Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Diese Infoplattform widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
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Literaturhinweis
Male and female selection effects on gender wage gaps in three countries (2024)
Elass, Kenza;Zitatform
Elass, Kenza (2024): Male and female selection effects on gender wage gaps in three countries. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102506
Abstract
"A vast literature on gender wage gaps has examined the importance of selection into employment. However, most analyses have focused only on female labor force participation and gaps at the median. The Great Recession questions this approach because of the major shift in male employment that it implied. This paper uses the methodology proposed by Arellano and Bonhomme (2017) to estimate a quantile selection model over the period 2007–2018. Using a tax and benefit microsimulation model, I compute an instrument capturing both male and female decisions to participate in the labor market: the potential out-of-work income. Since my instrument is crucially determined by the welfare state, I consider three countries with notably different benefit systems – the UK, France and Finland. My results imply different selection patterns across countries and a sizeable male selection in France and the UK. Correction for selection bias lowers the gender wage gap and reveals a substantial glass ceiling with different magnitudes. Findings suggest that disparities between these countries are driven by occupational segregation and public spending on families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How does intrahousehold bargaining power impact labor supply? European cross-country evidence (2004-2019) (2022)
Zitatform
Belloc, Ignacio, José Alberto Molina & Jorge Velilla (2022): How does intrahousehold bargaining power impact labor supply? European cross-country evidence (2004-2019). (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1132), Essen, 35 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes how intrahousehold bargaining power impacts labor supply, for seventeen European countries. To that end, we estimate a collective model using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the period 2004-2019, and we study the validity of several potential distribution factors; that is to say, variables that impact labor supply only through intrahousehold bargaining power. Results show some degree of heterogeneity in the responses of labor supply to intrahousehold bargaining power. Spouses' education and the age gap operate as distribution factors in central European countries, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. On the other hand, in the Mediterranean South countries, the share of unearned income of the wife operates as a distribution factor in Italy, Portugal, and Spain, and in countries of Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, and Lithuania), the sex ratio, wives' non-labor income share, spouses' age and education gap, and the fertility rate all operate as distribution factors. In northern economies, such as Denmark and Estonia, we find evidence for share of unearned income, age gap, and fertility rate, while in islands, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, the sex ratio, the share of unearned income, the age and education gap, and the fertility rate are suitable bargaining power variables. The results are consistent with theoretical sharing rules, and distribution factors that empower a given spouse are mainly positively correlated with increases in the share of income they attract from intrahousehold bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (2021)
Zitatform
Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2021): Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1969), Berlin, 61 S.
Abstract
"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual’s earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for breadwinners and secondary earners separately, according to their potential earnings rather than gender. Our results show an average participation elasticity of 0.0-0.1 among breadwinners and 0.1-0.4 among secondary earners in the EU as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Marriage as insurance: job protection and job insecurity in France (2021)
Zitatform
Clark, Andrew E., Conchita D'Ambrosio & Anthony Lepinteur (2021): Marriage as insurance: job protection and job insecurity in France. (CEP discussion paper 1778), London, 41 S.
Abstract
"Job insecurity is one of the risks that workers face on the labour market. As with any risk, individuals can choose to insure against it. We here consider marriage as a way of insuring against labour-market risk. The 1999 rise in the French Delalande tax, paid by large private firms when they laid off workers aged 50 or over, led to an exogenous rise in job insecurity for the uncovered (younger workers) in the affected firms. A difference-in-differences analysis using French panel data reveals that this greater job insecurity for the under-50s led to a significant rise in their probability of marriage, and especially when the partner had greater job security, consistent with marriage providing insurance against labour-market risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects of Skill Regimes and Family Policies on the Gender Employment Gap (2021)
Zitatform
Kang, Ji Young (2021): The Effects of Skill Regimes and Family Policies on the Gender Employment Gap. In: Social Politics, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 359-384. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxz054
Abstract
"Drawing on the literature of gendering varieties of capitalism, this study empirically tests whether skill regimes moderate the association between family policy and the gender employment gap. Using the Luxembourg Income Study for fifteen countries with multilevel analysis and various gender employment indicators, this study finds that general skill regimes are associated with a smaller gender employment gap in full-time jobs, high-skilled jobs, and in the private sector. The effects of parental leave vary significantly by skill regimes, suggesting that patterns of gender employment gap associated with parental leave differ by types of skill regimes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From employment to engagement? Stable jobs, temporary jobs, and cohabiting relationships (2021)
Landaud, Fanny;Zitatform
Landaud, Fanny (2021): From employment to engagement? Stable jobs, temporary jobs, and cohabiting relationships. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 73. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102077
Abstract
"Family formation has been substantially delayed in recent decades, and birth rates have fallen below the replacement rates in many OECD countries. Research suggests that these trends are tightly linked to recent changes in the labor market; however, little is known about the role played by increases in job insecurity. In this paper, I investigate whether the type of employment, stable or temporary, affects the timing of cohabitation and fertility. Using French data on the work and family history of large samples of young adults, I provide evidence that being permanently employed has a much stronger effect than being in temporary employment on the probability of entering a first cohabiting relationship as well as on the probability of having a first child. These findings suggest that increases in age at first cohabitation and at first child can partly be explained by the rise in unemployment and in the share of temporary jobs among young workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older mothers' employment and marriage stability when the nest is empty (2021)
Zitatform
d'Albis, Hippolyte, Karina Doorley & Elena Stancanelli (2021): Older mothers' employment and marriage stability when the nest is empty. (PSE working paper / Paris School of Economics 2021-24), Paris, 29 S.
Abstract
"A significant literature in the social sciences addresses the impact of child-bearing and rearing on marital stability and on mothers' labour market outcomes. Much less is known about older mothers' employment and marriage patterns when the adult children leave the parental nest. This study aims to shed light on these issues using longitudinal labour force data for France. Exploiting retirement laws for identification purposes, and taking a regression discontinuity approach, we find that older women's retirement probability is positively associated with an empty nest. We also conclude that an empty nest is negatively associated with older mothers' marriage probability. There is scope for better targeting of both family and retirement policies for older mothers during those critical years when adult children leave the parental nest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household labor supply: Collective results for certain developed countries (2020)
Bautista Lacambra, Sergio;Zitatform
Bautista Lacambra, Sergio (2020): Household labor supply: Collective results for certain developed countries. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 101514), München, 29 S.
