Lohnerwartungen von Arbeitslosen / Reservation wages of the unemployed
Zu welchem Lohn sind Arbeitslose bereit, eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen? Sinken ihre Lohnansprüche mit der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit? Werden die Lohnansprüche von der Höhe der Arbeitslosenunterstützung beeinflusst? Diese IAB-Infoplattform dokumentiert wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zum Thema "Reservationslöhne".
For what wages are the unemployed willing to take up a job? Do their expectations regarding pay drop with the length of their unemployment? This IAB info platform presents scientific findings on "reservation wages".
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Literaturhinweis
A contribution to the empirics of reservation wages (2016)
Krueger, Alan B.; Mueller, Andreas I.;Zitatform
Krueger, Alan B. & Andreas I. Mueller (2016): A contribution to the empirics of reservation wages. In: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 142-179. DOI:10.1257/pol.20140211
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on the behavior of reservation wages over the spell of unemployment, using high-frequency longitudinal data on unemployed workers in New Jersey. In comparison to a calibrated job search model, the reservation wage starts out too high and declines too slowly, on average, suggesting that many workers persistently misjudge their prospects or anchor their reservation wage on their previous wage. The longitudinal nature of the data also allows for testing the relationship between job acceptance and the reservation wage, where the reservation wage is measured from a previous interview to avoid bias due to cognitive dissonance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of unemployment benefits and nonemployment durations on wages (2016)
Zitatform
Schmieder, Johannes F., Till von Wachter & Stefan Bender (2016): The effect of unemployment benefits and nonemployment durations on wages. In: The American economic review, Jg. 106, H. 3, S. 739-777., 2015-12-31. DOI:10.1257/aer.20141566
Abstract
"We estimate that unemployment insurance (UI) extensions reduce reemployment wages using sharp age discontinuities in UI eligibility in Germany. We show this effect combines two key policy parameters: the effect of UI on reservation wages and the effect of nonemployment durations on wage offers. Our framework implies if UI extensions do not affect wages conditional on duration, then reservation wages do not bind. We derive resulting instrumental variable estimates for the effect of nonemployment durations on wage offers and bounds for reservation wage effects. The effect of UI on wages we find arises mainly from substantial negative nonemployment duration effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage dispersion and search behavior (2015)
Hall, Robert E.; Mueller, Andreas I.;Zitatform
Hall, Robert E. & Andreas I. Mueller (2015): Wage dispersion and search behavior. (IZA discussion paper 9527), Bonn, 55 S.
Abstract
"We use a rich new body of data on the experiences of unemployed job-seekers to determine the sources of wage dispersion and to create a search model consistent with the acceptance decisions the job-seekers made. From the data and the model, we identify the distributions of four key variables: offered wages, offered non-wage job values, the value of the job-seeker's non-work alternative, and the job-seeker's personal productivity. We find that, conditional on personal productivity, the dispersion of offered wages is moderate, accounting for 21 percent of the total variation in observed offered wages, whereas the dispersion of the non-wage component of offered job values is substantially larger. We relate our findings to an influential recent paper by Hornstein, Krusell, and Violante who called attention to the tension between the fairly high dispersion of the values job-seekers assign to their job offers - which suggest a high value to sampling from multiple offers - and the fact that the job-seekers often accept the first offer they receive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 21764 -
Literaturhinweis
Active labor market programs and reservation wages: its a hazard (2015)
Sørensen, Kenneth Lykke;Zitatform
Sørensen, Kenneth Lykke (2015): Active labor market programs and reservation wages. Its a hazard. (University Aarhus. Economics working paper 2015-27), Aarhus, 10 S.
