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Boneva, Teodora, Marta Golin, Katja Kaufmann & Christopher Rauh (2024): Beliefs About Maternal Labor Supply. (CRC TR 224 discussion paper series / EPoS Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224 517), Bonn, 86 S.

Abstract

"We provide representative evidence on the perceived returns to maternal labor supply. A mother's decision to work is perceived to have sizable impacts on child skills, family outcomes, and the mother's future labor market outcomes. Beliefs about the impact of additional household income can account for some, but not all, of the perceived positive effects. Perceived returns are predictive of labor supply intentions under different policy scenarios related to childcare availability and quality, two factors that are also perceived as important. An information experiment reveals that providing information about benefits of mothers working causally affects labor supply intentions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Han, Sinn Won, Ohjae Gowen & Mary C. Brinton (2024): When mothers do it all: gender-role norms, women's employment, and fertility intentions in post-industrial societies. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 309-325. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad036

Abstract

"Post-industrial countries with high rates of female labour force participation have generally had low fertility rates, but recent studies demonstrate that this is no longer the case. This has generated increased attention to how greater gender equality in the private sphere of the household may contribute to a positive relationship between women’s employment rates and fertility. Building on recent scholarship demonstrating the multidimensionality of gender-role attitudes, we argue that conversely, the prevalence of a gender-role ideology that supports women’s employment but places greater priority on their role as caregivers may depress the higher-order fertility intentions of working mothers. Using data from 25 European countries, we find that this type of gender-role ideology (egalitarian familism) moderates the relationship between mothers’ full-time employment and their intention to have a second child. This holds even after accounting for key features of the policy environment that are likely to mitigate work–family conflict. The analysis suggests that conflicting normative expectations for women’s work and family roles tend to dampen working mothers’ second-order fertility intentions, independent of work–family reconciliation policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahrens, Regina (2022): Familien- und Vereinbarkeitspolitik in Deutschland. Eine Einführung. (Elemente der Politik), Wiesbaden: Imprint: Springer VS, XIX, 199 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-37149-4

Abstract

"Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen fundierten Einblick in das Politikfeld Familienpolitik. Es zeichnet die historischen Entwicklungen in Deutschland nach und zeigt politikfeldanalytische Erklärungen auf. Das Lehrbuch ermöglicht damit auch ein Verständnis der aktuellen familienpolitischen Diskurse. Es richtet sich vornehmlich an Studierende im Bachelor und Master, aber auch an Praktikerinnen und Praktiker, die sich aufgrund von neuen beruflichen Aufgaben in die Grundzüge der Familienpolitik in Deutschland einlesen möchten. Das Buch enthält ergänzendes Online-Material. Die Autorin Dr. Regina Ahrens ist Politikwissenschaftlerin und vertritt an der Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt die Professur „Betriebswirtschaftslehre mit Schwerpunkt Personal und Marketing“. Daneben ist sie Lehrbeauftragte am Institut für Politikwissenschaft der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster und berät Unternehmen und Privatpersonen zum Thema Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie." (Verlagsangaben)

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Belloc, Ignacio, José Alberto Molina & Jorge Velilla (2022): How does intrahousehold bargaining power impact labor supply? European cross-country evidence (2004-2019). (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1132), Essen, 35 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes how intrahousehold bargaining power impacts labor supply, for seventeen European countries. To that end, we estimate a collective model using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the period 2004-2019, and we study the validity of several potential distribution factors; that is to say, variables that impact labor supply only through intrahousehold bargaining power. Results show some degree of heterogeneity in the responses of labor supply to intrahousehold bargaining power. Spouses' education and the age gap operate as distribution factors in central European countries, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. On the other hand, in the Mediterranean South countries, the share of unearned income of the wife operates as a distribution factor in Italy, Portugal, and Spain, and in countries of Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, and Lithuania), the sex ratio, wives' non-labor income share, spouses' age and education gap, and the fertility rate all operate as distribution factors. In northern economies, such as Denmark and Estonia, we find evidence for share of unearned income, age gap, and fertility rate, while in islands, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, the sex ratio, the share of unearned income, the age and education gap, and the fertility rate are suitable bargaining power variables. The results are consistent with theoretical sharing rules, and distribution factors that empower a given spouse are mainly positively correlated with increases in the share of income they attract from intrahousehold bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bjuggren, Carl Magnus & Magnus Henrekson (2022): Female self-employment: prevalence and performance effects of having a high-income spouse. In: Small business economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 163-181. DOI:10.1007/s11187-021-00526-0

Abstract

"Little is known about self-employment as a career choice for women who marry a high-income spouse. Using rich Swedish register data, we show that Swedish women who are married to a high-income spouse are, on average, highly educated and more likely to pursue self-employment than those married to a spouse in the middle of the income distribution. Our results indicate that the likelihood of entering self-employment increases by 128-176% for women who marry a spouse in the top of the income distribution, and the shift into self-employment is associated with a lower income. This can be interpreted as a career choice that produces a more flexible work schedule in return for lower income. In a Nordic welfare state, where work is the norm for women, self-employment offers a way to avoid the stay-at-home stigma. It allows one to stay in the workforce while enjoying approval from society and being in control of one's work schedule and personal demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Brehmer, Wolfram, Christina Klenner & Tanja Schmidt (2022): Was macht Frauen in Deutschland zu Familienernährerinnen. (WSI-Report 70), Düsseldorf, 28 S.

Abstract

"Das Spektrum der Arrangements, in denen sich Paare Erwerbs- und Fürsorgearbeit teilen, wandelt sich. Jeder zehnte (Erwerbs-)Paarhaushalt in Deutschland hat eine weibliche Haupteinkommensbezieherin. Dabei liegt der Anteil in Westdeutschland deutlich niedriger als in Ostdeutschland. Dieser Report geht mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels der Frage nach, was dazu führt, dass Frauen den größten Teil des Haushaltseinkommens erwirtschaften und somit Familienernährerinnen werden. Werden Frauen zu Familienernährerinnen, weil Paare auf der Basis ihrer Einstellungen und nicht-traditionellen Geschlechterrollenorientierungen ein solches Arrangement wählen? Oder führen andere Umstände zu Familienernährerinnen-Konstellationen? Unsere Analysen zeigen: Viel spricht dafür, dass die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/09 die Tendenz zu Familienernährerinnen-Haushalten verstärkt hat. Dort, wo Frauen die Familienernährerinnen sind, steht das häufig mit Arbeitslosigkeit oder atypischer Beschäftigung des Mannes im Zusammenhang und von 2007 an wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Familienernährerinnen-Haushalte von Jahr zu Jahr signifikant größer. Für den Einfluss der Wirtschaftskrise - wie sich die Coronakrise auswirkt, ist bisher nicht klar - spricht auch, dass Familienernährerinnen-Haushalte überdurchschnittlich häufig arm sind oder armutsnah leben. In vielen Fällen müssen Familienernährerinnen auch mit unterer beruflicher Stellung, in Teilzeit und mit entsprechend niedrigen Einkünften die Familie ernähren. Dass Familienernährerinnen-Konstellationen auf bewusst gewählten Strategien der Paare beruhen, lässt sich anhand der verfügbaren Daten nicht bestätigen. Allerdings haben Frauen, die Familienernährerinnen sind, häufiger egalitäre Einstellungen. Sie haben auch häufiger eine hohe Bildung, eine hohe berufliche Stellung und sind überdurchschnittlich in Vollzeit, in Großbetrieben und im öffentlichen Dienst tätig. Das heißt, dass berufliche Positionen von Frauen mit guten Einkommenschancen also ebenfalls das Überwiegen des weiblichen Einkommensanteils begünstigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Chhaochharia, Vidhi, Mengqiao Du & Alexandra Niessen-Ruenzi (2022): Counter-stereotypical female role models and women's occupational choices. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 196, S. 501-523. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.02.009

Abstract

"This paper examines the relation between counter-stereotypical female role models and women's labor supply and occupational choices. Using hand-collected data from Gallup surveys that cover more than 50 years, we create a direct measure of counter-stereotypical female role models based on the fraction of local survey respondents who state that they admire famous women in business, politics, or science. We show that admiring counter-stereotypical female role models is associated with more women participating in the labor market, working in male-dominated and STEM industries, and taking managerial positions, which eventually alleviates the gender pay gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hederos, Karin & Anders Stenberg (2022): Gender identity and relative income within households. Evidence from Sweden. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 124, H. 3, S. 744-772. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12477

Abstract

"Bertrand et al. (2015) show that the U.S. distribution of the wife’s share of household income drops sharply where the wife starts earning more than her husband. They attribute the drop to a gender norm prescribing that a wife's income should not exceed her husband’s income. We document a similar drop in Swedish data. However, we also show that there is a spike where spouses earn exactly the same. Excluding the equal-earning spouses, the drop is small and mostly statistically insignificant. We conclude that, if anything, we find only weak evidence that Swedish couples comply with this gender norm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Keldenich, Carina & Andreas Knabe (2022): Women's labor market responses to their partners' unemployment and low-pay employment. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 134-162. DOI:10.1007/s12122-022-09327-0

Abstract

"Using bivariate random-effects probit estimation on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel we show that women respond to their partners' unemployment with an increase in labor market participation, which also leads to an increase in their employment probability. Our analysis considers within and between effects separately, revealing differences in the relationships between women's labor market statuses and their partners' unemployment in the previous period (within effect) and their partners' overall probability of being unemployed (between effect). Furthermore, we contribute to the literature by demonstrating that a partner's employment in a low-paid job has an effect on women's labor market choices and outcomes similar to that of his unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Geis-Thöne, Wido (2021): Mütter haben unterschiedliche Erwerbswünsche und erwerbsbezogene Normen. Ergebnisse einer empirischen Analyse auf Basis des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP). (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,28), Köln, 48 S.

Abstract

"In den letzten 20 Jahren hat sich das Rollenbild der Mütter in Deutschland sehr stark gewandelt, wie eine Auswertung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) zeigt. Wollten im Jahr 1998 noch 26,3 Prozent der Frauen im Alter zwischen 25 und 54 Jahren mit minderjährigen oder volljährigen Kindern keiner Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen, lag dieser Anteil im Jahr 2018 nur noch bei 12,4 Prozent. Gleichzeitig ist im letzten Jahrzehnt auch eine starke Tendenz weg von der kleinen Teilzeit mit weniger als 20 Stunden in der Woche und hin zur Vollzeit oder vollzeitnahen Teilzeit zu beobachten. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Erwerbswünsche je nach sozioökonomischem Hintergrund stark. So wollten Mütter ohne berufsqualifizierenden Abschluss im Jahr 2018 mit 25,4 Prozent mehr als dreimal so häufig keiner Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen wie Mütter mit Hochschulabschluss mit 8,0 Prozent. Ebenso findet sich ein derartiges traditionelles Rollenbild auch bei zugewanderten Müttern und Müttern mit drei und mehr Kinder besonders oft. Auch wollen Mütter mit gutverdienenden Partnern unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen häufiger in Teilzeit und seltener in Vollzeit arbeiten. Überdies zeigt sich auch über ein Vierteljahrhundert nach der Wiedervereinigung noch ein so starkes Ost-Westgefälle, dass die Anforderungen an die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als strukturell unterschiedlich einzustufen sind. Betrachtet man die im SOEP ebenfalls erhobenen Einschätzungen der Mütter dazu, ob Männer und Frauen möglichst gleich viel erwerbstätig sein und sich um Haushalt und Familie kümmern sollten sowie ob Kinder im Alter unter drei und unter sechs Jahren unter einer Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter leiden, wird deutlich, dass sich nicht nur die Erwerbswünsche, sondern auch die erwerbsbezogenen Normen der Mütter stark unterscheiden. So lehnen Mütter mit gutverdienenden Partnern eine gleiche Aufgabenteilung unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen besonders häufig ab und Mütter ohne berufsqualifizierenden Abschluss, zugewanderte Mütter und Mütter mit drei und mehr Kindern sehen sie besonders häufig im Hinblick auf das Wohlergehen kleinerer Kinder als kritisch an. Auch wenn die Lage dieser Mütter im öffentlichen Diskurs wenig präsent ist, muss die Familienpolitik auch hier unterstützende Maßnahmen anbieten. Wichtig ist zunächst, dass sie für die Risiken der von ihnen gewählten Erwerbsbiografien im Falle der Trennung und des Todes oder der unerwarteten Arbeitslosigkeit des Partners sensibilisiert werden. Zudem sollte die Familienpolitik bei der Gestaltung finanzieller Anreize für eine stärkere Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter die Vielfalt der Lebenswirklichkeiten der Familien im Blick behalten und diese nicht, wie beim Konzept der Familienarbeitszeit, nur auf sehr spezifische Erwerbskonstellationen ausrichten, sondern möglich breit anlegen. Dabei ist auch zu beachten, dass zunächst die bestehenden Hemmnisse abgebaut und insbesondere die Betreuungsangebote tatsächlich bedarfsgerecht ausgebaut werden müssen. Dies hilft den Müttern mit älteren und erwachsenen Kindern allerdings wenig, die meist ebenfalls nur in beschränktem Umfang einer Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen wollen. Hier wären weitergehende wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen notwendig, um festzustellen, wie sich ihr mit Blick auf die Fachkräftesicherung bedeutendes Potenzial für den Arbeitsmarkt heben lässt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Jessen, Jonas (2021): Culture, Children and Couple Gender Inequality. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1957), Berlin, 57 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany’s division and reunification, I compare child penalties of couples socialised in a more gender-egalitarian culture (East Germany) to those in a gender-traditional culture (West Germany). Using a household panel, I show that the long-run child penalty on the female income share is 26.9 percentage points in West German couples, compared to 15.5 in East German couples. I additionally show that among women in West Germany the arrival of a child leads to a greater increase in housework and a larger share of child care responsibilities than among women in the East. A battery of robustness checks confirms that differences between East and West socialised couples are not driven by current location, economic factors, day care availability or other smooth regional gradients. I add to the main findings by using time-use diary data from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and reunified Germany, comparing parents with childless couples of similar age. This provides a rare insight into gender inequality in the GDR and allows to compare the effect of children in the GDR to the effects in East and West Germany after reunification. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more egalitarian among East Germans, but that the arrival of children leads to more traditional attitudes for both East and West Germans. The findings confirm that socialisation has a strong impact on child penalties and thus on gender inequality as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kang, Ji Young (2021): The Effects of Skill Regimes and Family Policies on the Gender Employment Gap. In: Social Politics, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 359-384. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxz054