Abstract
"This paper shows some empirical results for the collective labor supply of households in thirteen developed countries (USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Japan, and China). I have reviewed a significant number of papers in order to aggregate information for future investigations. Among the conclusions obtained are a gender differential in labor supply when the household includes a child, and a greater level of female household production. This analysis shows that gender differences observed in other literature persist throughout the consulted literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives' Economic Dependency in Different Contexts (2020)
Mandel, Hadas; Lazarus, Amit; Shaby, Maayan;Zitatform
Mandel, Hadas, Amit Lazarus & Maayan Shaby (2020): Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives' Economic Dependency in Different Contexts. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 831-851. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa023
Abstract
"This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives' relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women's employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of 'doing gender', wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women's employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries (2020)
Solaz, Anne ; Pasteels, Inge ; Jalovaara, Marika ; Kreyenfeld, Michaela ; Mortelmans, Dimitri ; Meggiolaro, Silvia ;Zitatform
Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans & Inge Pasteels (2020): Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 145-176. DOI:10.20377/jfr-368
Abstract
"Seit der 1970er Jahren zeichnen sich viele europäische Länder durch hohe Trennungsraten wie auch hohe Arbeitslosenquoten aus. Bislang ist jedoch unklar, in welchem Zusammenhang ökonomische Entwicklungen und die Stabilität von Partnerschaften stehen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich damit, wie Arbeitslosigkeit, gemessen auf der Mikro- und Makroebene, das Trennungsrisiko in fünf europäischen Ländern in der Zeit vor der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise beeinflusst hat. Auf Basis umfassender Längsschnittdaten aus Belgien, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland und Italien zeigen die empirischen Analysen, in der diskrete Zeitmodelle verwendet werden, dass Arbeitslosigkeit in allen Ländern das Trennungsrisiko prinzipiell erhöht. Während sich vor allem auf der Mikroebene zeigt, dass die individuelle Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrung des Mannes einen positiven Einfluss auf das Trennungsrisiko ausübt, ergeben sich jedoch keine statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhänge auf der Makroebene. Der Einfluss der Arbeitslosigkeit der Frau ist weniger stark ausgeprägt als jene des Mannes und variiert deutlich zwischen den Ländern. In Deutschland und Italien, wo bis vor kurzem Familie und Erwerbstätigkeit wenig vereinbar waren, gibt es keinen statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhang von weiblicher Arbeitslosigkeit und Trennungsraten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply: evidence from Europe (2019)
Mikkel, Barslund; Lea, Schomaker;Zitatform
Mikkel, Barslund & Schomaker Lea (2019): Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply. Evidence from Europe. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 371-391. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.371
Abstract
"Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Kinderbetreuung von Großeltern auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot der Eltern in zwölf europäischen Ländern die in SHARE vertreten sind im Zeitraum 2004 - 2015. Ein instrumentalvariabler Ansatz wird verwendet, um mit der Endogenität umzugehen. Der Zugang zu Großeltern, die sich um kleine Kinder kümmern, erhöht die Bereitschaft von Müttern zur Arbeit um 13 Prozentpunkte. Für Väter lassen sich keine Effekte feststellen. Das Ausmaß der Auswirkungen von großelterlicher Kinderbetreuung unterscheidet sich von Land zu Land, ist jedoch für die meisten untersuchten Länder von Bedeutung. Der Effekt ist für Kinder im Vorschulalter am größten, wird jedoch bei Frauen mit Kindern in der Altersgruppe von 8 bis 10 Jahren immer noch auf 8 Prozentpunkte geschätzt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Mütter mit niedrigem Bildungsstand größere Auswirkungen haben, allerdings ist der Unterschied gering. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die anhaltende Politik zur Verlängerung des Erwerbslebens von Arbeitnehmern in der Altersgruppe von 55 bis 64 Jahren die Bindung von Müttern am Arbeitsmarkt beeinträchtigen könnte, indem die zur Verfügung stehende Zeit für großelterliche Kinderbetreuung begrenzt wird. Eine erhöhte Verfügbarkeit von Kindergarten- und Kindergarteneinrichtungen kann die Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot von Müttern zwar vermindern, aber nicht vollständig auflösen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Household employment and the crisis in Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Sánchez-Mira, Núria & Jacqueline O'Reilly (2019): Household employment and the crisis in Europe. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 422-443. DOI:10.1177/0950017018809324
Abstract
"The 2008 crisis had a significant impact on household employment in some European countries. An analysis of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions generated a new cross-national typology of household employment structures and showed how these changed during the crisis and austerity period, capturing the experiences of high and low qualified households. Findings indicate that dual earning households are not always a consequence of gender equality but result from economic necessity or employment opportunities. The re-emergence of traditional male breadwinner households is often the result of female unemployment, especially for lower educated women. An increase in female single earners and workless households is evident in countries hit hardest by the employment crisis. The value of this cross-national typology, rooted in the interaction of educational effects and employment opportunities, is allowing comparison both within and between European countries, going beyond established typologies based on policy frameworks or gender cultures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Drivers of participation elasticities across Europe: gender or earner role within the household? (2018)
Zitatform
Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2018): Drivers of participation elasticities across Europe. Gender or earner role within the household? (IZA discussion paper 11359), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual's earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV Group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for different socioeconomic groups by country, gender and earner role within the household. Our results show an average elasticity of 0.08 for men and of 0.14 for women as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries. The commonly cited difference in elasticities between men and women stems predominantly from the earner role of the individual within the household and nearly disappears once we control for this factor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s (2018)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2018): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes. Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. (IZA discussion paper 11824), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of nonlinear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. We will make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper , 7267 -
Literaturhinweis
What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries (2018)
Zitatform
Hu, Yang & Deniz Yucel (2018): What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 92-105. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx085
Abstract
"This article sheds new light on the role played by perceived fairness in configuring the relationship between gendered housework division and women's family life satisfaction across 30 countries. This is achieved by distinguishing and comparing two major dimensions of women's fairness comparison -- inter-gender relational comparison between partners and intra-gender referential comparison with other women from the same society. Analysing data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme, we find that women's family life satisfaction is adversely affected by both a lack of relational fairness and unfavourable referential comparison, which operate independently of each other. Supporting the 'self-serving' theory, women are found to rely more on one dimension of fairness comparison to assess their family life satisfaction when they compare unfavourably rather than favourably in the other dimension. Country-level gender equality positively predicts the strength of the association between relational fairness and family life satisfaction. However, it does not seem to moderate the influence of referential comparison on family life satisfaction. In light of these results, scholars are urged to consider the perceived fairness of housework division as a plural construct, and to promulgate gender equality in multiple dimensions -- addressing not just inter-gender (in)equity but also intra-gender (in)equality -- to move the gender revolution forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes (2017)
Altintas, Evrim; Sullivan, Oriel;Zitatform
Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2017): Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 81-108. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxw007
Abstract
