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Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2024): Active Labor Market Policies: What Works for the Long-Term Unemployed? In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 141-185. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2023-0079

Abstract

"There is still a lack of knowledge on how to effectively help the long-term unemployed into employment. We evaluate a wide range of active labour market policies for this target group, using a dynamic matching approach. Measures vary considerably in the extent to which they improve labor market prospects. Human capital-intensive training programs that substantially enhance vocational skills and employment programs are most effective, short activating job search training the least. Our results suggest that not only wage subsidies in the private sector, but also direct job creation in the public and non-profit sectors can work, if properly designed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2024): Active Labour Market Policies: What Works for the Long-term Unemployed? (WIFO working papers 671), Wien, 22 S.

Abstract

"There is still a lack of knowledge on how to effectively help the long-term unemployed into employment. We evaluate a wide range of active labor market policies for this target group, using a dynamic matching approach. Measures vary considerably in the extent to which they improve labor market prospects. Human capital-intensive training programmes that substantially enhance vocational skills and employment programs are most effective, short activating job search training the least. Our results suggest that not only wage subsidies in the private sector, but also direct job creation in the public and non-profit sector can work, if properly designed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Georgieff, Alexandre (2024): Faces of joblessness in Switzerland: A people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 306), Paris, 36 S. DOI:10.1787/8a4440d0-en

Abstract

"Open unemployment and joblessness in Switzerland are low compared to OECD standards. Yet a comparatively high proportion of working-age individuals remain weakly attached to the labor market, with unstable jobs, or with limited working hours. As an initial step towards a possible in-depth project, this Faces of Joblessness feasibility study provides insight into the nature and incidence of the structural barriers that are likely to prevent individuals from fully engaging in employment and speculates on their possible links with underutilized employment potential. It shows that lack of recent work experience and substantial non-labour or partner income are two key employment barriers in Switzerland. Partner income can be a barrier for women in particular and might be one of the reasons why many women leave stable employment at childbearing age, alongside low supply and high cost of early childhood education and care programs. Workers over 60 also represent a significant underutilized employment potential, as many have taken early retirement. Non-EU migrant are particularly exposed to potential labor market difficulties at younger age, and many of them have low levels of education, poor professional skills or limited work experience. This study also suggests that many jobless are confronted with complex and inter-related employment obstacles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hansen, Magnus Paulsen, Signe Elmer Christensen & Peter Triantafillou (2024): Legitimating collaboration, collaborating to legitimate: Justification work in “holistic” services for long-term unemployed persons. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 876-896. DOI:10.1017/S004727942200071X

Abstract

"To address complex social problems, such as long-term unemployment, local authorities in many countries are developing “holistic” or “integrated” services, where multiple actors and professions collaborate with a view to better meet the needs of the individual citizen. By breaking with existing practices and regulations, collaborative services must be legitimized in new ways so as to appear acceptable not only in the eyes of the public and politicians, but also to caseworkers and the long-term unemployed persons. This article examines the multifarious and sometimes neglected efforts to make these collaborative services legitimate in the eyes of this plurality of stakeholders on multiple levels of governance. Our study indicates three distinct but mutually interrelated spheres of audience that require partly conflicting justification work. We also find that the narrow pursuit of justification work to ensure legitimacy with one audience may potentially jeopardize the justification work in the other two." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dromundo, Sofia, Marius Lüske & Michele Tuccio (2023): Innovative approaches to tackle long-term unemployment. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 300), Paris, 39 S. DOI:10.1787/e1f7e16e-en

Abstract

"Long-term unemployment remains a structural challenge for most OECD countries. Despite major efforts to address this issue, the efficiency and effectiveness of many existing active labor market policies are limited for jobseekers who face major vulnerabilities and have no ties to the labor market. Therefore, there is a need for innovative approaches that specifically address the barriers faced by long-term unemployed individuals in their labor market (re)integration. This paper discusses examples of promising practices from across Europe, which can serve as a source of inspiration for policymakers seeking new approaches to assist vulnerable jobseekers in overcoming the challenge of long-term unemployment" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Quinz, Hannah & Jörg Flecker (2023): "Marienthal.reversed": Wie wirkt eine Arbeitsplatzgarantie für langzeitarbeitslose Menschen im österreichischen Kontext? In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 79-104. DOI:10.59288/wug493.208

