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Fasani, Francesco, Tommaso Frattini & Luigi Minale (2020): Lift the Ban? Initial Employment Restrictions and Refugee Labour Market Outcomes. (CReAM discussion paper 2020,10), London, 55 S.

Abstract

"This article investigates the medium to long-term effects on refugee labour market outcomes of the temporary employment bans being imposed in many countries on recently arrived asylum seekers. Using a newly collected dataset covering almost 30 years of employment restrictions together with individual data for refugees entering European countries between 1985 and 2012, our empirical strategy exploits the geographical and temporal variation in employment bans generated by staggered introduction and removal coupled with frequent changes at the intensive margin. We find that exposure to a ban at arrival reduces refugee employment probability in post-ban years by 15%, an impact driven primarily by lower labour market participation. These effects are not mechanical, since we exclude refugees who may still be subject to employment restrictions, are non-linear in ban length, confirming that the very first months following arrival play a key role in shaping integration prospects, and last up to 10 years post arrival. We further demonstrate that the detrimental effects of employment bans are concentrated among less educated refugees, translate into lower occupational quality, and seem not to be driven by selective migration. Our causal estimates are robust to several identification tests accounting for the potential endogeneity of employment ban policies, including placebo analysis of non-refugee migrants and an instrumental variable strategy. To illustrate the costs of these employment restrictions, we estimate a EUR 37.6 billion output loss from the bans imposed on asylum seekers who arrived in Europe during the so-called 2015 refugee crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fossati, Flavia & Fabienne Liechti (2020): Integrating refugees through active labour market policy: A comparative survey experiment. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 601-615. DOI:10.1177/0958928720951112

Abstract

"In the wake of the recent increase in the inflows of refugees to Europe, governments have made considerable investments in public policies aimed at facilitating the labour market integration of refugees. Despite these efforts, the labour market participation of refugees remains low. This situation raises the question of whether employers actually appreciate these public policies and whether refugees’ participation in specific active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as work practice or wage subsidies, increases their likelihood of being hired. In this article, we take a novel approach and combine employers’ evaluations of specific ALMPs with their attitudes towards refugees. We argue that these labour market policies can only be successful when employers hold positive attitudes towards refugees in the first place. We investigate this question by means of a factorial survey experiment with employers in Austria, Germany and Sweden. Our results show that, indeed, employers’ evaluations of fictional refugee candidates who participated in ALMPs are influenced by their attitudes towards this group. Participation in these policy measures is regarded positively only by those employers who already hold positive attitudes towards refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jutvik, Kristoffer & Darrel Robinson (2020): Permanent or temporary settlement? A study on the short-term effects of residence status on refugees' labour market participation. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 8. DOI:10.1186/s40878-020-00203-3

Abstract

"Whether refugees in need of protection should be granted long- or short-term residence permits in the host country upon arrival is a long-standing debate in the migration policy and scholarly literature. Rights-based models of inclusion advocate for secure and long-term residency status arguing that this will provide the foundations for successful inclusion. Responsibilities-based models on the other hand claim that migrants should only be granted such status if certain criteria, such as full-time employment, have been met, again under the belief that such a system will facilitate inclusion into the host society. Using a sudden policy change as a natural experiment combined with detailed Swedish registry data, we examine the effect permanent residency on three measures of labour market inclusion in the short-term. Our findings are twofold. On the one hand, we find that temporary residents that are subject to a relatively less-inclusive situation have higher incomes and less unemployment. However, at the same time, they are less likely to spend time in education than are those with permanent residency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Landesmann, Michael & Sandra M. Leitner (2020): Refugees' Integration into the Austrian Labour Market: Dynamics of Occupational Mobility and Job-Skills Mismatch. (WIIW working paper 188), Wien, 36 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the employment experiences of the recent wave of Middle Eastern refugees (from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran) in the Austrian job market. The emphasis in this research was to investigate whether refugees experienced an initial (sharp) downgrade in their occupational status when they accepted their first employment, compared with the occupation they had in their home country, and then whether (and to what extent) such a downgrade had been followed by an upgrade in the jobs they currently hold. This U-shaped pattern of occupational trajectories is familiar in the migration literature, and it is here tested using data from two survey waves of recent refugees in the Austrian labour market. The paper also analyses, in its second part, subjective assessments of refugees as to whether they feel that they are 'over-' or 'under-' qualified (regarding their previous educational attainment levels and work experiences) for the jobs in which they are currently employed. In both exercises, we report results regarding the heterogeneity across groups of refugees by age, gender, the specific occupations they held in their home country, their educational attainment levels, their country of origin, and whether they obtained refugee status as first-time asylum applicants or through family reunion. We also refer, in the section on 'job-skills' (mis)match, to further factors such as the refugees' (mental) health state and the degree of their social integration with the host population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lintner, Claudia & Susanne Elsen (2020): Empowering refugees and asylum seekers in the Italian agriculture sector by linking social cooperative entrepreneurship and social work practices. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 356-366. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12450

