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Wittenburg, David, David R. Mann & Allison Thompkins (2013): The disability system and programs to promote employment for people with disabilities. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 2, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-2-4

Abstract

"This paper examines employment-focused interventions within the US disability system. Our review illustrates the challenges of developing and implementing these types of initiatives, despite substantial policy interest. Our findings indicate that none of the demonstrations we reviewed have the potential to lead to substantial caseload reductions that could reverse program growth. However, they can inform future designs, particularly the importance of customizing supports to very well-defined target populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Campolieti, Michele & Chris Riddell (2012): Disability policy and the labor market. Evidence from a natural experiment in Canada, 1998-2006. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 96, H. 3/4, S. 306-316. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.09.001

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect of changes in two key parameters in disability policy: a) the earnings that disability insurance beneficiaries are allowed to earn without losing their disability benefits; and b) automatic reinstatement where beneficiaries can have benefits reinstated without re-application, and re-testing for disability determination. We examine the effects of these policy changes on the probability of employment for disability beneficiaries as well as the flows onto and off the disability rolls. We obtain our estimates using a difference-in-difference strategy that exploits the unique structure of disability insurance arrangements in Canada, namely that there are two programs: one that covers individuals in the province of Quebec, and one in the rest of Canada. Our preferred estimates indicate that the introduction of the allowable earnings change increased the propensity of disability beneficiaries to work, but we do not find that the earnings exemption had an effect on the flows on to or off the disability rolls. In contrast, we find that the introduction of the automatic reinstatement policy did not have an effect on any of the outcomes we examine." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carter, Erik W., Diane Austin & Audrey A. Trainor (2012): Predictors of postschool employment outcomes for young adults with severe disabilities. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 50-63. DOI:10.1177/1044207311414680

Abstract

"Although entry into the world of work is a prominent marker of postschool success in the United States, students with severe disabilities often leave high school without the skills, experiences, and supports that lead to meaningful employment. The authors examined the extent to which an array of student, family, and school factors was associated with employment during the 2 years following high school. Having held a paid, community-based job while still in high school was strongly correlated with postschool employment success. In addition, being male and having more independence in self-care, higher social skills, more household responsibilities during adolescence, and higher parent expectations related to future work were all associated with increased odds of employment after school for young adults with severe disabilities. Implications for transition policy and practice are presented along with recommendations for future research addressing the career development of youth with intellectual disabilities, multiple disabilities, and autism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Harder, Henry G., Joshua A. Rash & Sara Nelson (2012): Influences of labour participation among persons with disabilities. A systematic review and best evidence synthesis. In: International Journal of Disability Management, Jg. 7, S. 10-26. DOI:10.1017/idm.2012.5

Abstract

"A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the individual, organisation, societal, and legal influences of labour participation among individuals with a disability. Methods: Nine databases were searched, for peer-reviewed studies of individual, organisation, societal, and legal influences among disabled populations published between 1990 and 2010.
Results: Of a total of 809 papers initially selected, only 46 studies were deemed to be of sufficient quality to be included in the review. Conclusions: Numerous studies have examined labour participation among persons with physical disabilities, some among persons with chronic disabilities, and few among persons with mental disabilities. Strong evidence was found for individual and organisation influences of labour participation among persons with physical disabilities in particular pain, catastrophising, job strain, and support. Only individual influences provided strong evidence among persons with chronic disabilities and no influences provided strong evidence among those with mental disabilities. The results are presented along with methodological weaknesses and future recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Joshi, Gauri S., Emily C. Bouck & Yukiko Maeda (2012): Exploring employment preparation and postschool outcomes for students with mild intellectual disability. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 97-107. DOI:10.1177/0885728811433822

Abstract

"Employment is an important postschool goal for students with mild intellectual disability; yet, results for this particular population are often not disaggregated from other disability categories. In this study, data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) were used to explore the extent to which students with mild intellectual disability participated in employment-related transition activities, the relationship between participation in these activities and school demographic variables, and the relationship between these activities and postschool employment outcomes. The results revealed three main findings: (a) the majority of students with mild intellectual disability participated in employment-related transition activities, (b) participation in employment-related transition activities differed by school demographics, and (c) postschool employment status was related to participation in employment-related transition activities while in school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lindstrom, Lauren, Robin M. Harwick, Marcus Poppen & Bonnie Doren (2012): Gender gaps: career development for young women with disabilities. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 108-117. DOI:10.1177/0885728812437737