Abstract

"Derzeit wird das Konzept „Arbeitsplatzgarantie“ international als Instrument im Kampf gegen Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit diskutiert. Eine staatlich geförderte Jobgarantie stellt jenen Menschen einen Arbeitsplatz zur Verfügung, die von Beschäftigung ausgeschlossen bleiben. Das Arbeitsmarktservice Niederösterreich setzt dieses Konzept im „Modellprojekt Arbeitsplatzgarantie Marienthal“ um. Dieser Beitrag stellt Wirkungen im Hinblick auf latente Erfahrungskategorien von Erwerbsarbeit (Zeitstruktur, soziale Kontakte, soziale Wertschätzung, Tätigkeit, Mitwirken an kollektiven Zielen, Selbstwirksamkeit) dar. Dazu haben wir Teilnehmer:innen des Modellprojekts im Zeitraum von zwei Jahren mehrmals quantitativ und qualitativ befragt. Die Analysen zeigen heterogene Teilnehmer:innen, aber wir stellen insgesamt positive Veränderungen für Zeitstruktur, Aktivitäten und so-ziale Kontakte fest. Durch den Zugang zu Erwerbsarbeit nimmt das Gefühl sozialer Wertschätzung sowie zu kollektiven Zielen beizutragen zu. Beides kann durch nicht erkennbare Nützlichkeit der Tätigkeiten getrübt werden. Insbesondere die Selbstwirksamkeit nimmt im Zeitverlauf zu. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich das Konzept der Arbeitsplatzgarantie in Österreich mit positiven Wirkungen für die Teilnehmer:innen umsetzen lässt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Requena, Miguel (2023): Class and Unemployment. (JRC working papers on social classes in the digital age / Joint Research Centre (Seville site) 2023-11), Sevilla, 33 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is to theoretically clarify and empirically analyze the link between social class and unemployment. After reviewing and justifying the criteria used to determine the class position of the unemployed, empirical evidence of the associations between class and unemployment rates in ten selected European countries is provided. Data come from the European Union Labor Force Surveys and European Socio-economic Classifications was used. Results of the analysis show that the likelihood of being unemployed depends on class position. The experience of unemployment is distributed across classes according to a clear gradient in which the more advantaged classes have lower unemployment rates than the working classes. This implies that the class profile of the employed and the unemployed is different and that the employed and the unemployed contribute differentially to class composition, with the unemployed contributing more than the employed to the composition of the working classes. The results are robust to different specifications of the observed populations. The class gradient in unemployment rates is visible among women and men and is also present in all ten countries considered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anghel, Liliana-Luminita (2022): European Network of Public Employment Services: 2022 PES Capacity Questionnaire Part II: Labour market training for the long-term unemployed. Survey-based Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 50 S. DOI:10.2767/07742

Abstract

"As part of its 2022 work program, the European Network of Public Employment Services (PES) continues the monitoring of the implementation of the Council Recommendation on the integration of the long term unemployed into the labor market. The report complements the quantitative and qualitative monitoring done by EMCO, and provides input to the EMCO multilateral surveillance. It mainly focuses on PES delivery of labor market training to LTUs to improve their ability to access jobs in the changing labor market. The findings are based on responses to a survey provided by 32 PES in 26 EU member States plus Iceland and Norway. The report shows that PES put a lot of efforts into organizing and delivering the labor market training to LTUs to improve their access to jobs, even in a challenging period due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The report also includes some issues for further consideration when planning and adjusting future training programs for LTUs (for instance related to lack of internet access and IT equipment, low digital skills, poor support networks)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This mini toolkit presents information on concepts, tools, and practices which can support stakeholders in using European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) resources to assist in the integration of people furthest from the labour market, including long-term unemployed and inactive people, including older jobseekers. It will also demonstrate the advantages of effective partnership working including from the encouragement of consortia to develop bids." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Miyamoto, Hiroaki & Nujin Suphaphiphat (2021): Mitigating Long-term Unemployment in Europe. In: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, Jg. 11. DOI:10.2478/izajolp-2021-0003

Abstract

"While unemployment rates in Europe declined after the global financial crisis until 2018/2019, the incidence of long-term unemployment, the share of people who have been unemployed for >1 year to the total unemployed, remained high. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic could aggravate the long-term unemployment. This paper explores the factors associated with longterm unemployment in European countries using a panel of 25 European countries over the period 2000–2018. We find that skill mismatches, labor market matching efficiency, and labor market policies are associated with the incidence of long-term unemployment. Among the different types of active labor market policies, training and startup incentives are found to be effective in reducing long-term unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anghel, Liliana-Luminita (2020): European Network of Public Employment Services: Integrated services for long-term unemployed 2020. Survey-based Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 54 S. DOI:10.2767/418886

Abstract

"The EU Council adopted in February 2016 the Recommendation on the integration of the long-term unemployed into the labor market (hereinafter ‘the Recommendation’). The aim of the Recommendation was to support sustainable reintegration of the LTU back into the labor market by calling on MS to: 1. encourage registration of the long-term unemployed with an employment service; 2. increase individualised support for the long-term unemployed based on in-depth assessments of their needs, and ensure that a job integration agreement (JIA) is set up within 18 months of the person becoming unemployed; 3. develop closer links with employers and partnerships between employers, social partners, employment and social services, government authorities and education and training providers to increase job opportunities for registered LTU; 4. improve the continuity of support by coordinating services available to the long-term unemployed through a single point of contact (SPOC). According to the Recommendation, a SPOC refers to an authority responsible ‘for supporting registered LTU persons through a coordinated service offer involving available employment and social support services. It can be based on a framework of inter-institutional coordination and/or be identified within existing structures’. The Recommendation also requested that the European Network of Public Employment Services (ENPES, the network of national PES) contribute to the monitoring of its implementation. In response, in 2016 the PES Network designed and adopted a set of minimum, intermediate and advanced quality standards4for implementing a SPOC and a JIA. A Survey Report (the Ad Hoc Module to the 2018 PES Capacity Questionnaire5) was produced by the PES Network in 2018. This Survey Report summarised PES developments in integration of the long-term unemployed back into the labor market, offering an overview of the effects of the Recommendation as reported by the PES, and outlining common challenges faced by the PES." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jakubiak, Igor (2020): Are Migrants Overrepresented Among Individual Welfare Beneficiaries? In: International Migration, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 103-127. DOI:10.1111/imig.12692