"This article brings up to date welfare regime differences in the time fathers spend on childcare and core housework, using Multinational Time Use Study data (1971 - 2010) from fifteen countries. Although Nordic fathers continue to set the bar, the results provide some support for the idea of a catch-up in core housework among Southern regime fathers. The results also suggest an increasing polarization in Liberal countries, whereby fathers who were meaningfully involved in family life were increasingly likely to spend more time doing core housework and, particularly, childcare. Fathers living in Corporatist countries have been least responsive to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-family conflict and well-being across Europe: The role of gender context (2017)
Hagqvist, Emma; Gadin, Katja Gillander; Nordenmark, Mikael;Zitatform
Hagqvist, Emma, Katja Gillander Gadin & Mikael Nordenmark (2017): Work-family conflict and well-being across Europe. The role of gender context. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 132, H. 2, S. 785-797. DOI:10.1007/s11205-016-1301-x
Abstract
"This study analysed whether gender context is important to differences in the relationship between work - family conflict (WFC) and well-being across Europe. We hypothesised that in countries that support equality in work life and where norms support women's employment, the relationship between WFC and low well-being is weaker than in countries with less support for gender equality. Cohabiting men and women aged 18 - 65 years from 25 European countries were selected from the European Social Survey. A multilevel analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between well-being and WFC, and two measurements were used to represent gender context: gender equality in work life and norms regarding women's employment. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that the negative relationship was stronger in countries with high levels of gender equality in work life and support for women's employment than in countries with a relatively low level of gender equality in work life and support for traditional gender relations. The context in which gender is constructed may be important when studying the relationship between WFC and well-being. In addition, emphasis should be placed on policies that equalise both the labour market and the work performed at home." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What is your couple type? Gender ideology, housework sharing, and babies (2015)
Zitatform
Aassve, Arnstein, Giulia Fuochi, Letizia Mencarini & Daria Mendola (2015): What is your couple type? Gender ideology, housework sharing, and babies. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 835-858. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.30
Abstract
"Background: It is increasingly acknowledged that not only gender equality but also gender ideology plays a role in explaining fertility in advanced societies. In a micro perspective, the potential mismatch between gender equality (i.e., the actual sharing taking place in a couple) and gender ideology (i.e., attitudes and beliefs regarding gender roles) may drive childbearing decisions.
Objective: This paper assesses the impact of consistency between gender equality in attitudes and equality in the division of household labour on the likelihood of having another child, for different parities.
Methods: Relying on two-wave panel data of the Bulgarian, Czech, French, Hungarian, and Lithuanian Generations and Gender Surveys, we build a couple typology defined by gender attitudes and housework-sharing. The typology identifies four types of couple: 1) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 2) gender-equal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 3) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing; 4) gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing. The couple types enter into a logistic regression model on childbirth.
Results: The impact of the typology varies with parity and gender: taking as reference category the case of gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal division of housework, the effect of all the other couple types on a new childbirth is strong and negative for the second child and female respondents.
Conclusions: The consistency between gender ideology and actual partners' housework-sharing is only favourable for childbearing as long as there is gender equality in both the dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Child care and labour market participation in France: do monetary incentives matter? (2015)
Allègre, Guillaume; Simonnet, Véronique; Sofer, Catherine;Zitatform
Allègre, Guillaume, Véronique Simonnet & Catherine Sofer (2015): Child care and labour market participation in France. Do monetary incentives matter? In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 115-139. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.115
Abstract
"This paper presents a model of the child care arrangements and labour supply of mothers with young children (under three). We use French data to estimate simultaneously mothers' labour force participation and type of child care chosen. The independent variables include estimated child care costs and mothers' potential incomes obtained by simulating the benefits and taxes associated with different participation choices (working full-time, part-time or out of the labour market). Availability of free child care (from family and relatives) is also taken into account. We show that monetary incentives do play a role. Child care costs have a direct effect on mothers' labour market participation but not on the type of child care chosen. Household disposable income and potential wages explain participation and type of child care whereas the marginal tax rate was found to have a significant effect only on the full-time versus part-time decision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Efficiency-equality trade-off within French and German couples: a comparative experimental study (2015)
Beblo, Miriam; Beninger, Denis; Couprie, Hélène; Cochard, François; Hopfensitz, Astrid;Zitatform
Beblo, Miriam, Denis Beninger, François Cochard, Hélène Couprie & Astrid Hopfensitz (2015): Efficiency-equality trade-off within French and German couples. A comparative experimental study. In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 233-252. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.233
Abstract
"We present the results of an experiment measuring social preferences within couples in a context where intra-household pay-off inequality can be reduced at the cost of diminishing household income. We measure social norms regarding this efficiency-equality trade-off by reported beliefs about the behavior of peers, and we implement a cross-country comparison between France and Germany. In particular, we show that German households are more income-inequality averse and thus less income-maximizing than French households. Decomposition reveals that diverging sample compositions in the two countries drive less than half of the difference, while over half of the initial French/German difference remains unexplained. Beliefs differ significantly from observed behavior in both countries. Income-maximizing choices are overestimated in the German sample and underestimated in the French." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Verbreitung des Doppelernährer- und Doppelbetreuermodells in fünf Ländern Europas (2015)
Zitatform
Berghammer, Caroline & Roland Verwiebe (2015): Die Verbreitung des Doppelernährer- und Doppelbetreuermodells in fünf Ländern Europas. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 68, H. 2, S. 116-124. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2015-2-116
Abstract
"Ausgangspunkt unserer Analysen ist das Argument einer Reihe von Studien, dass die Gleichheit der Geschlechter am besten verwirklicht ist, wenn beide Eltern sich in gleichem Ausmaß am Arbeitsmarkt und an der Kinderbetreuung beteiligen. Der Beitrag beschreibt Trends im sogenannten Doppelernährermodell (beide Eltern arbeiten Vollzeit) in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Österreich und Spanien von 1998 bis 2010 und untersucht die Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuungszeit in diesen Paarhaushalten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Paid and unpaid work: the impact of social policies on the gender division of labour (2015)
Kleider, Hanna;Zitatform
Kleider, Hanna (2015): Paid and unpaid work. The impact of social policies on the gender division of labour. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 5, S. 505-520. DOI:10.1177/0958928715610996
Abstract
"The varieties of capitalism (VOC) literature has offered one of the most influential explanations for cross-national variation in the gender division of labour. It argues that labour markets, which privilege specific as opposed to general skills, have a negative effect on women's employment and impede an egalitarian division of household labour. This article revisits one of the most prominent VOC studies: Iversen and Rosenbluth's empirical analysis of the 1994 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) survey on gender relations. I argue that a gendered welfare perspective provides an alternative and more compelling explanation for the same outcomes. In my empirical analysis, I re-analyse Iversen and Rosenbluth's study using the more recent 2002 ISSP survey on gender relations. The empirical results lend little support to the VOC approach and show that a gendered welfare state perspective, measured using a novel summary index of defamilialization, explains the observed outcomes better. The evidence in support for the VOC explanation disappears when controlling for defamilializing social policies. This suggests that a previous VOC work on the gender division of labour has suffered from omitting crucial social policy controls. This article substantiates earlier critiques of VOC that have questioned its usefulness as an explanatory framework for gender-relevant outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home (2015)
McGinn, Kathleen L.; Lingo, Elizabeth Long; Ruiz Castro, Mayra;Zitatform
McGinn, Kathleen L., Elizabeth Long Lingo & Mayra Ruiz Castro (2015): Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home. (Harvard Business School. Working paper 094), Boston, Mass., 43 S.