Abstract

"The present study investigated the potential of social cooperative activities and social work practices in the Italian agriculture sector in promoting sustainable integration forms for refugees and asylum seekers. The study adopted a qualitative approach using case study as the main research method. As the results show, the complexity and diversity of needs of refugees and asylum seekers make collaboration between formal and informal actors increasingly necessary for generating a common knowledge and support networks. The article argues that integrated approaches to refugees? socio-economic integration are needed to free them from the need for assistance and thereby help them regain their autonomy. The case study presented gives insight into the potential of small-step experiences towards sustainable development and, linked to this, the integration of refugees and asylum seekers based on self-organisation and cooperation, considering the well-being of all citizens in the broader context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ortlieb, Renate & Silvana Weiss (2020): Job quality of refugees in Austria: Trade-offs between multiple workplace characteristics. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 418-442. DOI:10.1177/2397002220914224

Abstract

"Do employers tend to exploit refugees or do they offer them high-quality jobs? This article examines the job quality of refugees from Afghanistan and Syria working in Austria. It uses unique survey data of 316 refugees and cluster analysis to identify job quality profiles. Drawing on well-established job quality frameworks, it considers multiple dimensions of job quality, including pay, job security, overqualification in terms of level and content area, learning opportunities, at-home feeling and health aspects. The findings reveal four job quality profiles with considerable trade-offs or compromises between job quality dimensions. Furthermore, the job quality profiles are associated with the methods refugees use to find a job. The study enhances understanding of labour market integration of refugees and the associated role of human resource management." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tervola, Jussi (2020): Different selection processes, different outcomes? Comparing labor market integration of asylum refugees, resettled refugees and their reunited family members in Finland. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 8, H. 1. DOI:10.1186/s40878-020-00183-4

Abstract

"This study compares the longitudinal dynamics of labor market integration between asylum refugees, resettled refugees and their reunited family members. The labor market integration of the three refugee groups are compared by using unique longitudinal register data of total refugee population in Finland during 2003–2015. The results show that among males, family reunion migrants integrate faster than asylum refugees and resettled refugees. Contrary to the previous results from Nordic countries, among females, resettled refugees integrate the fastest and family reunion migrants demonstrate the slowest integration. The overall small differences between admission categories are for the large part explained by discrepancies in observed factors such as fertility patterns among females and arrival during recession among males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vogiazides, Louisa & Hernan Mondani (2020): A geographical path to integration? Exploring the interplay between regional context and labour market integration among refugees in Sweden. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 23-45. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1588717