Abstract

"Drawing on the literature of gendering varieties of capitalism, this study empirically tests whether skill regimes moderate the association between family policy and the gender employment gap. Using the Luxembourg Income Study for fifteen countries with multilevel analysis and various gender employment indicators, this study finds that general skill regimes are associated with a smaller gender employment gap in full-time jobs, high-skilled jobs, and in the private sector. The effects of parental leave vary significantly by skill regimes, suggesting that patterns of gender employment gap associated with parental leave differ by types of skill regimes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Olsen, Karen M. (2021): Employment Trade-Offs under Different Family Policy Constellations. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 37-56. DOI:10.1177/0950017019892827

Abstract

"This article examines how employees consolidate the spheres of work and family in three countries with different family policy constellations: Sweden, Germany and Great Britain. The analyses are based on data from the International Social Survey Programme, 2015. Building on family policy typologies, the study demonstrates how gender and family and employment demands interact with the institutional setting regarding how people make employment trade-offs. The results show that (1) employees in Sweden make the fewest employment trade-offs, (2) family demands exert a gendered effect on employment trade-offs in Germany and (3) employment demands have both similar and distinct gender effects across countries. The article contributes to the literature by showing how individual characteristics interact with family policy constellations. The findings provide little support for a welfare-state paradox regarding family demands but some support with regard to employment demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rodríguez Sánchez, Alejandra, Anette Fasang & Susan Harkness (2021): Gender division of housework during the COVID-19 pandemic: Temporary shocks or durable change? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 45, S. 1297-1316. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.43

Abstract

"Background: First evidence shows that lockdown and confinement measures were associated with a more egalitarian gender division of housework in the United Kingdom. However, we know little about how the gender division of housework adjusted in different phases of the pandemic. Objective: We ask: (1) How did the gender division of housework change with the first national lockdown in March 2020? (2) Did observed changes persist when the lockdown measures were lifted or did couples revert to the gender division of housework observed before lockdown? Methods: We describe changes in the share of housework done by women before, during, and after the first lockdown using data from the Understanding Society COVID-19 study and employing fixed effects regression for couples with pre-school or school age children and couples without children living at home. Results: The lockdown measures affected the gender division of housework with differential effects by the age of the youngest child in the household. After the initial shock, couples with younger children and couples with school-age children reverted to their pre-pandemic gender division of housework. However, couples without children living at home sustained a more equal share of housework. Conclusions: Like other shocks to the division of labor, couples tend to adapt to new circumstances, sustaining previous patterns of within household inequality. Initial signs of increasing gender equality at the start of the pandemic had already started to vanish for some by September 2020. Contribution: We show the effects of lockdown depend on couples’ life course stage at the time of the shock." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Abstract

Der Expertisenband versammelt die Expertisen für den neunten Familienbericht "Eltern sein in Deutschland - Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote bei wachsender Vielfalt". Wie auch bei vorangegangenen Berichten war der Entstehungsprozess des Berichts nicht nur von intensiven kommissionsinternen Diskussionen geprägt, es wurde auch auf Fachkenntnisse externer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zurückgegriffen. Die Kommission hat beschlossen, die Expertisen als Online-Publikation einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. (IAB-Doku)

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Bautista Lacambra, Sergio (2020): Household labor supply: Collective results for certain developed countries. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 101514), München, 29 S.

Abstract

"This paper shows some empirical results for the collective labor supply of households in thirteen developed countries (USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Japan, and China). I have reviewed a significant number of papers in order to aggregate information for future investigations. Among the conclusions obtained are a gender differential in labor supply when the household includes a child, and a greater level of female household production. This analysis shows that gender differences observed in other literature persist throughout the consulted literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blömer, Maximilian & Andreas Peichl (2020): Für wen lohnt sich Arbeit? Partizipationsbelastungen im deutschen Steuer-, Abgaben- und Transfersystem. Gütersloh, 34 S. DOI:10.11586/2020074

Abstract

"Die gegenwärtige Corona-Pandemie hat die Schwächen des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts deutlich vor Augen geführt. Gerade geringfügig Beschäftigte sind besonders hart von Arbeitsplatzverlusten betroffen, da sie keinen Anspruch auf Arbeitslosengeld haben und auch kein Kurzarbeitergeld erhalten. Vor allem für viele Haushalte mit niedrigem Einkommen ist damit in der aktuellen Krise ein erheblicher Teil des verfügbaren Einkommens weggebrochen. Dabei erweisen sich die besonderen Regelungen für Minijobs nicht erst jetzt als Hemmschuh für substanzielle, nachhaltige Beschäftigung. Neben fehlender sozialer Absicherung leiden Minijobber:innen unter mangelnden Weiterbildungs- und Entwicklungschancen und arbeiten häufig in niedrig entlohnten Tätigkeiten. Auf der Haben-Seite steht aus Sicht der Beschäftigten einzig die Steuer- und Abgabenfreiheit, das bekannte „brutto gleich netto“. Doch dieser kurzfristige Vorteil erweist sich allzu oft als Bumerang. Denn das Zusammenwirken im deutschen Steuer-, Abgaben- und Transfersystem trägt dazu bei, dass viele Frauen und Mütter sowie zahlreiche Beschäftigte insbesondere im Niedriglohnsektor in Kleinstjobs, geringfügiger Beschäftigung oder Teilzeit mit niedriger Stundenzahl gefangen sind – ein Mehr an Arbeit lohnt sich finanziell häufig nicht. Doch wie sehen die Anreizwirkungen auf das Arbeitsangebot für verschiedene Haushaltskonstellationen konkret aus, die sich durch das Zusammenspiel aus Steuern, Abgaben und Transferentzug ergeben? Diese Frage steht im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Studie. Die Analyse nimmt dabei die sogenannte Partizipationsbelastung in den Blick, die aufzeigt, wie viel Prozent des gesamten individuellen Bruttoeinkommens bei der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit als Steuern und Abgaben sowie durch Transferentzug vom Staat einbehalten werden. Damit beantwortet die Studie die Frage, für wen sich Arbeit lohnt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boelmann, Barbara, Anna Raute & Uta Schönberg (2020): Wind of Change? Cultural Determinants of Maternal Labor Supply. (IAB-Discussion Paper 30/2020), Nürnberg, 51 S.

Abstract

"Werden die Arbeitsmarktentscheidungen von Müttern von der Kultur beeinflusst, in der die Frauen aufgewachsen sind? Und wie wirkt sich das aktuelle soziale Umfeld auf das Arbeitsangebot von Müttern aus? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, vergleichen wir ost- und westdeutsche Frauen im Kontext der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. Im sozialistischen Osten wurde die Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit von Müttern forciert, während in Westdeutschland das traditionelle Modell des männlichen Hauptverdieners verbreitet war. Nach der Wiedervereinigung wurden beide Kulturen plötzlich miteinander konfrontiert und dieser Austausch wurde durch die darauffolgenden Migrations- und Pendlerströme weiter verstärkt. Vergleicht man ost- und westdeutsche Mütter entlang der ehemaligen innerdeutschen Grenze innerhalb desselben grenzüberschreitenden lokalen Arbeitsmarktes, zeigt sich, dass Kultur für deren Arbeitsmarktentscheidungen eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. Selbst 20 Jahre nach der Wiedervereinigung kehren ostdeutsche Mütter früher in ihren Beruf zurück und arbeiten mehr Stunden als westdeutsche Mütter. In einem zweiten Schritt betrachten wir ost- und westdeutsche Migrantinnen im jeweils anderen Landesteil und zeigen, dass die ost- und westdeutsche Kindheitskultur unterschiedlich persistent ist. Während ostdeutsche Migrantinnen früher nach der Geburt ihres Kindes in den Beruf zurückkehren und auch mehr Stunden arbeiten als ihre westdeutschen Kolleginnen selbst wenn sie schon lange in der traditionelleren westdeutschen Kultur gelebt haben, passen sich westdeutsche Migrantinnen in ihrem Arbeitsangebot nach der Geburt fast komplett ihren ostdeutschen Kolleginnen an. In einem letzten Schritt nutzen wir aus, dass westdeutsche Firmen unterschiedlich stark von Migrationsströmen von Ost nach West betroffen waren und finden, dass westdeutsche Frauen selbst in ihrem eigenen kulturellen Umfeld durch den Kontakt zu ostdeutschen Frauen ihr Verhalten ändern und früher nach der Geburt ihres Kindes in den Beruf zurückkehren. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Migration ein Katalysator für kulturellen Wandel sein kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bähr, Holger, Corinna Frodermann, Michaela Fuchs, Torsten Lietzmann, Anja Rossen & Cordula Zabel (2020): Frauen müssen mitunter höhere Hürden überwinden, um aus der Grundsicherung heraus eine Arbeit aufzunehmen. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.03.2020, o.Sz., 2020-03-10.