Abstract

"Young women with disabilities face multiple barriers in making the transition from high school to meaningful careers. This study used focus groups and individual interviews with high school girls with disabilities, college women with disabilities, high school special education teachers, school administrators and employers to examine career development and transition needs for young women with disabilities. Barriers and supports were identified in four major categories: a) individual/interpersonal skills, b) career options, c) school system issues, and d) disability needs. Recommendations for practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Weiss, Margaret P., Bryan C. Hutchins & Judith L. Meece (2012): The postsecondary educational plans of rural youth with disabilities and their nondisabled peers. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 180-189. DOI:10.1177/2165143412450313

Abstract

"A national sample of students with disabilities and their nondisabled peers in rural high schools responded to a survey about their postsecondary plans and how they were preparing for them. The study included 3,318 11th- and 12th-grade students from 73 randomly selected schools. Findings indicate that 78.5% of students with disabilities and 90.7% of their nondisabled peers plan to continue their education after high school. Only 4.5% of students with disabilities were enrolled in a college preparatory program. A greater percentage of students with disabilities participated in career exploration activities such as job mentoring, internships, and cooperative education programs than expected, and they found teachers and school staff important sources of information. Implications of these findings are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baer, Robert M., Alfred W. Daviso III, Robert W. Flexer, Rachel Queen McMahan & Richard S. Meindl (2011): Students with intellectual disabilities predictors of transition outcomes. In: Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 132-141. DOI:10.1177/0885728811399090

Abstract

"This study examined the outcomes of 409 students with mental retardation or multiple disabilities from 177 school districts in a Great Lakes state. These students with intellectual disabilities were interviewed at exit and 1 year following graduation. The authors developed and tested three regression models -- two to predict full-time employment and one to predict college enrollment after graduation. Although inclusion was a significant predictor of postsecondary education, career and technical education and work study programs did not reach significance as predictors of postschool employment. For these students, gender and minority issues contributed to most of the variance. These findings point to the need for more holistic career and technical education and work study models for these students" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baldwin, Marjorie L. & Chung Choe (2011): Estimates of Wage Discrimination Against Workers with Sensory Disabilities, with Controls for Job Demands. (LISER working papers 2011,61), Esch-sur-Alzette, 44 S.

Abstract

"We provide the first-ever estimates of wage discrimination against workers with sensory (hearing, speech, vision) disabilities. Workers with sensory disabilities have lower probabilities of employment and lower wages, on average, than nondisabled workers. Their poor labor market outcomes are explained, at least in part, by the negative productivity effects of sensory limitations in jobs that require good communication skills, but disability-related discrimination may also be a contributing factor. To separate productivity vs. discrimination effects, we decompose the wage differential between workers with and without sensory disabilities into an 'explained' part attributed to differences in productivity-related characteristics, and an 'unexplained' part attributed to discrimination. The decomposition is based on human capital wage equations with controls for job-specific demands related to sensory abilities, and interactions between job demands and sensory limitations. The interactions are interpreted as measures of the extent to which a worker's sensory limitations affect important job functions. The results indicate approximately 1/3 (1/10) of the disability-related wage differential for men (women) is attributed to discrimination. The estimates are quite different from estimates of discrimination against workers with physical disabilities obtained by the same methods, underscoring the importance of accounting for heterogeneity of the disabled population in discrimination studies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fleming, Allison R. & James S. Fairweather (2011): The role of postsecondary education in the path from high school to work for youth with disabilities. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 71-81. DOI:10.1177/0034355211423303

Abstract

"Youth with disabilities lag behind their peers in participating in postsecondary education, which adversely affects employment options and career earnings. Yet little is known about factors affecting participation. Particularly problematic is the relative importance of disability-related factors - the primary focus of special education and services - and traditional predictors of college going, such as parental education, economic resources, and academic achievement in high school. This study found that for youth with disabilities, the traditional predictors of college going are more important than disability-related factors for enrolling in universities; disability-related factors are slightly more important for enrolling in postsecondary vocational education. A discussion of implications for service planning and implementation is presented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grigal, Meg, Debra Hart & Alberto Migliore (2011): Comparing the transition planning, postsecondary education, and employment outcomes of students with intellectual and other disabilities. In: Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 4-17. DOI:10.1177/0885728811399091

