 32, H. 5, S. 569-588. DOI:10.18267/j.pep.839

Abstract

"The objective of the paper is to investigate the relationship between education and employment level in 27 member countries of OECD over the period 1998–2019. To achieve this, the paper first analyzes the effect of the number of graduates from upper secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education programs. Additionally, the paper constructs an education index which covers graduates from upper secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education programmes. After calculating distribution of graduates using the standard deviation method, the paper employs two-step system GMM developed by Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). The findings show that graduates from upper secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education, as well as the distribution of graduates, have a positive effect on employment, respectively. It is expected that policymakers consider the effect of graduates from different education levels on employment to design substantial education and employment strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Altonji, Joseph G., John Eric Humphries & Ling Zhong (2022): The Effects of Advanced Degrees on the Wage Rates, Hours, Earnings and Job Satisfaction of Women and Men. (IZA discussion paper 15010), Bonn, 95 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses a college-by-graduate degree fixed effects estimator to evaluate the returns to 19 different graduate degrees for men and women. We find substantial variation across degrees, and evidence that OLS over-estimates the returns to degrees with the highest average earnings and underestimates the returns to degrees with the lowest average earnings. Second, we decompose the impacts on earnings into effects on wage rates and effects on hours. For most degrees, the earnings gains come from increased wage rates, though hours play an important role in some degrees, such as medicine, especially for women. Third, we estimate the net present value and internal rate of return for each degree, which account for the time and monetary costs of degrees. Finally, we provide descriptive evidence that satisfaction gains are large for some degrees with smaller economic returns, such as education and humanities degrees, especially for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Auriol, Emmanuelle, Guido Friebel, Alisa Weinberger & Sascha Wilhelm (2022): Women in Economics: Europe and the World. (Working papers / Toulouse School of Economics 1288), Toulouse, 64 S.

Abstract

"Based on a data set that we collected from the top research institutions in economics around the globe (including universities, business schools and other organizations such as central banks), we document the underrepresentation of women in economics. For the 238 universities and business schools in the sample, women hold 25% of senior level positions (full professor, associate professor) and 37% of junior level positions. In the 82 U.S. universities and business schools, the figures are 20% on the senior level and 32% on the entry level, while in the 122 European institutions, the numbers are 27% and 38%, respectively, with some heterogeneity across countries. The numbers also show that the highest-ranking institutions (in terms of research output) have fewer women in senior positions. Moreover, in the U.S., this effect is even present on the junior level. The “leaky pipeline” may hence begin earlier than oftentimes assumed, and is even more of an issue in the highly integrated market of the U.S. In Europe, an institution ranked 100 places higher has three percentage points fewer women in senior positions, but in the U.S. it is almost five percentage points." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bostwick, Valerie & Bruce Weinberg (2022): Nevertheless She Persisted? Gender Peer Effects in Doctoral STEM Programs. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 397-436. DOI:10.1086/714921

Abstract

"We study the effects of peer gender composition in STEM doctoral programs on persistence and degree completion. Leveraging unique new data and quasi-random variation in gender composition across cohorts within programs, we show that women entering cohorts with no female peers are 11.7pp less likely to graduate within 6 years than their male counterparts. A 1 sd increase in the percentage of female students differentially increases women’s probability of on-time graduation by 4.4pp. These gender peer effects function primarily through changes in the probability of dropping out in the first year of a Ph.D. program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kerst, Christian, Insa Weilage & Birgit Gehrke (2022): Bildung und Qualifikation als Grundlage der technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit Deutschlands 2022. (Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 2022-1), Berlin, 65 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie zu Bildung und Qualifikation wird 2022 als Kurzstudie vorgelegt. Sie enthält wie in den Vorjahren die zentralen Indikatoren zur Qualifikationsstruktur der Erwerbstätigen im internationalen Vergleich. Erneut zeigt sich, dass der Anteil der Erwerbstätigen mit formal hohen (tertiären) Qualifikationen (ISCED 5 bis 8) in Deutschland deutlich niedriger ausfällt als in den OECD-Vergleichsländern. Dafür ist in Deutschland der Anteil qualitativ hochwertiger Abschlüsse mit berufsbildender Komponente im mittleren Qualifikationsbereiche (ISCED 3 und 4) besonders hoch. Die Studie enthält im zweiten Teil eine umfassende Darstellung hochschulstatistischer Kennzahlen zur Studiennachfrage und zur Entwicklung der Absolventenzahlen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei erneut auf der insbesondere in den weiterführenden Studiengängen Master und Promotion hohen Bildungsbeteiligung internationaler Studierender. Hier werden mit der zurückgehenden internationalen Studiennachfrage erste Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie erkennbar. Im dritten Teil der Studie werden Daten zur individuellen Teilnahme an Weiterbildung sowie zu weiterbildungsaktiven Betrieben berichtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tani, Massimiliano (2022): Same degree but different outcomes: an analysis of labour market outcomes for native and international PhD students in Australia. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 56. DOI:10.1186/s12651-022-00324-5

Abstract

"This paper used data on career destinations over the period 1999–2015 to study the labour market outcomes of native and foreign PhD graduates staying on in Australia as skilled migrants. Natives with an English-speaking background emerge as benefiting from positive employer ‘discrimination’ (a wage premium unrelated to observed characteristics such as gender, age, and previous work experience). The premium is field-specific and applies to graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). In contrast, foreign PhD graduates with a non-English speaking background experience inferior labour market outcomes, especially if they work in the university sector. Against expectations to the contrary, completing the highest degree of education in the host country and staying on in the same sector where one acquired human capital does not appear to eliminate lesser labour market outcomes for the foreign-born." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Schweiz. Bundesamt für Statistik (2022): Auswirkungen der Covid-19 Pandemie auf die Erwerbssituation der Hochschulabsolventinnen und -absolventen des Jahres 2016. (BFS aktuell : 15, Bildung und Wissenschaft), Neuchâtel, 15 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Publikation des Bundesamtes für Statistik (BFS) gibt einen Überblick über die Auswirkungen von Covid-19 auf die berufliche Situation der Hochschulabsolventinnen und -absolventen vom Beginn der Pandemie im März 2020 bis zum Frühjahr 2021. Sie legt den Fokus auf die Situation fünf Jahre nach Studienabschluss und zeigt, dass die Pandemie und die vom Bundesrat eingeführten Massnahmen zur Bekämpfung von Covid-19 die Erwerbstätigkeiten der grossen Mehrheit der Absolventinnen und Absolventen beeinflusst haben. Homeoffice, reduzierte Kontakte mit den Kolleginnen und Kollegen, Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit und Aufbau von Überstunden gehören zu den meistgenannten Auswirkungen. Die Pandemie hatte aber je nach Beschäftigungsstatus unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Absolventinnen und Absolventen. Rund 40% der selbstständig erwerbstätigen Absolventinnen und Absolventen gaben an, dass sowohl ihr Einkommen als auch die Anzahl Arbeitsaufträge oder Mandate zurückgegangen sind. Die angestellten Absolventinnen und Absolventen hingegen verzeichneten seltener einen Rückgang des Beschäftigungsgrads (3%) oder des Einkommens (4%). Ähnlich sieht die Situation beim Bezug von staatlicher Unterstützung aus. Rund 10% der angestellten Absolventinnen und Absolventen gaben an, dass sie von Kurzarbeit betroffen waren, während knapp 30% der Selbstständigen zu irgendeinem Zeitpunkt seit Beginn der Pandemie Corona-Erwerbsersatz (EO) erhalten haben. 1,4% der erwerbstätigen Absolventinnen und Absolventen gaben an, infolge der Covid-19-Pandemie ihre Stelle verloren zu haben. Im Frühjahr 2021 war die Erwerbslosenquote der Absolventinnen und Absolventen fünf Jahre nach Studienabschluss mit derjenigen der Vorjahre vergleichbar und lag deutlich unter jener der Schweizer Erwerbsbevölkerung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Alfano, Vincenzo, Lorenzo Cicatiello, Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta & Mauro Pinto (2021): The Gender Wage Gap among Ph.D. Holders: Evidence from Italy. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1107-1148. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2020-0319

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the literature on the gender wage gap by empirically analyzing those workers who hold the highest possible educational qualification, i.e., a Ph.D. The analysis relies on recent Italian cross-sectional data collected through a survey on the employment conditions of Ph.D. holders. The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis and quantile decomposition analysis are carried out, and the selection of Ph.D. holders into employment and STEM/non-STEM fields of specialization is taken into account. Findings suggest that a gender gap in hourly wages exists among Ph.D. holders, with sizeable differences by sector of employment and field of specialization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Alfano, Vincenzo, Giuseppe Gaeta & Mauro Pinto (2021): Non-academic employment and matching satisfaction among PhD graduates with high intersectoral mobility potential. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 42, H. 7, S. 1202-1223. DOI:10.1108/IJM-10-2020-0489

Abstract

"Purpose: This paper contributes to the empirical analysis of PhD holders' transition into the non-academic labor market (i.e. their intersectoral mobility). The research focuses on doctoral graduates specialized in a field of study supposed to have notable non-academic applications, namely Industrial and Information Engineering. We inspect whether these doctoral graduates experience lower satisfaction with PhD knowledge use on the job when they work outside universities and non-public research centers. Design/methodology/approach: We use cross-sectional survey data collected by the Italian National Institute of Statistics in 2014. Ordinary least squares and ordered logit analyses provide baseline results; furthermore, we apply a multinomial endogenous treatment model to control for potential bias arising from self-selection into employment sectors. Findings: We find evidence that for PhD holders Industrial and Information Engineering being employed in the industrial and services sector implies lower satisfaction with the use of doctoral knowledge than that reported by their counterparts working in universities or public research centers. Originality/value: These results complement and extend previous evidence about PhD holders' career outcomes by focusing on the intersectoral mobility issue and on a specific group of doctoral graduates whose intersectoral mobility potential is expected to be high. Our findings call for policies that might trigger a better alignment between doctoral education and non-academic jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Altonji, Joseph G. & Ling Zhong (2021): The Labor Market Returns to Advanced Degrees. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 303-360. DOI:10.1086/710959

Abstract

"We estimate the returns to a broad set of graduate degrees. To control for heterogeneity in preferences and ability, we use fixed effects for combinations of field-specific undergraduate and graduate degrees obtained by the last time we observe an individual. Basically, we compare earnings before the graduate degree to earnings after the degree. Using NSF data, we find large differences across graduate fields in earnings effects. The returns often depend on the undergraduate major. The contribution of occupational upgrading to the earnings gain varies across degrees. Finally, simple regression-based estimates of returns to graduate fields are often highly misleading." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boero, Gianna, Tej Nathwani, Robin Naylor & Jeremy Smith (2021): Graduate Earnings Premia in the UK : Decline and Fall? (Warwick economic research paper 1387), Coventry, 32 S.