Abstract

"Frauen beziehen im Schnitt länger Leistungen aus der Grundsicherung als Männer. Das liegt auch daran, dass sie sich schwerer tun, eine bedarfsdeckende Erwerbsarbeit zu finden. So bietet der Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort Frauen und Männern zum Teil unterschiedlich gute Beschäftigungschancen. Hinzu kommt, dass sich Frauen häufiger um die Betreuung von Kindern oder um die Pflege von Angehörigen kümmern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ginja, Rita, Jenny Jans & Arizo Karimi (2020): Parental leave benefits, household labor supply and children's long-run outcomes. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 261-320. DOI:10.1086/704615

Abstract

"We study how parental leave benefit levels affect household labor supply, family income, and child outcomes, exploiting the Speed Premium (SP) in the Swedish leave system. The SP grants mothers higher benefits for a subsequent child without re-establishing eligibility through market work, if two births occur within a pre-specified interval. We use the spacing eligibility cutoffs in a Regression Discontinuity framework and find that the SP improves educational outcomes of the older child, but not of the younger. Impacts are likely driven by increased maternal time and the quality of maternal time relative to the counterfactual mode of care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mandel, Hadas, Amit Lazarus & Maayan Shaby (2020): Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives' Economic Dependency in Different Contexts. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 831-851. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa023

Abstract

"This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives' relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women's employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of 'doing gender', wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women's employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bloome, Deirdre, Derek Burk & Leslie McCall (2019): Economic Self-Reliance and Gender Inequality between U.S. Men and Women. 1970-2010. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 124, H. 5, S. 1413-1467. DOI:10.1086/702278

Abstract

"Women have become increasingly economically self-reliant, depending more on paid employment for their positions in the income distribution than in the past. We know little about what happened to men, however, because most prior research restricts changes in self-reliance to be 'zero-sum,' with women's changes necessitating opposite and proportionate changes among men. This article introduces a measure that allows asymmetric changes and also incorporates multiple population subgroups and income sources beyond couples' labor earnings. Using Current Population Survey data, the authors find that women's self-reliance increased dramatically, as expected, but men's declined only slightly. The authors decompose these trends into changes in family structure and redistribution, which increased and decreased self-reliance, respectively, for men and women, though more for women. Labor market shifts, by contrast, were asymmetric and opposing, reducing men's self-reliance much less than they increased women's. The authors' approach opens opportunities for new insight into both gender inequality and the income attainment process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buera, Francisco J., Joseph P. Kaboski & Min Qiang Zhao (2019): The rise of services. The role of skills, scale, and female labor supply. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 157-187. DOI:10.1086/702926

Abstract

"This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the growth in the service share in the United States. We model households that make decisions on home and market production of services that vary in their skill intensity at any point in time and vary in their optimal scale over time. We also allow for skill- and sector-biased technology progress. The benchmark model fully accounts for the rise in the service share, with the rising scale of services, rising demand for skill-intensive output, and skill-biased technical change all playing dominant roles. Furthermore, the model with multiperson households confirms that the essential findings of our benchmark model are robust to demographic considerations. It can explain two-thirds of the increase in female labor supply, which also plays a role in services growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Conroy, Tessa (2019): The kids are alright: working women, schedule flexibility and childcare. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 261-271. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1462478

Abstract

"This paper tests the effects of children and childcare on women's employment and entrepreneurial outcomes at the county level for the United States. Given that policies and economic development strategies are often implemented across local and regional jurisdictions, this regional study contributes to the literature by considering access to childcare in relation to locally aggregated female labour market outcomes by sector. The results, which address potential endogeneity, indicate that young children and childcare affect female employment differently depending on the sector. The results are consistent with women choosing the public sector and self-employment over the private sector to accommodate the demands of childrearing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friese, Marianne (2019): Weibliche Arbeit und ihr Beitrag zur Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals. Eine intersektionelle Analyse sozialer Ungleichheit. In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online H. 36, S. 1-15.

Abstract

"In der Sozial- und Theoriegeschichte der Berufsbildung hat das komplexe Bedingungsgefüge von Geschlecht und sozialer Ungleichheit eine lange Tradition. Diese wurzelt in der Transformation von der Agrar- zur Industriegesellschaft und damit verbundenen theoretischen Ansätzen der Industriepädagogik. Sie setzt sich fort in der Konstituierung von Ausbildungs- und Berufsstrukturen sowie damit entstehenden berufspädagogischen Konzepten seit Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Eng verbunden mit der Entwicklung von Berufsprinzipen ist der soziale Wandel von Familienstrukturen und lebensweltlichen Bezügen. In diesem Prozess hat sich weibliche Arbeit einerseits als entscheidender Motor der Modernisierung erwiesen. Zugleich wurden andererseits systematische Hemmnisse der Modernisierung von Berufsstrukturen und Alltagswelten erzeugt. Diese beruhen wesentlich auf sozialen Ungleichheiten, die sich auf Basis einer doppelten Differenz aufgrund von Genderstrukturen sowie Klassenstrukturen manifestieren.
Der folgende Beitrag nimmt eine historische Analyse des Beitrags weiblicher Arbeit zur Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals im Zuge der Industriegesellschaft vor. Der Fokus liegt auf der Analyse weiblicher Arbeit an der Schnittstelle von Lebenswelt und Berufsarbeit. Theoretische Bezüge rekurrieren auf sozialwissenschaftlichen Kapitaltheorien von Pierre Bourdieu (1983) sowie auf wirtschafts- und sozialhistorischen Studien zur Konstitution der Arbeiterklasse in der Industriegesellschaft des 18./19. Jahrhunderts in England (Thompson 1968), in Deutschland am Beispiel der Region Leipzig (Zwahr 1978) und in der Region Bremen am Beispiel der Konstitution des weiblichen Dienstbotenproletariats (Friese 1991). Die in der Studie zum weiblichen Dienstbotenproletariat von Friese zugrunde gelegte methodische Analyse sozialer Ungleichheit aufgrund von Klassen- und Geschlechtszugehörigkeit wird durch eine in der feministischen Forschung Ende der 1990er Jahren etablierte intersektionelle Analyse der wechselseitigen Verschränkung verschiedener Ungleichheitsstrukturen (Knapp 2005) erweitert und im theoretischen Rahmen der Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals rekonstruiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Grunow, Daniela (2019): Comparative analyses of housework and its relation to paid work. Institutional contexts and individual agency. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 71, H. Sonderheft 59, S. 247-284. DOI:10.1007/s11577-019-00601-1

Abstract

"Obwohl sich die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung seit den 1960er-Jahren gewandelt hat, verrichten Frauen noch immer einen weitaus größeren Anteil an unbezahlter Hausarbeit als Männer, während Männer weiterhin mehr Erwerbsarbeit verrichten. Dieser Befund gilt für ein breites Spektrum an Ländern. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden zunächst die zugrundeliegenden Makrotrends der veränderten Beiträge von Frauen und Männern zu Erwerbsarbeit, Routinehaushaltstätigkeiten und Kinderbetreuung in den letzten 70 Jahren beschrieben. Danach wird auf Basis der seit dem Jahr 2000 publizierten vergleichenden Forschungsergebnisse die Rolle institutioneller Kontexte und individueller Agency, d. h. individueller Handlungsspielräume, bei der Verrichtung von Hausarbeit in den Blick genommen. Auf der Makroebene werden in diesem Artikel drei Hauptforschungslinien zur Arbeitsteilung von Männern und Frauen identifiziert: die Rolle von Arbeits- und Familienpolitik, von Wohlfahrtsstaaten und von Geschlechteregalität (Gender Empowerment Measure, GEM; Gender Development Index, GII; und Gender Inequality Index, GDI). Auf der Mikroebene werden die Rolle ökonomischer Abhängigkeiten, ökonomische Verhandlungstheorien, zeitliche Verfügbarkeit, Doing Gender und Devianzneutralisierung untersucht. Aktuell richtet sich die Forschung zudem verstärkt auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Mikro- und Makrofaktoren. Der Forschungsstand zeigt, dass Frauen ökonomische und nichtökonomische Formen von Agency besser in nationalen Kontexten realisieren können, in denen ein hohes Maß an Geschlechteregalität besteht und in denen es eine unterstützende Arbeits- und Familienpolitik gibt. Beide Randbedingungen sind v. a. in den skandinavischen Ländern zu finden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Mikkel, Barslund & Schomaker Lea (2019): Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply. Evidence from Europe. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 371-391. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.371

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Kinderbetreuung von Großeltern auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot der Eltern in zwölf europäischen Ländern die in SHARE vertreten sind im Zeitraum 2004 - 2015. Ein instrumentalvariabler Ansatz wird verwendet, um mit der Endogenität umzugehen. Der Zugang zu Großeltern, die sich um kleine Kinder kümmern, erhöht die Bereitschaft von Müttern zur Arbeit um 13 Prozentpunkte. Für Väter lassen sich keine Effekte feststellen. Das Ausmaß der Auswirkungen von großelterlicher Kinderbetreuung unterscheidet sich von Land zu Land, ist jedoch für die meisten untersuchten Länder von Bedeutung. Der Effekt ist für Kinder im Vorschulalter am größten, wird jedoch bei Frauen mit Kindern in der Altersgruppe von 8 bis 10 Jahren immer noch auf 8 Prozentpunkte geschätzt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Mütter mit niedrigem Bildungsstand größere Auswirkungen haben, allerdings ist der Unterschied gering. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die anhaltende Politik zur Verlängerung des Erwerbslebens von Arbeitnehmern in der Altersgruppe von 55 bis 64 Jahren die Bindung von Müttern am Arbeitsmarkt beeinträchtigen könnte, indem die zur Verfügung stehende Zeit für großelterliche Kinderbetreuung begrenzt wird. Eine erhöhte Verfügbarkeit von Kindergarten- und Kindergarteneinrichtungen kann die Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot von Müttern zwar vermindern, aber nicht vollständig auflösen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sánchez-Mira, Núria & Jacqueline O'Reilly (2019): Household employment and the crisis in Europe. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 422-443. DOI:10.1177/0950017018809324

Abstract

"The 2008 crisis had a significant impact on household employment in some European countries. An analysis of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions generated a new cross-national typology of household employment structures and showed how these changed during the crisis and austerity period, capturing the experiences of high and low qualified households. Findings indicate that dual earning households are not always a consequence of gender equality but result from economic necessity or employment opportunities. The re-emergence of traditional male breadwinner households is often the result of female unemployment, especially for lower educated women. An increase in female single earners and workless households is evident in countries hit hardest by the employment crisis. The value of this cross-national typology, rooted in the interaction of educational effects and employment opportunities, is allowing comparison both within and between European countries, going beyond established typologies based on policy frameworks or gender cultures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 146-163. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.008

Abstract

"We analyze whether mothers' parental leave decisions depend on their coworkers' decisions. The identification of peer effects bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups. We therefore exploit quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave induced by a policy reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer- employee data enable us to assign a peer group to individuals who work in the same establishment and occupation. Our results suggest that parental leave decisions are significantly influenced by coworkers' decisions." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2018): Drivers of participation elasticities across Europe. Gender or earner role within the household? (IZA discussion paper 11359), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual's earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV Group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for different socioeconomic groups by country, gender and earner role within the household. Our results show an average elasticity of 0.08 for men and of 0.14 for women as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries. The commonly cited difference in elasticities between men and women stems predominantly from the earner role of the individual within the household and nearly disappears once we control for this factor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Binder, Ariel J. & David Lam (2018): Is there a male breadwinner norm? The hazards of inferring preferences from marriage market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 11693), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"Spousal characteristics such as age, height, and earnings are often used in social science research to infer social preferences. For example, a 'male taller' norm has been inferred from the fact that fewer wives are taller than their husbands than would occur with random matching. The large proportion of husbands out-earning their wives has similarly been cited as evidence for a 'male breadwinner' norm. This paper argues that it is difficult and potentially misleading to infer social preferences about an attribute from observed marital sorting on that attribute. We show that positive assortative matching on an attribute is consistent with a wide variety of underlying preferences, including 'female taller' or 'female breadwinner' norms. Given prevailing gender gaps in height and earnings, positive sorting implies it will be rare for women to be taller than, or earn more than, their husbands - even if there is no underlying preference for shorter or lowerearning wives. In an empirical application, we show that simulations which sort couples positively on permanent earnings can largely replicate the observed distribution of spousal earnings differences in US Census data. Further, we show that an apparent sharp drop in the distribution function at the point where the wife begins to out-earn the husband results from a mass of couples earning identical incomes, a mass which we argue is not evidence of a norm for higher-earning husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borah, Melanie, Andreas Knabe & Kevin Pahlke (2018): Parental time restrictions and the cost of children. Insights from a survey among mothers. (CESifo working paper 7321), München, 33 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental time restrictions. Building on a study by Koulovatianos et al. (2009) that introduces a novel way of using subjective income evaluation data for such estimations, we conduct a refined version of the underlying survey, focusing on young women with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental nonmarket time restrictions. The loss in the material living standard associated with supplying time to the labor market is sizeable for families with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bredtmann, Julia, Sebastian Otten & Christian Rulff (2018): Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply. The added worker effect across Europe. In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 5, S. 1201-1231. DOI:10.1177/0019793917739617

