Lohnerwartungen von Arbeitslosen / Reservation wages of the unemployed
Zu welchem Lohn sind Arbeitslose bereit, eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen? Sinken ihre Lohnansprüche mit der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit? Werden die Lohnansprüche von der Höhe der Arbeitslosenunterstützung beeinflusst? Diese IAB-Infoplattform dokumentiert wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zum Thema "Reservationslöhne".
For what wages are the unemployed willing to take up a job? Do their expectations regarding pay drop with the length of their unemployment? This IAB info platform presents scientific findings on "reservation wages".
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Literaturhinweis
Wage dispersion and search behavior : The importance of nonwage job values (2018)
Zitatform
Hall, Robert E. & Andreas I. Mueller (2018): Wage dispersion and search behavior : The importance of nonwage job values. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 126, H. 4, S. 1594-1637. DOI:10.1086/697739
Abstract
"We use a rich new body of data on the experiences of unemployed job seekers to determine the sources of wage dispersion and to create a search model consistent with the acceptance decisions the job seekers made. We identify the distributions of four key variables: offered wages, offered nonwage job values, job seekers' nonwork alternatives, and job seekers' personal productivities. We find that, conditional on personal productivity, the standard deviation of offered log wages is moderate, at 0.24, whereas the dispersion of the offered nonwage component is substantially larger, at 0.34. The resulting dispersion of offered job values is 0.38." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wages and the value of nonemployment (2018)
Jäger, Simon; Young, Samuel; Schoefer, Benjamin; Zweimüller, Josef;Zitatform
Jäger, Simon, Benjamin Schoefer, Samuel Young & Josef Zweimüller (2018): Wages and the value of nonemployment. (CESifo working paper 7342), München, 113 S.
Abstract
"Nonemployment is often posited as a worker's outside option in wage setting models such as bargaining and wage posting. The value of this state is therefore a fundamental determinant of wages and, in turn, labor supply and job creation. We measure the effect of changes in the value of nonemployment on wages in existing jobs and among job switchers. Our quasi-experimental variation in nonemployment values arises from four large reforms of unemployment insurance (UI) benefit levels in Austria. We document that wages are insensitive to UI benefit levels: point estimates imply a wage response of less than $0.01 per $1.00 UI benefit increase, and we can reject sensitivities larger than 0.03. In contrast, a calibrated Nash bargaining model predicts a sensitivity of 0.39 - more than ten times larger. The empirical insensitivity holds even among workers with a priori low bargaining power, with low labor force attachment, with high predicted unemployment duration, among job switchers and recently unemployed workers, in areas of high unemployment, in firms with flexible pay policies, and when considering firmlevel bargaining. The insensitivity of wages to the nonemployment value we document presents a puzzle to widely used wage setting protocols, and implies that nonemployment may not constitute workers' relevant threat point. Our evidence supports wage-setting mechanisms that insulate wages from the value of nonemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job seekers' perceptions and employment prospects: heterogeneity, duration dependence and bias (2018)
Zitatform
Mueller, Andreas I., Johannes Spinnewijn & Giorgio Topa (2018): Job seekers' perceptions and employment prospects. Heterogeneity, duration dependence and bias. (NBER working paper 25294), Cambrige, Mass., 71 S. DOI:10.3386/w25294
Abstract
"This paper analyses job seekers' perceptions and their relationship to unemployment outcomes to study heterogeneity and duration-dependence in both perceived and actual job finding. Using longitudinal data from two comprehensive surveys, we document (1) that reported beliefs have strong predictive power of actual job finding, (2) that job seekers are over-optimistic in their beliefs, particularly the long-term unemployed, and (3) that job seekers do not revise their beliefs downward when remaining unemployed. We then develop a reduced-form statistical framework, where we exploit the joint observation of beliefs and ex-post realizations, to disentangle heterogeneity and duration-dependence in true job finding rates while allowing for elicitation errors and systematic biases in beliefs. We find a substantial amount of heterogeneity in true job finding rates, accounting for more than half of the observed decline in job finding rates over the spell of unemployment. Moreover, job seekers' beliefs are systemically biased and under-respond to differences in job finding rates both across job seekers and over the unemployment spell. Finally, we show theoretically and quantify in a calibrated model of job search how these biases in beliefs contribute to the slow exit out of unemployment. The biases jointly explain about 15 percent of the high incidence of long-term unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reservation wages and the unemployment of older workers (2017)
Zitatform
Axelrad, Hila, Israel Luski & Miki Malul (2017): Reservation wages and the unemployment of older workers. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 206-227. DOI:10.1007/s12122-017-9247-6
Abstract
"Our purpose is to examine the level of reservation wages among older unemployed (45+), and investigate what happens to the level of reservation wages as the length of unemployment increases. Using data from questionnaires completed by unemployed, we examined the reservation wages of 364 individuals and asked whether they would be willing to compromise in terms of their occupation, profession or geographic location to find a job. 112 of the participants responded to two questionnaires over a three-month period to determine the changes in their expectations over time. Additionally, we conducted qualitative interviews with 10 unemployed. We found that older people experienced longer periods of unemployment, and had a greater willingness to reduce salary expectations. The study establishes an innovative connection between older unemployed, reservation wages and the duration of unemployment, showing that higher reservation wages among older unemployed is the cause of prolonging their unemployment." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Analysen zu Stellenbesetzungsproblemen: Konzessionsbereitschaft, Reservationslohn und Suchwege von Arbeitssuchenden (2017)
Zitatform
Beste, Jonas & Mark Trappmann (2017): Analysen zu Stellenbesetzungsproblemen: Konzessionsbereitschaft, Reservationslohn und Suchwege von Arbeitssuchenden. In: IAB-Forum H. 13.07.2017, o. Sz.