Abstract

"A long-standing puzzle in the economics of education concerns the observed constancy of the average earnings premium for a degree despite a prolonged period of substantial growth in the share of graduates in the working population in the UK. Focusing on birth cohorts between 1970 and 1990, we produce evidence of a recent decline in the earnings premium for graduates over non-graduates by age 26. For those born in 1990, we estimate an average graduate earnings premium of 10%, contrasting with an estimate of 17% for the 1970 birth cohort. We also find a substantial increase in dispersion around the average premium according to class of degree awarded. Combined with a falling average, this has left the earnings of 1990-born graduates awarded lower degree classes only 3% above that of non-graduates. Among the 1970-born cohort, the equivalent earnings premium was 14%. We suggest that this precipitous fall is consistent with a 'double-scarring' effect associated with the combination of increased higher education participation and a rise in the proportion of graduates awarded an upper honours degree over the span of the two cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cortés, Patricia, Jessica Pan, Laura Pilossoph & Basit Zafar (2021): Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap. Evidence from Business Majors. (IZA discussion paper 14373), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

"To understand gender differences in the job search process, we collect rich information on job offers and acceptances from past and current undergraduates of Boston University's Questrom School of Business. We document two novel empirical facts: (1) there is a clear gender difference in the timing of job offer acceptance, with women accepting jobs substantially earlier than men, and (2) the gender earnings gap in accepted offers narrows in favor of women over the course of the job search period. Using survey data on risk preferences and beliefs about expected future earnings, we present empirical evidence that the patterns in job search can be partly explained by the higher levels of risk aversion displayed by women and the higher levels of overoptimism (and slower belief updating) displayed by men. We develop a job search model that incorporates these gender differences in risk aversion and (over)optimism about prospective offers. Our counterfactual exercises show that simple policies such as eliminating "exploding offers" by allowing students to hold onto offers for an additional month, or providing them with accurate information about the labor market, can reduce the gender gap significantly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Farrokhi, Farid (2021): Skill, Agglomeration, And Inequality In The Spatial Economy. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 671-721. DOI:10.1111/iere.12514

Abstract

"This paper develops a spatial equilibrium model with skill heterogeneity and agglomeration forces that stem from local idea exchange. I structurally estimate the model using American census data to study policy effects on real wage inequality between and within college and noncollege workers. Using the estimated model, I find: (1) Skill composition and local spillovers, respectively, account for 30% and 70% of the city-level relationship between productivity and employment. (2) Recent skill-biased technological changes largely increased the welfare inequality between groups and within college workers. (3) Small transfers from larger to smaller cities may reduce inequality without changing aggregate welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Fullard, Joshua (2021): Relative wages and pupil performance, evidence from TIMSS. (ISER working paper 2021-07), Colchester, 56 S.

Abstract

"While it is widely established that higher wages attract more productive individuals into teaching, it is unclear if salaries can be used to motivate existing teachers to work harder, or more productively, in any way that affects pupil outcomes. Using teachers' predicted relative wages, calculated using a novel method of estimating teachers' outside option, we provide evidence that teachers do respond to higher wages and this improves pupil outcomes. Consistent with the predictions of the efficiency wage model a 10% increase in teachers' relative wages improves pupil performance in Science by 0.03sd, Math by 0.024sd as well as their enjoyment of learning by 0.05sd. The magnitude of these effects are similar to a 1 student reduction in class size or an additional hours of weekly tuition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Green, Francis & Golo Henseke (2021): Europe's evolving graduate labour markets: supply, demand, underemployment and pay. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 55. DOI:10.1186/s12651-021-00288-y

Abstract

"For most students the aspiration to gain employment in a graduate job is the main motivation for going to university. Whether they fulfill this aspiration depends considerably on national graduate labour markets. We analyse the comparative evolution of these markets across Europe over the decade leading up to 2015, focusing on supply, graduate/high-skilled jobs, underemployment, wages, the graduate wage premium and the penalty for underemployment. The supply of tertiary graduates increased everywhere and converged, and this upward convergence is forecast to persist. In contrast the growth of graduate jobs was slower, not ubiquitous and nonconvergent. Underemployment was spreading, though at a modest rate; this rise was convergent but not ubiquitous. The rise was most substantial in Slovenia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Italy and Greece. Graduates’ real wages trended predominantly downward, but varied a great deal between countries. The graduate wage premium declined by more than one percentage point in seven countries. Inferences are drawn for the formation of education policy, for the broader discourse on HE, and for research on graduate futures." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Springer) ((en))

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Hemelt, Steven W., Brad Hershbein, Shawn M. Martin & Kevin M. Stange (2021): College Majors and Skills: Evidence from the Universe of Online Job Ads. (NBER working paper 29605), Cambridge, Mass, 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w29605

Abstract

"We document the skill content of college majors as perceived by employers and expressed in the near universe of U.S. online job ads. Social and organizational skills are general in that they are sought by employers of almost all college majors, whereas other skills are more specialized. In turn, general majors––Business and General Engineering––have skill profiles similar to all majors; Nursing and Education are specialized. These cross-major differences in skill profiles explain considerable wage variation, with little role for within-major differences in skills across areas. College majors can thus be reasonably conceptualized as portable bundles of skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jaeger, David A., Jaime Arellano-Bover, Krzysztof Karbownik, Marta Martínez-Matute, John M. Nunley & R. Alan Seals (2021): The Global COVID-19 Student Survey: First Wave Results. (IZA discussion paper 14419), Bonn, 171 S.

Abstract

"University students have been particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We present results from the first wave of the Global COVID-19 Student Survey, which was administered at 28 universities in the United States, Spain, Australia, Sweden, Austria, Italy, and Mexico between April and October 2020. The survey addresses contemporaneous outcomes and future expectations regarding three fundamental aspects of students' lives in the pandemic: the labor market, education, and health. We document the differential responses of students as a function of their country of residence, parental income, gender, and for the US their race." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jokinen, Juho & Jaakko Pehkonen (2021): The role of personal and relative job performance in promotion decisions. In: Labour, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 485-499. DOI:10.1111/labr.12209

Abstract

"This study employs personnel data from a large university to examine how supervisors utilize information on employees' job performance in promotion decisions. The study shows that better-performing employees are rewarded with promotions as a higher output of peer-reviewed publications and better quality of research output are associated with a higher probability of being promoted. The study also shows that supervisors compare their subordinates' job performance when deciding on promotions: employees who outperform their colleagues in terms of research output and research quality are more likely to be promoted. Subsequently, the study provides evidence to support the key premise of the tournament theory that promotions depend on relative comparisons of employees' performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Liu-Farrer, Gracia & Karen Shire (2021): Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 10, S. 2305-2322. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731987

Abstract

"Faced with demographic as well as economic changes, Germany and Japan have liberalised immigration controls for skilled migrants, set targets for foreign student enrolments in university, and introduced visa categories to enable foreign graduates to enter their labour markets. Yet a relatively modest share of foreign graduates actually receives jobs appropriate to their skill-level and remain in these labour markets. In this article, we focus on organisational recruitment and employment practices, especially those related to skill formation and the structuring of careers, as factors affecting the remain rates of foreign graduates. Our analysis shows that while obtaining the same educational credentials as native students, foreign graduates are disadvantaged because the employment systems of the host countries operate according to the logic of national labour markets, entailing institutionally and culturally specific skill expectations as well as formation processes. Consequently, foreign graduates either fail to enter the market, or are placed in lower or niche categories in a differentiated labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McKinnish, Terra (2021): Prevalence of Long Work Hours by Spouse’s Degree Field and the Labor Market Outcomes of Skilled Women. In: ILR review, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 898-919. DOI:10.1177/0019793920901703

Abstract

"Using 2009 to 2015 American Community Survey (ACS) data, this article estimates the effect of the prevalence of long hours and short hours of work in a husband’s field of work, as defined by his undergraduate degree field, on the labor market outcomes of skilled married women. When individuals work in fields that require longer hours of work, their spouses experience spillover effects. The labor market outcomes of female spouses are more negatively affected than are those of male spouses. Specifically, female spouses face lower total earnings, hourly wages, employment options, and hours of work for married women with children relative to married men with children or married women without children. Little evidence supports the idea that the rate of short hours of work in a spouse’s degree field differentially affects married women with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Salas-Velasco, Manuel (2021): Mapping the (mis)match of university degrees in the graduate labor market. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 55. DOI:10.1186/s12651-021-00297-x

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the scarce literature on the topic of horizontal education-job mismatch in the labor market for graduates of universities. Field-of-study mismatch or horizontal mismatch occurs when university graduates, trained in a particular field, work in another field at their formal qualification level. The data used in the analysis come from the first nationally representative survey of labor insertion of recent university graduates in Spain. By estimating a multinomial logistic regression, we are able to identify the match status 4 years after graduation based on self-assessments. We find a higher likelihood of horizontal mismatch among graduates of Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Pharmacy, and Languages and Literature. Only graduates in Medicine increase the probability of being adequately matched in their jobs. It may be hypothesized that horizontal mismatch is more likely among those graduates in degree fields that provide more general skills and less likely among those from degree fields providing more occupation-specific skills. Other degrees such as Business Studies, and Management and Economics Studies increase the probability of being vertically mismatched (over-educated). Vertical mismatch preserves at least some of the specific human capital gained through formal educational qualifications. However, some workers with degrees in Labor Relations and Social Work are in non-graduate positions and study areas unrelated to their studies. The paper also shows that graduates in the fields of health sciences and engineering/architecture increase the probability of achieving an education-job match after external job mobility." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Silva, Joaquim & Ana Carvalho (2021): The Work Values of Portuguese Generation Z in the Higher Education-to-Work Transition Phase. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 10, H. 8. DOI:10.3390/socsci10080297