Abstract

"The level of immigrant welfare dependency is the subject of heated debate in the majority of developed countries, which have experienced a significant increase in immigration in recent years. In both Europe and the US, the problem of potential excessive use of social transfers is beginning to bring real policy consequences. This article addresses this issue by presenting a quantitative assessment of welfare receipt in 17 European countries, as well as Yun decomposition of its differences between natives and immigrants. It adds to existing literature by comparing the levels of welfare dependence among EU and non-EU migrants for individual benefits including and excluding pensions, using recent data from EU-SILC. Results suggest that immigrants rely on welfare less often than natives, and receive lower benefits when they do. Those conclusions are reversed, however, when old-age benefits are not considered ? especially in the case of non-EU migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Mašidlauskaitė, Rūta (2020): European Network of Public Employment Services: Ad hoc module to the 2018 PES capacity questionnaire. Survey-based Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 45 S. DOI:10.2767/738258

Abstract

"Public Employment Services play a key role in the sustainable activation of disadvantaged groups, including the long-term unemployed. The Recommendation on the integration of the LTU into the labour market explicitly asked the European Network of Public Employment Services (PES Network) to contribute to the monitoring of its implementation. In response, in 2016, the PES Network designed and adopted a set of minimum, intermediate and advanced quality standards for implementing a SPOC and a JIA. These standards were used by the Employment Committee (EMCO) review on long-term unemployment in December 2016 and it is very likely that the LTU will continue to feature in the upcoming EMCO review in October 2018. Furthermore, as a part of the Benchlearning project, the PES Network amended a qualitative performance enabler to integrate data on the LTU into its qualitative assessments in 2018. This report summarises the recent developments in PES concerning the integration of the long-term unemployed back into the labour market, and it provides an overview of the effects of the Recommendation reported by PES. The report also provides information on common challenges faced by PES when implementing the Recommendation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Suphaphiphat, Nujin & Hiroaki Miyamoto (2020): Mitigating Long-term Unemployment in Europe. (IMF working paper 2020,168), Washington, DC, 32 S.

Abstract

"While unemployment rates in Europe declined after the global financial crisis until 2018/19, the incidence of long-term unemployment, the share of people who have been unemployed for more than one year to the total unemployed, remained high. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic could aggravate the long-term unemployment. This paper explores factors associated with long-term unemployment in European countries, using panel of 25 European countries over the period 2000–18. We find that skill mismatches, labor market matching efficiency, and labor market policies are associated with the incidence of long-term unemployment. Among different types of active labor market policies, training and start-up incentives are found to be effective in reducing long-term unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Voßemer, Jonas, Bettina Schuck & Stefanie Heyne (2019): The economic and non-economic consequences of job loss, unemployment, and inadequate re-employment in Germany and Europe. Bamberg, 328 S. DOI:10.20378/irbo-54547

Abstract

"Job loss and unemployment are major social problems in modern market economies. Understanding their consequences is of key concern to the social sciences. Against this background, this cumulative thesis examines the economic and non-economic consequences of job loss, unemployment, and inadequate re-employment in Germany and Europe. In addition to five articles, it contains an overview article which motivates the research questions, reviews the state of research and highlights the contributions of this thesis, develops a general theoretical model, presents the research designs, and summarizes the main findings before drawing conclusions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Benda, Luc, Ferry Koster & Romke van der Veen (2018): Contextualising institutional complementarity. How long-term unemployment depends on employment protection legislation, active labour market policies and the economic climate. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 258-269. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12307

Abstract

"This study investigated if and how active labour market policies (ALMPs) and employment protection interact with each other in light of long-term unemployment reduction. We argue that how well the interaction between both labour market institutions reduces long-term unemployment depends on the level of economic growth. To improve analytical clarity, two types of ALMPs were differentiated, namely training and employment programmes. Using data on 20 European countries over 16 years, our results suggest that employment protection moderates the relationship between employment programmes and long-term unemployment. The combination of high spending on employment programmes and less strict employment protection is associated with less long-term unemployment. This moderation effect is stronger during an economic downturn. A moderation effect from employment protection on the relationship between training programmes and long-term unemployment was not found, even when the economic climate was taken into account as a contextual factor." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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De Haan, Monique & Ragnhild C. Schreiner (2018): The intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency. (CESifo working paper 7140), München, 40 S.

Abstract

"There is a strong intergenerational correlation in welfare participation, but this does not imply that parental welfare receipt induces child receipt. While there are a few quasi-experimental studies that provide estimates of the causal effect of parental welfare participation for children from marginal welfare participants, we know very little about intergenerational spillovers of welfare participation onto the children of average welfare participants. By combining rich administrative data from Norway with weak mean-monotonicity assumptions, we estimate nonparametric bounds around the average causal effect of parental welfare participation on children's welfare participation in the general population, as well as the average causal effect for children growing up in welfare-dependent families. We find that these average causal effects are considerably lower than the intergenerational correlation in welfare participation, and substantially below available local average treatment effect estimates in the literature. We further find important differences between intergenerational spillovers of disability insurance and intergenerational spillovers of financial assistance, a traditional means-tested welfare program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina & Thomas Rhein (2018): Long-term unemployment: a European comparison. In: IAB-Forum H. 23.02.2018, o. Sz., 2018-02-21.