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anpassung des Arbeitsangebots von Frauen in Reaktion auf den Jobverlust ihres Partners, dem sog. 'Added Worker Effect'. Während sich die bisherige Literatur überwiegend auf Studien für spezifische Länder konzentriert hat, nehmen wir bewusst eine international vergleichende Perspektive ein und untersuchen, inwiefern der Added Worker Effect über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa variiert. Unsere empirischen Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten der 'European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)' für den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2011. Für unseren aus 28 europäischen Ländern bestehenden Datensatz finden wir Evidenz für das Vorliegen eines Added Worker Effects: Frauen, deren Partner im vergangenen Jahr arbeitslos wurde, haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten sowie den Umfang ihrer Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen, gegeben dass sie schon am Arbeitsmarkt partizipieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir jedoch eine hohe Variation in der Existenz und der Stärke des Added Worker Effects sowohl über den Verlauf des Konjunkturzyklus als auch über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Day, Creina (2018): Inverse J effect of economic growth on fertility. A model of gender wages and maternal time substitution. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 577-587. DOI:10.1007/s10834-018-9578-3

Abstract

"This paper presented a model where economic growth, via growth in female wages relative to male wages, encouraged households to raise paid female labor supply and have more children by substituting child care for maternal time. A threshold logarithm per capita output, above which fertility decline reverses, was predicted to depend on subsidized child care, maternity pay, and the value placed on children and maternal time spent rearing children. The predictions explained recent evidence and identified cross country differences in gender wages, family policy and willingness to substitute maternal time in childrearing as important factors in an inverse J-shaped effect of economic growth on fertility. The analysis was robust to the introduction of education and cost sharing among children in child rearing. Economies of scale in child rearing reduced the threshold logarithm of per capita output. Demand for child quality continued to rise with wages despite fertility decline reversal." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Dotti Sani, Guliana Maria (2018): The economic crisis and changes in work - family arrangements in six European countries. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 177-193. DOI:10.1177/0958928717700566

Abstract

"Over the past decades, there has been a substantial increase in female labour force participation, and the number of dual-earner and female-earner households has risen throughout western countries. However, the recent economic crisis has caused large losses in employment for both women and men, potentially yielding unexpected consequences for the evolution of work - family arrangements. This article carries out a comparative analysis of the relationship between the 2008/2009 economic crisis and work - family arrangements in Europe. Using data for six countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, this article fills a gap in the literature by addressing three issues: (1) whether work - family arrangements have changed from before to after the beginning of the economic downturn in countries with different gender and welfare regimes (Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom), (2) whether changes in work - family arrangements have occurred at different levels of the social strata and (3) whether couples have moved from dual-earner to male- or female-breadwinner. The results indicate changes in work - family arrangements in those countries worst hit by the economic crisis, Greece and Spain, where dual-earner and male-breadwinner households have decreased and no-earner and female-main-earner households have increased. Moreover, the results show that in these two countries, all social strata - proxied through women's level of education - have been affected by the crisis. In contrast, only moderate changes in work - family arrangements among all women can be observed in countries less hit by the economic downturn. The findings for the two southern European countries are troubling, as the increases in no-earner and female-breadwinner households point to worsening economic conditions throughout the population and to a halt in the process that for several decades had been leading to more equality in the distribution of employment between genders." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Foster, Gigi & Leslie S. Stratton (2018): Does female breadwinning make partnerships less healthy or less stable? (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 259), Maastricht, 13 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the directions to follow when designing new educational systems and school-lo-work transition regimes to adhere to the needs of Industry 4. 0. Although a high level of general education will be important for its training content to develop adaptability, it is not the only component to develop. What will be more and more important are work related skills, both the general ones and the ones which are job-specific and need, therefore, on-the-job training to develop. This will require important educational reforms to favour an ever-better integration between educational institution and the world of work. Young people and their families alone will not be able to adapt on their own to the new human capital requirements of industry 4.0 productions. A new framework for an integrated action by governments, firms, educational institutions and families is needed to smooth the school-to-work in the future. The duality principle is the basis for a strong diversification of the supply of education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia & Lawrence F. Katz (Hrsg.) (2018): Women working longer. Increased employment at older ages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 304 S.

Abstract

"Today, more American women than ever before stay in the workforce into their sixties and seventies. This trend emerged in the 1980s, and has persisted during the past three decades, despite substantial changes in macroeconomic conditions. Why is this so? Today's older American women work full-time jobs at greater rates than women in other developed countries. In Women Working Longer, editors Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz assemble new research that presents fresh insights on the phenomenon of working longer. Their findings suggest that education and work experience earlier in life are connected to women's later-in-life work. Other contributors to the volume investigate additional factors that may play a role in late-life labor supply, such as marital disruption, household finances, and access to retirement benefits. A pioneering study of recent trends in older women's labor force participation, this collection offers insights valuable to a wide array of social scientists, employers, and policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Contents:
I. Transitions over the Life Cycle
1. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz: Women Working Longer: Facts and Some Explanations
2. Nicole Maestas: The Return to Work and Women's Employment Decisions
3. Joanna N. Lahey: Understanding Why Black Women Are Not Working Longer
II. Family Matters: Caregiving, Marriage, and Divorce
4. Claudia Olivetti and Dana Rotz: Changes in Marriage and Divorce as Drivers of Employment and Retirement of Older Women
5. Sean Fahle and Kathleen McGarry: Women Working Longer: Labor Market Implications of Providing Family Care
III. Financial Considerations: Resources, Pensions, and Social Security
6. Annamaria Lusardi and Olivia S. Mitchell: Older Women's Labor Market Attachment, Retirement Planning, and Household Debt
7. Maria D. Fitzpatrick: Teaching, Teachers' Pensions, and Retirement across Recent Cohorts of College-Graduate Women
8. Alexander Gelber, Adam Isen, and Jae Song: The Role of Social Security Benefits in the Initial Increase of Older Women's Employment: Evidence from the Social Security Notch
9. C. Adam Bee and Joshua Mitchell: The Hidden Resources of Women Working Longer: Evidence from Linked Survey-Administrative Data

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Gärtner, Debora & Lena Reinschmidt (2018): Abkehr vom Zuverdiener-Modell - aber wohin? Gleichstellungspolitische Zielsetzungen und Anforderungen an Vereinbarkeitspolitik. Europäisches Fachgespräch am 1./2. Oktober 2018 in Berlin. Frankfurt am Main, 77 S.

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Keller, Wolfgang & Hâle Utar (2018): Globalization, gender, and the family. (NBER working paper 25247), Cambrige, Mass., 96 S. DOI:10.3386/w25247

Abstract

"This paper shows that globalization has far-reaching implications for the economy's fertility rate and family structure because they influence work-life balance. Employing population register data on new births, marriages, and divorces together with employer-employee linked data for Denmark, we show that lower labor market opportunities due to Chinese import competition lead to a shift towards family, with more parental leave taking and higher fertility as well as more marriages and fewer divorces. This pro-family, pro-child shift is driven largely by women, not men. Correspondingly, the negative earnings implications of the rising import competition are concentrated on women, and gender earnings inequality increases. We show that the choice of market versus family is a major determinant of worker adjustment costs to labor market shocks. While older workers respond to the shock rather similarly whether female or not, for young workers the fertility response takes away the adjustment advantage they typically have - if the worker is a woman. We find that the female biological clock - women have difficulties to conceive beyond their early forties - is central for the gender differential, rather than the composition of jobs and workplaces, as well as other potential causes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maestas, Nicole (2018): The return to work and women's employment decisions. (NBER working paper 24429), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w24429

Abstract

"It is well documented that individuals in couples tend to retire around the same time. But because women tend to marry older men, this means many married women retire at younger ages than their husbands. This fact is somewhat at odds with lifecycle theory that suggests women might otherwise retire at later ages than men because they have longer life expectancies, and often have had shorter careers on account of childrearing. As a result, the opportunity cost of retirement - in terms of foregone potential earnings and accruals to Social Security wealth - may be larger for married women than for their husbands. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I find evidence that the returns to additional work beyond mid-life are greater for married women than for married men. The potential gain in Social Security wealth alone is enough to place married women on nearly equal footing with married men in terms of Social Security wealth at age 70." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nitsche, Natalie & Daniel Grunow (2018): Do economic resources play a role in bargaining child care in couples? Parental investment in cases of matching and mismatching gender ideologies in Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 20, H. 5, S. 785-815. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1473626

Abstract

"This paper examines the factors associated with a gendered division of childcare among parents in Germany. While much is known on the gender division of housework in families and the economic and sociological factors that may be driving it, we still know relatively little about whether and how these factors may affect the division of unpaid childcare in families. We first assess the relevance of partner's combined gender ideologies and relative resources on the division of unpaid childcare. Second, we assess whether the effect of economic resources may be contingent on the partners' agreement or disagreement on gender ideologies concerning maternal employment. We address these questions using data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) and MLM Growth Curve Models. Our findings consistently show a significant positive effect of partners' combined gender ideologies and her share of income on his share of childcare. These effects are strongest, and robust, among couples with matching ideologies supporting maternal employment, which we term 'egalitarian island' couples. Economically efficient divisions of childcare thus appear dependent upon the couples' ideological pairing and on mothers' ideologies towards maternal employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Osuna, Victoria (2018): What accounts for the increase in female labor force participation in Spain. (Economics. Discussion papers 2018-06), Kiel, 29 S.

Abstract

"Over the last three decades, Spanish female labor force participation (LFP) has tremendously increased, particularly, that of married women. At the same time, the income tax structure, the fiscal treatment of families, policies to reconcile family and work, and the education distribution of married couples have substantially changed. By contrast, the gender wage gap has remained quite stable. In this paper the author investigates the relevance of these factors in accounting for the growth in Spanish married women labor force participation from 1994 to 2008. For that purpose, she uses Kaygusuz (Taxes and female labor supply, 2010) model of household labor market participation, and data from Eurostat to calibrate the model and evaluate its performance. The model successfully accounts for the rise in aggregate female labor force participation, and matches hours worked by males and females. The model is also able to replicate the pattern of female labor force participation by age and education. From this analysis we can conclude that changes in tax rates and in the education distribution are the main factors behind the increase in female LFP during the late nineties, while changes in child care costs and earning profiles are mainly responsible for the subsequent growth in the 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Park, Seonyoung (2018): A structural explanation of recent changes in life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 102, H. February, S. 129-168. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.11.006

Abstract

"This study documents and explains important changes in the life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States from the 1950s to more recent cohorts. The younger cohorts, relative to the 1950s, supply more labor at earlier stages of the life-cycle, delay motherhood to later stages without reducing the fertility rate, and upon childbearing, show a greater tendency to stay out of the labor force. In a life-cycle model for married couples in which a household makes decisions on fertility as well as labor supply, consumption, and savings, all the behavioral changes are jointly and quantitatively explained by a combination of changes in various labor supply/fertility determinants, with the increased returns (penalties) to work (non-work) experience being the dominant contributor. The results survive a series of robustness tests, including endogenizing education choice and assortative marriage." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Qian, Yue (2018): Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples. A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 80, H. 3, S. 607-621. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12470

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Wu, Chunzan & Dirk Krueger (2018): How much consumption insurance in bewley models with endogenous family labor supply? (NBER working paper 24472), Cambrige, Mass., 59 S. DOI:10.3386/w24472

Abstract

"We show that a calibrated life-cycle two-earner household model with endogenous labor supply can rationalize the extent of consumption insurance against shocks to male and female wages, as estimated empirically by Blundell, Pistaferri and Saporta-Eksten (2016) in U.S. data. With additively separable preferences, 43% of male and 23% of female permanent wage shocks pass through to consumption, compared to the empirical estimates of 34% and 20%. With non-separable preferences the model predicts more consumption insurance, with pass-through rates of 29% and 16%. Most of the consumption insurance against permanent male wage shocks is provided through the labor supply response of the female earner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bratti, Massimiliano, Elena Claudia Meroni & Chiara Pronzato (2017): Motherhood postponement and wages in Europe. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. S, 31-37.