Abstract
"Our research considers how inequalities in public and the private spheres are affected by childhood exposure to non-traditional gender role models at home. We test the association between being raised by an employed mother and adult men's and women's outcomes at work and at home. Our analyses rely on national level archival data from multiple sources and individual level survey data collected as part of the International Social Survey Programme in 2002 and 2012 from nationally representative samples of men and women in 24 countries. Adult daughters of employed mothers are more likely to be employed, more likely to hold supervisory responsibility if employed, work more hours, and earn marginally higher wages than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. The effects on labor market outcomes are non-significant for men. Maternal employment is also associated with adult outcomes at home. Sons raised by an employed mother spend more time caring for family members than men whose mothers stayed home fulltime, and daughters raised by an employed mother spend less time on housework than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. Our findings reveal the potential for non-traditional gender role models to gradually erode gender inequality in homes and labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income inequality and educational assortative mating: evidence from the Luxembourg income study (2015)
Monaghan, David;Zitatform
Monaghan, David (2015): Income inequality and educational assortative mating. Evidence from the Luxembourg income study. In: Social science research, Jg. 52, H. July, S. 253-269. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.02.001
Abstract
"Though extensive research has explored the prevalence of educational assortative mating, what causes its variation across countries and over time is not well understood. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database, I investigate the hypothesis that assortative mating by income is influenced by income inequality between educational strata. I find that in countries with greater returns to education, the odds of any sort of union that crosses educational boundaries is substantially reduced. However, I do not find substantial evidence of an effect of changes in returns to education on marital sorting within countries. Educational and labor market parity between males and females appear to be negatively related to marital sorting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Familienleistungen und familienpolitische Instrumente in ausgewählten europäischen Ländern (2015)
Schratzenstaller, Margit;Zitatform
Schratzenstaller, Margit (2015): Familienleistungen und familienpolitische Instrumente in ausgewählten europäischen Ländern. In: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Monatsberichte, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 195-209.
Abstract
"Sowohl die Ausrichtung als auch das Instrumentarium der Familienpolitik unterscheiden sich beträchtlich zwischen den hier untersuchten Ländern Deutschland, Frankreich, Niederlande, Schweden und Dänemark. Die traditionell geprägte deutsche Familienpolitik wurde in den letzten Jahren mit dem Ziel der Steigerung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf auch für Männer in einigen Bereichen grundlegend reformiert. Die pronatalistische Familienpolitik Frankreichs zielt auf eine gleichzeitige Steigerung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und der Fertilität ab. In den Niederlanden fördert die Familienpolitik ein Zuverdienermodell. In Schweden liegt der familienpolitische Fokus auf der Unterstützung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit durch Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen, aber auch auf der Sicherstellung einer gewissen Väterbeteiligung sowie auf Armutsverringerung durch großzügige monetäre Transfers. Die dänische Familienpolitik forciert den frühzeitigen Wiedereinstieg von Eltern in die Berufstätigkeit. In jüngeren Reformen insbesondere der Freistellungsregelungen schlägt sich in einigen Ländern zunehmend das Anliegen einer Steigerung der Väterbeteiligung nieder. Nicht zuletzt stehen im Zuge der krisenbedingten Konsolidierungsprogramme, die in den meisten EU-Ländern seit Anfang der 2010er-Jahre umgesetzt werden, auch die Familienleistungen unter Druck." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Income taxation, labour supply and housework: a discrete choice model for French couples (2014)
Kabáteka, Jan; Stancanelli, Elena; Soest, Arthur van;Zitatform
Kabáteka, Jan, Arthur van Soest & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Income taxation, labour supply and housework. A discrete choice model for French couples. In: Labour economics, Jg. 27, H. April, S. 30-43. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.01.004
Abstract
"Earlier studies suggest that income taxation may affect not only labour supply but also domestic work. Here we investigate the impact of income taxation on partners' labour supply and housework, using data for France that taxes incomes of married couples jointly. We estimate a household utility model in which the marginal utilities of leisure and housework of both partners are modelled as random coefficients, depending on observed and unobserved characteristics. We conclude that both partners' market and housework hours are responsive to changes in the tax system. A policy simulation suggests that replacing joint taxation of married spouses' incomes with separate taxation would increase the husband's housework hours by 1.3% and reduce his labour supply by 0.8%. The wife's market hours would increase by 3.7%, and her housework hours would fall by 2.0%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment duration of spouses: evidence from France (2014)
Marcassa, Stefania;Zitatform
Marcassa, Stefania (2014): Unemployment duration of spouses. Evidence from France. In: Labour, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 399-429. DOI:10.1111/labr.12042
Abstract
"This paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of the conditional probability of leaving unemployment for four waves of French married men and women entering unemployment from 1991 to 2002. The effect of spouse's hourly earnings on unemployment duration is found to be asymmetric for men and women. In particular, an elasticity of 0.38 for men and -0.15 for women are found to be significant for the entire sample. Individual data from the French Labor Force Survey are used with accurate information on spell durations, and labor earnings of the spouses. Parametric estimation techniques are used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of tax-benefit reforms on labor supply in a simulated Nash-bargaining framework (2013)
Bargain, Olivier; Moreau, Nicolas;Zitatform
Bargain, Olivier & Nicolas Moreau (2013): The impact of tax-benefit reforms on labor supply in a simulated Nash-bargaining framework. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 77-86. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9300-9
Abstract
"Several theoretical contributions have suggested to model household behavior as a Nash-bargaining game. Yet very few attempts have been made to operationalize cooperative models of labor supply for policy analysis. In this paper, we implement a Nash-bargaining model with external threat points (divorce) into the microsimulation of tax-benefit policy reforms in France. The observation of divorced individuals is used to predict outside options and (some) of the preferences for individuals living in couples. Benchmark simulations are conducted in a way that guarantees consistency with the Nash bargaining setting, regularity conditions and observed behavior. We examine how the labor supply of couples adjusts to shocks on threat points, either hypothetical or generated by a radical tax-benefit reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Grandparenting and mothers' labour force participation: a comparative analysis using the Generations and Gender Survey (2012)
Zitatform
Aassve, Arnstein, Bruno Arpino & Alice Goisis (2012): Grandparenting and mothers' labour force participation. A comparative analysis using the Generations and Gender Survey. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 27, S. 53-84. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.3
Abstract
"It is well known that the provision of public childcare plays an important role for women labour force participation and its availability varies tremendously across countries. In many countries, informal childcare is also important and typically provided by the grandparents, but its role on mothers' employment is not yet well understood. Understanding the relationship between labour supply decisions and grandparental childcare is complex. While the provision of grandparental childcare is clearly a function of the social and institutional context of a country, it also depends on family preferences, which are typically unobserved in surveys.