Abstract

"For many years, Germany was notable for its high levels of long-term unemployment compared to other countries. However, in contrast to the European trend, the number of long-term unemployed has decreased significantly since the mid-2000s. In most other European countries the number of long-term unemployed rose to a greater or lesser degree as a result of the financial and Euro debt crisis." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Konle-Seidl, Regina, Thomas Rhein & Thomas Rothe (2018): Ländervergleich Deutschland, Dänemark und Finnland: Kaum mehr Unterschiede bei chronischer Arbeitslosigkeit. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2018), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Personen, deren Arbeitslosigkeit durch kurze Phasen der Beschäftigung, Inaktivität oder Teilnahme an arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen unterbrochen wird, zählen nicht zu den offiziellen Langzeitarbeitslosen, obwohl sie am ersten Arbeitsmarkt nicht dauerhaft Fuß fassen können. Mit dem Konzept der 'chronischen Arbeitslosigkeit' berücksichtigen die Autoren auch diesen Personenkreis und untersuchen für Deutschland, Dänemark und Finnland, wer davon hauptsächlich betroffen ist und welche Rolle aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik bei ihrer Überwindung spielen kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rodriguez-Gil, Antonio (2018): Hysteresis and labour market institutions. Evidence from the UK and the Netherlands. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 1985-2025. DOI:10.1007/s00181-017-1338-y

Abstract

"This paper uses data for the UK and the Netherlands (1983q4 - 2011q4) to test if hysteresis occurs in these economies, and through what mechanisms. The novelty of the paper resides in the use of a VAR-IRF that encompasses previous hysteresis studies, using long-term unemployment, productivity, capital stock and real long-term interest rates, and in the use of specific Labour Market Institutions shocks, such as benefits, taxation or unions' power. This allows us to disentangle what specific demand and supply-variables affect unemployment in the long-run, i.e. the NAIRU. Our findings suggest that there is hysteresis in both countries, and that it happens through several channels. Further, we find that the influence of Labour Market Institutions on unemployment depend on their impact on the real wages-productivity gap. These results have implications for structural and macroeconomic policies that we also discuss. Finally, we investigate the impact of different supply and demand-shock on long-term unemployment and discuss the relevant policy implications." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Andersen, Niklas A., Dorte Caswell & Flemming Larsen (2017): A new approach to helping the hard-to-place unemployed. The promise of developing new knowledge in an interactive and collaborative process. In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 335-352. DOI:10.1177/1388262717745193

Abstract

"The reforms of the social and employment services that have swept across most of the developed world since the 1990s have enormously expanded the groups of citizens receiving active employment measures. Nevertheless, up until now, most countries have only seen limited results from enhancing the labour market participation of the most vulnerable groups. We argue that the goal of including a greater share of the harder-to-place unemployed in the labour market is not likely to be achieved through the tried and tested ways of developing knowledge, policy and practice. Rather, we propose a different approach to generating and exchanging the necessary knowledge for developing active employment policy and practice. As an alternative to the evidence-based knowledge paradigm, we set up a model for knowledge production that is made through co-operation between practice and research. This model investigates the potential for integrated services and for co-production by acknowledging the importance of the experiences of frontline professionals and clients in developing employment services." (Author's abstract, © Intersentia, Ltd.) ((en))

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Stefanie Ledermaier, Carlos Vacas-Soriano & Lena Jacobs (2017): Long-term unemployed youth. Characteristics and policy responses. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 85 S. DOI:10.2806/940447

Abstract

"While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016 and describes trends over the past decade. It explores the determinants of long-term unemployment, at both sociodemographic and macroeconomic levels. It also provides evidence on the serious consequences for young people of spending a protracted time in unemployment, such as scarring effects on income and occupation and on several dimensions of young people's well-being. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy measures recently implemented by 10 Member States in order to prevent young people from becoming long-term unemployed or, if they are in such circumstances, to integrate them into the labour market or education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ramos, Raul, Enrique López-Bazo, Carlos Vacas, Vicente Royuela, Rosina Moreno, Christian Dreger, John Hurley & Jordi Surinach (2017): Employment effects of reduced non-wage labour costs. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 62 S. DOI:10.2806/074541

Abstract

"Reducing labour taxes or offering incentives to hire new workers could motivate employers to either retain staff who might otherwise have been let go or to create new jobs. Since the onset of the financial crisis in 2008, both types of measure have been deployed in many EU Member States. This report reviews the effectiveness of measures designed to reduce the employer part of the tax wedge in an effort to stimulate positive labour market outcomes. It provides an overview of the reforms adopted since 2008 across the EU Member States to stimulate labour demand, focusing on policies aimed at reducing the cost of labour for employers. It analyses the effectiveness of shifts in employer social security contributions, employer payroll taxes and functionally equivalent employer incentives as employment-generating policy interventions. The findings show mixed evidence of positive employment effects from relevant policy reforms but suggest that measures targeted at specific groups of workers are more likely to be successful." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Walwei, Ulrich (2017): Abbau der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit: Der Weg ist steinig und schwer. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 97, H. 9, S. 621-628. DOI:10.1007/s10273-017-2188-0

Abstract

"Trotz der guten Arbeitsmarktlage ist die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit ein gravierendes Problem, vor allem weil sie verfestigt ist. Mehr als ein Drittel der Arbeitslosen sind dies länger als ein Jahr. Zudem gelingt es Langzeitarbeitslosen deutlich schwerer, aus der Arbeitslosigkeit heraus wieder eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Statistik/Arbeitsmarktberichterstattung (2017): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von langzeitarbeitslosen Menschen 2016. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 24 S.