Abstract

Heutzutage ist es nicht ungewöhnlich, dass Frauen ihr erstes Kind erst mit 30 Jahren oder später bekommen. Auf der Grundlage von Daten des Europäischen Haushaltspanels untersuchen die Autoren die Auswirkungen einer späten Mutterschaft auf das Einkommen der Mütter im europäischen Vergleich. Dabei werden auch sozioökonomische, kulturelle und institutionelle Faktoren berücksichtigt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine große Varianz bei den positiven Einkommenseffekten einer aufgeschobenen Mutterschaft. In einigen Ländern führt das Aufschieben der Mutterschaft um ein Jahr zu einem Lohnanstieg von 2,5 Prozent (Deutschland und Polen), während sich in anderen Ländern ein negativer Effekt ergibt. Einkommensgewinne durch eine spätere Mutterschaft sind größer in Ländern mit einer wenig ausgeprägten Familienpolitik und in Gesellschaften mit traditionellen Werten. (IAB)

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Cesarini, David, Erik Lindqvist, Matthew J. Notowidigdo & Robert Östling (2017): The effect of wealth on individual and household labor supply: evidence from Swedish lotteries. In: The American economic review, Jg. 107, H. 12, S. 3917-3946. DOI:10.1257/aer.20151589

Abstract

"We study the effect of wealth on labor supply using the randomized assignment of monetary prizes in a large sample of Swedish lottery players. Winning a lottery prize modestly reduces earnings, with the reduction being immediate, persistent, and quite similar by age, education, and sex. A calibrated dynamic model implies lifetime marginal propensities to earn out of unearned income from -0.17 at age 20 to -0.04 at age 60, and labor supply elasticities in the lower range of previously reported estimates. The earnings response is stronger for winners than their spouses, which is inconsistent with unitary household labor supply models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2017): Families and social security. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 91, H. January, S. 30-56. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.09.007

Abstract

"The present paper quantifies the importance of family insurance for the analysis of social security. We therefore augment the standard overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic labor productivity and longevity risk in that we account for gender and marital status.
We simulate the abolition of pay-as-you-go pension payments, calculate the resulting intergenerational welfare changes and isolate aggregate efficiency effects for singles and families by means of compensating transfers. We find that abolishing social security creates significant efficiency losses which are substantially higher for singles compared to married couples. A decomposition of the efficiency loss reveals that this difference can be almost exclusively attributed to the insurance role of the family with respect to longevity risk. Neglecting differences in family structure when studying the privatization of social security, one overestimates the long run change in the capital stock by about 40 percent, the decline in labor supply by about 30 percent and the aggregate efficiency loss by even 36 percent. Given rising divorce rates and less stable marriages in almost all Western societies, our results also indicate that social security should not be reduced but strengthened in the future." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Vargha, Lili, Róbert Iván Gál & Michelle O. Crosby-Nagy (2017): Household production and consumption over the lifecycle. National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 36, S. 905-944. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.32

Abstract

"Background: While the importance of unpaid household labour is recognised in total economic output, little is known about the demographics of household production and consumption.
Objective: Our goal is to give a comprehensive estimation on the value of household production and its consumption by age and gender and analyse nonmarket economic transfers in 14 European countries based on publicly available harmonised data.
Methods: We introduce a novel imputation method of harmonised European time use (HETUS) data to the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) in order to assign time spent on home production to consumers in households and estimate time transfers. Moreover, monetary values are attributed to household production activities using data on earnings from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES).
Results: We show that the nonmarket economic life cycle of men differs from that of women. The gender gap in household production is not evenly distributed over the life cycle. Women of working age contribute the most in net terms, while the main beneficiaries of household goods and services are children and to a lesser extent adult men. These patterns are similar across countries, with variations in the gender- and age-specific levels of home production and consumption.
Conclusions: In Europe, in the national economy, intergenerational flows are important in sustaining both childhood and old age. In contrast, in the household economy, intergenerational transfers flow mostly towards children.
Contribution: We add a new focus to the research on household production: While keeping the gender aspect, we demonstrate the importance of the life cycle component in household production." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Boll, Christina & Elisabeth Bublitz (2016): A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training. The role of working hours and the household context. (HWWI research paper 172), Hamburg, 54 S.

Abstract

"Regarding gender differences, theory suggests that in a partnership the individual with the lower working hours and earnings position should exhibit lower training participation rates. Since women are more likely to match this description, we investigate whether systematic group differences explain gender variation. Across all countries, male workers are not affected by their earnings position. For female workers in Germany, but not Italy or the Netherlands, working part-time instead of full-time corresponds with a decrease in course length by 5.5 hours. Also, regarding German part-time employed women, single earners train 5.6 hours more than secondary earners. The findings of our study hold at the extensive and the intensive margin, suggesting that Germany faces particular household-related obstacles regarding gender differences in job-related training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2016): Work - family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 119-177. DOI:10.1177/0730888415615385

Abstract

"Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work - family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash, Antje Mertens & Laura Romeu Gordo (2016): A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women's drop-out to part-time jobs. A comparative analysis of Germany and the UK. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 46, H. December/Pt. B, S. 129-140. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2016.09.001

Abstract

"This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the 'Understanding Society' data for the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fackler, Daniel & Eva Hank (2016): Who buffers income losses after job displacement? The role of alternative income sources, the family, and the state. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2016,28), Halle, 34 S.

Abstract

"Using survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper analyses to what extent alternative income sources, reactions within the household context, and redistribution by the state attenuate earnings losses after job displacement. Applying propensity score matching and fixed effects estimations, we find high individual earnings losses after job displacement and only limited convergence. Income from self-employment slightly reduces the earnings gap and severance payments buffer losses in the short run. On the household level, we find substantial and rather persistent losses in per capita labour income. We do not find that increased labour supply by other household members contributes to the compensation of the income losses. Most importantly, our results show that redistribution within the tax and transfer system substantially mitigates income losses of displaced workers both in the short and the long run whereas other channels contribute only little." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2016): Household formation, female labor supply, and savings. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 118, H. 4, S. 868-911. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12154

Abstract

"In this paper, we aim to quantify the impact of changing family structures on labor supply and savings in Western societies. Our dynamic general equilibrium model features both genders, and it takes into account changes in marital status as a stochastic process. The numerical results indicate that changes in household formation can partly explain the reallocation of male and female labor supply observed during the last decades in Germany. We also find a negative impact on capital accumulation, and we show that a combination of higher marital risk and a narrowing gender wage gap can explain the changes in hours ratios between single and married men and women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Gihleb, Rania & Osnat Lifshitz (2016): Dynamic effects of educational assortative mating on labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 9958), Bonn, 88 S.

Abstract

"In 30% of young American couples the wife is more educated than the husband. Those women are characterized by a substantially higher employment (all else equal), which in turn amplifies income inequality across couples. Using NLSY79, we formulate and structurally estimate a dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marriage and labor supply decisions in a collective framework. We establish that the education gap at the time of marriage, produces dynamic effects due to human capital accumulation and implied wage growth. Inequality between couples is largely driven by the persistence in labor supply choices and only slightly affected by assortative matching." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Greenwood, Jeremy, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov & Cezar Santos (2016): Technology and the changing family. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 1-41. DOI:10.1257/mac.20130156

Abstract

"Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being more significant for noncollege-educated individuals versus college-educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the noncollege-educated. Additionally, positive assortative mating has risen. Income inequality among households has also widened. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment, and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the postwar US data. Two underlying driving forces are considered: technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure. The analysis emphasizes the joint role that educational attainment, married female labor-force participation, and marital structure play in determining income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gustman, Alan L., Thomas L. Steinmeier & Nahid Tabatabai (2016): A structural analysis of the effects of the Great Recession on retirement and working longer by members of two-earner households. (NBER working paper 22984), Cambrige, Mass., 71 S. DOI:10.3386/w22984

Abstract

"This paper uses data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate a structural model of household retirement and saving. It applies that model to analyze the effects of the Great Recession on the work and retirement of older couples who were both employed full-time at the beginning of the recession. We analyze the effects of job loss, changes in wealth and changes in expectations.
The largest overall effects of the Great Recession are observed for 2009 and 2010. In 2009, an additional 2.5 percent of all 55 to 59 year old husbands were not working full-time as result of the Great Recession, amounting to a reduction of 3.2 percent in full-time work. In 2010, 2.8 percent of 55 to 59 year old husbands were not working full-time as a result of the Great Recession, amounting to a 3.8 percent reduction in full-time work. For wives the reductions in full-time work due to the Great Recession were 1.7 percent and 2.2 percent of those who initially held a job, or reductions of full-time work of 2.3 and 3.0 percent respectively. For those 60 to 64, the reductions were 1.2 percent of men and 0.9 percent of women. Having been laid off in the last three years reduces full-time work by 30 percent. There also are lingering effects of layoff on the probability of working longer. Having been laid off three or more years in the past reduces full-time employment in the current year by about 12 percent. This reflects the reduced work incentives for full-time work arising from lower earnings due to the loss of job tenure with a layoff as well as the additional earnings penalty from a layoff.
The effect on own work of a spouse having been laid off is much smaller. The reason is that, as found in the estimation of our structural model, having one spouse not working increases the value of leisure for the other. In contrast, when one member of the household loses their job, the value of consumption increases relative to leisure. For recent layoffs, these effects are roughly offsetting.
All told, the effects of the Great Recession on retirement seem relatively modest. These findings are consistent with our earlier descriptive analyses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heimer, Andreas, David Juncke, Jan Braukmann, Tilmann Knittel, Stephan Moog, Malte Ristau & Wilhelm Haumann (2016): Zukunftsreport Familie 2030. Berlin, 66 S.

Abstract

"Gelingt es, mit einer forcierten Familienpolitik den Wünschen der Mütter und Väter nach einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Familie und Beruf zu entsprechen, wird sich die sozioökonomische Situation von Familien im Jahr 2030 deutlich verbessern.
Das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien kann um durchschnittlich 1.400 Euro steigen. Die Zahl der Eltern und Kinder, die armutsgefährdet sind, kann um rund 470 Tsd. Personen zurückgehen. Die Zahl der Personen in Haushalten mit SGB-II Bezügen kann sogar um rund 670 Tsd. Personen sinken. Bis 2030 können rund 790 Tsd. Mütter mehr sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt sein.
Das Gutachten, das verschiedene Szenarien betrachtet, zeigt: Eine Weiterentwicklung der Familienpolitik hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtwirtschaft. Der Anstieg der Erwerbstätigenquote sowie der Erwerbsumfänge führen zu einem Anstieg des Arbeitsvolumens um 3,2 PP. Das führt im Chancen-Szenario bis 2030 zu einer spürbaren Erhöhung des Bruttoinlandprodukts um rund 70 Mrd. Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mankarta, Jochen & Rigas Oikonomou (2016): The rise of the added worker effect. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 143, H. June, S. 48-51. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.03.019

Abstract

"We document that the added worker effect (AWE) has increased over the last three decades. We develop a search model with two earner households and we illustrate that the increase in the AWE from the 1980s to the 2000s can be explained through the narrowing of the gender pay gap, changes in the frictions in the labor market and changes in the labor force participation costs of married women." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Allègre, Guillaume, Véronique Simonnet & Catherine Sofer (2015): Child care and labour market participation in France. Do monetary incentives matter? In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 115-139. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.115

Abstract

"This paper presents a model of the child care arrangements and labour supply of mothers with young children (under three). We use French data to estimate simultaneously mothers' labour force participation and type of child care chosen. The independent variables include estimated child care costs and mothers' potential incomes obtained by simulating the benefits and taxes associated with different participation choices (working full-time, part-time or out of the labour market). Availability of free child care (from family and relatives) is also taken into account. We show that monetary incentives do play a role. Child care costs have a direct effect on mothers' labour market participation but not on the type of child care chosen. Household disposable income and potential wages explain participation and type of child care whereas the marginal tax rate was found to have a significant effect only on the full-time versus part-time decision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andringa, Wouter, Rense Nieuwenhuis & Minna van Gerven (2015): Women's working hours. The interplay between gender role attitudes, motherhood, and public childcare support in 23 European countries. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 35, H. 9/10, S. 582-599. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-10-2014-0073

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is to show how the interplay between individual women's gender role attitudes, having young children at home, as well as the country-context characterized by gender egalitarianism and public childcare support, relates to women's working hours in 23 European countries.
This study presents results of multilevel regression analyses of data from the European Social Survey (Round 2). These micro-level data on 23 European countries were combined with country-level measures on gender traditionalism and childcare expenditure.
The authors found that the negative association between having young children at home and women's working hours is stronger for women with traditional gender role attitudes compared to women with egalitarian attitudes. The gap in working hours between women with and without young children at home was smaller in countries in which the population holds egalitarian gender role attitudes and in countries with extensive public childcare support. Furthermore, it was found that the gap in employment hours between mothers with traditional or egalitarian attitudes was largest in countries with limited public childcare support.
Policy makers should take note that women's employment decisions are not dependent on human capital and household-composition factors alone, but that gender role attitudes matter as well. The authors could not find evidence of the inequality in employment between women with different gender role attitudes being exacerbated in association with childcare support.
The originality of this study lies in the combined (rather than separate) analysis of how countries' social policies (childcare services) and countries' attitudes (gender traditionalism) interact with individual gender role attitudes to shape cross-national variation in women's working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aparicio-Fenoll, Ainhoa & Marian Vidal-Fernandez (2015): Working women and fertility. The role of grandmothers' labor force participation. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 61, H. 1, S. 123-147. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifu030

