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Ashraf, Nava, Oriana Bandiera, Virginia Minni & Víctor Quintas-Martínez (2024): Gender Gaps across the Spectrum of Development: Local Talent and Firm Productivity. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17103), Bonn, 67 S.

Abstract

"We ask whether the gendered division of work affects firm productivity across the spectrum of economic development. Personnel records of over 100,000 individuals hired by a global firm that operates in 100 countries reveal that the performance of female employees is higher where women are underrepresented in the candidate pool. This implies productivity gains from hiring more women, but realizing them would require increasing women's pay relative to men. The findings highlight how unequal gender norms in local labor markets create an equity-efficiency trade-off inside the firm, particularly in low-income countries with conservative gender norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Erlandsson, Anni (2024): Gendered ethnic discrimination and the role of recruiter gender. A field experiment. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 232-250. DOI:10.1177/00016993231201482

Abstract

"Relying on data from a large-scale field experiment in Sweden, this article studies discrimination in recruitment on the basis of gender and ethnicity combined with recruiter gender. The study includes 5641 job applications sent in response to advertised vacancies, and the employer callbacks to these. Gender and either a Swedish or a foreign-sounding name were randomly assigned to the applications, and recruiter gender was documented whenever available. Based on the callback rates, there is evidence of ethnic discrimination against foreign-named job applicants by both male and female recruiters. Also, male applicants with foreign-sounding names are discriminated more than female applicants with foreign-sounding names. Thus, the results show gendered ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market, and this does not appear to depend on recruiter gender in general. However, the patterns for gendered ethnic discrimination by recruiter gender vary across occupational categories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gräfe-Geusch, Annett & Jennifer Sdunzik (2024): Diversität, aber wie? Internationale und nationale Best-Practice-Bereiche für diversitäts- orientierte und diskriminierungskritische Organisationsentwicklung. (DeZIM working papers DWP #02), Berlin, 47 S.

Abstract

"Diversitätsorientierte Organisationsentwicklung ist mittlerweile auch in Deutschland ein wichtiges Vorhaben in allen Wirtschaftssektoren. Zwar gibt es viel wissenschaftliche und graue Literatur zum Thema, aber nur wenig Überblick darüber, wie dieses Vorhaben gestaltet werden sollte. Dieses Working Paper beantwortet daher die Frage, welche Maßnahmen und Handlungsempfehlungen (Best Practices) Gegenstand der internationalen und nationalen Forschungsliteratur sind, und vergleicht, wie diese jeweils im internationalen und nationalen Kontext besprochen werden. Basierend auf systematischen qualitativen und quantitativen Analysen der internationalen und nationalen Literatur im Bereich Diversität in Organisationen haben wir aus der Vielzahl an besprochenen Maßnahmen, Handlungsempfehlungen und organisationalen Kontexten insgesamt zwölf Best-Practice-Bereiche identifiziert und zusammengefasst. Diese wurden in drei Gruppen – Verankerungen, Vorschriften und Verbindungen – klassifiziert. Zur besseren Übersicht wurden für jeden Best-Practice-Bereich Dos- und Don’ts-Tabellen erstellt. Basierend auf einem theoretisch fundierten Verständnis von diversitätsorientierter Organisationsentwicklung als lernendem Prozess und um die teils abstrakten Best-Practice-Bereiche besser einordnen zu können, diskutieren wir zusätzlich drei Praxisbeispiele aus dem öffentlichen Sektor, an denen aufgezeigt wird, wie sich die verschiedenen Bereiche in einzelnen Maßnahmen überschneiden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Joecks, Jasmin, Kerstin Pull & Katrin Scharfenkamp (2024): Women directors, board attendance, and corporate financial performance. In: Corporate Governance, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 205-227. DOI:10.1111/corg.12525