Abstract
"Aus Daten des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) geht hervor, dass viele Arbeitslose verglichen mit Beschäftigten eine hohe Bereitschaft zeigen, bei der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit Zugeständnisse zu machen. Sie sind nach eigener Auskunft vor allem dazu bereit, eine Tätigkeit unterhalb des eigenen fachlichen Könnens oder zu ungünstigen Arbeitszeiten anzunehmen. Die Konzessionsbereitschaft hängt dabei stark von der Familiensituation ab. Alleinstehende Arbeitslose weisen gegenüber Personen in anderen Familienkonstellationen zum Beispiel eine höhere Mobilitätsbereitschaft auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Reservation wages of first- and second-generation migrants (2017)
Zitatform
Constant, Amelie F., Annabelle Krause, Ulf Rinne & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2017): Reservation wages of first- and second-generation migrants. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 24, H. 13, S. 945-949. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2016.1243203
Abstract
"We analyse the reservation wages of first- and second-generation migrants, based on rich survey data of the unemployed in Germany. Our results confirm the hypothesis that reservation wages increase over migrant generations and over time, suggesting that the mobility benefit of immigration may be limited in time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Explaining wage losses after job displacement: Employer size and lost firm rents (2017)
Zitatform
Fackler, Daniel, Steffen Müller & Jens Stegmaier (2017): Explaining wage losses after job displacement: Employer size and lost firm rents. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2017,32), Halle, 46 S.
Abstract
"Why does job displacement, e.g., following import competition, technological change, or economic downturns, result in permanent wage losses? The job displacement literature is silent on whether wage losses after job displacement are driven by lost firm wage premiums or worker productivity depreciations. We therefore estimate losses in wages and firm wage premiums. Premiums are measured as firm effects from a two-way fixed-effects approach, as described in Abowd, Kramarz, and Margolis (1999). Using German administrative data, we find that wage losses are, on average, fully explained by losses in firm wage premiums and that premium losses are largely permanent. We show that losses in wages and premiums are minor for workers displaced from small plants and strongly increase with pre-displacement firm size, which provides an explanation for the large and persistent wage losses that have been found in previous studies mostly focusing on displacement from large employers." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment insurance and reservation wages: evidence from administrative data (2017)
Zitatform
Le Barbanchon, Thomas, Roland Rathelot & Alexandra Roulet (2017): Unemployment insurance and reservation wages. Evidence from administrative data. (NBER working paper 23406), Cambrige, Mass., 38 S. DOI:10.3386/w23406
Abstract
"Although the reservation wage plays a central role in job search models, empirical evidence on the determinants of reservation wages, including key policy variables such as unemployment insurance (UI), is scarce. In France, unemployed people must declare their reservation wage to the Public Employment Service when they register to claim UI benefits. We take advantage of these rich French administrative data and of a reform of UI rules to estimate the effect of the potential benefit duration (PBD) on reservation wages and on other dimensions of job selectivity, using a difference-in-difference strategy. We cannot reject that the elasticity of the reservation wage with respect to PBD is zero. Our results are precise and we can rule out elasticities larger than 0.006. Furthermore, we do not find any significant effects of PBD on the desired number of hours, duration of labor contract and commuting time/distance. The estimated elasticity of actual benefit duration with respect to PBD of 0.3 is in line with the consensus in the literature. Exploiting a regression discontinuity design as an alternative identification strategy, we find similar results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The emotional timeline of unemployment: anticipation, reaction, and adaptation (2017)
Zitatform
Scheve, Christian von, Frederike Esche & Jürgen Schupp (2017): The emotional timeline of unemployment. Anticipation, reaction, and adaptation. In: Journal of happiness studies, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 1231-1254. DOI:10.1007/s10902-016-9773-6
Abstract
"Unemployment continues to be one of the major challenges in industrialized societies. Aside from its economic and societal repercussions, questions concerning the subjective experience of unemployment have recently attracted increasing attention. Although existing studies have documented the detrimental effects of unemployment for cognitive (life satisfaction) and affective well-being, studies directly comparing these two dimensions of subjective well-being and their temporal dynamics in anticipation of and response to unemployment are absent from the literature. Using longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and applying fixed effects regressions, we investigate changes in cognitive and affective well-being prior to and after job loss. Extending previous studies, we use discrete emotion measures instead of affect balance indicators to assess affective well-being. Our results support existing findings that unemployment leads to decreases in life satisfaction and that the unemployed do not adapt towards previous levels of life satisfaction. We also find that individuals more often experience sadness and anxiety, and less often happiness when transitioning into unemployment. Importantly, changes in affective well-being are less enduring compared to the changes in life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Active labour market programmes and reservation wages: it is a hazard (2017)