Abstract

"Das Wichtigste in Kürze:
- Die Arbeitslosigkeit war in den ersten fünf Jahren nach der Jahrtausendwende - mit Ausnahme des Jahres 2001 - Jahr für Jahr gestiegen und erreichte 2005 verstärkt durch einen statistischen Sondereffekt (infolge der Einführung der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende) mit 4,86 Millionen einen Rekordwert. Die Zahl der langzeitarbeitslosen Menschen erlangte ein Jahr später ihren Höchstwert mit 1,86 Millionen.
- Infolge der Arbeitsmarktreformen 2005 und der wirtschaftlichen Belebung ab 2006 war sowohl die Arbeitslosigkeit als auch die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit spürbar gesunken. Die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise drei Jahre später hat diese Entwicklung dann vorübergehend ausgebremst.
- 2016 waren im Jahresdurchschnitt 2,69 Millionen Menschen bei einer Agentur für Arbeit oder einem Jobcenter arbeits-los gemeldet (-3, Prozent im Vorjahresvergleich). 0,99 Millionen oder 37 Prozent von ihnen waren ein Jahr oder länger auf der Suche nach einer Beschäftigung, 4,4 Prozent weniger als 2015.
- Der etwas stärkere Rückgang der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit erklärt sich zum einen durch die stärkere präventive Ausrichtung der BA - die Übertritte in Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit sind im Vorjahresvergleich sichtbar gesunken. Außerdem wurde die Förderung mit Maßnahmen aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik für langzeitarbeitslose Menschen ausgeweitet.
- Ein vergleichsweise hohes Risiko langzeitarbeitslos zu sein haben ältere Menschen und Geringqualifizierte.
- 187.000 langzeitarbeitslosen Menschen gelang es 2016 eine Beschäftigung auf dem 1. Arbeitsmarkt inkl. selbständiger Tätigkeiten aufzunehmen.
- Langzeitleistungsbezieher in der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende dürfen nicht mit Langzeitarbeitslosen gleichgesetzt werden. Von den 2,80 Millionen Langzeitleistungsbeziehern waren 1,22 Millionen oder 44 Prozent arbeitslos und davon 742.000 oder 61 Prozent langzeitarbeitslos.
- Im europäischen Durchschnitt waren im Jahr 2015 nach der Definition der ILO (International Labour Organisation) 4,5 Prozent der Erwerbspersonen langzeiterwerbslos. Deutschland hatte dabei mit 2,0 Prozent eine vergleichsweise niedrige Langzeiterwerbslosenquote." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Wright, Sharo (2016): Conceptualising the active welfare subject: welfare reform in discourse, policy and lived experience. In: Policy & Politics, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 235-252. DOI:10.1332/030557314x13904856745154

Abstract

"The idea of the active welfare subject has become irresistible to both policy makers and academics and has taken a lead role in the transformation of twenty-first century social security systems. Two distinguishable approaches have emerged – the dominant model and a counter model. The dominant model emphasizes moralised individual responsibility for ‘wrong choices’ and mandates behavioral change to become active. The counter model situates benefit recipients in the present as disempowered creative, reflexive and resourceful beings. This article develops conceptualisations by comparing benefit recipients ’ accounts (from an exploratory qualitative study) of lived experience with both models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Policy Press) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission (2016): Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit. Empfehlung des Rates - häufig gestellte Fragen. (Europäische Kommission. Factsheet), Brüssel, 7 S.

Abstract

"Zwischen 2008 und 2014 hat sich die Zahl der Langzeitarbeitslosen verdoppelt; sie stellen derzeit die Hälfte aller arbeitslosen Personen in der EU. Im dritten Quartal 2015 waren 10,5 Millionen Menschen (4,3 % der EU-Erwerbsbevölkerung) von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit betroffen, 63 % von ihnen haben seit mehr als zwei Jahren keine Arbeit....Hier ist eine Trendumkehr nötig, damit mehr langzeitarbeitslose Menschen von der wirtschaftlichen Erholung profitieren können. Eine Senkung der Langzeitarbeitslosenquote würde zu nachhaltigem Wachstum und Zusammenhalt beitragen und die Auswirkungen auf die öffentlichen Finanzen in Form hoher Sozialausgaben und geringer Steuereinnahmen abschwächen. Darüber hinaus würde sowohl den betroffenen Arbeitskräften als auch ihren Familien ein Weg aus der Armut eröffnet, da die Hälfte der Personen, die einen Job finden, dem Armutsrisiko entkommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Eichhorst, Werner, Franziska Neder, Verena Tobsch & Florian Wozny (2015): A European Perspective on Long-Term Unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 9321), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"In contrast to the recently decreasing unemployment rates in the EU, long-term unemployment remains at alarming levels. An economic recovery will not be sufficient to get all long-term unemployed back to work; rather, there is a need for effective policies addressing the long-term unemployed. To address these issues, this paper starts with an interpretation of standard measures of long-term unemployment and alternative measures of long-term non-employment. Next, we take a closer look at active labor market policies such as training, subsidized employment and public work and investigate which kind is most effective for the reintegration of long-term unemployed persons. Subsequently, the special role of Public Employment Services (PES) and the importance of an individual approach and targeting is stressed to increase the employability of hard-to-place and distant jobseekers from the labor market. Furthermore, we take into account the role of alternative benefit systems for working-age non-employed people. In the final section, we conclude and offer policy advice with a particular focus on the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fertig, Michael & Márton Csillag (2015): Cost-benefit analysis of remedial interventions for the long-term unemployed. Brüssel, 109 S. DOI:10.2767/119475