Abstract

"Grandmothers' availability for childcare has been shown to increase the labor force participation (LFP) and fertility of daughters. However, grandmothers' childcare availability depends highly on their LFP. When grandmothers work, intergenerational income transfers to their daughters may increase at the expense of time transfers (through childcare). Using a Two-stage Two-steps Least Squares estimation, we exploit changes in legal retirement ages in Italy to explore the relationship between mothers' LFP and daughters' LFP and fertility choices. We show that even though grandmothers who participate in the labor force provide less childcare, their daughters are more likely to have children and less likely to participate in the labor force. This can be explained by the increase in family income as a result of mothers' LFP offsetting the influence of the reduction in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ayhan, Sinem H. (2015): Evidence of added worker effect from the 2008 economic crisis. (IZA discussion paper 8937), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the research on interdependencies in spousal labor supply by analyzing labor supply response of married women to their husbands' job losses ('added worker effect'). It empirically tests the hypothesis of added worker effect relying on a case study on Turkey during the global economic crisis of 2008. Identification is achieved by exploiting the exogenous variation in the output of male-dominated sectors that were hit hard by the crisis and the high degree of gender segmentation that characterizes the Turkish labor market. Findings based on the instrumental variable approach suggest that the probability of entering the labor force for a woman increases by up to 29% in response to her husband's unemployment. However the effect is not contemporaneous; it appears with a quarter of lag and remains existent only for two quarters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bonin, Holger, Karsten Reuss & Holger Stichnoth (2015): Life-cycle incidence of family policy measures in Germany. Evidence from a dynamic microsimulation model. (ZEW discussion paper 2015-036), Mannheim, 25 S.

Abstract

"This paper quantifies the life-cycle incidence of key family policy measures in Germany. The analysis is based on a novel dynamic microsimulation model that combines simulated family life-cycles for a base population from the 2009 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with a comprehensive tax-benefit model. The results indicate that households in Germany benefit considerably from family- and marriage-related transfers, yet also reveal substantial variation behind the population average. Moreover, it is shown that some measures, such as income tax splitting, may make individuals in fact worse off, in financial terms, over the long course, as a result of negative labour supply incentives which are rein-forced through detrimental effects on human capital accumulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bryan, Mark L. & Simonetta Longhi (2015): Getting back into work after job loss. The role of partner effects. (ISER working paper 2015-11), Colchester, 33 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the reaction of couples to a job loss during periods of growth and recession in the UK focussing on re-employment of the spouse who lost their job. Re-employment was faster for those with a partner in work, but was not generally affected by other measures of the partner's labour market attachment or resources. For men, the strongest partner effects were for entry into high quality jobs; and having a working partner substantially mitigated the negative impact of the recession on entry into these jobs. For women, an employed partner was associated with a greater likelihood of re-entry into any type of job. Hence, while dual earner families may be able to restore the pre-job loss income level, single earner families are more likely to be trapped in cycles of low-quality jobs and no jobs leading to a decrease in household income over time. The difference in outcomes between single and dual earner couples is likely to increase during recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bröckel, Miriam, Anne Busch-Heizmann & Katrin Golsch (2015): Headwind or tailwind: do partners' resources support or restrict promotion to a leadership position in Germany? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 533-545. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv054

Abstract

"In Germany, as in other modern societies, a low representation of women in top positions remains a stable form of gender inequality in the labour market. This article examines the extent to which a partner's labour market and financial resources influence gender-specific probabilities of obtaining a leadership position. Well-established theories are examined that provide different assumptions as to how partners' resources can affect occupational careers. This article adds to the existing body of research by applying a relational perspective on couples' resources. To resolve the research question, data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study (waves 1984 - 2010) are used in a longitudinal design employing event history analysis (N?=?11,050 men and N?=?8,988 women). The results show that partners' relative resources play a significant role in the promotion to the top: Whereas for women their own comparative advantage is particularly important, especially for men higher resources of the partner are beneficial. The results can be explained by negotiation processes as well as with a transfer of social capital. Additionally, both genders profit from homogamous partnership constellations. Overall, women's chances of gaining a leadership position appear to be more determined by partners' relative resources than it is the case for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cremer, Helmuth, Jean-Marie Lozachmeur, Dario Maldonado & Kerstin Roeder (2015): Household bargaining and the design of couples' income taxation. (CESifo working paper 5205), München, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the design of couples' income taxation. Consumption and labor supply decisions within the couple are made by maximizing a weighted sum of the spouses' utilities; bargaining weights are given but specific to each couple. The information structure and labor supply decisions follow the Mirrleesian tradition. However, while the household's total consumption is publicly observable, the consumption levels of the individual spouses are not observable. With a utilitarian social welfare function we show that the expression for a spouses' marginal income tax rate includes a 'Pigouvian' (paternalistic) and an incentive term. The Pigouvian term favors a marginal subsidy (tax) for the high-weight (low-weight) spouse, whose labor supply otherwise tends to be too low (high). The sign and the magnitude of the incentive term depends on the weight structure across couples. In some cases both terms have the same sign and imply a positive marginal tax for the low-weight spouse (who may be female) and a negative one for the high-weight spouse (possibly the male). This is at odds with the traditional Boskin and Sheshinski results. Our conclusions can easily be generalized to more egalitarian welfare functions. Finally, we present numerical simulations based on a calibrated specification of our model. The calculations confirm that the male spouse may well have the lower (and possibly even negative) marginal tax rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ehlert, Martin (2015): Couples' strategies after job loss in West Germany and the United States. The Added Worker Effect and linked life courses. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 135, H. 1, S. 55-66. DOI:10.3790/schm.135.1.55

Abstract

"In couple households, income losses due to men's displacements may be offset by an increase in women's earnings, the so called 'Added Worker Effect' (AWE). I argue that previous research largely neglected the variation of the AWE due to intra-household characteristics. Following the idea of 'linked life courses', intra-household processes have an influence on the AWE and that this influence is structured by gender norms. I test the implications of this perspective using panel data from West Germany (GSOEP) and the United States (PSID). Results support my expectation that male breadwinner couples have lower AWE than modern and semi-modernized couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gallego-Granados, Patricia & Johannes Geyer (2015): Distributional and behavioral effects of the gender wage gap. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 753), Berlin, 42 S.

Abstract

"The gender wage gap is a persistent labor market phenomenon. Most research focuses on the determinants of these wage differences. We contribute to this literature by exploring a different research question: if wages of women are systematically lower than male wages, what are the distributional consequences (disposable income) and what are the labor market effects (labor supply) of the wage gap? We demonstrate how the gender gap in gross hourly wages shows up in the distribution of disposable income of households. This requires taking into account the distribution of working hours as well as the tax-benefit system and other sources of household income. We present a methodological framework for deriving the gender wage gap in terms of disposable income which combines quantile decomposition, simulation techniques and structural labor supply estimation. This allows us to examine the implications of the gender wage gap for income inequality and working incentives. We illustrate our approach with an application to German data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Greenwood, Jeremy, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov & Cezar Santos (2015): Technology and the changing family. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation. (IZA discussion paper 8831), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

"Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being bigger for non-college educated individuals versus college educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the non-college educated. Additionally, positive assortative mating has risen. Income inequality among households has also widened. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the post-war U.S. data. Two underlying driving forces are considered: technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure. The analysis emphasizes the joint role that educational attainment, married female labor-force participation, and assortative mating play in determining income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haan, Peter & Victoria Prowse (2015): Optimal social assistance and unemployment insurance in a life-cycle model of family labor supply and savings. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1468), Berlin, 54 S.

Abstract

"We analyze empirically the optimal design of social insurance and assistance programs when families obtain insurance by making labor supply choices for both spouses. For this purpose, we specify a structural life-cycle model of the labor supply and savings decisions of singles and married couples. Partial insurance against wage and employment shocks is provided by social programs, savings and the labor supplies of all adult household members. The optimal policy mix focuses mainly on Social Assistance, which provides a permanent universal household income floor with a minor role for temporary earnings-related Unemployment Insurance. Reflecting that married couples obtain intra-household insurance by making labor supply choices for both spouses, the optimal generosity of Social Assistance decreases in the proportion of married individuals in the population. The link between optimal program design and the family context is strongest in low-educated populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haan, Peter & Andreas Thiemann (2015): Ausweitung der in der Rentenversicherung anrechenbaren Kindererziehungszeiten. Mütter pausieren nicht länger vom Job. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 82, H. 47, S. 1119-1125.

Abstract

"Einer der Gründe, weshalb Frauen meist geringere Rentenansprüche haben als Männer, sind familienbedingte Auszeiten vom Beruf. Um dies abzumildern, rechnet die Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung Kindererziehungszeiten an, während derer Frauen Rentenanwartschaften erwerben, obwohl sie nicht in die Rentenversicherung einzahlen. Dies soll den Müttern eine weitgehend eigenständige Alterssicherung garantieren. Die zusätzlichen Entgeltpunkte aufgrund der Kindererziehungszeiten könnten Mütter jedoch auch dazu veranlassen, längere Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt einzulegen oder früher in Rente zu gehen. Auf diese Weise würden die Rentenansprüche für Mütter dann wieder reduziert. Wie genau wirkt sich eine großzügigere Berücksichtigung von Kindererziehungszeiten also auf die Erwerbsunterbrechung von Frauen nach der Geburt aus? Das DIW Berlin hat dies in der vorliegenden Studie anhand der Rentenreform des Jahres 1992 auf Basis kombinierter Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung und der Bundesagentur für Arbeit untersucht. Damals wurde die Kindererziehungszeit von einem Jahr auf drei Jahre ausgeweitet. Das zentrale Ergebnis: Die Reform hat nicht dazu geführt, dass Frauen die Dauer ihrer Erwerbsunterbrechung nennenswert verändert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hart, Rannveig Kaldager (2015): Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 33, S. 1067-1104. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.33.38

Abstract

"Background: The relationship between earnings and fertility and how it varies with context are among the core investigations of demography. Cross-country comparisons show that when parenting and employment are in conflict, this relationship is less positive for women. We lack knowledge of how this relationship is shaped by context for men and how it varies with contextual changes over time rather than between countries.
Objective: I investigate how the relationship between earnings and first-birth probability changes over time for men and women, in a period when efforts in parenting and paid work become increasingly similar across sex.
Methods: Discrete-time hazard regressions are applied to highly accurate data from Norwegian population registers. Through estimation of separate models for each of the years 1995 through 2010, I assess whether the correlation between yearly earnings and the first birth probabilities changed over period time. The correlation is estimated net of observable confounders, such as educational enrolment and attainment and region of birth.
Results: The correlation between earnings and fertility has become substantially more positive over time for women, and also somewhat more positive among men.
Conclusions: Though the potential opportunity cost of fathering increases, there is no evidence of a weaker correlation between earnings and first birth probability for men. I suggest that decreasing opportunity costs of motherhood as well as strategic timing of fertility are both plausible explanations for the increasingly positive correlation among women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Laurie, Heather, Karon Gush, James Scott, Mark Bryan & Simonetta Longhi (2015): Understanding the added worker effect. A multiple methods interpretation. (ISER working paper 2015-04), Colchester, 17 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides an integrated interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data examining how couples respond when one partner loses their job. According to economic theory there may be an 'Added Worker Effect' where, when one partner loses their job, their spouse enters the labour market or takes on additional hours to compensate. The paper uses a multiple methods approach to gain a fuller understanding of couples' responses pre and post the UK Great Recession and to explore the factors influencing couples' decision-making process when experiencing a job loss. The paper is therefore a synthesis of findings produced by quantitative and qualitative elements of the same project and aims to explore where the findings from each methodological strand of the research can contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of household decision making and couple's labour supply responses to job loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lyonette, Clare & Rosemary Crompton (2015): Sharing the load? Partners' relative earnings and the division of domestic labour. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0950017014523661

Abstract

"One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Despite their entry into paid employment, women still carry out more domestic work than men, limiting their ability to act on an equal footing within the workplace. This qualitative research adds to the ongoing debate concerning the reasons for the persistence of the gendered nature of domestic work, by comparing working women who earn more, those who earn around the same and those who earn less than their male partners, as well as examining women's absolute incomes. On average, men whose partners earn more than they do carry out more housework than other men, although women in these partnerships still do more. However, these women actively contest their male partner's lack of input, simultaneously 'doing' and 'undoing' gender. The article also identifies class differences in the 'sharing' of domestic work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

McGinn, Kathleen L., Elizabeth Long Lingo & Mayra Ruiz Castro (2015): Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home. (Harvard Business School. Working paper 094), Boston, Mass., 43 S.