Abstract
"Using a randomized controlled trial, this paper shows that positive earnings effects of labor market programs might be driven by an employment and/or a wage effect. The findings of this paper suggest that treated individuals in a high-intense scheme are more prone to have lowered short- term reservation wages compared to non-treated and thus accepts lower wages. In a less intense scheme with use of private providers, treated individuals are more likely to have gained formal human capital accumulation, and thereby raised reservation wages, which again might give rise to long-lasting effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Multiple earnings comparisons and subjective earnings fairness: a cross-country study (2015)
Tao, Hung-Lin;Zitatform
Tao, Hung-Lin (2015): Multiple earnings comparisons and subjective earnings fairness. A cross-country study. In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Jg. 57, H. August, S. 45-54. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2015.04.002
Abstract
"Earnings comparisons are defined by the earnings differential within the same social class, the parallel comparison, and the longitudinal comparison, which consists of the upward and downward comparisons. These three types of earnings comparisons are direct and significant determinants of the perception of earnings fairness. The influences of these three types of earnings comparisons on fairness perception vary with societal characteristics, such as the degree of corruption, income inequality, and unemployment. Of these three types of earnings comparisons, the group upward comparison is the most malleable to societal characteristics. Past studies on earnings fairness cannot explain workers' strong feelings of injustice in the most recent recession, in which the unemployment rate has been high, but the strong feelings of injustice can be explained by the group upward comparison in this study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anspruchslöhne: immer noch Unterschiede zwischen Ost und West (2015)
Zitatform
Weber, Christoph S. & Philipp Dees (2015): Anspruchslöhne. Immer noch Unterschiede zwischen Ost und West. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 68, H. 8, S. 593-603. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2015-8-593
Abstract
"Fast 25 Jahren nach der Wiedervereinigung gibt es weiterhin einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Löhnen, die West- und Ostdeutsche mindestens erwarten, um eine offene Stelle anzunehmen. D.h. es gibt nicht nur ein nach wie vor bestehendes Lohngefälle zwischen West- und Ostdeutschland, sondern auch die Anspruchslöhne sind im Osten geringer. Dieser Unterschied besteht, wie die vorgelegte Analyse zeigt, auch dann noch, wenn für eine Vielzahl von Einflussfaktoren auf die Lohnerwartung, wie bspw. die sektorale und qualifikatorische Zusammensetzung oder das Mietpreisniveau, kontrolliert werden. Diese Befunde verweisen darauf, dass das bestehende niedrigere Lohnniveau in Ostdeutschland auch die Anspruchslöhne absenkt und damit die Lohnlücke zementiert. Mit Blick auf die politisch und gesellschaftlich gewünschte Angleichung der Löhne zwischen Ost und West stellt dies eine Herausforderung dar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The reservation wage curve: evidence from the UK (2014)
Zitatform
Brown, Sarah & Karl Taylor (2014): The reservation wage curve. Evidence from the UK. (IZA discussion paper 8519), Bonn, 9 S.
Abstract
"We investigate the relationship between an individuals' reservation wage, i.e. the lowest wage acceptable in order to enter into employment, and unemployment in the local area district. Largely unexplored in the literature this adds to the work which has examined the association between employee wages and unemployment - the 'wage curve'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reservation wages and the wage flexibility puzzle (2014)
Zitatform
Koenig, Felix, Alan Manning & Barbara Petrongolo (2014): Reservation wages and the wage flexibility puzzle. (CEP discussion paper 1319), London, 50 S.
Abstract
"Wages are only mildly cyclical, implying that shocks to labour demand have a larger short-run impact on unemployment rather than wages, at odds with the quantitative predictions of the canonical search and matching model. This paper provides an alternative perspective on the wage flexibility puzzle, explaining why the canonical model can only match the observed cyclicality of wages if the replacement ratio is implausibly high. We show that this failure remains even if wages are only occasionally renegotiated, unless the persistence in unemployment is implausibly low. We then provide some evidence that part of the problem comes from the implicit model for the determination of reservation wages. Estimates for the UK and West Germany provide evidence that reservation wages are much less cyclical than predicted even conditional on the observed level of wage cyclicality. We present evidence that elements of perceived 'fairness' or 'reference points' in reservation wages may address this model failure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The estimation of reservation wages: a simulation-based comparison (2014)
Leppin, Julian S.;Zitatform
Leppin, Julian S. (2014): The estimation of reservation wages. A simulation-based comparison. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 234, H. 5, S. 603-634. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2014-0503
Abstract
"This paper examines the predictive power of different estimation approaches for reservation wages. It applies stochastic frontier models for employed persons and the approach from Kiefer and Neumann (1979b) for unemployed persons. Furthermore, the question of whether or not reservation wages decrease over the unemployment period is addressed. This is done by a simulated panel with known reservation wages which uses data from the socio-economic panel as a basis. The comparison of the estimators is carried out by a Monte Carlo simulation. In case of employed persons, the cross-sectional stochastic frontier model shows the best performance. The Kiefer-Neumann approach for unemployed persons is able to predict decreasing reservation wages but the rise of the mean reservation wage in case of a constant simulated reservation wage went undetected. In general, the Kiefer-Neumann approach overestimates the reservation wage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt: Nicht nur eine Frage der Zeit (2014)
Zitatform
Stephan, Gesine & Thomas Rhein (2014): Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt: Nicht nur eine Frage der Zeit. In: IAB-Forum H. 2, S. 62-69., 2014-11-27. DOI:10.3278/IFO1402W062
Abstract
Knapp zwei Drittel der Bezieherinnen und Bezieher von Arbeitslosengeld I finden innerhalb von 18 Monaten wieder eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Stelle - der weit überwiegende Teil davon sogar binnen eines halben Jahres. Allerdings nehmen diejenigen, die länger als sechs Monate ohne Beschäftigung waren, häufiger schlechter bezahlte Jobs an als diejenigen, die schneller eine neue Stelle antraten. Zudem stellt sich die Frage, wie stabil die neuen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse sind.