Abstract

"The overall objective of this study is to assess the administrative costs and the cost-effectiveness of a limited number of policy intervention options for reintegration of the long term unemployed (LTU) into the labour market. To this end, research was done for a sample of five Member States which are perceived as being sufficiently diverse in models of service provision and institutional delivery models to allow conclusions to be drawn of relevance to the EU28 countries.
The specific tasks of the study are to:
Assess costs and benefits of the current situation (the baseline) in the five countries studied. The assessment has to take into account efforts already made or already programmed.
Analyse, through a series of case studies and through analogies with existing evaluation studies, the administrative costs per participant for integrating service provision to the long-term unemployed, for reinforced individualised services and for formalising rights and obligations in written agreements (relative to the current situation and existing policy plans).
Provide estimates of the cost and benefits of extending existing models for provision of activation to the existing stock of long-term unemployed in the countries examined.
The selection of Germany, Denmark, Hungary, Italy and Lithuania for the country-specific baseline studies takes into account the characteristics of the national unemployment and benefits systems and the current coverage of active measures among the long term unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heidenreich, Martin (2015): Long-term unemployment risks in Europe. In: S. Lessenich (Hrsg.) (2015): Routinen der Krise - Krise der Routinen : Verhandlungen des 37. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Trier 2014 (Verhandlungen der Kongresse der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie, Bd. 37), S. 734-746.

Abstract

"This article discusses the changing social distribution of unemployment and long-term unemployment risks during the current financial and economic crisis. These risks are interpreted as the result of three different, overlapping forms of labour market segmentation: firstly, the institutionally stabilised polarisation between labour market insiders and outsiders; secondly, the occupational dualisation of high and low-skilled employees and occupations; and thirdly, the marginalisation of disadvantaged social groups. On the basis of EU-SILC data for 2012, it can be shown that long-term unemployment risks are especially high for low-skilled persons and occupations, single parents, migrants, and ill persons. This can be interpreted as an indicator for the occupational and social dualisation of labour markets espeically in the current crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heidenreich, Martin (2015): The end of the honeymoon: the increasing differentiation of (long-term) unemployment risks in Europe. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 393-413. DOI:10.1177/0958928715594544

Abstract

"This article discusses the changing social distribution of unemployment and long-term unemployment risks during the current financial and economic crisis. These risks are interpreted as the result of three different, overlapping forms of labour market segmentation: first, the institutionally stabilized polarization between labour market insiders and outsiders; second, the occupational dualization of high- and low-skilled employees and occupations; and third, the marginalization of disadvantaged social groups. On the basis of European Union-Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data for 24 European countries (2005 - 2012), it can be shown that (long-term) unemployment risks increase especially for low-skilled persons and occupations, single parents, migrants and disabled persons. Women, older and permanently employed persons are relatively less affected by short-term unemployment but more affected by long-term unemployment. Hence, the current crisis strengthens the occupational and social dualization of labour markets, endangering the inclusiveness and long-term growth potential of the European economy and societies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina & Thomas Rhein (2015): Langzeiterwerbslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich: Die offiziellen Zahlen zeigen nicht das ganze Bild. In: IAB-Forum H. 2, S. 26-31., 2015-12-01. DOI:10.3278/IFO1502W026

Abstract

"Viele Menschen, die in Deutschland als langzeitarbeitslos gelten, werden in anderen Ländern nicht zu den Langzeitarbeitslosen gezählt, da sie eine Erwerbsunfähigkeits- oder eine Frührente beziehen. Sobald dies berücksichtigt wird, ist Deutschland weit weniger von Langzeiterwerbslosigkeit betroffen als die meisten anderen Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Plum, Alexander & Sara Ayllón (2015): Heterogeneity in unemployment state dependence. In: Economics letters, Jg. 136, H. November, S. 85-87. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.09.006

Abstract

"By applying a heterogeneous slope model, this paper shows that unemployment state dependence varies across workers. Assuming a homogeneous effect of past unemployment on the risk of staying unemployed underestimates the scarring effect of unemployment in the majority of countries analyzed." (Author's abstract, © 2015 Elsevier) ((en))

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Varekamp, Inge, Trudie Knijn, Martin van der Gaag & Peter Bos (2015): Social capital and job search behaviour of long-term welfare recipients. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 35, H. 11/12, S. 738-755. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-10-2014-0092

Abstract

"Purpose: Long-term welfare recipients in the Netherlands are either long-term unemployed or part-time employed in jobs that generate incomes below the subsistence level. The question is whether reintegration policies aiming at their return to - a fulltime - job should consider individual social network factors besides psychological and human capital factors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate welfare recipients' job search behaviour, in particular how individual social capital is distributed, and whether it is related to job search activities.
Design/methodology/approach: Standardised and structured interviews were conducted with 189 long-term unemployed welfare recipients. An adapted version of the Resource Generator instrument was used to measure individual access to social capital.
Findings: Social capital scales measuring domestic social resources, status-related social resources, expert advice on regulations and financial matters, and advice on finding a job were developed and psychometrically tested. Status-related social resources were more easily accessible to men and higher educated persons. Advice on finding a job was more easily accessible to recently unemployed individuals. Domestic social resources were less accessible to ethnic minorities. Persons with more social capital, specifically status-related social resources and advice in finding a job, showed more active job search behaviour.
Social implications: The differences in job search activities between respondents with more social capital and those with less social capital were present but to a small degree, and therefore there is no argument for reintegration activities to focus on enlarging social capital.
Originality/value: This study addresses the instrumental functions of the social network by multidimensionally scrutinising the resources that social relationships provide access to." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zwysen, Wouter (2015): The effects of father's worklessness on young adults in the UK. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-4-2