We analyze the role of informal childcare provided by grandparents on mothers' labour force participation keeping unobserved preferences into account.
Bivariate probit models with instrumental variables are estimated on data from seven countries (Bulgaria, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Russia and The Netherlands) drawn from the Generations and Gender Survey.
We find that only in some countries mothers' employment is positively and significantly associated with grandparents providing childcare. In other countries, once we control for unobserved preferences, we do not find this effect.
The role of grandparents is an important element to reconcile work and family for women in some countries. Our results show the importance of considering family preferences and country differences when studying the relationship between grandparental childcare and mothers' labour supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Australian fathers' work and family time in comparative and temporal perspective (2012)
Zitatform
Craig, Lyn & Killian Mullan (2012): Australian fathers' work and family time in comparative and temporal perspective. In: Journal of family studies, Jg. 18, H. 2/3, S. 165-174. DOI:10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.165
Abstract
"Expectations of fathers have moved from being financial providers to also taking an active, hands-on role in the care of children. What does this mean for contemporary Australian fathers' time commitments to work and family? This paper draws together studies using time use data from Australia, USA, France, Italy and Denmark to show change and continuity in Australian fathers' time over the period 1992 - 2006, and how they currently compare with fathers in the other countries. It discusses the policy context of each country, which may inform fathering norms and behavior, and looks at their employment time, their housework, the specific childcare activities they undertake, and how they share childcare with mothers in relative terms. The research shows gender disparities remain wide, but despite long work hours, Australian fathers are high care participants in world terms, their childcare time is going up, and they are increasing their repertoire of care activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
L'arbitrage entre emploi et inactivité des mères de jeunes enfants: le poids des contraintes familiales, professionnelles et sociétales sur les modes d'accueil des enfants (2012)
Galtier, Bénédicte;Zitatform
Galtier, Bénédicte (2012): L'arbitrage entre emploi et inactivité des mères de jeunes enfants. Le poids des contraintes familiales, professionnelles et sociétales sur les modes d'accueil des enfants. In: Economie et Statistique H. 447, S. 33-56.
Abstract
"Seit rund zehn Jahren legen große internationale Organisationen und zahlreiche Länder Gewicht auf politische Maßnahmen im Kleinkindbereich. Dem liegen zwei Anliegen zugrunde: Einerseits strebt der Staat danach, sein Ziel des Wirtschaftswachstums und des ausgeglichenen Staatshaushalts auch durch die Entwicklung der Arbeit der Frauen voranzubringen. Anderseits kommt die Förderung der Beschäftigung der Frauen diesen entgegen und trägt dazu bei, der Gefahr einer Verarmung von Haushalten entgegenzuwirken. Eine Folge der Zunahme der weiblichen Arbeitstätigkeit ist, dass die Familien Berufsleben und Kindeserziehung (im weitesten Sinne) in Einklang bringen müssen. Diese Gesichtspunkte waren Gegenstand verschiedener Meinungsumfragen und Statistiken. 2002 wurde in Frankreich zum ersten Mal eine umfangreiche Untersuchung zu Arten der Kleinkinderbetreuung durchgeführt. Sie lieferte detaillierte Auskünfte über die Arten der Kinderbetreuung, deren Kosten für die Familien, die berufliche Situation der Eltern und deren Ansichten zu den verschiedenen Betreuungsarten. 2007 wurde diese Untersuchung erneut durchgeführt. Der vorliegende Artikel stützt sich auf den Korpus bestehender Untersuchungen zur Thematik und die Materialen der genannten Untersuchung Betreuungsweisen 2007. Bisherige Ergebnisse werden teils bestätigt, teils auf den neusten Stand gebracht. Es geht dabei darum, die Dynamik zu verstehen, die hinter zwei Arten von Entscheidungen steht. Erstere betrifft den Entschluss der Mutter, sich auf den Arbeitsmarkt zu begeben oder nicht. Es zeigt sich, dass diese Entscheidung hauptsächlich vom soziodemografischen Profil der Mutter und von ihrem Beruf abhängt und Gegenstand eines Abwägens finanzieller Vor- und Nachteile ist. Die andere Entscheidung betrifft die Wahl der Betreuungsweise für das eigene Kind. Diese hängt vor allem von dem Bild ab, das sich die Eltern von ihr machen. Ihre Ansichten zu den Vorteilen für das Kind von Kinderkrippen bzw. Tagesmüttern korrelieren vor allem mit der getroffenen Wahl, wohingegen ihre Beurteilung der Betreuung durch die eigenen Eltern vor allem in Abhängigkeit von der Arbeitslage der Mütter variiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe: introduction (2012)
Zitatform
Kreyenfeld, Michaela, Gunnar Andersson & Ariane Pailhe (2012): Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe. Introduction. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 27, S. 835-852. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.28
Abstract
"Background - Economic uncertainty has become an increasingly important factor in explanations of declining fertility and postponed family formation across Europe. Yet the micro-level evidence on this topic is still limited.
Objective - This special collection of Demographic Research focuses on the issue of how economic and employment uncertainties relate to fertility and family dynamics in Europe.
Methods - The collection is comprised of studies that explore how various dimensions of employment uncertainty, such as temporary working contracts and individual and aggregate unemployment, are related to the fertility and family formation of women and men across Europe. The studies cover Germany, the UK, France, Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Italy, Spain, and Israel.
Results - The various micro-level studies that are assembled in this special collection do not provide a simple answer to the question of whether and how economic uncertainty suppresses (or stimulates) fertility. However, some systematic variation by welfare state regime is discernable.
Conclusions - Given the recent economic volatility in Europe, we expect that labor market uncertainties will remain an important component of explanations of fertility developments in the 21st century." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare: the difference between participation and amount of time (2012)
Reich, Nora;Zitatform
Reich, Nora (2012): Fathers' childcare. The difference between participation and amount of time. (HWWI research paper 116), Hamburg, 34 S.