Abstract

"This article describes a secondary analysis of variables from the National Longitudinal Transition Survey 2 (NLTS-2) database. Specifically, students with intellectual disability (ID) were compared to students with other disabilities regarding post-school transition goals listed on their IEPs/Transition Plans, contacts/referrals made to outside agencies during transition planning, participation of other agencies/organizations in transition planning (e.g., vocational rehabilitation and higher education representatives), and students' postsecondary education and employment outcomes. Students with ID were less likely to have postsecondary education or competitive employment goals and outcomes and more likely to have sheltered and supported employment goals and outcomes compared to students with other disabilities. Contacts with and participation of external professionals in IEP/Transition Plan meetings also differed between the two groups of students." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Mit der Ratifizierung des Übereinkommens der Vereinten Nationen über die Rechte von Menschen mit Behinderungen ist dieses Abkommen seit dem 26. März 2009 auch für Deutschland verbindlich. Die Bundesregierung will die Impulse, die durch das Übereinkommen in unserem Land spürbar sind, aufnehmen und die deutsche Politik für Menschen mit Behinderungen weiter vorantreiben.
Da auch andere Staaten das VN-Übereinkommen ratifiziert haben und eine erfolgreiche Behindertenpolitik umsetzen, soll in dieser Publikation diese Politik aller EU-Staaten und der Vertragsstaaten USA und Japan dargestellt werden, damit so die Zahlen und Fakten zur Lage behinderter Menschen und die Behindertenpolitik des jeweiligen Landes besser bekannt werden und verglichen werden können. Außerdem wird dargestellt, welche Maßnahmen andere Staaten in ihrer Behindertenpolitik ergriffen haben, um aus diesem Wissen Verbesserungspotenziale für die deutsche Politik zu Gunsten behinderter Menschen zu erkennen.
Aus diesem Grund sind die Regierungen der oben genannten Länder über die deutschen Botschaften um Hilfe gebeten worden, den Fragebogen zum Thema Behinderung zu beantworten. Neben diesem Fragebogen erfolgte eine weitere Abfrage zu Fragen aus dem Bereich des Sozialen Entschädigungsrechts einschließlich des Gewaltopferrechts." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Berry, Hugh G. & Leslie J. Caplan (2010): Employment and earnings growth among transition-age supplemental security income program participants. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 152-159. DOI:10.1177/1044207310379096

Abstract

"This article examines factors that influence employment and earnings growth for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) beneficiaries who have participated in the Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) program. Using hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling (HLM), the authors examined the employment status of these individuals 2 years after exiting the VR program by using state-level economic and VR agency factors, as well as such individual-level factors as demographics, disabilities, and service types. HLM also was used to examine earnings growth among SSI beneficiaries who sustained employment for 5 years after exiting VR. Findings showed that SSI participants with mental retardation exhibited the highest odds of employment among other disability groups 2 years after exiting the VR program. College or university training and job placement services decreased the odds of employment, whereas supported employment demonstrated increased odds. For SSI participants with sustained employment, African American VR consumers showed higher earnings when compared to other race groups. Among selected VR services, only college or university training was positively associated with earnings growth over time. The authors discuss these and other state-level findings in the context of prior and future research, practice, and policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boeltzig, Heike, Doria Pilling, Jaimie Ciulla Timmons & Robyn Johnson (2010): Disability specialist staff in US One-Stop Career Centers and British Jobcentre Plus offices. Roles, responsibilities, and evidence of their effectiveness. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 101-115. DOI:10.1177/1044207309370840

Abstract

"The One-Stop Career Center system in the United States and the Jobcentre Plus system in Great Britain provide universal access to public employment services targeted at all job seekers, including people with disabilities, and employer services. Studies have identified challenges with these universal models in that some job seekers with disabilities may have additional or more intense support needs. Disability specialist positions provide one way of addressing these needs. This article examines their roles and responsibilities and their effectiveness in improving employment service delivery through these systems. The article highlights commonalities and differences associated with the roles between the two countries and discusses implications for improving effectiveness. Findings are based on a scoping review of existing empirical research that was conducted in 2008. The article concludes with directions for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bruyère, Susanne M., Sarah von Schrader, Wendy Coduti & Melissa Bjelland (2010): United States employment disability discrimination charges. Implications for disability management practice. In: International Journal of Disability Management, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 48-58. DOI:10.1375/jdmr.5.2.48