Abstract

"Our research considers how inequalities in public and the private spheres are affected by childhood exposure to non-traditional gender role models at home. We test the association between being raised by an employed mother and adult men's and women's outcomes at work and at home. Our analyses rely on national level archival data from multiple sources and individual level survey data collected as part of the International Social Survey Programme in 2002 and 2012 from nationally representative samples of men and women in 24 countries. Adult daughters of employed mothers are more likely to be employed, more likely to hold supervisory responsibility if employed, work more hours, and earn marginally higher wages than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. The effects on labor market outcomes are non-significant for men. Maternal employment is also associated with adult outcomes at home. Sons raised by an employed mother spend more time caring for family members than men whose mothers stayed home fulltime, and daughters raised by an employed mother spend less time on housework than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. Our findings reveal the potential for non-traditional gender role models to gradually erode gender inequality in homes and labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pestel, Nico (2015): Marital sorting, inequality and the role of female labor supply. Evidence from East and West Germany. (ZEW discussion paper 2015-047), Mannheim, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines to what extent marital sorting affects cross-sectional earnings inequality in Germany over the past three decades, while explicitly taking into account labor supply choices. Using rich micro data, the observed distribution of couples' earnings is compared to a counterfactual of randomly matched spouses. Hypothetical earnings are predicted based on a structural model of household labor supply. For West Germany, a positive effect of marital sorting on inequality is found after adjusting for labor supply behavior, while the effect is limited when earnings are taken as given. This means that there is positive sorting in earnings potential which is veiled by relatively low female labor force participation. In East Germany, the impact of marital sorting on inequality is highly disequalizing irrespective of adjusting for labor supply choices. This is mainly due to the fact that East German women are much more attached to the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Seils, Eric & Judith Kaschowitz (2015): Wie verbreitet sind Betriebskindergärten? (WSI-Report 21), Düsseldorf, 16 S.

Abstract

"Die Verbesserung der außerhäuslichen Kinderbetreuung gilt als ein wichtiges Instrument gegen den sogenannten Fachkräftemangel. Dabei spielen laut einigen aktuellen Studien Betriebskindergärten eine zunehmende Rolle. Insbesondere die Arbeitgeberverbände stellen heraus, dass die Aktivitäten der Wirtschaft auf diesem Feld zu einer Verbesserung der Betreuungssituation beigetragen habe. Die vorliegenden Daten gehen jedoch weit auseinander. Untersuchungen des Deutschen Industrie- und Handelskammertages (DIHK) und des Instituts der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) schätzen den Anteil der Unternehmen mit betrieblicher Kinderbetreuung auf 16 bzw. 3,4 Prozent. Nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes gibt es hingegen nur 668 Betriebskindergärten, was den Schluss zulässt, dass der Anteil der Unternehmen mit betrieblicher Kinderbetreuung weit unter einem Prozent liegt. Die vergleichende Analyse dieses Reports geht den Ursachen dieser Diskrepanzen nach:
Es zeigt sich, dass die vorliegenden Zahlen von DIHK und IW widersprüchlich sind bzw. sich nur auf große Unternehmen beziehen. Die weitaus niedrigeren Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes erweisen sich hingegen als zuverlässig. Die Ursachen für den generell geringen Umfang der betrieblichen Kinderbetreuung sind nicht nur im Nachfragemangel und den Schwierigkeiten beim Aufbau betrieblicher Kinderbetreuung, sondern auch im mangelnden Interesse seitens großer Unternehmen zu suchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Trappe, Heike, Matthias Pollmann-Schult & Christian Schmitt (2015): The rise and decline of the male breadwinner model. Institutional underpinnings and future expectations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 230-242. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv015

Abstract

"In this article, we provide a long-term East - West comparison of partnered women's employment from the 1940s into the first decade of the new millennium in Germany, and focus on the nexus of gainful employment and family-related responsibilities in women's lives. Based on an analysis of the institutionally and culturally shaped opportunity structures that define the conditions for partnered women's employment, we identify distinct periods of support and derive hypotheses on cohortspecific developments. The empirical analysis largely confirms that a divergence between East and West German women's employment patterns started as early as in the 1950s. East - West differences in labour market participation were strongest among women born around 1940. For successive cohorts of East and West German women, the employment patterns converged. Whereas the labour market participation of West German women gradually increased over time, the employment pattern of East German women adjusted to the West German pattern after unification, resulting in an increase of part-time employment and non-employment, in particular among mothers. The article concludes by discussing implications of these trends for the future of the male breadwinner model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Triebe, Doreen (2015): The added worker effect differentiated by gender and partnership status. Evidence from involuntary job loss. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 740), Berlin, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the added worker effect (AWE), which refers to the increase of labor supply of individuals in response to a sudden financial shock in family income, that is, unemployment of their partner. While previous empirical studies focus on married women's response to those shocks, I explicitly analyze the spillover effects of unemployment on both women and men and I also differentiate according to their partnership status (marriage vs. cohabitation). My aim is to evaluate whether intra-household adaptation mechanisms differ by gender and by partnership status. The underlying method is a difference-in-differences setting in combination with an entropy balancing matching procedure. The paper considers plant closures and employer terminations as exogenous forms of unemployment. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study from 1991 through 2013, the empirical investigation finds evidence of the existence of an AWE. The effect is largest when a woman enters unemployment and is mainly driven by changes on the intensive margin (increase of hours)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wanger, Susanne & Frank Bauer (2015): Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster in Paarbeziehungen. Stellungnahme des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) für die Anhörung im Landtag NRW: Unterlagen von der Enquetekommission V (Familienpolitik) am 24. August 2015 - Thema: "Zeitpolitik". (IAB-Stellungnahme 03/2015), Nürnberg, 12 S.

Abstract

"Das IAB äußert sich in dieser Stellungnahme zu der Frage, wie die Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeit in Paarhaushalten aufgeteilt wird und welche Gründe dafür maßgeblich sein können. So unterscheiden sich die Erwerbsbeteiligung und die Arbeitszeitmuster von Frauen und Männern nach wie vor erheblich. Bei Frauen entscheidet insbesondere die familiäre Situation, ob und in welchem Umfang sie beschäftigt sind. Dagegen beeinflusst die Familiengründung das Erwerbsverhalten von Männern bisher kaum. Der hohe Anteil von Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten, führt zu einer ausgeprägten Arbeitszeitlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern. In Verbindung mit Untersuchungen zu Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmustern von Paaren zeigt sich, dass sich insbesondere bei Paaren mit Kindern die Unterschiede im zeitlichen Ausmaß der Erwerbsarbeit verfestigen und sich auch bei einer Realisierung der Arbeitszeitwünsche nur wenig bei der Verteilung der partnerschaftlichen Erwerbszeit ändern würde. Eine Förderung von partnerschaftlichen Modellen wie durch das 'Elterngeld plus' oder durch eine Familienarbeitszeit mit gleichberechtigten Stunden-Modellen für Eltern wie vorgeschlagen könnte zu einer ausgewogeneren Aufteilung der Arbeitszeiten bei Paaren beitragen. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn sie mit passenden Arbeitszeitmodellen flankiert werden, die Beschäftigten Einfluss auf die Lage und Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and women's supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (IZA discussion paper 9471), Bonn, 46 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to nonmarket work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Antman, Francisca M. (2014): Spousal employment and intra-household bargaining power. (IZA discussion paper 8231), Bonn, 9 S.

Abstract

"This paper considers the relationship between work status and decision-making power of the head of household and his spouse. I use household fixed effects models to address the possibility that spousal work status may be correlated with unobserved factors that also affect bargaining power within the home. Consistent with the hypothesis that greater economic resources yield greater bargaining power, I find that the spouse of the head of household is more likely to be involved in decisions when she has been employed. Similarly, the head of household is less likely to be the sole decision-maker when his spouse works." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Beblo, Miriam & Christina Boll (2014): Die neuen Elterngeld-Komponenten: Will money trump gender? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 94, H. 8, S. 564-569. DOI:10.1007/s10273-014-1715-5

Abstract

"Die meisten jungen Väter und Mütter in Deutschland wünschen sich eine gleichberechtigte(re) Teilhabe beider Partner in der Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit. Die gelebte Arbeitsteilung vieler Paare sieht jedoch oft anders aus. Die Bundesregierung reagiert nun mit Reformplänen zum Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetz, um Eltern mehr Gestaltungsfreiräume zu geben sowie eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Aufgaben in beiden Lebenssphären zwischen den Geschlechtern zu stimulieren. Die Autorinnen diskutieren, wie die politisch offerierten zusätzlichen Ressourcen (Eltern-)Zeit und (Eltern-)Geld in diesem Zusammenhang zu beurteilen sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Beblo, Miriam & Christina Boll (2014): Ökonomische Analysen des Paarverhaltens aus der Lebensverlaufsperspektive und politische Implikationen. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 121-144.

Abstract

"Eine auf Paarebene getroffene Entscheidung kann für die einzelnen Partner unterschiedliche Folgen haben, insbesondere in der mittleren bis langen Frist. Durch Spezialisierungsentscheidungen auf unbezahlte Care-Arbeit und den damit verbundenen Rückzug vom Arbeitsmarkt gehen vor allem Frauen finanzielle Risiken ein, die ihre materielle Sicherheit nicht nur aktuell, sondern auch im Alter bedrohen. Diese asymmetrische Dynamik kann Interessenskonflikte im Paar erzeugen, die mit ihren Folgen für die Gesellschaft (vor allem auf Kinderzahl und Pflegeleistungen) nicht mehr nur 'Privatsache' sind. Unser Beitrag verfolgt deshalb drei Ziele. Nach einer theoretischen Einführung in die Problemlage legt er erstens dar, in welchen zentralen Entscheidungssituationen (Fertilität, Arbeitsteilung und Einkommensverwendung) es empirische Hinweise auf Interessenskonflikte auf Paarebene gibt. Er trägt zweitens die Faktoren zusammen, die empirisch als maßgebliche 'Entscheidungs- beziehungsweise Teilungsfaktoren' in den genannten drei Entscheidungsbereichen identifiziert worden sind. Die Studie zeigt drittens die politischen Implikationen auf: Wo wirkt der Staat mittels steuer-, familien- und arbeitsmarktpolitischer Instrumente in das Verhalten der Paare hinein?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bonin, Holger, C. Katharina Spieß, Holger Stichnoth & Katharina Wrohlich (2014): Familienpolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland. Evaluationen und Bewertungen. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 5-11. DOI:10.3790/vjh.83.1.5