Abstract
"The main research question of this article is whether and how predictors of fathers' participation in childcare, defined as zero versus more than zero minutes of childcare, differ from predictors of participating fathers' amount of time on childcare, measured as minutes on the survey day. The sample is drawn from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) and covers surveys from ten industrialised countries from 1987 to 2005. Results show that there are remarkable differences between factors influencing participation in childcare and factors associated with participating fathers' time spent with children. For example, the educational level has a strong impact on fathers' participation, but not on the amount of time spent on childcare. In contrast, work hours and whether data refer to a weekday or a weekend day hardly affect participation, but strongly affect fathers' time for childcare. There are also noticeable differences between the countries and between different points in time regarding factors influencing childcare participation and time. Results call for caution regarding findings from existing studies not distinguishing participation from participating fathers' childcare minutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does children's age impact the division of housework?: a comparison of France, eastern and western Germany (2012)
Zitatform
Zabel, Cordula & Valerie K. Heintz-Martin (2012): Does children's age impact the division of housework? A comparison of France, eastern and western Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 15, H. 5, S. 663-685., 2012-11-06. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2012.749413
Abstract
"In this study, we investigate couples' division of household tasks by the age of the youngest child, comparing France, eastern Germany, and western Germany. For our analyses, we draw on Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) data. As expected, our findings are that the division of housework is less egalitarian for couples with preschool age children than for childless couples, and these differences are greatest in western Germany. However, we had also expected the division of housework to be more egalitarian again for couples with older children, among whom maternal employment rates are higher than among those with younger children. Our findings confirmed this expectation for western Germany. Surprisingly though, we found that in both eastern Germany and France, the division of housework was actually continuously less egalitarian the older couples' children. An explanation may be that the traditionalizing impact of parenthood unfolds slowly with parenthood duration as couples increasingly yield to societal expectations regarding parental roles. In western Germany, where women reduce their employment most significantly when becoming mothers, employment status effects appear to dominate any other trends associated with the age of the youngest child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe (2011)
Adsera, Alicia;Zitatform
Adsera, Alicia (2011): The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 25, S. 513-544. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.16
Abstract
"Periods of high and persistent unemployment since the late 1980s as well as an upward trend in the share of temporary employment characterize recent labor market instability in Europe. This paper analyzes the associations between timing to a second birth and changing economic environment. In particular, it focuses in understanding what dimensions of economic uncertainty affect women with different educational background. First it employs time varying measures of aggregate market conditions for women in twelve European countries as well as micro-measures of each woman's labor market history in a proportional hazard model of second births. Both individual and aggregate unemployment as well as temporary employment are coupled with later second births. Unemployment slows down childbearing plans, particularly for the least educated, whereas holding a very short contract deters the most educated. Second, I use the 2006 Spanish Fertility Survey to show how education and the economic conditions - provincial unemployment and share of temporary employment- faced by women as they enter the labor market in their early twenties are connected with their timing to second births." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How mothers and fathers share childcare: a cross-national time-use comparison (2011)
Zitatform
Craig, Lyn & Killian Mullan (2011): How mothers and fathers share childcare. A cross-national time-use comparison. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 76, H. 6, S. 834-861. DOI:10.1177/0003122411427673
Abstract
"In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers' and fathers' relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers' and fathers' work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Worktime regulations and spousal labor supply (2011)
Goux, Dominique; Maurin, Eric; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Goux, Dominique, Eric Maurin & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Worktime regulations and spousal labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1096), London, 56 S.
Abstract
"We investigate cross-hour effects in spousal labor supply exploiting independent variation in hours worked generated by the introduction of the short workweek in France in the late 1990s. We find that female and male employees treated by the shorter legal workweek reduce their weekly labor supply by about 2 hours, and do not experience any reduction in their monthly earnings. While wives of treated men do not seem to adjust their working time at either the intensive or extensive margins, husbands of treated wives respond by cutting their labor supply by about half an hour to one hour per week, according to specifications and samples. Further tests reveal that husbands' labor supply response did not entail the renegotiation of usual hours with employers or changes in earnings, but involved instead a reduction in (unpaid) work involvement, whether within a given day, or through an increase in the take-up rate of paid vacation and/or sick leave. These margins of adjustment are shown to have no detrimental impact on men's (current) earnings. The estimated cross-hour effects are consistent with the presence of spousal leisure complementarity for husbands, though not for wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Worktime regulations and spousal labour supply (2011)
Goux, Dominique; Petrongolo, Barbara; Maurin, Eric;Zitatform
Goux, Dominique, Eric Maurin & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Worktime regulations and spousal labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 5639), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"We investigate spillovers in spousal labour supply exploiting independent variation in hours worked generated by the introduction of the shorter workweek in France in the late 1990s. We find that female and male employees treated by the shorter legal workweek reduce their weekly labour supply by about 2 hours, and do not experience any reduction in their monthly earnings. While wives of treated men do not seem to adjust their working time at either the intensive or extensive margins, husbands of treated wives respond by cutting their workweek by about half an hour to one hour, according to specifications and samples. In particular, managers and professionals respond much more strongly to the shorter legal workweek in their wives' firms than men in lower occupations. These effects are consistent with the presence of significant cross-hour effects on labour supply for husbands, though not for wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment duration of spouses: evidence from France (2011)
Marcassa, Stefania;Zitatform
Marcassa, Stefania (2011): Unemployment duration of spouses. Evidence from France. (Paris-Jourdan Science Economiques. Working paper 2011-17), Paris, 29 S.
Abstract
"This paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of the conditional probability of leaving unemployment for four waves of French married men and women entering unemployment from 1991 to 2002. The effect of spouse's hourly earnings on unemployment duration is found to be asymmetric for men and women. In particular, an elasticity of 0.38 for men and -0.15 for women are found to be significant for the entire sample. Individual data from the French Labor Force Survey are used with accurate information on spell durations, and labor earnings of the spouses. Parametric estimation techniques are used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: Labour, -
Literaturhinweis
Decisions concerning job-related spatial mobility and their impact on family careers in France and Germany (2010)
Collet, Beate; Bonnet, Estelle;Zitatform
Collet, Beate & Estelle Bonnet (2010): Decisions concerning job-related spatial mobility and their impact on family careers in France and Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 196-215.
