The HELM conference, jointly organized by the IAB and the DZWH (German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies), combines contributions with a general perspective on ‘Higher Education and the Labour Market’, for example, on returns to tertiary education, dropout, or graduate placement in the labour market, with contributions on alternating focus topics.
This year’s focus topic “The Bologna Process After 25 Years: Continuities, Changes, and Evaluations” commemorates the signing of the Bologna Declaration on June 19, 1999, which initiated one of the most far-reaching reform processes in European Higher Education. The reform was accompanied by e.g. improvements in comparability and mutual recognition of degrees and study credits, easier mobility of students, and the harmonisation of study structures, which for many countries implied the introduction of a two-cycle system (BA/MA). We, therefore, welcome contributions that bring together experiences and research results on different aspects of the Bologna reform process. We are particularly interested in:
- Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees on the Labour Market: With the introduction of these two degree types that were new in many European countries, an important question is how BA and MA compare on the labour market, e.g., regarding labour market entry, wages, unemployment risk, or career prospects.
- Continuing and New Inequalities: In many countries, changing from a single-cycle to a two-cycle qualification structure brought new or additional social selection. We welcome contributions that evaluate such (potential) selection at the micro-level, either within or across countries.
- Student Mobility (Before and) After Bologna: As the Bologna reform included numerous elements that facilitated international mobility of students, we are interested in contributions examining effects of the reform on overall student mobility and (changes in) effects of mobility on educational or labour market outcomes.
- Differential Impact of the Reform in International Comparison: Given that the elements introduced by the reform, in particular, the two-cycle qualification structure, entailed a different extent of changes to European countries, we welcome papers that provide a comparison of such differential impact of the reform or that analyse the specificities of individual countries.
- Attainment of Goals of the Reform: For some countries, additional goals were linked to the Bologna reform. In Germany, for example, the reform was expected to increase employability and to substantially reduce the study duration of students. Moreover, it was assumed that after the reform, most students would enter the labour market directly after obtaining their BA. We welcome contributions that evaluate such additional goals at the national or European level.
We evaluate a guaranteed job program launched in 2020 in Austria. Our evaluation is based on three approaches, pairwise matched randomization, a pre-registered synthetic control at the municipality level, and a comparison to individuals in control municipalities. This allows us to estimate direct effects, anticipation effects, and spillover effects.
We find positive impacts of program participation on economic and non-economic well-being, but not on physical health or preferences. At the municipality level, we find a large reduction of long-term unemployment, and no negative employment spillovers. There are positive anticipation effects on subjective well-being, status, and social inclusion for future participants.
Joint Work with Maximilian Kasy
Paper: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/cd25u/
The New Yorker Reportage: https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/what-happens-when-jobs-are-guaranteed
Using French administrative data we estimate the wage gap distribution between in-house and temporary agency workers working in the same establishment and the same occupation. The average wage gap is about 3%, but the gap is negative in more than 25% of establishment × occupation cells. We develop and estimate a search and matching model which shows that the wage gap depends on the cost of job vacancies, on labor market frictions and on the labor management costs of temporary agencies for temp workers and user firms for in-house workers. Only a portion of the wage gap is efficient. A simple formula allows for estimating the taxes and subsidies that eliminate its inefficient component.
The workshop took place from January 18th to 19th 2024. Read the complete event report for the PhD Workshop 2024.
The IAB’s Graduate School (GradAB) and the FAU invites young researchers to its 15th interdisciplinary Ph.D. workshop “Perspectives on (Un-)Employment”. The workshop provides an opportunity for graduate students to present their ongoing work in the field of theoretical and empirical labor market research and receive feedback from leading scholars in the discipline. We seek papers that cover any one of the following topics:
- Labor supply, labor demand and unemployment
- Evaluation of labor market institutions and policies
- Education, qualification and job tasks
- Inequality, poverty and discrimination
- Gender and family
- Migration and international labor markets
- Health and job satisfaction
- Technological change and digitization
- The impact of climate change on the labor market
- Applications of machine learning and big data in labor market research
- Survey methodology (in labor market research)
- Data quality (in labor market research)
- Innovative data collection methods
On the labour markets, the last decades were characterised by structural supply-side reforms in many countries. Following its hawkish reforms from the 2000s, recently, Germany made a dovish turnaround. Conditions in basic income support for unemployed became more generous. Before, a sanctions moratorium was applied. We analyse the consequences for job findings. Building on large administrative data, we use a labour market matching and a control group approach. The moratorium dampened job findings by more than seven percent and the subsequent benefit reform by more than six percent – about half of the positive effect of the 2000s reform.