Abstract

"Using the United Kingdom household longitudinal study (UKHLS), this paper shows the effect of experiencing a father being out of work on a range of labour market outcomes as young adults. Children of non-working fathers work less and are less satisfied while working despite similar wages and contract types. A sensitivity analysis shows that this effect of father's worklessness is robust to the inclusion of strong unobserved confounders, indicating non-spuriousness. Support is found for the idea that young adults who grew up experiencing their father's worklessness develop a different, less negative attitude, towards being out of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission (2015): Vorschlag für eine Empfehlung des Rates zur Wiedereingliederung Langzeitarbeitsloser in den Arbeitsmarkt. Unterrichtung durch die Europäische Kommission. COM(2015) 462 final. (Verhandlungen des Bundesrates. Drucksachen 416/15 (17.09.2015)), 23 S.

Abstract

Die Empfehlung soll die bereits existierenden Instrumente ergänzen, indem sie einen Rahmen für Maßnahmen zur Integration Langzeitarbeitsloser in den Arbeitsmarkt schafft, der für alle Mitgliedstaaten gilt und die Wirksamkeit der Arbeitsmarktintegration insgesamt verbessern soll. Auf dieser Grundlage soll die Arbeitsplatzbeschaffung für Langzeitarbeitslose auf nationaler Ebene Priorität erhalten und die Möglichkeit geschaffen werden, die notwendigen Mittel - auch aus den europäischen Struktur- und Investitionsfonds - bereitzustellen. Damit soll ein Impuls gegeben werden, um Verwaltungskapazitäten zu stärken, die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Dienstleistern zu verbessern, die Partnerschaft mit dem privaten Sektor auszubauen und die Effizienz der öffentlichen Ausgaben zu steigern. Die Empfehlung enthält eine unverbindliche Liste von Maßnahmen, die auf nationaler Ebene ergriffen werden können. Sie entspricht dem Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit, da sie einen flexiblen Rahmen und Leitlinien für Modernisierungs- und Reformprozesse in den Mitgliedstaaten bietet. Es werden im Wesentlichen drei konkrete Schritte vorgeschlagen, die die Arbeitsmarktintegration erleichtern sollen: (1) Förderung der Meldung bei einer Arbeitsverwaltung; (2) Bestandsaufnahme des individuellen Bedarfs und des Potenzials von Langzeitarbeitslosen spätestens 18 Monate nach Verlust der Arbeit; (3) Angebot einer Wiedereinstiegsvereinbarung für Langzeitarbeitslose spätestens 18 Monate nach Verlust der Arbeit. (IAB)

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Saint-Martin, Anne, Mark Keese, Alexander Hijzen, Hande Inanc, Sandrine Cazes, Stijn Broecke, Glenda Quintini, Paolo Falco, Andrea Bassanini & Balint Menyhert Saint-Martin, Anne, Mark Keese, Alexander Hijzen, Hande Inanc, Sandrine Cazes, Stijn Broecke, Glenda Quintini, Paolo Falco, Andrea Bassanini & Balint Menyhert (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2014): OECD employment outlook 2014. (OECD employment outlook), Paris, 289 S. DOI:10.1787/empl_outlook-2014-en

Abstract

"The 2014 edition of the OECD Employment Outlook provides an in-depth review of recent labour market trends and short-term prospects in OECD countries. It zooms in on how the crisis has affected earnings, showing that the low paid have not been spared from a substantial slowdown in real wage growth. While more subdued earnings growth can help to restore competitiveness and employment growth, which is essential to drive down unemployment, the quality of the jobs being created also matters. The complexity of job quality can be captured through three dimensions: earnings; labour market security; and quality of the work environment. There are large differences across countries in each of these dimensions, but there is no need to trade off job quality for quantity: some countries manage to do well on both counts. Non-regular employment can have an adverse impact on job quality, especially in terms of employment security and the difficulties of moving to a job with a permanent contract. Reform to employment protection legislation is necessary in some countries to reduce high levels of non-regular jobs. Skills are a key determinant of a person's chances of working in a highquality job, as new results from the OECD's international Survey of Adult Skills show. This depends not just on the skills workers already have, but also on how these skills are used in the workplace, which in turn reflects countries' labour market institutions and policies.

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Ayllon, Sara (2013): Unemployment persistence. Not only stigma but discouragement too. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 67-71. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2012.681020

Abstract

"This article shows how stigma effects and discouragement counterbalance as sources of state dependence in unemployment throughout the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Holl, Jürgen, Günter Kernbeiß, Karin Städtner & Michael Wagner-Pinter (2013): Die Langzeitwirkung von Qualifikationsmaßnahmen des Arbeitsmarktservice. (Sozialpolitische Studienreihe 14), Wien, 126 S.