Soerensen, Kenneth Lykke;Zitatform
Soerensen, Kenneth Lykke (2017): Active labour market programmes and reservation wages. It is a hazard. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 24, H. 9, S. 589-593. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2016.1213358
Abstract
"This article uses a randomized controlled trial to show that positive earnings effects of a labour market programme can be caused by either a faster return to employment together with a lowering of reservation wages or a more moderate return to employment together with an increase in reservation wages. I model wages and unemployment duration simultaneously in a hazard framework allowing for unobserved heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage expectations for higher education students in Spain (2016)
Alonso-Borrego, César; Romero-Medina, Antonio;Zitatform
Alonso-Borrego, César & Antonio Romero-Medina (2016): Wage expectations for higher education students in Spain. In: Labour, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1111/labr.12072
Abstract
"We assess students' ability to forecast future earnings by using data on expected wages self-reported by college students with different graduation horizons. We find a significant gender gap, by which wage expectations are systematically lower for women than for men. However, women do not fully account for the gender gap in their future earnings. We also find that student performance, degree type, and graduation horizon play a relevant role in wage forecasts. In any case, students' expectations do not conform market wages but become more realistic as they approach graduation." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reallocation patterns across occupations in Germany (2016)
Zitatform
Bauer, Anja (2016): Reallocation patterns across occupations in Germany. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 148, H. November, S. 111-114., 2016-09-11. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.09.008
Abstract
"Using high-quality German administrative data, I analyze workers' opportunity costs of reallocation across occupations by measuring the additional time spent in unemployment before being hired in a new occupation. Furthermore, I inspect the wage changes after reallocation and find that workers who change occupations through unemployment face wage losses that appear to be persistent over a 5-year horizon." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Misperceptions of unemployment and individual labor market outcomes (2016)
Zitatform
Cardoso, Ana Rute, Annalisa Loviglio & Lavinia Piemontese (2016): Misperceptions of unemployment and individual labor market outcomes. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 5, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1186/s40173-016-0069-6
Abstract
"We analyze the impact of misperceptions of the unemployment rate on individual wages, using the European Social Survey. We follow a threefold strategy to tackle potential endogeneity problems, as the model includes the following: controls for worker's ability, the regional unemployment rate, and country fixed effects. We estimate interval regression models. When subjective perceptions overstate the country unemployment rate, a one percentage point gap between the perceived and the actual rates reduces wages by 0.4 to 0.7 %. We discuss a potential mechanism. A pessimistic view of the labor market leads to concern over own employment prospects, lowering perceived bargaining power and reservation wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A contribution to the empirics of reservation wages (2016)
Krueger, Alan B.; Mueller, Andreas I.;Zitatform
Krueger, Alan B. & Andreas I. Mueller (2016): A contribution to the empirics of reservation wages. In: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 142-179. DOI:10.1257/pol.20140211
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on the behavior of reservation wages over the spell of unemployment, using high-frequency longitudinal data on unemployed workers in New Jersey. In comparison to a calibrated job search model, the reservation wage starts out too high and declines too slowly, on average, suggesting that many workers persistently misjudge their prospects or anchor their reservation wage on their previous wage. The longitudinal nature of the data also allows for testing the relationship between job acceptance and the reservation wage, where the reservation wage is measured from a previous interview to avoid bias due to cognitive dissonance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of unemployment benefits and nonemployment durations on wages (2016)
Zitatform
Schmieder, Johannes F., Till von Wachter & Stefan Bender (2016): The effect of unemployment benefits and nonemployment durations on wages. In: The American economic review, Jg. 106, H. 3, S. 739-777., 2015-12-31. DOI:10.1257/aer.20141566
Abstract
"We estimate that unemployment insurance (UI) extensions reduce reemployment wages using sharp age discontinuities in UI eligibility in Germany. We show this effect combines two key policy parameters: the effect of UI on reservation wages and the effect of nonemployment durations on wage offers. Our framework implies if UI extensions do not affect wages conditional on duration, then reservation wages do not bind. We derive resulting instrumental variable estimates for the effect of nonemployment durations on wage offers and bounds for reservation wage effects. The effect of UI on wages we find arises mainly from substantial negative nonemployment duration effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage dispersion and search behavior (2015)
Zitatform
Hall, Robert E. & Andreas I. Mueller (2015): Wage dispersion and search behavior. (IZA discussion paper 9527), Bonn, 55 S.