Abstract

"Using insights from an in-depth qualitative interview study, we propose an input-process-output model where the link between women directors (input) and corporate financial performance (output) is mediated by board attendance and where board attendance serves as a proxy of several intermediate but latent board processes. Further, we dig deeper into the nonlinearities of female boardroom representation by analyzing in how far the postulated mediation depends on the number of women in the boardroom. Analyzing quantitative data from German supervisory boards over an 11-year period, we find the link between women directors and corporate financial performance to be partially mediated by board attendance, and we find the mediation to depend on whether there is more than just one “token” woman in the boardroom. When there is only one woman in the boardroom, her presence is positively linked to board attendance, but the higher board attendance does not to translate into a better corporate financial performance. Our study contributes to theory, by inductively enriching our understanding of how and when women directors and corporate financial performance are linked. Our study encourages firms to appoint more than one woman to the boardroom to profit from an enhanced board attendance that will then also translate into a better corporate financial performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kamal, Fariha, Asha Sundaram & Cristina J. Tello-Trillo (2024): Family-Leave Mandates and Female Labor at U.S. Firms: Evidence from a Trade Shock. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, S. 1-50. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01436

Abstract

"We examine how the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) impacts the gender composition at U.S. firms experiencing a negative demand shock. Combining changes in Chinese imports across industries between 2000 and 2003 and a sharp regression discontinuity to identify FMLA status, we find that an increase in import competition decreases the share of female employment, earnings, and promotions at FMLA relative to non-FMLA firms. This effect is driven by women in prime childbearing ages and without college degrees; and is pronounced at firms with all male managers. These results suggest that job-protected leave mandates may exacerbate gender inequalities in response to adverse shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Vincent, Steve, Ana Lopes, Elina Meliou & Mustafa Özbilgin (2024): Relational Responsibilisation and Diversity Management in the 21st Century: The Case for Reframing Equality Regulation. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 6, S. 1549-1568. DOI:10.1177/09500170231217660

Abstract

"This article critiques equality regulation within neoliberal policy regimes and suggests an alternative. We argue that, globally, neoliberal regimes exacerbate social divisions by individualising responsibilities for addressing inequalities. Consequentially, a new policy direction for equality regulation is required. Using the UK economy as an exemplar, we make the case for relational responsibilisation, which involves raising awareness of workplace inequalities on an international basis; attributing responsibility for inequalities onto specific socioeconomic causes and institutions; and systematically developing policies and practices that extend accountability for and ameliorate the negative consequences of workplace inequalities. Theoretically, Bourdieusian social critique and realist sociological imagination are used to conceive responsibilisation in relational terms and to imagine a policy agenda that might make societies more responsible for tackling the forms of inequality they produce. Our overall argument is for the creation of a new equality, diversity and inclusion-aware form of social democracy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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de Saint Priest, Oriana & Franciska Krings (2024): The impact of diversity statements on age diversity: More than just window-dressing? In: Work, Aging and Retirement, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1093/workar/waae012

Abstract

"Many organizations are committed to age diversity and inclusion, aiming for a fair treatment and balanced representation of younger and older employees in all units of the organization. However, the continuing workplace discrimination against mature workers demonstrates that older employees are often excluded and remain underrepresented. Hence, organizations still struggle to reach their diversity goals and finding ways to effectively foster employee behaviors that result in more age diversity is therefore crucial. We investigate the impact of age diversity statements on selecting older and younger individuals into teams in 3 experimental studies. We find consistent evidence that when building teams, short diversity statements increase the selection rates of older individuals so that teams become more age balanced. With no age diversity statement in place, older teammates are hardly chosen, showing that diversity statements can help overcome negative age bias. We found no evidence that age diversity statements produce unintended negative side-effects in terms of increased bias based on dimensions other than age. Overall, this research provides a first examination and encouraging conclusions regarding the effectiveness of age diversity statements, laying the groundwork for more field research in this area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Knappertsbusch, Inka & Gerlind Wisskirchen (Hrsg.) (2023): Die Zukunft der Arbeit. New Work mit Flexibilität und Rechtssicherheit gestalten. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 443 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Buch nimmt die Leser mit auf eine Reise in die Zukunft der Arbeit. Unter dem Einfluss der Pandemie ist eine vorher undenkbare Flexibilität der Arbeitsbedingungen eingetreten. Die in diesem Rahmen gewährten Freiheiten werden von vielen Mitarbeitern weiterhin eingefordert. Ebenso gibt es zahlreiche Unternehmen, die mit dieser Umstellung überwiegend positive Erfahrungen gemacht haben und diese gerne fortführen möchten. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu erwarten, dass sich die erfolgte Abkehr von einem traditionellen Arbeitsumfeld – bedingt durch die vier Einflussfaktoren demografischer Wandel, Fachkräftemangel, Digitalisierung und künstliche Intelligenz – in Zukunft noch verstärken wird. Dieses Buch vermittelt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Gestaltungsoptionen im Bereich New Work und zeigt die jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile auf. Zudem werden neue Trends und Prognosen in Bezug auf die Zukunft der Arbeit analysiert. Darüber hinaus wird in aller Kürze und leicht verständlich der maßgebliche rechtliche Rahmen dargestellt. Dieses Buch gibt Ihnen die nötigen Werkzeuge an die Hand, um die Zukunft der Arbeit in Ihrem Unternehmen aktiv und rechtssicher zu gestalten." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Machokoto, Michael & Eugene Bempong Nyantakyi (2023): Are women-owned enterprises better for employees? In: Economics Letters, Jg. 232. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111368