Abstract

"The cohort of young people born with or after the Internet has been dubbed Generation Z (Gen Z, or post-millennials). They are now entering the higher education-to-work transition phase, although this is yet to be studied. Previous studies have found that work values and work preferences vary across generations and national cultures, justifying regular and localised examination. However, very little is known to date about the work values of Portuguese Gen Zs. In this study, we describe the work values of Portuguese university students in the higher education-to-work transition phase and examine their influence on salient work-related preferences. We surveyed over 3000 students attending university degrees from eight main Portuguese universities. We find that Portuguese Gen Zs value social values above all, followed by intrinsic and then extrinsic work values, potentially configuring a unique profile. Work values partially explain work preferences such as employer size and salary expectations. Gender differences mark our results, with women expressing higher work values in all three dimensions and lower entry salary expectations. These results can be useful for employers seeking to attract the best university graduates, facilitate their integration and promote their development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Altonji, Joseph G. & Ling Zhong (2020): The Labor Market Returns to Advanced Degrees. (NBER working paper 26959), Cambridge, Mass., 83 S. DOI:10.3386/w26959

Abstract

"We estimate the labor market return to an MBA, a JD, and master’s in engineering, nursing, education, psychology and social work, and thirteen other graduate degrees. To control for heterogeneity in preferences and ability, we use fixed effects for combinations of field-specific undergraduate and graduate degrees obtained by the last time we observe an individual. Basically, we compare earnings before the graduate degree to earnings after the degree. We find large differences across graduate fields in earnings effects, and more moderate differences in internal rates of return that account for program length and tuition. The returns often depend on the undergraduate major. The contribution of occupational upgrading to the earnings gain varies across degrees. Finally, simple regression-based estimates of returns to graduate fields are often highly misleading." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Benson, Wendi L., Tahira M. Probst, Lixin Jian, Kristine J. Olson & Maja Graso (2020): Insecurity in the Ivory Tower: Direct and indirect effects of pay stagnation and job insecurity on faculty performance. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 693-708. DOI:10.1177/0143831X17734297

Abstract

"Despite unprecedented cuts to public funding of state universities, little research has examined economic stressors in academia. This study addresses this gap in research by examining the direct and indirect relationships of pay stagnation and job insecurity to performance among a sample of 355 faculty members from a public university in the United States undergoing major budget cuts. In line with job stress and psychological contract breach theories, among tenured faculty, both job insecurity and pay stagnation were indirectly related to lower performance via job satisfaction. Among non-tenured faculty, only pay stagnation had a significant adverse relationship with job satisfaction. Given the difficulty of guaranteed job security or pay raises during times of austerity, organizational interventions designed to improve job satisfaction may be more efficacious. Such interventions might help ameliorate the negative impact of economic stressors on the performance of tenured faculty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biagi, Federico, Jonatan Castano Munoz & Giorgio Di Pietro (2020): Mismatch between Demand and Supply among higher education graduates in the EU. (JRC technical report), Brüssel, 21 S. DOI:10.2760/003134

Abstract

"The misalignment between demand and supply contributes to the labour market problems experienced by many recent graduates in Europe. Not only does the growth in the number of recent university graduates differ from the growth in job vacancies potentially available for them, but also a large number of individuals end up completing their tertiary degree in subjects for which there is little demand or for which there is an excess of supply relative to demand. In an attempt to investigate whether the EU is expected to generate the appropriate number and type of graduates, this study compares projections on forecasted graduate labour market development tendencies made by Cedefop between 2016 and 2030 with estimated trends in the supply of tertiary graduates during the same period. The analysis predicts that, while a rough balance between graduate demand and supply is likely to emerge at aggregate level, there will be a small surplus of graduates in the fields of ICT and a more relevant one in Science and Engineering. Results, however, significantly differ across individual EU Member States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buchmueller, Gerda & Ian Walker (2020): The Graduate Wage and Earnings Premia and the Role of Non-Cognitive Skills. (IZA discussion paper 13248), 38 S.

Abstract

"Estimates of the graduate earnings premium typically do not allow for the effect of non-cognitive skills. Since such skills are unobservable in most datasets there is a concern that existing estimates of the graduate premium are contaminated by selection on such unobservables. We use data on a young cohort of individuals that allows us to control for the effects of non-cognitive skills. We find that the inclusion of non-cognitive skills, themselves jointly significantly positive reduces the estimated returns by an insignificant 1-2 percentage points from an average of 10-12%. Our second contribution is motivated by the greater reliance on administrative datasets in recent research that has focused on annual earnings rather than hourly wages and our results show that the graduate earnings differential is significantly greater than the wage differential. Since we use estimation methods that are NOT robust to selection on unobservables, we adopt Oster (2016) tests to show that it would take an implausible degree of selection on unobservables to drive our estimated wage and earings returns to zero, and that a plausible lower bound to returns is around one-quarter to one-third below the OLS returns. We further find heterogeneous returns by broad major group and elite university, and we find large degree class differentials." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Huang, Junming, Alexander J. Gates, Roberta Sinatra & Albert-Laszlo Barabasi (2020): Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jg. 117, H. 9, S. 4609-4616. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1914221117

Abstract

"Empirical evidence suggests significant gender differences in the total productivity and impact of academic careers across science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Paradoxically, the increase in the number of women academics over the past 60 years has increased these gender differences. Yet, we find that men and women publish a comparable number of papers per year and have equivalent career-wise impact for the same total number of publications. This suggests the productivity and impact of gender differences are explained by different publishing career lengths and dropout rates. This comprehensive picture of gender inequality in academic publishing can help rephrase the conversation around the sustainability of women’s careers in academia, with important consequences for institutions and policy makers.There is extensive, yet fragmented, evidence of gender differences in academia suggesting that women are underrepresented in most scientific disciplines and publish fewer articles throughout a career, and their work acquires fewer citations. Here, we offer a comprehensive picture of longitudinal gender differences in performance through a bibliometric analysis of academic publishing careers by reconstructing the complete publication history of over 1.5 million gender-identified authors whose publishing career ended between 1955 and 2010, covering 83 countries and 13 disciplines. We find that, paradoxically, the increase of participation of women in science over the past 60 years was accompanied by an increase of gender differences in both productivity and impact. Most surprisingly, though, we uncover two gender invariants, finding that men and women publish at a comparable annual rate and have equivalent career-wise impact for the same size body of work. Finally, we demonstrate that differences in publishing career lengths and dropout rates explain a large portion of the reported career-wise differences in productivity and impact, although productivity differences still remain. This comprehensive picture of gender inequality in academia can help rephrase the conversation around the sustainability of women’s careers in academia, with important consequences for institutions and policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Leenders, Joke, Inge L. Bleijenbergh & Marieke C. L. van den Brink (2020): Myriad potential for mentoring: Understanding the process of transformational change through a gender equality intervention. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 379-394. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12385

Abstract

"This paper contributes to understanding transformational change towards gender equality by examining the transformational change potential of a mentoring programme for women, a type of gender equality intervention both criticized and praised for its ability to bring about change. Drawing upon an empirical case study of a mentoring programme for women academics in a Dutch university, we explore three dimensions of transformational change: organizational members 1) discussing and reflecting upon gendered organizational norms and work practices, 2) creating new narratives, and 3) experimenting with new work practices. Our findings indicate five specific conditions that enable transformational change: cross-mentoring, questioning what is taken for granted, repeating participation and individual stories, facilitating peer support networks and addressing and equipping all participants as change agents. We suggest these conditions should be taken into account when (re)designing effective organizational gender equality interventions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lehnert, Patrick, Curdin Pfister & Uschi Backes-Gellner (2020): Employment of R&D personnel after an educational supply shock: Effects of the introduction of Universities of Applied Sciences in Switzerland. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 66. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101883

Abstract

"We examine whether firms increase their employment of R&D personnel in response to an expansion of tertiary education institutions, i.e., a supply shock of skilled labor. We use the staggered introduction of Universities of Applied Sciences (UASs) in Switzerland as a quasi-natural experiment to identify causal effects. Firms located near a new UAS campus experience an education-driven labor supply shock in the form of UAS graduates newly entering the local labor market. Using a large representative firm survey and applying a difference-in-differences model, we find that this labor supply shock has positive effects: first, on the percentage of R&D personnel relative to total employment and, second, on the percentage of total wages paid to them. These effects are driven by both very small firms (five to nine employees) and very large ones (5,000 or more). Our findings suggest that a tertiary education expansion can stimulate innovation activities by increasing the personnel resources devoted to R&D." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Leighton, Margaret & Jamin D. Speer (2020): Labor market returns to college major specificity. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 128. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103489

Abstract

"This paper develops a new approach to measuring human capital specificity, in the context of college majors, and estimates its labor market return over a worker's life cycle. To measure specificity, we propose a novel method grounded in human capital theory: a Gini coefficient of earnings premia for a major across occupations. Our measure captures the notion of skill transferability across jobs. Education and nursing are the most specific majors, while philosophy and psychology are among the most general. Using data from the American Community Survey, we find that the most specific majors typically pay off the most, with an early-career earnings premium of about 5–6% over average majors (15-20% over the most general majors), driven by higher hourly wages. General majors lag far behind at every age. Despite their earnings advantage, graduates from specific majors are the least likely to hold managerial positions, with graduates from majors of average specificity being the most likely to do so. It may be that managerial positions require a mix of specific knowledge and broadly applicable skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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(2020): Women in economics. London: CEPR Press, 135 S.