Abstract
"We use a rich new body of data on the experiences of unemployed job-seekers to determine the sources of wage dispersion and to create a search model consistent with the acceptance decisions the job-seekers made. From the data and the model, we identify the distributions of four key variables: offered wages, offered non-wage job values, the value of the job-seeker's non-work alternative, and the job-seeker's personal productivity. We find that, conditional on personal productivity, the dispersion of offered wages is moderate, accounting for 21 percent of the total variation in observed offered wages, whereas the dispersion of the non-wage component of offered job values is substantially larger. We relate our findings to an influential recent paper by Hornstein, Krusell, and Violante who called attention to the tension between the fairly high dispersion of the values job-seekers assign to their job offers - which suggest a high value to sampling from multiple offers - and the fact that the job-seekers often accept the first offer they receive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 21764 -
Literaturhinweis
Active labor market programs and reservation wages: its a hazard (2015)
Zitatform
Sørensen, Kenneth Lykke (2015): Active labor market programs and reservation wages. Its a hazard. (University Aarhus. Economics working paper 2015-27), Aarhus, 10 S.
Abstract
"Using a randomized controlled trial, this paper shows that positive earnings effects of labor market programs might be driven by an employment and/or a wage effect. The findings of this paper suggest that treated individuals in a high-intense scheme are more prone to have lowered short- term reservation wages compared to non-treated and thus accepts lower wages. In a less intense scheme with use of private providers, treated individuals are more likely to have gained formal human capital accumulation, and thereby raised reservation wages, which again might give rise to long-lasting effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Multiple earnings comparisons and subjective earnings fairness: a cross-country study (2015)
Tao, Hung-Lin;Zitatform
Tao, Hung-Lin (2015): Multiple earnings comparisons and subjective earnings fairness. A cross-country study. In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Jg. 57, H. August, S. 45-54. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2015.04.002
Abstract
"Earnings comparisons are defined by the earnings differential within the same social class, the parallel comparison, and the longitudinal comparison, which consists of the upward and downward comparisons. These three types of earnings comparisons are direct and significant determinants of the perception of earnings fairness. The influences of these three types of earnings comparisons on fairness perception vary with societal characteristics, such as the degree of corruption, income inequality, and unemployment. Of these three types of earnings comparisons, the group upward comparison is the most malleable to societal characteristics. Past studies on earnings fairness cannot explain workers' strong feelings of injustice in the most recent recession, in which the unemployment rate has been high, but the strong feelings of injustice can be explained by the group upward comparison in this study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anspruchslöhne: immer noch Unterschiede zwischen Ost und West (2015)
Zitatform
Weber, Christoph S. & Philipp Dees (2015): Anspruchslöhne. Immer noch Unterschiede zwischen Ost und West. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 68, H. 8, S. 593-603. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2015-8-593
Abstract
"Fast 25 Jahren nach der Wiedervereinigung gibt es weiterhin einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Löhnen, die West- und Ostdeutsche mindestens erwarten, um eine offene Stelle anzunehmen. D.h. es gibt nicht nur ein nach wie vor bestehendes Lohngefälle zwischen West- und Ostdeutschland, sondern auch die Anspruchslöhne sind im Osten geringer. Dieser Unterschied besteht, wie die vorgelegte Analyse zeigt, auch dann noch, wenn für eine Vielzahl von Einflussfaktoren auf die Lohnerwartung, wie bspw. die sektorale und qualifikatorische Zusammensetzung oder das Mietpreisniveau, kontrolliert werden. Diese Befunde verweisen darauf, dass das bestehende niedrigere Lohnniveau in Ostdeutschland auch die Anspruchslöhne absenkt und damit die Lohnlücke zementiert. Mit Blick auf die politisch und gesellschaftlich gewünschte Angleichung der Löhne zwischen Ost und West stellt dies eine Herausforderung dar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The reservation wage curve: evidence from the UK (2014)
Zitatform
Brown, Sarah & Karl Taylor (2014): The reservation wage curve. Evidence from the UK. (IZA discussion paper 8519), Bonn, 9 S.
Abstract
"We investigate the relationship between an individuals' reservation wage, i.e. the lowest wage acceptable in order to enter into employment, and unemployment in the local area district. Largely unexplored in the literature this adds to the work which has examined the association between employee wages and unemployment - the 'wage curve'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))