Abstract

"This study provides novel survey-based insights from an under-researched developing market perspective into whether women-owned enterprises offer better working environments despite being resource-constrained and subject to engendered restrictions. Using a hand-collected survey-based dataset from Kenya and Tanzania, we find that women-owned enterprises provide more training programs, pension coverage, health insurance, female and youth employment opportunities, and are more innovative. We attribute these findings to the fact that female participation leads to a more empathic and socially responsible approach to decision-making, resulting in better employee welfare outcomes. Our findings echo the need to spur equitable and sustained economic growth by eliminating engendered restrictions and providing more resources to female entrepreneurs in developing markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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(2023): Gender diversity in senior management and firm productivity: Evidence from nine OECD countries. (OECD productivity working papers 34), Paris, 29 S. DOI:10.1787/58ad664a-en

Abstract

"This paper investigates the link between gender diversity in senior management and firm-level productivity. For this purpose, it constructs a novel cross-country dataset with information on firms' senior management group and other firm characteristics, covering both publicly listed and unlisted firms in manufacturing and non-financial market services across nine OECD countries. The main result from the analysis is that productivity gains from increasing gender diversity in senior management are highest among firms with low initial diversity. Increasing the female share to the sample average of 20% in firms with initially lower shares would increase aggregate productivity by around 0.6%. This suggests that improving women's access to senior management positions matters not only for equity but could yield significant productivity gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tobsch, Verena & Tanja Schmidt (2023): Operationalisierbarkeit der Konzeption ,Wege zur Diskriminierungsfreiheit von Unternehmen‘ des djb für den Bereich der Personalrekrutierung. Kurzstudie im Auftrag der Bundesstiftung Gleichstellung. Berlin, 39 S.

Abstract

"Wie sehen Lösungen für eine diskriminierungsfreie Personalauswahl aus? Und wie können Unternehmen bei der Entwicklung von gleichstellungsorientierten Maßnahmen unterstützt werden? Die neue Studie betont das Potential, datenbasiert Diskriminierungen im Recruiting aufzudecken und zeigt Handlungsoptionen auf. Bei der Karrieremesse herCAREER Expo wurde sie der Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Begall, Katia, Leonie van Breeschoten, Tanja van der Lippe & Anne-Rigt Poortman (2022): Supplemental family leave provision and employee performance. Disentangling availability and use. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 393-416. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2020.1737176