Abstract

"Women are substantially under-represented in the field of economics. Few women reach senior positions in the profession, even though over the last few decades, between 30% and 35% of PhDs in economics have been earned by women. Women in economics face clear barriers to field entry and professional success that are distinct from those in other mathematics-focused fields. Women also appear to face implicit bias in the assessment of their research and other professional contributions that limit their success and persistence in the field This book, featuring leading experts on the issue of gender in economics, examines the role and progress of women in professional economics, reviews the barriers women that face at various stages of the training and promotional pipeline, evaluates programmes designed to support and encourage female economists, and discusses the benefits of greater gender equality across the economics research professions. Beginning with an overview of the representation of women in economics departments in the United States and in Europe, the opening chapters highlight the scarcity of Black women in American economics and provide some background on the ‘first gender reckoning’ of economics. Later chapters examine the forces that discourage women from majoring in economics as undergraduates and how they might be combatted, and on the paths to success for female graduate students. The book also documents differential treatment of women in the evaluation of research for publication and acceptance at conferences, as well as gender differences in collaborative networks that may affect research productivity. The ‘leaky pipeline’ in economics is reviewed, with a focus on the promotion gender gap in academics and central banking, and institutional factors that contribute to that gap, including gender bias in student evaluations and the inequitable consequences of gender-neutral tenure-clock-extension policies. The concluding chapters returns to policies and programmes that can support women and combat bias at all stages of the professional pipeline in economics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mumford, Karen & Cristina Sechel (2020): Pay and job rank among academic economists in the UK: Is gender relevant? In: BJIR, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 82-113. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12468

Abstract

"This article presents and explores a rich new data source to analyse the determinants of pay and job rank among academic economists in the UK. Characteristics associated with individual productivity and workplace features are found to be important determinants of the relative wage and promotion structure in this sector. However, there is also a substantial unexplained gender pay gap. Men are considerably more likely to work in higher paid job ranks where there are also substantial within-rank gender pay gaps. We show that the nature of the gender pay gap has changed over the last two decades; but its size has not, suggesting a role for suitable policy intervention." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sargsyan, Marine & David Cairns (2020): Home or away? Pathways to employment for the highly qualified in Armenia after the Velvet Revolution. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 259-274. DOI:10.1177/1103308819861793

Abstract

"In this article, we take a look at transitions to employment in Armenia for the highly qualified, focusing on students and graduates. Theoretically, we acknowledge the importance of insights from prior research, including the idea of the transition-to-work as a journey, with our research questions aimed at highlighting specific challenges facing Armenian youth following spatialized and sedentary transition pathways; moving abroad for work and entering the local labour market respectively. As evidence, we make use of interviews conducted with 51 young Armenians in the months that followed the Velvet Revolution of 2018. Discussion highlights factors that inhibit highly qualified youth from finding jobs at home, including perceptions of corruption in the workplace, difficulties associated with entering foreign labour markets and the salience of recent political events." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Steingrimsdottir, Herdis (2020): The decreased popularity of the teaching sector in the 1970s. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 74. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.101948

Abstract

"In the 1970s, the proportion of male college freshmen who planned to become teachers dropped from 15% to 3%, and that of female freshman from 45% to 12%. In this paper, I use nationally representative survey data on the career plans of college freshmen to look at the roles played by increased access to fertility controls and the unionization of the teaching sector, in the decline in the popularity of the teaching sector during this period. I find that the overall impact of these factors on men was small and insignificant, whereas early legal access to contraceptives increased women’s likelihood of planning to become teachers. Looking at the actual career outcomes of the same cohorts in the census data, I find that access to the pill had a negative impact on the share of men in teaching and positive impact on the share of women. I use information on high school grades and college selectivity in the freshmen surveys to separate students by academic ability in the analysis. I find that unionization had a negative impact on plans to become teachers among high-ability men and low-ability women. Increased access to the pill had a negative impact on the share of low-ability men who planned to teach and a positive impact on the share among low- and medium-ability women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Ashworth, Jared & Tyler Ransom (2019): Has the college wage premium continued to rise? Evidence from multiple U.S. surveys. In: Economics of education review, Jg. 69, H. April, S. 149-154. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.02.003

Abstract

"This paper examines trends in the college wage premium (CWP) by birth cohort across the five major household surveys in the United States: the Census/ACS, CPS, NLSY, PSID, and SIPP. We document a general flattening in the CWP for birth cohorts 1970 and onward in each survey and even a decline for birth cohorts 1980 - 1984 in the NLSY. We discuss potential reasons for this finding and show that the empirical discrepancy is not a function of differences in composition across surveys. Our results provide crucial context for the vast economic literatures that use these surveys to answer important policy questions about intertemporal changes in the returns to skill." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Barlevy, Gadi & Derek Neal (2019): Allocating effort and talent in professional labor markets. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 187-246. DOI:10.1086/698899

Abstract

"In many professional service firms, new associates work long hours while competing in up-or-out promotion contests. Our model explains why. We argue that the productivity of skilled partners in professional service firms (e.g., law, consulting, investment banking, and public accounting) is quite large relative to the productivity of their peers who are competent and experienced but not well suited to the partner role. Therefore, these firms adopt personnel policies that facilitate the identification of new partners. In our model, both heavy workloads and up-or-out rules serve this purpose." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davis, Daniel & Amy Binder (2019): Industry, firm, job title: The layered nature of early-career advantage for graduates of elite private universities. In: Socius, Jg. 5, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1177/2378023119859711

Abstract

"Using concepts associated with effectively maintained inequality theory and horizontal stratification, the authors ask whether the private-public dividing line is a 'threshold of consequence' for early-career market entry. To address this empirically, the authors use a novel LinkedIn data set to analyze job pathways for the graduating class of 2016 from the top 25 private and top 25 public universities in the United States. In line with past qualitative research, the authors find evidence that elite private graduates enter high-status industries in greater proportion than their public university counterparts. They also tend to get jobs at more prestigious and higher paying firms and to attain more prestigious job titles. On the basis of the evidence, the authors call for more closely analyzing the layers of advantage that may accumulate to elite graduates during key transitional moments, such as during the postgraduation job search. The authors also shed additional light on how the private-public divide is a threshold of consequence for university graduates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Donnelly, Michael & Sol Gamsu (2019): The field of graduate recruitment: leading financial and consultancy firms and elite class formation. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 70, H. 4, S. 1374-1401. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12659

Abstract

"The symbolic value of being recruited by a high status multinational company likely represents an important marker of distinction. For the first time, a unique Destinations of Leavers in Higher Education (DLHE) data-set is used here to model entry to elite multinational company in finance, accountancy and consultancy sectors among graduates of different social origins, universities, degree subjects and with different degree classifications. From a sample of 11,755 graduates working across these three sectors, we examine what predicts entry to 33 leading firms and then examine pay hierarchies among the 3,260 graduates working for these companies using random-effects models. At first glance, significantly, we find that elite recruits come from a much broader range of universities than might be imagined. However, a closer look at the highest paid graduates within these firms reveals more familiar patterns of social and institutional stratification. We argue that these patterns likely reflect the nature of work undertaken by graduates in these elite firms, with institutional and social origins of graduates differing according to the particular track taken in what are likely to be highly differentiated graduate recruitment schemes." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ermini, Barbara, Luca Papi & Francesca Scaturro (2019): Wage returns to interregional mobility among Ph.D graduates. Do occupations matter? In: Papers in regional science, Jg. 98, H. 2, S. 995-1025. DOI:10.1111/pirs.12375

Abstract

"This paper addresses the wage returns to interregional mobility among Italian Ph.D workers. We control for selection bias in both migration and occupation choice by estimating a double sample selection model. While OLS estimates indicate a positive wage premium of mobility across all types of occupations examined, wage equations estimated by correcting for double sample selection evidence a wage penalty for movers within academia, no effects for movers carrying out R&D activities but positive returns if they work within the industry sector. The selection process appears to be stronger when mobility choice is considered in comparison to the choice of occupation." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ghirelli, Corinna, Enkelejda Havari, Giulia Santangelo & Marta Scettri (2019): Does on-the-job training help graduates find a job? Evidence from an Italian region. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 500-524. DOI:10.1108/IJM-02-2018-0062

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a recent training programme for graduates, implemented in Italy and entitled Work Experience Laureati and Laureate, i.e. Work Experience for Graduates. The aim of the programme was to increase the career prospects of unemployed graduates in the region of Umbria.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors rely on administrative data and matching methods to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in terms of employability of participants.
Findings
The results show that participants are more likely to be employed and to sign an apprenticeship contract within the region boundaries. The authors also find substantial differences in employability and type of contract by gender, with men having a higher probability of finding a job (permanent contract and apprenticeship). The authors show that this may be explained by the different choices in terms of field of study, with males being more prone to enrol in scientific areas and females in the humanities.
Research limitations/implications
It is an intervention implemented in one Italian region.
Originality/value
This is one of the few studies that analyses the effectiveness of active labour market policies targeting unemployed graduates, especially in the Italian context. The authors rely on different administrative data sources that allow them to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Ingram, Nicola & Kim Allen (2019): 'Talent-spotting' or 'social magic'? Inequality, cultural sorting and constructions of the ideal graduate in elite professions. In: The sociological review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 723-740. DOI:10.1177/0038026118790949

Abstract

"Graduate outcomes - including rates of employment and earnings - are marked by persistent inequalities related to social class, as well as gender, ethnicity and institution. Despite national policy agendas related to social mobility and 'fair access to the professions', high-status occupations are disproportionately composed of those from socially privileged backgrounds, and evidence suggests that in recent decades many professions have become less socially representative. This article makes an original contribution to sociological studies of inequalities in graduate transitions and elite reproduction through a distinct focus on the 'pre-hiring' practices of graduate employers. It does this through a critical analysis of the graduate recruitment material of two popular graduate employers. It shows how, despite espousing commitments to diversity and inclusion, constructions of the 'ideal' graduate privilege individuals who can mobilise and embody certain valued capitals. Using Bourdieusian concepts of 'social magic' and 'institutional habitus', the article argues that more attention must be paid to how graduate employers' practices constitute tacit processes of social exclusion and thus militate against the achievement of more equitable graduate outcomes and fair access to the 'top jobs'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kazakis, Pantelis (2019): On the nexus between innovation, productivity and migration of US university graduates. In: Spatial Economic Analysis, Jg. 14, H. 4, S. 465-485. DOI:10.1080/17421772.2019.1636127

Abstract

"This paper studies the link between the migration of US university graduates, innovation and productivity. Using migration flows extracted from the SESTAT database and following a simultaneous equation approach, it finds that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the migration flows of skilled economic agents and innovation (and productivity). Higher taxation and housing prices act as a decelerating force to migration. The role of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduates, potential investors and entrepreneurial education appear to play a salient role in regional innovation. The results are robust to various implementations, including the use of the instrumental variables approach." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mayer, Matthias M. & Thomas Liebig (2019): Wie attraktiv ist Deutschland für ausländische Fachkräfte? (Bertelsmann-Stiftung. Policy brief Migration. Migration fair gestalten 2012,12), Gütersloh, 7 S.