Abstract

"Die verschiedenen Schulungsmaßnahmen des Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich stehen nicht zuletzt wegen der Frage nach ihrer nachhaltigen Wirkung zur Arbeitsmarktintegration im besonderen öffentlichen Interesse. Gesichtspunkte wie die Struktur der verschiedenen Maßnahmen, ihre Wirkung hinsichtlich Aufnahme einer neuen Beschäftigung, Arbeitsplatzqualität oder Einkommen sind sowohl für die Kundinnen und Kunden wie auch ihre BeraterInnen des Arbeitsmarktservice sowie ihre potenziellen zukünftigen ArbeitgeberInnen von zentralem Interesse. Die Arbeitsmarktpolitik muss sich permanent der Herausforderung stellen, in welchem Umfang die investierten Mittel die geplante Zielerreichung sichern und dabei ein positives Verhältnis zwischen Schulungsaufwand und -ertrag gewährleisten. Diesen Fragestellungen ist die Firma Synthesis-Forschung hinsichtlich der Wirkungen länger dauernder Schulungsmaßnahmen nachgegangen. Ihre Forschungsergebnisse werden im aktuellen Band 14 der Sozialpolitischen Studienreihe einer breiten Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt. Sie untermauern einmal mehr empirisch die in der arbeitsmarktpolitischen Zielsetzung verfolgte Ausrichtung, via spezifische Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen die nachhaltige Arbeitsmarktintegration zu fördern. Sie zeigen darüber hinaus, dass sich der Aufwand - den in den Folgejahren erzielten Erträgen gegenübergestellt - für die relevanten öffentlichen Haushalte mehr als rechnet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lötters, Freek, Bouwine Carlier, Bernhard Bakker, Natacha Borgers, Merel Schuring & Alex Burdorf (2013): The influence of perceived health on labour participation among long term unemployed. In: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 300-308. DOI:10.1007/s10926-012-9398-5

Abstract

"Backgrounds: Few studies have addressed the specific contribution of health in relation to socio-demographic and motivational aspects to re-entering paid employment. The purpose of this study among beneficiaries of unemployment benefits is to evaluate the detrimental effects of poor health and a lack of motivation on the likelihood of getting a job and to develop a decision support model that predicts remaining unemployment after 12 months.
Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted among people on unemployment benefit (UB) or social insurance benefit (SIB). The time-window of the study was 18 months. Written questionnaires were filled out 3 months post-benefit assessment, 6, 12 and 18 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the barriers of re-entering paid employment. Subsequently, a predictive model was constructed to estimate the probability for every combination of determinants for a person to remain unemployed in the next 12 months.
Results: Older age (=55 years), a poor perceived health, and a lack of willingness to accept a job were the most prominent predictive factors for remaining unemployed after 12 months in both UB and SIB groups. Lower education in the UB group and being married or living together and poor self-reliance in the SIB group were additional risk factors for long-term unemployment.
Conclusion: Vocational rehabilitation of people on long-term social benefit should address perceived health, socio-demographic, and motivational aspects as key factors that determine prolonged unemployment. A predictive flow chart can be used to detect most vulnerable persons at risk for remaining long-term unemployment." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Pühringer, Stephan (2013): "Arbeitsmarktferne" Personen - wer sind die? Zu veränderten Exklusionsdynamiken in neokapitalistischen Gesellschaften. In: SWS-Rundschau, Jg. 53, H. 4, S. 361-381.

Abstract

"Der in den letzten Jahrzehnten unter dem Schlagwort der Aktivierung laufende sozialpolitische Diskurs hat ökonomischen Wettbewerbsdruck - der eine Vielzahl von prekären Lebenswirklichkeiten geschaffen hat - ins Zentrum neoliberal geprägter Arbeitsgesellschaften gerückt. Diese Dynamik eines sozialen Wettbewerbs hat auch eine Gruppe von 'arbeitsmarktfernen' Personen produziert, deren subjektiv erlebte und an ihren Erwerbsbiographien ablesbare Distanz zur noch immer präsenten Vorstellung eines Normarbeitsverhältnisses die sozialen Kohäsionsversprechen neokapitalistischer Gesellschaften sprengt. Auf eine Befragung von ExpertInnen und sozialpolitischen AkteurInnen sowie Gruppeninterviews mit arbeitsmarktfernen Personen aufbauend wird in diesem Artikel eine Typologie von Arbeitsmarktferne entwickelt, die zum einen die Heterogenität dieser Personengruppe aufzeigt und zum anderen das Phänomen Arbeitsmarktferne als unmittelbare Folge der Exklusionsdynamiken neokapitalistischer Gesellschaft beschreibt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kalliauer, Johann, Christine Stelzer-Orthofer, Christian Winkler & Dagmar Andree (2006): Der Armut ein Gesicht geben. Lebenslagen von armutsgefährdeten Menschen. (WISO-Dokument 51), Linz, 84 S.

Abstract

"Wie erleben betroffene Menschen ihre Situation, wie schaffen sie den Alltag, was ist hilfreich und was verhindert ein Ausbrechen aus der Situation? Dies sind Fragen, mit denen sich sechs Diplomandinnen mit Unterstützung von Assistenzprofessorin Christine Stelzer-Orthofer (Institut für Gesellschafts- und Sozialpolitik), Arbeiterkammer und Armutsnetzwerk auseinandergesetzt haben." Nach einer theoretischen Einführung in den Lebenslagenansatz werden exemplarisch Menschen in Österreich, die von Armut betroffen sind, vorgestellt: Jugendliche Schulabbrecher, Alleinerziehende, Menschen mit vielen Kindern, Körperbehinderte, psychisch und chronisch Kranke. Dadurch werden typische Lebens- und Problemlagen, die mit Armut verbunden sind, aus der Perspektive der Betroffenen dargestellt. (IAB2)