This paper investigates whether task overlap can equalize the effects of automation for unemployed job seekers displaced from routine jobs. Using a language model, we establish a novel job-to-job task similarity measure. Exploiting the resulting job network to define job markets flexibly, we find that only the most similar jobs affect job finding. Since automation-exposed jobs overlap with other highly exposed jobs, task-based reallocation provides little relief for affected job seekers. We show that this is not true for more recent software exposure, for which task overlap mitigates the distributional consequences.
Aims and Topics
The labor market is subject to constant change. To meet the challenges of developments such as technological and ecological transformation, the shortage of skilled workers, or demographic change, education and training are becoming increasingly important. The workshop ‘Training, Education and the Labor Market’ focuses on education and training in the context of such societal challenges. We invite researchers to submit papers that study these developments with respect to educational decisions before and during working life, transitions out of and into education, returns to education, the role of institutional settings, as well as the relationship between occupations and education.
We encourage contributions on these specific topics but also appreciate more general contributions on labor market-related research that deals with the areas of vocational training and education, further training and higher education. While the following list is not exhaustive, we are looking for papers that address any of the following topics from a labor market perspective:
Research perspectives on education and training
- Regional and national perspectives
- Individual and firm perspectives
Characteristics of (non-)participants in education and training
- Gender
- Migration
- Social Background
- Occupations
Educational segments
- School-to-work transitions
- Vocational education and training
- Higher education
- Further training
Rape and sexual assault are common worldwide: one in twelve women across 28 EU countries have experienced a rape (European Institute for Gender Inequality, 2012). Yet there is no systematic evidence on how sexual violence affects women's economic outcomes.
We harness detailed administrative data from Finland to provide new empirical facts on the economic effect of rape on victims and its spillovers. A third of police reports for rape involved victims younger than 21 years old at the time of the assault. We show that the age-25 employment and college completion rates of younger victims are 12.8 p.p and 10 p.p lower respectively than those of other young women with the same (pre-event) GPA and family background. For older victims, we use a matched difference-in-difference design to show that rape has a large and persistent economic impact on women: victims' employment falls by 7.8 percentage points and their labor market earnings decline 16.5 % relative to observationally equivalent women in the five years following the assault.
These results are robust to controlling for a variety of shocks preceding rape that could make it more likely for a woman to be victimized and independently suppress her economic outcomes. We also document important spillovers of these crimes to the victim's parents and peers. Mothers and fathers experience significant declines in their employment and female schoolmates experience a deterioration in mental health. Last, we show that higher clearance rates of rape cases mitigate the negative impacts on victims. Together, these results indicate that preventing and addressing sexual violence is a vital economic issue.
This study examines the impact of early education and care services on the labour market integration of Ukrainian refugee mothers in Germany. The analysis uses a new, large and representative panel data set (IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Survey) of refugees arriving in Germany after the Russian invasion in Ukraine. Our empirical approach exploits regional differences in child care availability and the age of the youngest child to generate exogenous variation in children’s access to early education and care services.
Our results reveal very strong effects on mothers’ participation in language classes, work intentions and actual employment, as well as their time with Germans. Placebo checks using mothers with older children support a causal interpretation of our findings. Our study highlights the importance of investing in early education and care services to facilitate the integration of refugee mothers in host societies.
Joint work with Ludovica Gambaro, Sophia Schmitz, C. Katharina Spieß and Mathias Hübener.
We study how firms adjust the bundles of management practices they adopt over time, using repeated survey data collected in Germany from 2012 to 2018. By employing unsupervised machine learning, we leverage high-dimensional data on human resource policies to describe clusters of management practices (management styles).
Our results suggest that two management styles exist, one of which employs many and highly structured practices, while the other lacks these practices but retains training measures. We document sizeable differences in styles across German firms, which can (only) partially be explained by firm characteristics. Further, we show that management is highly persistent over time, in part because newly adopted practices are discontinued after a short time.
We suggest miscalculations of cots-benefit trade-offs and non-fitting corporate culture as potential hindrances of adopting structured management. In light of previous findings that structured management increases firm performance, our findings have important policy implications since they show that firms which are managed in an unstructured way fail to catch up and will continue to underperform.
The Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA) invites you to the next ELMI (Network of European Labour Market Research Institutes) Policy Round Table on 'Labour market informed study choice'. Malte Sandner (IAB) has an active part - see programme.
Using an experiment to understand division of labour choices in couples: Why do only few couples choose the female spouse as main provider of labour income? To understand gender imbalances among family breadwinners, I present a collective household production model with identity concerns that illuminates different channels through which gender norms can affect household specialisation decisions. To test the predictions of the model regarding identity, I develop a novel experimental paradigm to study the specialisation choices of real heterosexual couples in the lab. Women are less likely to become breadwinners than men are, but this is mainly due to gender differences in productivity. While I find little evidence that concerns for gender identity affect specialisation choices, the results suggest they amplify gender differences in labour supply at the intensive margin. The design further allows me to shed light on two additional factors that contribute to the gender imbalance among breadwinners: men’s overconfidence and women’s reluctance to assume sole responsibility for household income.
The HELM conference, jointly organized by the IAB and the DZWH (German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies), combines contributions with a general perspective on ‘Higher Education and the Labour Market’, for example, on returns to tertiary education, dropout, or graduate placement in the labour market, with contributions on alternating focus topics.
This year’s focus topic “The Bologna Process After 25 Years: Continuities, Changes, and Evaluations” commemorates the signing of the Bologna Declaration on June 19, 1999, which initiated one of the most far-reaching reform processes in European Higher Education. The reform was accompanied by e.g. improvements in comparability and mutual recognition of degrees and study credits, easier mobility of students, and the harmonisation of study structures, which for many countries implied the introduction of a two-cycle system (BA/MA). We, therefore, welcome contributions that bring together experiences and research results on different aspects of the Bologna reform process. We are particularly interested in:
- Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees on the Labour Market: With the introduction of these two degree types that were new in many European countries, an important question is how BA and MA compare on the labour market, e.g., regarding labour market entry, wages, unemployment risk, or career prospects.
- Continuing and New Inequalities: In many countries, changing from a single-cycle to a two-cycle qualification structure brought new or additional social selection. We welcome contributions that evaluate such (potential) selection at the micro-level, either within or across countries.
- Student Mobility (Before and) After Bologna: As the Bologna reform included numerous elements that facilitated international mobility of students, we are interested in contributions examining effects of the reform on overall student mobility and (changes in) effects of mobility on educational or labour market outcomes.
- Differential Impact of the Reform in International Comparison: Given that the elements introduced by the reform, in particular, the two-cycle qualification structure, entailed a different extent of changes to European countries, we welcome papers that provide a comparison of such differential impact of the reform or that analyse the specificities of individual countries.
- Attainment of Goals of the Reform: For some countries, additional goals were linked to the Bologna reform. In Germany, for example, the reform was expected to increase employability and to substantially reduce the study duration of students. Moreover, it was assumed that after the reform, most students would enter the labour market directly after obtaining their BA. We welcome contributions that evaluate such additional goals at the national or European level.
We evaluate a guaranteed job program launched in 2020 in Austria. Our evaluation is based on three approaches, pairwise matched randomization, a pre-registered synthetic control at the municipality level, and a comparison to individuals in control municipalities. This allows us to estimate direct effects, anticipation effects, and spillover effects.
We find positive impacts of program participation on economic and non-economic well-being, but not on physical health or preferences. At the municipality level, we find a large reduction of long-term unemployment, and no negative employment spillovers. There are positive anticipation effects on subjective well-being, status, and social inclusion for future participants.
Joint Work with Maximilian Kasy
Paper: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/cd25u/
The New Yorker Reportage: https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/what-happens-when-jobs-are-guaranteed
Using French administrative data we estimate the wage gap distribution between in-house and temporary agency workers working in the same establishment and the same occupation. The average wage gap is about 3%, but the gap is negative in more than 25% of establishment × occupation cells. We develop and estimate a search and matching model which shows that the wage gap depends on the cost of job vacancies, on labor market frictions and on the labor management costs of temporary agencies for temp workers and user firms for in-house workers. Only a portion of the wage gap is efficient. A simple formula allows for estimating the taxes and subsidies that eliminate its inefficient component.