Abstract

"Deutschland ist für ausländische Studierende und Unternehmer*innen attraktiv. Hoch qualifizierten Akademiker*innen bieten aber andere OECD-Länder bessere Bedingungen. Vor allem bei der Qualität der beruflichen Chancen muss Deutschland sich steigern." (Textausschnitt, IAB-Doku)

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Raz-Yurovich, Liat & Ive Marx (2019): Outsourcing housework and highly skilled women's labour force participation. An analysis of a policy intervention. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 205-224. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz001

Abstract

"Women in developed countries still bear the brunt of care and household work, often with severe consequences for their professional careers. In addition to policies to promote gender equality in the realm of household work, state-supported outsourcing has the potential to help women reduce work-family conflict in a more optimal way and thus to realize their professional potential. We use the enactment of the Belgian Service Voucher Scheme to examine whether the introduction of a heavily state-subsidized outsourcing option increased women's employment rates at the extensive margins, especially among the highly educated. Using time-series analyses as well as difference-in-differences models, we find both short- and long-term positive changes in the employment rates of highly skilled women in Belgium after the enactment of the scheme in January 2004. Moreover, the results of our difference-in-differences models suggest that highly skilled women's increased ability to outsource housework is the main mechanism driving the change in their employment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scheld, Jessica (2019): Education decisions and labour market outcomes. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 51, H. 9, S. 911-940. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2018.1512741

Abstract

"The financial return to a college degree is an increasing concern amid rising tuition costs and stagnant wages. Using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), I analyse the effect of post-secondary choices on wages for individuals entering the labour force between 2004 and 2012. Matching methods provide evidence of strong returns to earning a bachelor's degree for both genders, similar to previous literature. Relative to high school graduates, women see wage benefits of 8-21% for some college attendance. However, men see negative effects of between 6-13% from some college relative to high school graduates. The returns to a sub-baccalaureate degree as compared to earning some two-year credits is between 8-25% for women and 8-14% for men. Further, the wage returns to a sub-baccalaureate degree as compared to earning some four-year credits is between 9-17% for women and 9-20% for men. This translates into an additional $2,500-$4,700 per year for women and an additional $2,900-$6,400 per year for men. Since the average respondent with some four-year college experience has 2.3 years of earned post-secondary credits, shifting some into sub-baccalaureate programs may substantially decrease both the financial and time commitments of post-secondary education while increasing the returns after degree attainment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tomlinson, Jennifer, Danat Valizade, Daniel Muzio, Andy Charlwood & Sundeep Aulakh (2019): Privileges and penalties in the legal profession. An intersectional analysis of career progression. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 70, H. 3, S. 1043-1066. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12375

Abstract

"Intersectionality theory is concerned with integrating social characteristics to better understanding complex human relations and inequalities in organizations and societies (McCall 2005). Recently, intersectionality research has taken a categorical and quantitative turn as scholars critically adopt but retain existing social categories to explain differences in labour market outcomes. A key contention is that social categories carry penalties or privileges and their intersection promotes or hinders the life chances of particular groups and individuals. An emergent debate is whether the intersection of disadvantaged characteristics (such as female gender or minority ethnic status) produce penalties that are additive, multiplicative or ameliorative. Research is inconclusive and as yet pays little attention to moderating factors such as employer type, size, geographic location or work pro?le. Drawing on administrative records for individuals quali?ed as solicitors in England and Wales, collected by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA), combined with aggregated workforce data and ?rm characteristics of their law ?rms, we undertake a statistical analysis of the intersection of gender and ethnicity in the profession with a degree of precision and nuance not previously possible. In response to calls to broaden studies of inequalities and intersectionality beyond their effect on pay or income (Castilla 2008) we focus on career progression to partnership as our key measure of success. The original contribution of our study is twofold. First, we establish statistically different pro?les of law ?rms, showing how the solicitors' profession is strati?ed by gender, ethnicity and socio-economic background, as well as the type of legal work undertaken by developing a model of socio-economic strati?cation in the profession. Second, we demonstrate that while penalties tend to be additive (i.e. the sum of the individual ethnic and gender penalties) this varies signi?cantly by law ?rm pro?le and in some situations the effect is ameliorative." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Forschung und Innovation (2019): She figures 2018. (She figures), Brüssel, 215 S. DOI:10.2777/936

Abstract

"Equality between women and men is a core value of the European Union, actively promoted in all aspects of life by the European Commission. What is the situation in Research and Innovation? Are women participating and contributing to it to the same extent as men? Or is the so-called 'leaky pipeline', the phenomenon of women dropping out of research and academic careers at a faster rate than men, still prevalent?
The She Figures 2018 presents the latest available official statistics on the footprint of women in the research landscape. The data follow the 'chronological journey' of researchers, from graduating from higher education programmes to acquiring decision-making roles, while considering their working conditions and intellectual outputs. The publication highlights also the differences between women and men in all these respects.
Produced in close collaboration between the European Commission and the Statistical Correspondents of the EU Member States and Associated Countries, She Figures 2018 is recommended reading for policymakers, researchers and anybody with a general interest in these issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahlin, Lina, Martin Andersson & Per Thulin (2018): Human capital sorting: The "when" and "who" of the sorting of educated workers to urban regions. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 58, H. 3, S. 581-610. DOI:10.1111/jors.12366

Abstract

"The sorting of high-ability workers is often advanced as one source of spatial disparities in economic outcomes. There are still few papers that analyze when human capital sorting occurs and whom it involves. Using data on 16 cohorts of university graduates in Sweden, we demonstrate significant sorting to urban regions on high school grades and education levels of parents, i.e., two attributes typically associated with latent abilities that are valued in the labor market. A large part of this sorting has already occurred in deciding where to study, because the top universities in Sweden are predominantly located in urban regions. The largest part of directed sorting on ability indicators occurs in the decision of where to study. Even after controlling for sorting prior to labor market entry, the 'best and brightest' are still more likely to start working in urban regions. However, this effect appears to be driven by Sweden's main metropolitan region, Stockholm. We find no influence of our ability indicators on the probability of starting to work in urban regions after graduation when Stockholm is excluded. Studies of human capital sorting need to account for selection processes to and from universities, because neglecting mobility prior to labor market entry is likely to lead to an underestimation of the extent of the sorting to urban regions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Aina, Carmen & Cheti Nicoletti (2018): The intergenerational transmission of liberal professions. In: Labour economics, Jg. 51, H. April, S. 108-120. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.12.003

Abstract

"By using university administrative and survey data on Italian graduates, we analyse the intergenerational transmission of liberal professions. We find that having a father who is a liberal professional has a positive and significant effect on the probability of a graduate of becoming a liberal professional. To assess the processes at work in this intergenerational transmission, we evaluate the effect of having a liberal professional father on the probabilities to undertake each of the compulsory steps required to become a liberal professional, which are choosing a university degree providing access to a liberal profession, completing a period of practice, passing a licensing exam and starting a liberal profession. Having a liberal professional father has a positive and statistically significant effect on the probability to complete a compulsory period of practice and to start a liberal profession; whereas there does not seem to be an effect on the type of degree chosen and on passing the licensing examination, at least after controlling for child's and parental formal human capital." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Asali, Muhammad (2018): A tale of two tracks. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 198), Maastricht, 33 S.

Abstract

"Given asymmetric information, this paper explores the need for non-tenure-track jobs in academia alongside the usual tenure-track positions. It also explains the coexis- tence of these two types of jobs in research universities as an equilibrium phenomenon. The increased e┐ort needed to produce research, accompanied by imprecisions in the academic editorial process, explains the recent increasing trend in the share of non- tenure-track jobs in academia as well as the widening wage gap between tenure-track and non-tenure-track academics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ashworth, Jared & Tyler Ransom (2018): Has the college wage premium continued to rise? Evidence from multiple U.S. surveys. (IZA discussion paper 11657), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines trends in the college wage premium (CWP) by birth cohort across the five major household surveys in the United States: the Census/ACS, CPS, NLSY, PSID, and SIPP. We document a flattening in the CWP for birth cohorts 1978 and onward in each survey and even a decline for birth cohorts 1980-1985 in the NLSY and SIPP. We discuss potential reasons for this finding and show that the empirical discrepancy is not a function of differences in composition across surveys. Our results provide crucial context for the vast economic literatures that use these surveys to measure returns to skill, and intertemporal changes in those returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biasi, Barbara (2018): The labor market for teachers under different pay schemes. (NBER working paper 24813), Cambrige, Mass., 54 S. DOI:10.3386/w24813

Abstract

"Compensation of most US public school teachers is rigid and solely based on seniority. This paper studies a 2011 reform that gave school districts in Wisconsin full autonomy to redesign teacher pay schemes. I show that, following the reform, some districts switched to flexible compensation and started paying high-quality teachers more. Teacher quality increased in these districts relative to those with seniority pay, due to a change in workforce composition and an increase in effort. I estimate a structural model of this labor market to investigate the effects of alternative pay schemes on the composition of the teaching workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boll, Christina, Anja Rossen & André Wolf (2018): Patterns of overeducation in Europe: The role of field of study. (IAB-Discussion Paper 20/2018), Nürnberg, 41 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Auftreten von Überqualifikation unter hochqualifizierten Beschäftigten in 21 EU-Ländern und ihre zugrundeliegenden Faktoren auf Grundlage der Europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung 2016 (EU-LFS). Obwohl für eine Vielzahl an erklärenden Variablen kontrolliert wird, liegt das besondere Interesse der Studie in der Rolle des Studienfaches. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass im Vergleich zu den Sozialwissenschaften männliche Absolventen der Studienfächer 'Bildung, Gesundheit und Soziales', 'Ingenieurwesen' und 'Informatik und Kommunikation' ein geringeres und solche der Naturwissenschaften und Dienstleistungen ein höheres Risiko aufweisen überqualifiziert beschäftigt zu sein. Gleichzeitig weisen die verschiedenen Länder unterschiedliche geschlechtsspezifische Risikomuster auf, die auf relevante strukturelle Unterschiede zwischen den nationalen Arbeitsmärkten und zwischen den Bildungssystemen hindeuten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Borgen, Nicolai T. & Arne Mastekaasa (2018): Horizontal stratification of higher education: The relative importance of field of study, institution, and department for candidates' wages. In: Social forces, Jg. 97, H. 2, S. 531-558. DOI:10.1093/sf/soy075