Abstract

"The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the provision of supplemental family leave elicits higher work effort and extra-role behavior in employees. Drawing on arguments derived from signaling theory we test whether the beneficial effects of providing longer or better paid family leave on performance exist for all employees, or whether they are limited to the group who either took advantage of the supplemental leave in the past or is likely to do so in the future. In addition, the mechanism proposed by organizational support theory by which supplemental leave is expected to affect employee performance - by increasing affective organizational commitment - is tested. The hypotheses developed are tested using European multilevel organization-data (Van der Lippe et al., 2016a) on 11,011 employees in 869 departments or teams, and 259 organizations. The results indicate that perceived availability of supplemental family leave relates positively to employees? contextual performance, partially by increasing organizational commitment. This effect is found irrespective of actual use of family leave and is not moderated by characteristics relating to future use such as having young children, being of childbearing age or being female." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brüll, Eduard & Patrick Kampkötter (2022): Betriebliche Diversitätsstrategien in Deutschland. (Forschungsbericht / Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales 603), Berlin, 48 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht betrachtet freiwillige Diversitätsstrategien in Deutschland und analysiert die Wirkung dieser Strategien sowohl aus der Beschäftigten- als auch aus der Unternehmensperspektive. Basierend auf Daten des Linked Personnel Panel, einem repräsentativen Arbeitgeber-ArbeitnehmerDatensatz für privatwirtschaftliche Betriebe mit mehr als 50 sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigten, gibt dieser Bericht einen ersten deskriptiven Überblick über die Anwendung und thematische Ausgestaltung solcher Strategien in deutschen Betrieben. Anhand von Regressionen mit Strukturkontrollen und einem Differenz-in-Differenzen-Ansatz lassen sich kaum Belege für die Wirksamkeit dieser Strategien ermitteln. Hinsichtlich der Betriebszusammensetzung, der Rekrutierung von Beschäftigten und der Mitarbeiterbindung zeigt der Bericht keinerlei Unterschiede zwischen Unternehmen mit und ohne Diversitätsstrategien. Die wenigen vorliegenden Belege für die Wirksamkeit von Diversitätsstrategien beziehen sich auf Messgrößen, die direkt beschreiben, wie die Beschäftigten Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz wahrnehmen. Bei der empfunden Arbeitszufriedenheit und anderen aus der Beschäftigtenperspektive wichtigen Zielgrößen, lassen sich keine Unterschiede zwischen Beschäftigten in Betrieben mit und ohne Diversitätsstrategien feststellten. Insgesamt zeigen die Analysen in dem Bericht somit wenig Spielraum für die Wirksamkeit von Diversitätsstrategien, jedenfalls nicht innerhalb des betrachteten Zeitraums von fünf Befragungswellen zwischen 2012 und 2021." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kiefer, Kip, Mark Heileman & Timothy L. Pett (2022): Does gender still matter? An examination of small business performance. In: Small business economics, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 141-167. DOI:10.1007/s11187-020-00403-2

Abstract

"This study provides novel insights into gender differences in small business outcomes. We analyze the first publicly available microdata from the 2007 US Census Bureau PUMS dataset, in a manner similar to (Fairlie and Robb's in Small Business Economics, 33, 375–395 2009) analysis of the 1992 CBO dataset, and explore differences in female-led versus male-led firms' business performances over a 15-year period. Findings indicate that gender differences persist and that female-led businesses continue to trail male-led businesses in survival rates, profits, employment (i.e., firm size), and sales. We also extend the work by (Fairlie and Robb in Small Business Economics, 33, 375–395 2009), by examining new performance and predictor measures, including payroll firm and longevity. We find that female-led businesses trail male-led businesses in these variables as well. However, the news is not all bad. Our findings also reveal that, although female-led businesses continue to trail male-led businesses in performance outcomes, both female- and male-led businesses are improving and in some cases performance improvements by female-led businesses are out-pacing their male-led counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Lorenzen, Solvej & Jörn Block (2022): Geschlechterdiversität im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen. In: Personal quarterly, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 22-27.

Abstract

"Welchen Einfluss haben weibliche Familien- und Nichtfamilien-CEOs auf die Anzahl und den Anteil weiblicher Nichtfamilienmitglieder im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen? Deskriptive Analyse und lineare Regression. 1.139 mittelständische Familienunternehmen im Maschinenbausektor Praktische Implikationen: Wir finden einen positiven Einfluss weiblicher NichtfamilienCEOs und einen negativen Einfluss weiblicher Familien-CEOs auf die Anzahl weiblicher Nichtfamilienmitglieder im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Haufe-Lexware)

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Miller, Conrad, Jennifer Peck & Mehmet Seflek (2022): Integration Costs and Missing Women in Firms around the World. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 112, S. 578-582. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20221084

