This paper examines the evolution, institutional structure, and current challenges of collective bargaining in Germany. Collective bargaining addresses labor market imperfections, redistributes productivity gains, and shapes working conditions. The German system is centered on industry-level agreements, complemented by firm-level agreements and voluntary adoption of industry-level bargaining outcomes by formally uncovered firms (“orientation”). It has historically supported cooperative labor–management relations, while allowing for flexibility during economic downturns. We document long-term declines in union density and bargaining coverage, partly mitigated by orientation. Moreover, coverage is lower among low-wage workers. We conclude by discussing the future of Germany’s collective bargaining institutions in the context of structural economic change and the growing role of the statutory minimum wage, and draw comparison between Germany and the US.
IAB-Discussion Paper 4/2026 Collective Bargaining in Germany: Trends and Challenges