Abstract

"Studies typically find large variation in labor market outcomes not only between educational levels, but also among individuals with a higher education. However, the importance of different types of horizontal divisions in higher education is mostly treated in separate literatures. In this paper, we use multilevel models and an outcome-based approach to investigate the relative importance of institution (college), department, and field of study in the Norwegian labor market. We find that the effects of field of study on wages are generally strong. The overall effects of institution are also quite large, but they emerge to a considerable extent at the level of departments; the effects of institution over and above the effects of department are small. We also show that the effects of horizontal divisions are greater at the graduate than at the undergraduate level, and that the effects of horizontal divisions increase over individuals' work careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boye, Katarina & Anne Grönlund (2018): Workplace Skill Investments - An Early Career Glass Ceiling? Job Complexity and Wages Among Young Professionals in Sweden. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 368-386. DOI:10.1177/0950017017744514

Abstract

"Despite higher educational investments, women fall behind men on most indicators of labour market success. This study investigates whether workplace skill investments set men and women off on different tracks in which the human capital acquired through higher education is either devalued or further developed. A survey sample of Swedish men and women who recently graduated from five educational programmes, leading to occupations with different gender composition, is analysed (N ┐ 2300). Results show that, a few years after graduation, men are more likely than women to acquire complex jobs and that this difference contributes to early career gender gaps in wages and employee bargaining power. The findings do not support the notion that child-related work interruptions provide a main mechanism for sorting women into less complex jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Böckerman, Petri, Mika Haapanen & Christopher Jepsen (2018): Labor-market returns to higher vocational schooling. (CESifo working paper 7197), München, 67 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the labor-market returns to a new form of postsecondary vocational education, vocational master's degrees. We use individual fixed effects models on the matched sample of students and non-students from Finland to capture any time-invariant differences across individuals. Attendance in vocational master's programs leads to higher earnings of eight percent five years after entry even if selection on unobservables is twice as strong as selection on observables. Earnings gains are similar by gender and age, but they are marginally higher for health than for business or technology and trades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Capozza, Claudia, Sergio Salomone & Ernesto Somma (2018): Local industrial structure, agglomeration economies and the creation of innovative start-ups. Evidence from the Italian case. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 30, H. 7/8, S. 749-775. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2018.1457087

Abstract

"We explore the local factors associated with the emergence of innovative start-ups fostered by a targeted industrial policy intervention in Italy. We focus on the local industrial fabric and the agglomeration mechanisms, namely localization (specialization) economies, diversification economies and the proximity to large firms. Results show that both localization economies and diversification economies are at play. Notably, a greater presence of large firms at local level seems to support the creation of innovative start-ups. Other factors, such us the presence of technical and scientific universities and the urbanization, are found to encourage their formation. The contribution of local factors to the innovative start-up creation is found to be different depending on the regional development conditions. Our analysis outlines the features of a local ecosystem favourable to the emergence of these firms, providing policy makers with suggestions for moulding industrial policies to regional specific needs and to better exploit the local opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carneiro, Pedro, Kai Liu & Kjell G. Salvanes (2018): The supply of skill and endogenous technical change. Evidence from a college expansion reform. (IZA discussion paper 11661), Bonn, 68 S.

Abstract

"We examine the labor market consequences of an exogenous increase in the supply of skilled labor in several cities in Norway, resulting from the construction of new colleges in the 1970s. We find that skilled wages increased as a response, suggesting that along with an increase in the supply there was also an increase in demand for skill. We also show that college openings led to an increase in the productivity of skilled labor and investments in R&D. Our findings are consistent with models of endogenous technical change where an abundance of skilled workers may encourage firms to adopt skill-complementary technologies, leading to an upward-sloping long-run demand for skill." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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De Paola, Maria, Michela Ponzo & Vincenzo Scoppa (2018): Are men given priority for top jobs? Investigating the glass ceiling in the Italian academia. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 475-503. DOI:10.1086/698133

Abstract

"We investigate the gender gap in academic promotions, focusing on the Italian system, in which candidates first participate in a nationwide competition to obtain a scientific qualification and then successful candidates compete to obtain a position at the department level. We estimate the gender gaps in the probability of success at these two stages, controlling for several measures of productivity. Whereas no gender differences emerge at the national level, women have a lower probability of promotion at the department level. Robustness checks suggest that estimated gender gaps are not results of measurement errors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Frisvold, David E. & Melinda Pitts (2018): State merit aid programs and youth labor market attachment. (IZA discussion paper 11557), Bonn, 57 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of state merit-aid programs on the labor market attachment of high school-aged youths. The labor force participation rate of teenagers has fallen substantially in recent decades, coinciding with the introduction of merit-aid programs. These programs reduce the price of attending an in-state public college or university for high-achieving students and have the potential to influence students' allocation of time and effort between labor market activities, human capital development, and other forms of leisure. We examine the influence of these programs based on their generosity, both in the amount of aid provided to a recipient and the percent of students who are recipients of aid, and in their selectivity. Our results suggest that programs that are more selective reduce labor force participation, but are not a significant cause in the decline in teenage labor force participation in recent decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guggemos, Josef (2018): Analyse beruflicher Tätigkeitsfelder von Wirtschaftspädagogen/-innen anhand von Daten des Karriereportals XING. In: Zeitschrift für Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik, Jg. 114, H. 4, S. 551-577.

Abstract

"Die Frage nach beruflichen Tätigkeitsfeldern von Wirtschaftspädagogen/-innen ist nicht einfach zu beantworten (Sloane/Twardy/Buschfeld 2004, S. 10). Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist, Struktur und Niveau von Berufen, die Wirtschaftspädagogen/-innen außerhalb des Schuldiensts ausüben, zu untersuchen. Dazu dienen 2436 öffentlich verfügbare Profile auf dem Karriereportal XING. Die Berufsangaben wurden mit der Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 der Bundesagentur für Arbeit kodiert. Hinsichtlich der Struktur lassen sich mit 15 Berufsgruppen über 90 % der wirtschaftspädagogischen Tätigkeiten abdecken. Die beiden häufigsten sind mit über 40 % Anteil, Personalwesen und -dienstleistung' sowie, Unternehmensorganisation und -strategie'. Hinsichtlich des Niveaus der ausgeübten Berufe zeigt sich ein positiver Einfluss der Höhe des Studienabschlusses. Besonders ausgeprägt ist der Niveauzuwachs im Fall einer Promotion. Evidenz dafür, dass Wirtschaftspädagoginnen systematisch Berufe auf geringerem Niveau ausüben als Wirtschaftspädagogen, konnte nicht gefunden werden. 16 % der Wirtschaftspädagogen/-innen in der Stichprobe sind selbstständig tätig, am häufigsten als Unternehmensberater/-in." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hedvicakova, Martina (2018): Unemployment and effects of the first work experience of university graduates on their idea of a job. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 50, H. 31, S. 3357-3363. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1420895

Abstract

"The financial and subsequent economic crisis caused a sharp deterioration in labour market conditions which particularly affected the youth group. Southern nations were affected the most, while e.g. Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic were less affected. 42.3% of university graduates are registered in the Czech Republic Labour Office for longer than 5 months. This article aims to analyse youth unemployment in the European Union (EU) with an emphasis on the Czech Republic, which is below the EU-28 average. Based on the questionnaire survey, employment of university graduates in the labour market was analysed and the following hypothesis was tested: With a change in the status of a future graduate to an employed graduate, their willingness to retreat from their demands to find the required job, changes'. The result of the survey discovered that after finding the first job, there is reduction in graduates' demands on a job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heinesen, Eskil (2018): Admission to higher education programmes and student educational outcomes and earnings. Evidence from Denmark. In: Economics of education review, Jg. 63, H. April, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.01.002

Abstract

"This paper uses data from the central admission system for Danish post-secondary education merged with other administrative data. Applicants for admission may rank up to eight educational programmes, and I focus on first-time applicants whose first-choice are bachelor's degree university programmes with restricted admission, i.e. with an admission threshold defined in terms of the grade point average obtained from upper secondary school. Using threshold crossing as an instrument for admission in a regression discontinuity design, I find that being admitted to the first-choice programme increases the probability of completing a master's degree in that subject by about 20 percentage points. There is no clear evidence that being admitted to one of the higher degree programmes listed on the application has an effect on years of education or the probability of completing a master's degree (although point estimates indicate small positive effects). There is no robust statistically significant effect on earnings 11 years after application." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Marks, Gary N. (2018): Do the labour market returns to university degrees differ between high and low achieving youth? Evidence from Australia. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0241-0

Abstract

"In almost all developed countries there has been substantial growth in university education over the last half-century. This growth has raised concerns that the benefits of university education are declining and that university education is not appropriate for students who, without the expansion, would not have been admitted. For such students, vocational education or direct entry to the labour market may be more appropriate. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of university and vocational qualifications, net of other influences on a variety of labour market outcomes for Australian youths up to age 25; and if the benefits of university degrees differ across the achievement continuum. Achievement is measured by test scores in the OECD's PISA assessments. The six labour market outcomes investigated are: occupational status, hourly and weekly earnings, employment, unemployment and full-time work. The study finds that university degrees provide substantially superior labour market outcomes which are not confined to high and average achievers, at least for this cohort in their formative years in the labour market." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Mostovova, Elena & Pascal Hetze (2018): Wie international ist MINT? Indikatoren, Strategien, Instrumente. Essen: Edition Stifterverband, 48 S.

Abstract

"Die Mehrheit der internationalen Studierenden kommt nach Deutschland, um hierzulande MINT zu studieren. Der Ruf der technischen Bildung in Deutschland ist immer noch exzellent. So sind die Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Internationalisierung gegeben. Doch zentrale Herausforderungen bleiben. Weltweit engagieren sich Hochschulen für eine zukunftsorientierte MINT-Ausbildung im digitalen Zeitalter. Insbesondere asiatische Universitäten gewinnen an Renommee und Studierendenzahlen. Wie können sich Hochschulen in Deutschland in diesem Wettbewerb wirkungsvoll positionieren? Wie können einheimische Studierende von Auslandsaufenthalten überzeugt werden, wenn Deutschland bisher für sich in Anspruch nimmt, das Land der Ingenieure zu sein? Die Hochschulen selbst bestätigen die Bedeutung der Internationalisierung für die Profilentwicklung der MINT-Fächer. Die Studie 'Wie international ist MINT?' macht sichtbar, wie gut Strategien und Maßnahmen bereits verbreitet und wie wirksam sie nach Einschätzung der Hochschulen sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pettit, Harry (2018): Selling hope? A review of current youth unemployment initiatives in Cairo. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 235), Maastricht, 16 S.