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Literaturhinweis
Reservation wages, expected wages and unemployment (2013)
Zitatform
Brown, Sarah & Karl Taylor (2013): Reservation wages, expected wages and unemployment. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 119, H. 3, S. 276-279. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2013.02.035
Abstract
"We model unemployment duration, reservation and expected wages simultaneously for individuals not in work, where wage expectations are identified via an exogenous policy shock. The policy shock increased expected wages, which were found to be positively associated with reservation wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational change and mobility among employed and unemployed job seekers (2013)
Zitatform
Longhi, Simonetta & Mark Taylor (2013): Occupational change and mobility among employed and unemployed job seekers. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 60, H. 1, S. 71-100.
Abstract
"We use data from the Labour Force Survey to show that employed and unemployed job seekers in Great Britain originate from different occupations and find jobs in different occupations. We find substantial differences in occupational mobility between job seekers: employed job seekers are most likely to move to occupations paying higher average wages relative to their previous occupation, while unemployed job seekers are most likely to move to lower paying occupations. Employed and unemployed job seekers exhibit different patterns of occupational mobility and, therefore, do not accept the same types of jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job search requirements for older workers: the effect on reservation wages (2013)
Zitatform
Nivorozhkin, Anton, Laura Romeu Gordo & Julia Schneider (2013): Job search requirements for older workers. The effect on reservation wages. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 517-535., 2011-11-18. DOI:10.1108/IJM-05-2013-0114
Abstract
"The goal of the paper is to investigate how reservation wages of older unemployed welfare recipients change once they are no longer subject to standard job search requirements. The authors apply a regression discontinuity design. Consistent with theoretical predictions, the authors' findings indicate that eliminating job search requirements will tend to increase reservation wages. The results correspond to previous findings in the literature that monitoring leads to lower accepted wages and increased exits rates from unemployment, and that it may be a successful policy measure to keep older workers in the labor market. Monitoring of job search effort has been shown to be an effective method of activating unemployed people, but little evidence has been found on the effect of activation measures on older workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The emotional timeline of unemployment: anticipation, reaction, and adaptation (2013)
Zitatform
Scheve, Christian von, Frederike Esche & Jürgen Schupp (2013): The emotional timeline of unemployment. Anticipation, reaction, and adaptation. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 593), Berlin, 43 S.
Abstract
"Unemployment continues to be one of the major challenges in industrialized societies. Aside from its economic dimensions and societal repercussions, questions concerning the individual experience of unemployment have recently attracted increasing attention. Although many studies have documented the detrimental effects of unemployment for subjective well-being, they overwhelmingly focus on life satisfaction as the cognitive dimension of well-being. Little is known about the emotional antecedents and consequences of unemployment. We thus investigate the impact of unemployment on emotional well-being by analyzing the frequency with which specific emotions are experienced in anticipation of and reaction to job loss. Using longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and fixed effects regressions, we find that becoming unemployed leads to more frequent experiences of unpleasant emotions only in the short run and that adaptation occurs more rapidly as compared to life satisfaction. Contrary to existing studies, we find decreases in emotional well-being but not in life satisfaction in anticipation of unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Running out of time: Limited unemployment benefits and reservation wages (2012)
Akin, Nuray; Platt, Brennan C.;Zitatform
Akin, Nuray & Brennan C. Platt (2012): Running out of time: Limited unemployment benefits and reservation wages. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 149-170. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2011.06.001
Abstract
"We study unemployment insurance (UI) in an equilibrium environment in which unemployed workers only receive benefits for a finite length of time. Although all workers have identical productivity and leisure value, the random arrival of job offers creates ex-post differences with respect to their time remaining until benefit expiration. Firms, which are also homogeneous, can exploit these differences, leading to an endogenous wage distribution.
This allows us to examine the equilibrium effect of policy changes in both the size and length of UI benefits. Surprisingly, an increase in benefits can actually cause wages to fall, which is contrary to the predictions of on-the-job-search models. Moreover, we explain well-documented patterns of how the hazard rate of exiting unemployment responds to these policy changes. Our theory also explains why this hazard rate jumps at the time of benefit exhaustion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
The job search of the older unemployed (2012)
Bernard, André;Zitatform
Bernard, André (2012): The job search of the older unemployed. In: Perspectives on Labour and Income, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 1-15.