Abstract

"Where social norms favor gender segregation, firms may find it costly to employ both men and women. If the costs of integration are largely fixed, firms will integrate only if their expected number of female employees under integration exceeds some threshold. We use the distribution of female employment to estimate the share of firms with binding integration costs. Using global survey data, we find evidence for these binding integration costs in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and South Asia but not in other regions. We also show that the intensity of gender segregation preferences is correlated with these integration costs in the MENA region." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Yang, Yang, Tanya Y. Tian, Teresa K. Woodruff, Benjamin F. Jones & Brian Uzzi (2022): Gender-diverse teams produce more novel and higher-impact scientific ideas. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jg. 119, H. 36. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2200841119

Abstract

"Science’s changing demographics raise new questions about research team diversity and research outcomes. We study mixed-gender research teams, examining 6.6 million papers published across the medical sciences since 2000 and establishing several core findings. First, the fraction of publications by mixed-gender teams has grown rapidly, yet mixed-gender teams continue to be underrepresented compared to the expectations of a null model. Second, despite their underrepresentation, the publications of mixed-gender teams are substantially more novel and impactful than the publications of same-gender teams of equivalent size. Third, the greater the gender balance on a team, the better the team scores on these performance measures. Fourth, these patterns generalize across medical subfields. Finally, the novelty and impact advantages seen with mixed-gender teams persist when considering numerous controls and potential related features, including fixed effects for the individual researchers, team structures, and network positioning, suggesting that a team’s gender balance is an underrecognized yet powerful correlate of novel and impactful scientific discoveries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carbonero, Francesco, Francesco Devicienti, Alessandro Manello & Davide Vannoni (2021): Women on board and firm export attitudes: Evidence from Italy. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 192, S. 159-175. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.011

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Card, David, Fabrizio Colella & Rafael Lalive (2021): Gender Preferences in Job Vacancies and Workplace Gender Diversity. (NBER working paper), Cambridge, Mass, 69 S. DOI:10.3386/w29350

Abstract

"In spring 2005, Austria launched a campaign to inform employers and newspapers that gender preferences in job advertisements were illegal. At the time over 40% of openings on the nation’s largest job-board specified a preferred gender. Over the next year the fraction fell to under 5%. We merge data on filled vacancies to linked employer-employee data to study how the elimination of gender preferences affected hiring and job outcomes. Prior to the campaign, most stated preferences were concordant with the firm’s existing gender composition, but a minority targeted the opposite gender - a subset we call non-stereotypical vacancies. Vacancies with a gender preference were very likely (>90%) to be filled by someone of that gender. We use pre-campaign vacancies to predict the probabilities of specifying preferences for females, males, or neither gender. We then conduct event studies of the effect of the campaign on the predicted preference groups. We find that the elimination of gender preferences led to a rise in the fraction of women hired for jobs that were likely to be targeted to men (and vice versa), increasing the diversity of hiring workplaces. Partially offsetting this effect, we find a reduction in the success of non-stereotypical vacancies in hiring the targeted gender, and indications of a decline in the efficiency of matching. For the much larger set of stereotypical vacancies, however, vacancy filling times, wages, and job durations were largely unaffected by the campaign, suggesting that the elimination of stated preferences had at most small consequences on overall job match efficiency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Clark, Andrew E., Conchita D'Ambrosio & Rong Zhu (2021): Job quality and workplace gender diversity in Europe. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 183, S. 420-432. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.01.012

Abstract

"We here consider the relationship between workplace gender measures and employees’ perceived job quality, where the former cover both the gender mix of workers with the same job title and the gender of the immediate boss. Data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey show that men’s job evaluation is higher in gender-balanced job positions at the workplace, while that of women is higher in either gender-balanced or male-dominated positions. The gender of the immediate boss plays no significant role in employee job evaluation. There is some evidence that these correlations differ by job-quality domains. We introduce co-worker support and help, gender discrimination, and unwanted sexual attention as possible mediators of the gender-mix correlations: these change the estimated coefficients only little. Our estimated correlations could therefore reflect a pure preference for job-position gender composition. Last, we use a bounding approach to show that our main results are robust to the potential influence of unobservables. Overall, job-position gender diversity is associated with higher worker well-being." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))