Abstract

"Erstmalig wurde im Rahmen der Gesamtevaluation ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen die deutsche Familienpolitik systematisch und umfassend evaluiert. Ein vergleichbares Unterfangen hatte es zuvor weder in Deutschland noch in anderen westlichen Industrieländern gegeben. Es ist eine weitere Besonderheit, dass diese Evaluation von zwei Ressorts gemeinsam getragen wurde, dem Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend und dem Bundesministerium der Finanzen. Das groß angelegte Projekt begann im Herbst 2009. Seitdem haben Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler unterschiedlicher Disziplinen mit unterschiedlichen methodischen Herangehensweisen auf der Basis unterschiedlicher Daten in einer Reihe von Einzelstudien untersucht, wie gut die zentralen öffentlich finanzierten Leistungen familienpolitische Ziele voranbringen. Dabei wurden die Ziele, die der Evaluation zugrunde liegen, von der Politik vorgegeben. Auch dies hat einen gewissen Neuigkeitswert, da die deutsche Familienpolitik im Kontext der 'nachhaltigen Familienpolitik' (vergleiche zum Beispiel Ristau-Winkler 2005) erstmalig explizit ihren Zielkatalog definierte: Die evaluierten Ziele umfassten die Sicherung der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität von Familien, eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, eine frühe Förderung von Kindern, die Erfüllung von Kinderwünschen und den Nachteilsausgleich zwischen den Familien. Die Evaluation untersuchte, inwiefern diese Ziele erreicht wurden (Effektivität), aber auch in welcher Relation die Zielerreichung zu dem damit verbundenen fiskalischen Aufwand steht (Effizienz). Damit wurde für Entscheidungsträger auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen und in unterschiedlichen Bereichen, welche mit Familienpolitik in Verbindung stehen, erstmalig eine empirisch begründete Basis für eine evidenzbasierte Weiterentwicklung der deutschen Familienpolitik geschaffen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bonin, Holger, Reinhold Schnabel & Holger Stichnoth (2014): Zur Effizienz der ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen in Deutschland im Hinblick auf soziale Sicherungs- und Beschäftigungsziele. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 29-48.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag vergleicht die Effizienz von zehn zentralen familienpolitischen Leistungen in Deutschland hinsichtlich der Ziele der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität und der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Die Wirkungsanalysen berücksichtigen die Interaktionen im Leistungssystem und mögliche Arbeitsangebotsreaktionen der Haushalte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die deutsche Familienpolitik in erheblichem Maß zur wirtschaftlichen Stabilität der Familien beiträgt. Zielgenaue Leistungen schneiden dabei bezogen auf die Effizienz besser ab als Leistungen wie das Ehegattensplitting oder das Kindergeld. Vom Splitting und von der beitragsfreien Mitversicherung der Ehepartner gehen zudem negative Impulse auf die Erwerbstätigkeit des Zweitverdieners aus. Die Wirkungen sind häufig nichtlinear, asymmetrisch und nichtadditiv. Mögliche Reformmaßnahmen lassen sich daher nicht durch Extrapolation der bestehenden Ergebnisse, sondern nur auf Basis konkreter Simulationen ex ante bewerten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bredtmann, Julia, Sebastian Otten & Christian Rulff (2014): Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply. The added worker effect across Europe. (University Aarhus. Economics working paper 2014-13), Aarhus, 47 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anpassung des Arbeitsangebots von Frauen in Reaktion auf den Jobverlust ihres Partners, dem sog. 'Added Worker Effect'. Während sich die bisherige Literatur überwiegend auf Studien für spezifische Länder konzentriert hat, nehmen wir bewusst eine international vergleichende Perspektive ein und untersuchen, inwiefern der Added Worker Effect über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa variiert. Unsere empirischen Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten der 'European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)' für den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2011. Für unseren aus 28 europäischen Ländern bestehenden Datensatz finden wir Evidenz für das Vorliegen eines Added Worker Effects: Frauen, deren Partner im vergangenen Jahr arbeitslos wurde, haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten sowie den Umfang ihrer Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen, gegeben dass sie schon am Arbeitsmarkt partizipieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir jedoch eine hohe Variation in der Existenz und der Stärke des Added Worker Effects sowohl über den Verlauf des Konjunkturzyklus als auch über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bredtmann, Julia, Sebastian Otten & Christian Rulff (2014): Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply. The added worker effect across Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 484), Essen, 49 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anpassung des Arbeitsangebots von Frauen in Reaktion auf den Jobverlust ihres Partners, dem sog. 'Added Worker Effect'. Während sich die bisherige Literatur überwiegend auf Studien für spezifische Länder konzentriert hat, nehmen wir bewusst eine international vergleichende Perspektive ein und untersuchen, inwiefern der Added Worker Effect über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa variiert. Unsere empirischen Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten der 'European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)' für den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2011. Für unseren aus 28 europäischen Ländern bestehenden Datensatz finden wir Evidenz für das Vorliegen eines Added Worker Effects: Frauen, deren Partner im vergangenen Jahr arbeitslos wurde, haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten sowie den Umfang ihrer Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen, gegeben dass sie schon am Arbeitsmarkt partizipieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir jedoch eine hohe Variation in der Existenz und der Stärke des Added Worker Effects sowohl über den Verlauf des Konjunkturzyklus als auch über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Carney, Tanya & Anne Junor (2014): How do occupational norms shape mothers' career and caring options? In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 465-487. DOI:10.1177/0022185614538442

Abstract

"Occupationally-differentiated patterns of paid work arrangements help shape the extent to which mothers of children under the age of 16 have access to both career and caring security (stable paid jobs with career prospects that also guarantee the ongoing capacity to provide and arrange high-quality care for children). Five sets of conditions critical to mothers' work and caring security are: contracts providing two-way mobility between full-time and part-time work; actual hours worked; work scheduling; work location; and contractual security. Occupations can be clustered into 'shapes', based on the relative mother-friendliness of different ways in which they combine these conditions. Some shapes provide both employment security and caring security; others involve types of 'flexibility focusing a trade-off between the two types of security. Data for 64 occupations, taken from early waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) Survey, were used to identify statistical norms for key aspects of each employment condition, and also the strength of these norms - that is, how flexible they were, for better or worse. These occupational norms and strengths were assumed to reflect regulatory standards or commonly accepted organisational practices. The 64 occupations could be grouped into five shapes that were associated with different concentrations of mothers. Occupational 'shapes' may thus act as barriers or enablers to mothers' labour market transitions. They may tend to exclude mothers by denying caring security; allow employment maintenance based on a trade between caring and career security; or enable full occupational integration by providing both forms of security. The concept of shapes aids theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of occupational segregation and labour market segmentation, and may aid the targeting of regulatory interventions to improve mothers' access to both career and caring security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ciccia, Rossella & Inge Bleijenbergh (2014): After the male breadwinner model? Childcare services and the division of labor in European countries. In: Social Politics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 50-79. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxu002

Abstract

"Fundamental reforms in childcare services appear to have eroded traditional support to the male breadwinner model across European states. There has been a strong debate about the direction of these changes, and the ways in which childcare services can alter the division of labor and promote gender equality. This paper deals with these issues by using fuzzy set ideal-type analysis to assess the conformity of childcare service provisions in European economies to Fraser's four ideal typical models: male breadwinner, caregiver parity, universal breadwinner, and universal caregiver. We find that there is resilience of traditional gender roles in the majority of European countries, while there are different variants of the universal breadwinner shaping different forms of childcare policies. The more equalitarian universal caregiver model maintains its utopian character." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eeckhaut, Mieke C. W., Maria A. Stanfors & Bart van de Putte (2014): Educational heterogamy and the division of paid labour in the family. A comparison of present-day Belgium and Sweden. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 64-75. DOI:10.1093/esr/jct022

Abstract

"This study builds on the long-standing theoretical interest in the importance of comparative advantages between partners for the division of paid labour in the family. It adopts a couple perspective on women's relative labour market participation by considering the role of educational heterogamy. Additionally, it takes account of the family life cycle by means of the presence of (young) children. The importance of these two factors for women's relative labour market participation is compared between Belgium and Sweden -- two European countries that share socio-economic features but differ regarding labour market and social policies relevant for gender equality and potential gains to specialization. Multinomial logistic diagonal reference models are used to analyse the pooled cross-sectional data of EU-SILC 2004 - 2008. Contrary to expectations, we find that comparative advantages between partners, as measured by educational heterogamy, are of only minor importance for determining the couple's division of paid labour in such diverse countries as Belgium and Sweden. Our results show that women's relative labour market participation is less education-driven in Sweden than in Belgium, and is more related to the life cycle effect of the presence of (young) children, confirming more egalitarianism and family friendliness in Scandinavia than in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kabáteka, Jan, Arthur van Soest & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Income taxation, labour supply and housework. A discrete choice model for French couples. In: Labour economics, Jg. 27, H. April, S. 30-43. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.01.004

Abstract

"Earlier studies suggest that income taxation may affect not only labour supply but also domestic work. Here we investigate the impact of income taxation on partners' labour supply and housework, using data for France that taxes incomes of married couples jointly. We estimate a household utility model in which the marginal utilities of leisure and housework of both partners are modelled as random coefficients, depending on observed and unobserved characteristics. We conclude that both partners' market and housework hours are responsive to changes in the tax system. A policy simulation suggests that replacing joint taxation of married spouses' incomes with separate taxation would increase the husband's housework hours by 1.3% and reduce his labour supply by 0.8%. The wife's market hours would increase by 3.7%, and her housework hours would fall by 2.0%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lembcke, Alexander C. (2014): Home computers and married women's labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1260), London, 42 S.

Abstract

"I consider how the availability of a personal computer at home changed employment for married women. I develop a theoretical model that motivates the empirical specifications. Using data from the US CPS from 1984 to 2003, I find that employment is 1.5 to 7 percentage points higher for women in households with a computer. The model predicts that the increase in employment is driven by higher wages. I find having a computer at home is associated with higher wages, and employment in more computer intensive occupations, which is consistent with the model. Decomposing the changes by educational attainment shows that both women with low levels of education (high school diploma or less) and women with the highest levels of education (Master's degree or more) have high returns from home computers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Marcassa, Stefania (2014): Unemployment duration of spouses. Evidence from France. In: Labour, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 399-429. DOI:10.1111/labr.12042

Abstract

"This paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of the conditional probability of leaving unemployment for four waves of French married men and women entering unemployment from 1991 to 2002. The effect of spouse's hourly earnings on unemployment duration is found to be asymmetric for men and women. In particular, an elasticity of 0.38 for men and -0.15 for women are found to be significant for the entire sample. Individual data from the French Labor Force Survey are used with accurate information on spell durations, and labor earnings of the spouses. Parametric estimation techniques are used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nadim, Marjan (2014): Reinterpreting the relation between motherhood and paid work. Second-generation immigrant women in Norway. In: The sociological review, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 494-511. DOI:10.1111/1467-954X.12176

Abstract

"A pertinent question in contemporary Europe is whether the children of immigrants will reproduce the gender-complementary practices and ideals of the immigrant generation, which often include strong expectations that women should prioritize family obligations over the pursuit of paid work.This article analyses the cultural and moral understandings at stake in second-generation women's reflections on and practices of combining motherhood and paid work, and explores the space for negotiating such understandings in the family. The study is based on in-depth interviews with second-generation women of Pakistani descent in Norway, and interviews with some of their husbands. The findings show that the moral understandings and practices of the parent generation are not merely passed on to the second generation; rather they are challenged and reinterpreted in ways that support mothers' participation in paid work. The article argues that this change is facilitated by the cultural and institutional context that the Norwegian welfare state represents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Raz-Yurovich, Liat (2014): A transaction cost approach to outsourcing by households. In: Population and Development Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 293-309. DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00674.x

Abstract

"Below-replacement fertility and late marriage reflect, in part, the incompatibility of women's family and paid work roles. The outsourcing of childcare and housework to market and state service providers offers a strategy for reconciling work - family conflicts. By referring to the household as an organizational unit, I use the transaction cost approach (TCA) of organizational economics to discuss the factors that facilitate or impede outsourcing by households. In my analysis the frequency, specificity, and uncertainty level of the transaction, as well as normative and social beliefs, can facilitate or impede the household's decision to outsource. Monetary considerations, preferences, and government policies might moderate the effect of the transaction cost on this decision. The analysis further demonstrates that gender is an important factor, because transaction costs are often not distributed equally within households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Starr, Martha A. (2014): Gender, added-worker effects, and the 2007-2009 recession. Looking within the household. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 209-235. DOI:10.1007/s11150-013-9181-1

Abstract

"The U.S. recession of 2007 - 2009 saw unemployment rates for men rise by significantly more than those for women, resulting in the downturn's characterization as a 'mancession'. This paper uses data from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey to reexamine gender-related dimensions of the 2007 - 2009 recession. Unlike most previous work, we analyze data that connects men's and women's employment status to that of their spouses. A difference-in-difference framework is used to characterize how labor-market outcomes for one spouse varied according to outcomes for the other. Results show that that employment rates of women whose husbands were non-employed rose significantly in the recession, while those for people in other situations held steady or fell -- consistent with the view that women took on additional bread-winning responsibilities to make up for lost income. However, probabilities of non-participation did not rise by more for men with working wives than they did for other men, casting doubt on ideas that men in this situation made weaker efforts to return to work because they could count on their wives' paychecks to support the household." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))