Abstract
"This article examines the job-search behaviour of the older unemployed by comparing it with that of their younger counterparts, using data from the Employment Insurance Coverage Survey from 2006 to 2010. It looks at age differences in the number of hours spent looking for work and the methods used. It also examines two aspects that may affect the probability of finding a job quickly - looking for work outside one's community and the willingness of the unemployed to accept job offers with a lower wage than in the previous job. Lastly, it examines the level of optimism of the older unemployed about their chances of finding an acceptable job quickly, as well as what, in their view, would help them most in their efforts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do reservation wages react to regional unemployment? (2012)
Zitatform
Blien, Uwe, Susanne Messmann & Mark Trappmann (2012): Do reservation wages react to regional unemployment? (IAB-Discussion Paper 22/2012), Nürnberg, 23 S.
Abstract
"Reservationslöhne bezeichnen die Schwelle, ab der Erwerbstätige bereit sind, ihre Arbeitskraft anzubieten. In einigen theoretischen Ansätzen wird angenommen, dass diese Schwelle von der Arbeitslosenquote abhängt. Wenn diese Annahme stimmt, kann die Variation von Reservationslöhnen ein wesentlicher Mechanismus für das Entstehen der Lohnkurve sein, die bereits in vielen empirischen Studien nachgewiesen wurde. Aufgrund der mangelnden Datenbasis konnte der Zusammenhang zwischen regionaler Arbeitslosigkeit und Reservationslöhnen bisher nicht geprüft werden. Mit dem 'Panel Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS), einer neuen großen Panelstudie in Deutschland, sind nun Informationen zu regionalen Reservationslöhnen verfügbar. Die empirische Analyse dieser Daten eröffnet nunmehr den Blick in die 'Black Box' des Lohnentstehungsprozesses und ermöglicht Einsichten in dessen Determinanten. Der Artikel verwendet die Job-Matching- und die Effizienzlohntheorie, um erwartete Zusammenhänge zwischen Arbeitslosigkeit und Reservationslöhnen abzuleiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Determinants and some consequences of unemployed workers' wage demands (2012)
Eriksson, Stefan; Lagerström, Jonas;Zitatform
Eriksson, Stefan & Jonas Lagerström (2012): Determinants and some consequences of unemployed workers' wage demands. In: Labour, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 208-224. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2011.00531.x
Abstract
"This paper studies the determinants and consequences in the early stages of the hiring process of unemployed workers' wage demands using direct data on workers' wage requests. We show that most unemployed workers want a wage close to their previous wage, and thus much more than they get in unemployment benefits. However, some groups, such as women, tend to demand lower wages. Moreover, we find that workers with high wage demands are contacted by firms less often than otherwise similar workers with lower wage demands. Thus, our results suggest that too high wage demands may contribute to high unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do reservation wages decline monotonically?: a novel statistical test (2012)
Gutknecht, Daniel;Zitatform
Gutknecht, Daniel (2012): Do reservation wages decline monotonically? A novel statistical test. (Warwick economic research paper 991), Coventry, 39 S.
Abstract
"This paper develops a test for monotonicity of the regression function under endogeneity. The novel testing framework is applied to study monotonicity of the reservation wage as a function of elapsed unemployment duration. Hence, the objective of the paper is twofold: from a theoretical perspective, it proposes a test that formally assesses monotonicity of the regression function in the case of a continuous, endogenous regressor. This is accomplished by combining different nonparametric conditional mean estimators using either control functions or unobservable exogenous variation to address endogeneity with a test statistic based on a functional of a second order U-process. The modified statistic is shown to have a non-standard asymptotic distribution (similar to related tests) from which asymptotic critical values can directly be derived rather than approximated by bootstrap resampling methods. The test is shown to be consistent against general alternatives. From an empirical perspective, the paper provides a detailed investigation of the effect of elapsed unemployment duration on reservation wages in a nonparametric setup. This effect is difficult to measure due to the simultaneity of both variables. Despite some evidence in the literature for a declining reservation wage function over the course of unemployment, no information about the actual form of this decline has yet been provided. Using a standard job search model, it is shown that monotonicity of the reservation wage function, a restriction imposed by several empirical studies, only holds under certain (rather restrictive) conditions on the variables in the model. The test from above is applied to formally evaluate this shape restriction and it is found that reservation wage functions (conditional on different characteristics) do not decline monotonically." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reservation wage and optimal contract for experts (2012)
Jun, Jooyong; Yoon, Kyoung-Soo;Zitatform
Jun, Jooyong & Kyoung-Soo Yoon (2012): Reservation wage and optimal contract for experts. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 117, H. 3, S. 619-623. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2012.08.003
Abstract
"We examine the optimal contract for experts with type-dependent reservation wage. We show that Bhattacharya and Pfleiderer (1985)'s result, the possibility of achieving the truthful revelation of information with full surplus extraction, can be achieved with relaxing the restriction on the shape of reservation wage schedules. This outcome can be achieved through payoff functions that are affine in a convex transformation of the ex-post error. Our result is applied to the case of multiple experts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))