Abstract

"It is 20 years since the passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act, yet employment and economic inequities continue for people with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to inform and encourage disability management leading practices to contribute toward reducing these disparities. The approach is an examination of where in the employment process applicants and incumbent employees perceive employment disability discrimination, leading to the filing of charges against an employer. Employment disability discrimination claims filed by individuals over 15 years (1993 - 2007) with the United States (US) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or state and local Fair Employment Practice Agencies are studied. The authors analyse employment discrimination charges by year, basis (i.e., protected class characteristics, such as disability, age, or race), issue (i.e., actions of the employer, such as discharge, hiring, or harassment), employer characteristics (i.e, size of business and industry sector), and joint filings under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (gender, race/ethnicity, and religious discrimination) and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). Special attention is paid to where in the employment process people with specific impairments are perceiving discrimination. Implications of these research findings for the practice and administration of disability management and employer policies are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carter, Erik W., Audrey A. Trainor, Orhan Cakiroglu, Beth Swedeen & Laura A. Owens (2010): Availability of and access to career development activities for transition-age youth with disabilities. In: Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 13-24. DOI:10.1177/0885728809344332

Abstract

"Equipping youth with and without disabilities for the world of work has been the focus of ongoing legislative and policy initiatives. The authors examined the extent to which career development and vocational activities were available to and accessed by youth with severe disabilities or emotional and behavioral disorders attending 34 urban, suburban, and rural high schools. Although school-level representatives (e.g., administrators, guidance counselors, student services directors) identified an array of career development opportunities offered by their schools, participation by youth with disabilities in these experiences was reported to be fairly limited. Potential factors influencing the participation of youth included disability-related needs and limited professional development opportunities for educators. The authors present recommendations for improving research and practice aimed at better preparing youth with disabilities for their future careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Houston, Kyle, H. Bruce Lammers & Shirley Svorny (2010): Perceptions of the effect of public policy on employment opportunities for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 9-21. DOI:10.1177/1044207309357428

Abstract

Researchers have been unable to draw conclusions about labor market conditions for people who are deaf or hard of hearing because surveys of individuals with disabilities do not sufficiently sample these groups. The authors conducted a national survey of vocational rehabilitation counselors and others who provide services to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Respondents were asked their views about changes in labor market opportunities, job tenure, and the employment effects of Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements, state antidiscrimination laws, and increased benefits under Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). In general, the respondents reported an improvement in labor market opportunities. However, a substantial number agreed that ADA requirements and increased benefits under SSDI and SSI have resulted in a drop in employment, particularly for workers who are deaf and lack postsecondary education.

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Ipsen, Catherine, Tom Seekins & Craig Ravesloot (2010): Building the case for delivering health promotion services within the vocational rehabilitation system. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 67-77. DOI:10.1177/0034355209348238

Abstract

"Research studies report a negative relationship between employment and secondary conditions. Access to health promotion programs to manage secondary conditions, however, is limited for people with disabilities due to employment, financial, and insurance barriers. Vocational rehabilitation (VR) is one possible delivery point to overcome these barriers and improve access. To build the case for VR delivery, this article compares VR clients to Living Well health promotion program participants, who successfully reduced their secondary conditions. At baseline, VR (n = 162) and Living Well (n = 188) participants reported similar health promoting lifestyle behavior ratings and similar severity ratings across many secondary conditions. In addition, the VR group experienced similar rates of limitation from secondary conditions over time, indicating that their health was not improving in the absence of a health promotion intervention. Because health promotion programs can reduce secondary conditions, this research supports continued exploration of health promotion delivery within the VR system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krause, James S., Lee Saunders & David Staten (2010): Race-ethnicity, education, and employment after spinal cord injury. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 78-86. DOI:10.1177/0034355209345161

Abstract

"The objective of this article was to identify the relationship between race-ethnicity and employment after spinal cord injury (SCI), while evaluating interrelationships with gender, injury severity, and education. The authors used a cohort design using the most current status from a post-injury interview from the National SCI Statistical Center. Participants included 14,454 adults ages 18 to 64, at least 1 year post-injury, not currently students or homemakers, and with residual impairment. Primary outcome was self-reported gainful employment. A total of 26.8% were working, and Caucasians were most likely to work followed by Hispanics and African Americans. Education and injury severity were strong predictors of working but did not attenuate the relationship between race and working. African American women were more likely to work than African American men, but this relationship was not significant for other race groups. Further research is needed to identify modifiable risk factors that can decrease the gap in post-injury employment between African Americans and other races." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krause, James S. (2010): Is the ability to ambulate associated with better employment outcomes in participants with traumatic spinal cord injury? In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 117-119. DOI:10.1177/0034355208329442

Abstract

"The author compares current employment status after spinal cord injury between participants who were independent in ambulation (required no assistance from others) and those who were dependent in ambulation (required assistance from at least one other person to ambulate). Those who were independent of assistance from others in ambulation were significantly more likely to be employed. Rehabilitation counselors should consider the special needs and circumstances of those who ambulate with assistance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))