We theoretically and empirically examine how firms’ choices of wage-setting protocols respond to labor market conditions. We develop a simple model in which workers may be able to send multiple job applications and firms choose between posting wages and Nash bargaining. Posting a wage allows the firm to commit to lower wages than would be negotiated ex post, but eliminates the ability to respond to a competing offer, should the worker have one. We show that higher productivity lowers both the application-vacancy ratio and the fraction of firms posting a wage. On the other hand, an increase in the number of applications per worker raises the application-vacancy ratio while lowering the fraction of firms posting a wage. As a result, the equilibrium fraction of firms posting a wage may be positively or negatively correlated with the application-vacancy ratio, depending on the source of shocks. The model also implies that an increase in the number of applications per worker may lead to a decrease in the number of posting firms rather than a change in the wages posted by those firms. Empirically, we demonstrate that the model’s predictions are confirmed in a novel dataset from an online job board.
What factors influence refugees’ perceptions of justice in bureaucratic institutions? As global migration movements draw increasing attention, migrants’ experiences as constituents in destination countries merit further research. Drawing evidence from the 2018 survey of refugees participating in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this article examines the role of legal status in shaping perceptions of justice at government offices. Our findings highlight a stark contrast: refugees with unstable legal statuses often perceive bureaucratic proceedings as less just compared to those with firmer legal standings. However, refugees’perceptions of their encounters with street-level bureaucrats can act as a buffer against the negative effects of legal status on perceptions of justice at government offices. These insights underscore a pressing policy implication: asylum procedures, currently marked by ambiguity and delays, could benefit significantly from enhanced communication quality on the part of street-level bureaucrats.
The presentation is based on a paper in coauthorship with Anton Nivorozhkin.
In 2016, the majority of full-time employed women in the U.S. earned significantly less than comparable men. The extent to which women were affected by gender inequality in earnings, however, depended greatly on socio-economic characteristics, such as marital status or educational attainment. In this paper, we analyzed data from the 2016 American Community Survey using a high-dimensional wage regression and applying double lasso to quantify heterogeneity in the gender wage gap. We found that the gap varied substantially across women and was driven primarily by marital status, having children at home, race, occupation, industry, and educational attainment. We recommend that policy makers use these insights to design policies that will reduce discrimination and unequal pay more effectively.
(joint with Philipp Bach (UHH) and Victor Chernozhukov (MIT))
This lecture delves into the multifaceted dynamics of the state-citizen relationship within the realm of service delivery in vulnerable contexts, with a specific focus on the crucial roles played by health workers, teachers, and social workers. Examining these interactions against the backdrop of high vulnerabilities, characterized by factors such as limited trust, resource constraints, perceived lack of state legitimacy, and pervasive inequalities, our discussion aims to uncover the nuanced impact of contextual challenges on encounters between citizens and frontline service providers. Drawing on various research studies concerning frontline workers in Brazil, we will explore the underlying mechanisms that either reduce or reproduce existing inequalities when implementing policies in contexts of high vulnerabilities.
We study how beliefs about math skills and fit affect occupational choice among Swiss students who are about to apply to apprenticeships. Although there is no gender difference in math skills, we document a substantial gender gap in preferences and search for math-intensive apprenticeships. We conduct a field experiment that randomizes the provision of gender-specific information on math ability and fit in gender-incongruent occupations. The intervention increases both boys' and girls' perceptions of fit in gender-incongruent occupations by 0.09-0.16 standard deviations.
Furthermore, it increases boys' (girls') probability of searching for information about any gender-incongruent occupation over the following two weeks by 44 (27) percent and leads to an increase in their plans to apply for trial apprenticeships and/or apprenticeships in these occupations. The effects on plans to apply for gender-incongruent occupations are driven by boys with low-math skills and girls with high-math skills. Later this year, we will link our survey data to administrative data from the largest apprenticeship application website to evaluate whether the intervention has effects on occupational choice.