Abstract

"Young university educated Egyptians continue to face difficulties in securing employment, particularly employment that matches their skill-level and provides a solid foundation for marriage. This has direct implications for the country's social stability, and for maximisation of its labour resources. Existing initiatives - including soft-skills and entrepreneurship training, as well as a promotion of call centre work - which are designed to tackle the problem are not making a positive difference. Using eleven months of grounded qualitative research, this paper argues that they rather promote a false sense of hope to youth who become stuck in cycles of precarious work, by extending the meritocratic idea that individual hard work alone leads to success. The paper finishes by suggesting that policy-makers must focus more attention on addressing shortages in secure white-collar work, as well as inequalities in access to capital, education and social connections, instead of placing blame on 'lazy' youth, in order to maximize the potential of Egypt's youth and deliver inclusive economic prosperity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pullmann, Ashley (2018): Gendered pathways from school to work: The association between field of study and non-standard employment outcomes in Canada. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 58, H. December, S. 44-53. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.10.001

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Quadlin, Natasha (2018): The mark of a woman's record: Gender and academic performance in hiring. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 83, H. 2, S. 331-360. DOI:10.1177/0003122418762291

Abstract

"Women earn better grades than men across levels of education -- but to what end? This article assesses whether men and women receive equal returns to academic performance in hiring. I conducted an audit study by submitting 2,106 job applications that experimentally manipulated applicants' GPA, gender, and college major. Although GPA matters little for men, women benefit from moderate achievement but not high achievement. As a result, high-achieving men are called back significantly more often than high-achieving women -- at a rate of nearly 2-to-1. I further find that high-achieving women are most readily penalized when they major in math: high-achieving men math majors are called back three times as often as their women counterparts. A survey experiment conducted with 261 hiring decision-makers suggests that these patterns are due to employers' gendered standards for applicants. Employers value competence and commitment among men applicants, but instead privilege women applicants who are perceived as likeable. This standard helps moderate-achieving women, who are often described as sociable and outgoing, but hurts high-achieving women, whose personalities are viewed with more skepticism. These findings suggest that achievement invokes gendered stereotypes that penalize women for having good grades, creating unequal returns to academic performance at labor market entry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reijinders, Laurie S. M. (2018): Wealth, wages, and wedlock: explaining the college gender gap reversal. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 120, H. 2, S. 537-562. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12233

Abstract

"In this paper, I study the role of changes in the wage structure and expectations about marriage in explaining the college gender gap reversal. With strongly diminishing marginal utility of wealth and in the presence of a gender wage gap, single women have a greater incentive than single men to invest in education. Marriage-market distortions tend to depress the overall benefit of education for women relative to men. I develop a tractable two-period model and parameterize it using US census data for the cohort born in 1950. I then show that it can generate a reversal and that the most important driving force for this is the decline in marriage rates." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Shearer, Bruce, Nibene Habib Somé & Bernard Fortin (2018): Measuring physicians' response to incentives. Evidence on hours worked and multitasking. (IZA discussion paper 11565), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"We measure the response of physicians to monetary incentives using matched administrative and time-use data on specialists from Québec (Canada). These physicians were paid feefor- service contracts and supplied a number of different services. Our sample covers a period during which the Québec government changed the prices paid for clinical services. We apply these data to a multitasking model of physician labour supply, measuring two distinct responses. The first is the labour-supply response of physicians to broad-based fee increases. The second is the response to changes in the relative prices of individual services. Our results confirm that physicians respond to incentives in predictable ways. The ownprice substitution effects of a relative price change are both economically and statistically significant. Income effects are present, but are overridden when prices are increased for individual services. They are more prominent in the presence of broad-based fee increases. In such cases, the income effect empirically dominates the substitution effect, which leads physicians to reduce their supply of clinical services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Shvartsman, Elena (2018): The state of the economy at graduation, wages, and catch-up paths. Evidence from Switzerland. (IZA discussion paper 11622), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses whether the short- and mid-term labour market outcomes of Swiss university graduates are affected by the state of the domestic economy at the time of labour market entry, where the economic conditions are captured by the regional unemployment rate at the time of graduation. This analysis contributes to the question as to whether labour market outcomes are determined inter alia by luck even under fairly stable labour market conditions. The study provides empirical evidence demonstrating that less favourable economic conditions at the time of labour market entry have a negative impact on the individuals' wages one year after graduation. However, there appears to be a partial catchup towards luckier cohorts in the subsequent four years, which is primarily explained by higher job mobility with respect to the number of jobs an individual has held since his graduation as well as tenure with the first job. Finally, there is strong evidence in favour of heterogeneous effects with respect to, for instance, individuals employed in part-time, for whom the negative effects appear to be most pronounced, while at the same time it is found that the probability of part-time employment rises under less favourable entry conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Starzmann, Maria Theresia (2018): Das Elend des Wissensprekariat. In: Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, Jg. 63, H. 10, S. 105-112.

Abstract

Die Autorin setzt sich kritisch mit der zunehmenden Gewinnorientierung deutscher und amerikanischer Universitäten auseinander, die sich auch im Umgang mit ihren Beschäftigten zeigt. Die Lehrtätigkeit wird immer weiter in sogenannte Gigs ausgelagert: 'befristete Verträge, Teilzeitjobs und Werkverträge, die hierarchisch verwaltet werden. Das führt nicht nur zu einer immer weiteren Spreizung zwischen Verwaltungs- und Lehrstellen, sondern auch zu einer neuen Form der Ausbeutung kognitiver Arbeit'. Bei immer weiter steigenden Studiengebühren sinkt die Qualität des Studiums. Die akademischen Arbeitsbedingungen sind gekennzeichnet durch Entgrenzung, Prekarität, Konkurrenz und Vereinzelung. Viele Akademiker sind daher mutlos und 'zu erschöpft für den Arbeitskampf'. Die Autorin konstatiert einen 'völligen Mangel an Solidarität' unter den Akademikern. Sie plädiert abschließend für die Organisation von Akademikern in Gewerkschaften, Vereinen und Arbeitsgruppen zur Durchsetzung ihrer Interessen und zur Verbesserung ihrer Arbeitsbedingungen. (IAB)

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Stinebrickner, Todd R., Ralph Stinebrickner & Paul J. Sullivan (2018): Beauty, job tasks, and wages: A new conclusion about employer taste-based discrimination. (NBER working paper 24479), Cambrige, Mass., 33 S. DOI:10.3386/w24479

Abstract

"We use novel data from the Berea Panel Study to reexamine the labor market mechanisms generating the beauty wage premium. We find that the beauty premium varies widely across jobs with different task requirements. Specifically, in jobs where existing research such as Hamermesh and Biddle (1994) has posited that attractiveness is plausibly a productivity enhancing attribute - those that require substantial amounts of interpersonal interaction - a large beauty premium exists. In contrast, in jobs where attractiveness seems unlikely to truly enhance productivity - jobs that require working with information and data - there is no beauty premium. This stark variation in the beauty premium across jobs is inconsistent with the employer-based discrimination explanation for the beauty premium, because this theory predicts that all jobs will favor attractive workers. Our approach is made possible by unique longitudinal task data, which was collected to address the concern that measurement error in variables describing the importance of interpersonal tasks would tend to bias results towards finding a primary role for employer taste-based discrimination. As such, it is perhaps not surprising that our conclusions about the importance of employer taste-based discrimination are in stark contrast to all previous research that has utilized a similar conceptual approach." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stinebrickner, Todd R., Ralph Stinebrickner & Paul J. Sullivan (2018): Job tasks and the gender wage gap among college graduates. (NBER working paper 24790), Cambrige, Mass., 31 S. DOI:10.3386/w24790

Abstract

"Gender differences in current and past job tasks may be crucial for understanding the gender wage gap. We use novel task data to address well-known measurement concerns, including that standard task measures assume away within-occupation gender differences in tasks. We find that unique measures of task-specific experience, in particular high-skilled information experience, are of particular importance for understanding the substantial widening of the wage gap early in the career. Highlighting the importance of these measures, traditional work-related proxies for gender differences in human capital accumulation are not informative because general work experience is similar by gender for our recent graduates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Taylor, Eric S. (2018): Skills, job tasks, and productivity in teaching. Evidence from a randomized trial of instruction practices. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 711-742. DOI:10.1086/696144

Abstract

"I study how teachers' assigned job tasks - the practices they are asked to use in the classroom - affect the returns to math skills in teacher productivity. The results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between workers' skills and job tasks. I examine a randomized trial of different approaches to teaching math, each codified in a set of day-to-day tasks. Teachers were tested to measure their math skills. Teacher productivity - measured by student test scores - is increasing in math skills when teachers use conventional 'direct instruction': explaining and modeling rules and procedures. The relationship is weaker, perhaps negative, for newer 'student-led' methods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Torche, Florencia (2018): Intergenerational Mobility at the Top of the Educational Distribution. In: Sociology of education, Jg. 91, H. 4, S. 266-289. DOI:10.1177/0038040718801812

Abstract

"Research has shown that intergenerational mobility is higher among individuals with a college degree than those with lower levels of schooling. However, mobility declines among graduate degree holders. This finding questions the meritocratic power of higher education. Prior research has been hampered, however, by the small samples of advanced degree holders in representative surveys. Drawing on a large longitudinal data set of PhD holders - the Survey of Doctorate Recipients - this study examines intergenerational mobility among the American educational elite, separately for men and women and different racial/ethnic groups. Results show substantial mobility among PhD holders. The association between parents’ education and adult children’s earnings is moderate among men and nonexistent among women with doctoral degrees. However, women’s earnings converge to an average level that is much lower than men’s, signaling ‘‘perverse openness’’ for women even at the top of the educational distribution. Among men, there is variation in mobility by race and ethnicity. The intergenerational socioeconomic association is null for Asian men, small for white and black men, and more pronounced for Hispanics. Educational and occupational mediators account for intergenerational association among blacks and whites but not Hispanic men. A doctoral degree largely detaches individuals from their social origins in the United States, but it does not eliminate all sources of inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verhaest, Dieter, Elene Bogaert, Jeroen Dereymaeker, Laura Mestdagh & Stijn Baert (2018): Do employers prefer overqualified graduates? A field experiment. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 361-388. DOI:10.1111/irel.12212