Abstract
"Beruflich bedingte räumliche Mobilität stellt die Frage nach der Erwerbsarbeit von Männern und Frauen. Es geht dabei aber nicht nur um die Entscheidung für einen bestimmten Beruf oder für einen Karriereschritt. Mobilität kann auch eine Folge von Doppelerwerbstätigkeit eines Paares sein. Wir gehen der Frage nach, wie die Entscheidung bei bi-aktiven Paaren im Verhältnis zu mono-aktiven Paaren getroffen wird und inwieweit andere soziodemographische Faktoren, besonders die Anwesenheit von Kindern in der Familie, Mobilitätsentscheidungen beeinflussen. Wir vergleichen deutsche und französische Daten, die in einer europäischen in sechs Ländern durchgeführten Studie Job Mobilities and Family Lives (2007) erhoben wurden. Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen und die Familienpolitik sind in beiden Ländern relativ unterschiedlich. Während Frankreich schon seit Jahren Mütter mit konkreten Maßnahmen unterstützt, die es ermöglichen einer Erwerbstätigkeit nachzugehen, ist die Familienpolitik in Deutschland erst kürzlich von dem mutterzentrierten Modell abgekommen, dass Frauen darin unterstützte zuhause zu bleiben und die Kinder zu erziehen. Die statistische Auswertung wird vervollständigt durch Ergebnisse aus zwei qualitativen Studien. Die eine wurde 2006 in Frankreich durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der zweiten 2001 in Deutschland durchgeführten Studie werden berichtet. Beide Studien interessieren sich für Mobilitätsformen, die mehrere Tage Abwesenheit von zuhause verlangen. Eine Typologie unterschiedlicher 'Familienkarrieren', die im Rahmen der französischen Studie ausgearbeitet worden ist, wird hier zur Analyse des deutschen und französischen Materials herangezogen. Die Paare unterscheiden sich in Bezug auf den Entscheidungsprozess bezüglich der Mobilität und dieser wiederum hat unterschiedliche Partnerschaftskonzepte als Grundlage." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding the long term effects of family policies on fertility: the diffusion of different family models in France and Germany (2010)
Salles, Anne; Rossier, Clementine; Brachet, Sara;Zitatform
Salles, Anne, Clementine Rossier & Sara Brachet (2010): Understanding the long term effects of family policies on fertility. The diffusion of different family models in France and Germany. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 22, S. 1057-1096. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.34
Abstract
"European countries in which mothers are encouraged to remain in the labour market have higher fertility levels. It is difficult, however, to link specific policies to fertility increases. We hypothesize that policy changes do not affect fertility decisions in the short term as long as external childcare is not seen as an acceptable option, although policy does have an impact upon childcare attitudes in the long term. Using a comparative qualitative approach, we find that attitudes towards childcare are strikingly different in France than in Western Germany, reflecting long-standing policy orientations. Attitudes act as an intermediate variable between access to childcare and its use in both countries, and are strongly homogenous within countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? (2009)
Berninger, Ina;Zitatform
Berninger, Ina (2009): Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 61, H. 3, S. 355-385. DOI:10.1007/s11577-009-0070-9
Abstract
"Im Beitrag wird untersucht, welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen (Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit, Transferleistungen) die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern fördern. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien wird weiter evaluiert, inwiefern ein Zusammenhang zwischen erwerbsfördernden Maßnahmen und kulturellem Mutterbild besteht und ob letzteres die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation beeinflusst. Im Rahmen einer Mehrebenenanalyse werden 21 europäische Staaten anhand der Daten der zweiten Welle des European Social Survey (ESS) aus den Jahren 2004/2005 in Kombination mit Makrovariablen der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) untersucht. Den theoretischen Rahmen der Studie bildet ein rationales Entscheidungsmodell: die mikroökonomische Theorie des Arbeitsangebotes. Zentrales Ergebnis der Analyse ist, dass einzig ein hohes Betreuungsangebot für unter dreijährige Kinder die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, insbesondere jene von Müttern sehr junger Kinder, fördert. Diese familienpolitische Maßnahme weist einen engen Zusammenhang mit der nationalen Kultur auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat: der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich (2009)
Lück, Detlev;Zitatform
Lück, Detlev (2009): Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat. Der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 360 S.
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden große Schritte in Richtung Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter getan, etwa bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Müttern. Doch in anderen Bereichen halten sich patriarchale Strukturen erstaunlich zäh, etwa bei der Frage, wer sich um Haushalt und Kinder kümmert. Unterschiede gibt es auch im internationalen Vergleich: Skandinavien hat sich früh und weit entwickelt, Süd-Europa spät und verhalten; in Ost-Europa sind Frauen gut in das Erwerbsleben integriert, aber sonst eher schlecht gestellt. Der Autor trägt in diesem Buch Daten und Fakten zum Wandel der Geschlechterrollen in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen für 40 Länder und über einen Zeitraum von 14 Jahren zusammen. Diese beträchtliche empirische Basis erlaubt es ihm auch, die ambivalente Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen in ein neues theoretisches Licht zu rücken: Während Rational-Choice-Ansätze Wandel plausibel machen und durch den Doing-Gender-Ansatz Kontinuität begreiflich wird, setzt Lück auf differenzierte Deutungen durch die Verknüpfung verschiedener Theorieansätze. Er fragt, wie sich strukturelle und kulturelle Einflüsse auf der Mikro- und der Makro-Ebene für statistische Analysen operationalisieren lassen, um die Unterschiede zu erklären." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Modelling the employment and wage outcomes of spouses: is she outearning him? (2008)
Bloemen, Hans; Stancanelli, Elena;Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans & Elena Stancanelli (2008): Modelling the employment and wage outcomes of spouses. Is she outearning him? (IZA discussion paper 3455), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper is focused on couple households where the wife is the main earner. The economic literature on this subject is particularly scant. According to our estimates, the wife was the main earner in one of every six couple households in France in 2002, including wife-sole-earner households. The proportion of wives outearning their husbands was 18% for dual-earners. About 24% of American women in dual-earner households earned more than their husband in 2004. Using a model of household labour supply behaviour, we show that households where the wife is the main earner may come about either because the husband has a weaker preference for work than his wife, due possibly to her high wage, or because he is hit by adverse circumstances, such as, for example, a decline in the demand for men with his particular qualifications. Positive assortative mating may also come into play. Our empirical model specifies spouse labour-market participation equations within each household, endogenizing wages and allowing for random effects and correlations in spouses' unobservables. We conclude that the determinants of wife-sole-earner households are quite distinct from those for dual-earner households where she outearns him. The probability of observing the first seems to be more related to labour market difficulties of the husband, while the latter is not. Dual-earners where she outearns him are more likely to be found among higher educated couples, and especially, among couple where the wife's education level is high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do parents allocate time?: the effects of wages and income (2008)
Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans G. & Elena G. F. Stancanelli (2008): How do parents allocate time? The effects of wages and income. (IZA discussion paper 3679), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"This paper focuses on the time allocation of spouses and the impact of economic variables. We present a stylized model of the time allocation of spouses to illustrate the expected impact of wages and non-labour income. The empirical model simultaneously specifies three time-use choices - paid work, childcare, and housework - and wage and employment equations for each spouse, allowing for correlation across the errors of the ten equations. We exploit the rich information in the French time-use survey 1998-99 to estimate the model. The predictions of the theoretical model are mostly validated with the main exception of the standard hypothesis that performing housework does not bring utility. Parents' market time responds positively to changes in own wage. The own-wage elasticity of housework is negative while childcare does not react to changes in own wage. Women's non-market time is independent of their husband's wage; but both housework and childcare of fathers react positively to an increase in their wife's wage. Non-labour income reduces paid work by parents and increases their non-market time. Higher-educated and older parents spend more time with their children. There are significant and positive correlations across the errors of the spousal equations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Male norms and female adjustments: the influence of care credits on gender pension gaps in France and Germany (2008)
Zitatform
Frericks, Patricia, Robert Maier & Willibrord de Graaf (2008): Male norms and female adjustments: the influence of care credits on gender pension gaps in France and Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 97-119. DOI:10.1080/14616690701348810
Abstract
"European pension systems are in the process of change. A general development is the retrenchment of public schemes. In combination with the aim of individualizing pension entitlements, it is crucial that the pension situation of women, and of mothers in particular, be improved. Some European countries attempt to reduce the gender pension gaps with child care credits. This paper takes a closer look at the French and German systems. Can adjustments to the pension norm, in terms of different allowances for child care as introduced in both countries, balance gender pension gaps? Following the logic of the individual factors, the duration of insurance and the level of paid contributions, the main factors are analysed to evaluate the efficiency of care credits. Within the complexity of pension-related factors, adjustments to the originally male pension norms have very ambiguous effects, and they are insufficient to de-gender pension gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation: a cross-national perspective (2008)
Schmitt, Christian;Zitatform
Schmitt, Christian (2008): Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation. A cross-national perspective. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 841), Berlin, 75 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the impact of unemployment on the propensity to start a family. Unemployment is accompanied by bad occupational prospects and impending economic deprivation, placing the well-being of a future family at risk. I analyze unemployment at the intersection of state-dependence and the reduced opportunity costs of parenthood, distinguishing between men and women across a set of welfare states. Using micro-data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), I apply event history methods to analyze longitudinal samples of first-birth transitions in France, Finland, Germany, and the UK (1994-2001). The results highlight spurious negative effects of unemployment on family formation among men, which can be attributed to the lack of breadwinner capabilities in the inability to financially support a family. Women, in contrast, show positive effects of unemployment on the propensity to have a first child in all countries except France. These effects prevail even after ontrolling for labour market and income-related factors. The findings are pronounced in Germany and the UK where work-family conflicts are the cause of high opportunity costs of motherhood, and the gender-specific division of labour is still highly traditional. Particularly among women with a moderate and low level of education, unemployment clearly increases the likelihood to have a first child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family policies in Germany and France: the role of enterprises and social partners (2007)
Klammer, Ute; Letablier, Marie-Thérèse;Zitatform
Klammer, Ute & Marie-Thérèse Letablier (2007): Family policies in Germany and France. The role of enterprises and social partners. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 41, H. 6, S. 672-692. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00578.x
Abstract
"Although France and Germany are commonly classified as Bismarckian welfare regimes, they differ significantly in terms of family policy. For a long time, social and family policy in (West) Germany was focused on the male-breadwinner model of married couples. This was based on the expectation that women, in particular married women with children, would withdraw from the labour market permanently, or at least temporarily. Whereas care by mothers was massively subsidized by state family policy, the expansion of the childcare infrastructure was neglected and progressed only very slowly compared to the situation in many other countries of Europe. France, on the contrary, is one of the European countries where childcare services are particularly widespread, giving mothers the option to combine paid work and motherhood. Nevertheless, significant changes are happening in both countries. Concern over the demographic trends and low birth rates (in particular in Germany) have refocused attention on family policy in recent years. In Germany, it has now become a key field of debate and policy, and new actors have appeared on the scene. This article proposes to compare the latest developments in both countries, highlighting the contribution of enterprises and social partners to work-life balance, re-analysing the different types of familialism characterizing both countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Familienpolitische Konzepte im Ländervergleich: Sprungbrett oder Stolperstein für erwerbstätige Mütter? (2007)
Stern, Nadine;Zitatform
Stern, Nadine (2007): Familienpolitische Konzepte im Ländervergleich. Sprungbrett oder Stolperstein für erwerbstätige Mütter? Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 153 S.
Abstract
"Die bürgerliche Rollenverteilung zwischen dem arbeitenden Mann und der haushaltenden Ehefrau entspricht seit Jahrzehnten nicht mehr dem Selbstverständnis fortschrittlicher Industriegesellschaften. Es besteht weitgehend Konsens, dass auch der Wohlfahrtsstaat mit seinen Segnungen die gleichberechtigte Belastung in Beruf und Familie fördern soll. Aber obwohl neben politikwissenschaftlichen auch volkswirtschaftliche und demografische Gesichtspunkte gegen das Ernährermodell sprechen, wird es weiterhin vielerorts durch politische Regulierungen verfestigt. Die Autorin untersucht die geschlechterpolitische Wirkung der deutschen, der französischen und der schwedischen Familienpolitik. Dazu stellt sie zentrale familienpolitische Regulierungen gegenüber. Ergebnis sind nicht nur länderspezifische Erkenntnisse. Die Autorin geht vielmehr der Frage nach, wie finanzielle Regulierungen, Kinderbetreuungs- und Erziehungsfreistellungsregelungen die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie für Männer und Frauen gezielt fördern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Remaining childless in affluent economics: a comparison of France, West Germany, Italy and Spain, 1994-2001 (2006)
Gonzales, Maria-Jose; Jurado-Guerrero, Teresa;Zitatform
Gonzales, Maria-Jose & Teresa Jurado-Guerrero (2006): Remaining childless in affluent economics. A comparison of France, West Germany, Italy and Spain, 1994-2001. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 317-352. DOI:10.1007/s10680-006-9000-y
Abstract
"This article explores why women delay childbearing and increase their likelihood to remain childless in Spain, Italy, West Germany and France. We take a macro-micro perspective and show that national institutions influence women's life transitions, in particular partnership and motherhood. For coupled women, we find two alternative modes out of childlessness. In countries with high direct and indirect child costs, like Spain and Italy, entering a male-breadwinner couple or occupying a stable and high-income position facilitates motherhood, while in the French context motherhood is most likely in a dual-earner partnership." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))