Abstract

"We test whether employers prefer overqualified to adequately qualified job candidates. To this end, duos of fictitious applications by bachelor's and master's graduates are sent to real job openings with a bachelor's degree as a minimum requirement. For the overall sample, we find that overqualified master's graduates are 19 percent more likely to be directly invited for a job interview and 11 percent more likely to get any positive reaction. This relative advantage for overqualified workers is found to be higher for bottleneck occupations. Relative preferences also differ across employers within labor-market segments." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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da Motta Veiga, Serge P. & Daniel B. Turban (2018): Insight into job search self-regulation. Effects of employment self-efficacy and perceived progress on job search intensity. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 108, H. October, S. 57-66. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.010

Abstract

"This study builds on a self-regulation framework to examine the influence of employment self-efficacy and perceived progress on job search intensity. Results from a repeated-measures study with new labor market entrants indicated that job seekers with higher between-person chronic employment self-efficacy put more intensity in their job search compared to those with lower chronic employment self-efficacy. Notably, however, within-person analyses indicated that as employment self-efficacy increased, job search intensity subsequently decreased. These results provide support for social cognitive theory for between-person employment self-efficacy, and for control theory for within-person employment self-efficacy. Furthermore, increased perceived progress was positively related to subsequent job search intensity. The positive relationship of perceived progress with subsequent job search intensity was moderated by chronic employment self-efficacy, such that the relationship was positive only for job seekers with lower chronic employment self-efficacy." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Agovino, Massimiliano & Francesco Busato (2017): From college to labor market: a transition indicator for Italian universities. In: Quality & quantity, Jg. 51, H. 6, S. 2577-2604. DOI:10.1007/s11135-016-0410-6

Abstract

"Following ILO guidelines (ILO school-to-work transition survey: a methodological guide, International Labor Office, Geneva, 2009), this paper constructs an original transition indicator from college to the labor market for selected Italian universities based on the method of penalty coefficient of variation (or Mazziotta - Pareto Index). The methodology offers the opportunity to build a single transition measure, capable to take into account the idiosyncratic (e.g., region specific) characteristics of the labor market. The analysis focuses on universities in Campania (one of the most economically important Southern Italy regions), being part of a recently completed (fall 2015) statistical project designed to study labor market dynamics and university performance. This is relevant since our sample can be considered a proxy for Southern Italy, and probably for Southern European regions, for the duality of the labor market, the presence of a large underground sector, the characteristics of labor demand side (small firms, operating into manufacturing). The paper shows that these universities rank just below the average value of the transition indicator. We identify two main reasons: (i) the lack of contractual instruments that allow adequate work and training experience that should have been acquired during the college years; (ii) the relatively low labor demand for highly educated workers due to the production structure concentrated on traditional manufacturing sectors (and by this end, characterized by intensive use of unskilled labor). Eventually, selected policy issues are discussed." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Azmat, Ghazala & Stefania Simion (2017): Higher education funding reforms. A comprehensive analysis of educational and labor market outcomes in England. (IZA discussion paper 11083), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the impact of changes in the funding of higher education in England on students' choices and outcomes. Over the last two decades - through three major reforms in 1998, 2006 and 2012 - undergraduate university education in public universities moved from being free to students and state funded to charging substantial tuition fees to all students. This was done in conjunction with the government offering generous means-tested maintenance grants and loans. Using detailed longitudinal micro-data that follows all students attending state schools in England (more than 90 percent of all school-aged children) from lower education to higher education, we document the socio-economic distributional effects of the 2006 and 2012 policy reforms on a comprehensive set of outcomes, including enrolment, relocation decisions, selection of institution, program of study, and performance within university. For a subset of students, we track them after completing higher education, allowing us to study the labor market effects of the policy reforms. Despite the substantial higher education funding reforms, we do not find large aggregate effect on student enrolment or on other margins. Moreover, the small negative impacts found on the enrolment were largely borne on those in higher parts of the wealth distribution - reducing the enrolment gap across socio-economic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Azmat, Ghazala & Rosa Ferrer (2017): Gender gaps in performance: evidence from young lawyers. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 125, H. 5, S. 1306-1355. DOI:10.1086/693686

Abstract

"This paper documents the gender gap in performance among high-skilled professionals in the United States. On the basis of widely used performance measures in law firms, we find that male lawyers bill 10 percent more hours and bring in more than twice as much new client revenue as female lawyers. The differential impact across genders in the presence of young children and differences in aspirations to become a law firm partner account for a large share of the difference in performance. We show that accounting for performance has important consequences for gender gaps in lawyers' earnings and subsequent promotion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bagues, Manuel, Mauro Sylos-Labini & Natalia Zinovyeva (2017): Does the gender composition of scientific committees matter? In: The American economic review, Jg. 107, H. 4, S. 1207-1238. DOI:10.1257/aer.20151211

Abstract

"We analyze how a larger presence of female evaluators affects committee decision-making using information on 100,000 applications to associate and full professorships in Italy and Spain. These applications were assessed by 8,000 randomly selected evaluators. A larger number of women in evaluation committees does not increase either the quantity or the quality of female candidates who qualify. Information from individual voting reports suggests that female evaluators are not significantly more favorable toward female candidates. At the same time, male evaluators become less favorable toward female candidates as soon as a female evaluator joins the committee." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beyer, Stephanie & Nilgun Massih-Tehrani (2017): Die Bedeutung von Auslandsaufenthalten auf dem Weg zur Professur. Drei Karrieresysteme im Vergleich. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 70, H. 5, S. 330-339., 2017-01-16. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2017-5-330

Abstract

"Im Kontext der Internationalisierung von Wissenschaft und der zunehmenden Relevanz von Rankings orientieren sich Reformen im europäischen Hochschulraum vor allem am US-amerikanischen System. Als ein Resultat dieser Entwicklung wird es für den Karriereerfolg europäischer Nachwuchswissenschaftler zunehmend wichtiger, einen Auslandsaufenthalt zu absolvieren - vorzugsweise an einer englischsprachigen Eliteuniversität. Die Bedeutung von Auslandsaufenthalten ist jedoch auch von den nationalen akademischen Karrieresystemen und der jeweiligen Wissenschaftstradition einer Disziplin geprägt. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen die Autorinnen Auslandsaufenthalte von Wissenschaftlern des Fachs Soziologie in Deutschland, Frankreich und den USA. Die Ergebnisse veranschaulichen, dass sich die Bedeutung von Auslandsaufenthalten stark unterscheidet. Anhand von Netzwerkanalysen wird gezeigt, dass solche Aufenthalte in der Phase zwischen Promotion und erster Professur insbesondere in der deutschen Soziologie von zentraler Bedeutung sind, während sie in Frankreich bisher kaum eine Rolle spielen und US-amerikanische Soziologieprofessoren meist erst ins Ausland gehen, nachdem sie eine Professur auf Lebenszeit erreicht haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bjerke, Lina & Charlotta Mellander (2017): Moving home again? Never! The locational choices of graduates in Sweden. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 707-729. DOI:10.1007/s00168-016-0777-2

Abstract

"Two major challenges in Europe's rural areas are an aging population and the diminishing share of human capital. While this pattern has been occurring for a long time, the effects are becoming acutely visible and impactful. The long-term loss of younger individuals has in many ways 'drained' the labor market and the economic market power of rural areas. This is the context of our research: the locational choice of university graduates from an urban - rural perspective. Using micro data covering the entire Swedish population, we identify all university graduates from the year 2001. We analyze them with respect to whether they live in a rural or urban region before starting university and where they live after graduation at two points in time: 5 and 10 years. We use a series of multinomial logit regressions to determine what factors affect their short-term and long-term choices of location. We find that having children is one of the most influential factors for moving back home after graduation, irrespective of type of region. We find only minor differences between the two time perspectives." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Bunel, Mathieu & Jean-Pascal Guironnet (2017): Income inequalities for recently graduated French workers. A multilevel modeling approach. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 755-778. DOI:10.1007/s00181-016-1130-4

Abstract

"This paper presents a simultaneous study of the impact of gender, occupational and localization inequalities on the earnings of higher education graduates. The framework draws on both individual level (i.e., pertaining to the individual elements of groups) and aggregate level (i.e., pertaining to the group as a whole) data under a single specification. To take into account the selection process for employment, our multilevel model uses the Heckman two-step procedure. Occupational Groups (OG) are found to capture around 40 % of the wage heterogeneity, whereas Employment Area (EA) nests capture less than 10 %. Higher wages are offered to young workers in (1) OG dominated by seniors and (2) OG dominated by men. These group characteristics also influence gender inequalities: there is a higher wage penalty for women in (1) OG dominated by men and (2) OG dominated by senior workers. In contrast to gender inequality, immigrant inequalities manifest closer links to EA." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Calmand, Julien, Marie- Hélène Prieur & Odile Wolber (2017): PhDs' early career trajectories strongly differentiated. (Training and Employment 127), 4 S.

Abstract

"For those who obtained their PhDs in 2010, research remains the main opening. If they embark on careers in public-sector research, their trajectories during the first five years of their working lives are synonymous with periods of temporary employment of varying lengths. These trajectories contrast sharply with those of PhDs who seek employment in the private sector at a very early stage in their careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Crescenzi, Riccardo, Nancy Holman & Enrico Orru' (2017): Why do they return? Beyond the economic drivers of graduate return migration. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 603-627. DOI:10.1007/s00168-016-0762-9

Abstract

"This paper explores the factors that shape the location choices of formerly mobile graduates (FMGs) initially resident in Sardinia, Italy, a less developed European region. Combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, the paper examines the reasons why some individuals decide to return after their studies, the factors that shape their decisions and how these choices unfolded in space and time. It counters the literature, which suggests that migration is a one-off linear process driven only by wealth-maximising behaviour, positing rather that access to opportunities in open meritocratic job markets and circular migration trajectories are far more salient to FMGs. This suggests that policy makers should concentrate on promoting labour market opportunities and invest in social networks that will aid brain circulation." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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DiCintio, Marco & Emanuele Grassi (2017): International mobility and wages: an analysis of Italian Ph.D. graduates. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 759-791. DOI:10.1007/s00168-016-0749-6

Abstract

"Following a recent stream of research that focuses on the migration of high-skilled workers, this paper examines the wage performance of two cohorts of Italian Ph.D. graduates associated with international mobility. After controlling for the endogeneity of the migration decision, we find that labor mobility is associated with higher wages and that selection on unobservable traits is essential to address the issue of the returns to migration. Additionally, we do not find evidence of individual heterogeneity in the response of wages to migration. We also show that our results are always confirmed when we include two exclusion restrictions in the empirical model and when we restrict the analysis to different subpopulations." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))