Abstract

"Migrant integration is an issue at the forefront of political debates in many immigrant-receiving countries. Within academia, a rich body of neighbourhood effects literature examines the significance of the residential environment for the socioeconomic integration of international migrants. Another strand of research explores the associations between immigrants' initial region of residence and their subsequent socioeconomic integration. Existing research focuses on a single dimension of geographical context and on the neighbourhood scale. Using Swedish longitudinal register data, we estimate discrete-time event history models to assess how regional and neighbourhood contexts influence refugees' entry into employment. Our study includes all refugees who arrived in Sweden between 2000 and 2009, distinguishing between three categories of refugees: refugees with assigned housing, refugees with self-arranged housing and quota refugees. Our results reveal a clear pattern where the most advantageous regions for finding a first employment are those at the extremes of the population density distribution: the Stockholm region and small city/rural regions. Refugees residing in Malmö have the lowest probability of entering the labour market. Our study also reiterates existing concerns regarding the negative effects of ethnic segregation at the neighbourhood level on labour market participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersson, Lars Frederik, Rikard Eriksson & Sandro Scocco (2019): Refugee immigration and the growth of low-wage work in the EU15. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40878-019-0145-3

Abstract

"Our paper focuses on current trends in refugee migration and job polarization. In so doing, we assess the role of refugee migration in relation to institutional, technologically 1 and globalization factors in an effort to trace the factors underlying the growth of low-paying occupations in EU 15 between 1995 and 2017. Our empirical findings suggest that refugee migration has a small but positive and statistically significant impact on the growth of low-wage occupations in the EU 15 as a whole. However, the effect is attributed to Southern Europe and the UK and Irish economies. Despite hosting relatively large numbers of refugee migrants, the effects in the Nordic countries and Continental Europe are negligible, if present, and non-existent in the long run (5?years). When including all migrant workers, we find a limited impact on the growth of low-wage work in general, while the impact of immigrant workers from low-income third party countries becomes positive for the UK and Irish economy, but less for other European macro-regions. This suggests that institutional settings can play an important role in how the economy adjusts to migration. It also suggests that traditional fiscal cost calculations in relation to migration are often overestimated, as they implicitly build on the assumption that refugees and general immigration have great impacts on the growth of low-wage occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ansems de Vries, Leonie & Elspeth Guild (2019): Seeking refuge in Europe. Spaces of transit and the violence of migration management. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2156-2166. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468308

Abstract

"In the past few years, spaces of transit have become prominent sites for people seeking refuge in Europe. From railway stations and parks in European cities, to informal settlements around Calais, to the hotspots in Italy and Greece, the movements of people and the techniques that govern them are at the heart of what has been misnamed the 'European refugee crisis'. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, this article takes spaces of transit as a vantage point for interrogating the relationship between mobility, migration management and violence, focusing on the fracturing of journeys due to forced and obstructed mobility both outside and within the EU. We develop the notion of 'politics of exhaustion' to highlight the impact and protracted character of these forms of migration management - its accumulated effects over time and across spaces - yet without reducing people seeking refuge to passive victims. Struggles for mobility are closely related to the existence and continued adaptation of migration management practices. The notion of fracturing can thus be employed not only to make sense of the violent effects of migration management but also the ways in which conventional conceptions of state and citizenship are challenged by the emergence of alternative living spaces, communities and politics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bevelander, Pieter, Fernando Mata & Ravi Pendakur (2019): Housing policy and employment outcomes for refugees. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 134-154. DOI:10.1111/imig.12569

Abstract

"With the rise of refugee flows in both Europe and North America, resettlement policies and programmes aimed at enhancing the integration of refugees have come to the fore. The goal of this article is to look at the impact of asylum reception policies on longer term integration. Internationally such policies can range from placing asylum seekers in reception centres (the Netherlands) to dispersal policies aimed at locating asylum seekers in smaller centres (Denmark) to an open system such as Canada in which asylum seekers are pushed into the free market as soon as they are processed. Our study explores this issue through the analysis of a unique policy in Sweden allowing us to focus on the housing choice made by asylum seekers arriving at the border." (Text excerpt, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bešić, Almina, Klára Fóti, Veronika Vasileva, Petra van Nierop, Elbereth Puts, Norma Rose, Irina Ulcica, Dóra Vajai & Regina Konle-Seidl (2019): Role of public services in integrating refugees and asylum seekers. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Luxembourg, 58 S. DOI:10.2806/595692

Abstract

"This study explores the role of public services in the social integration of refugees and asylum seekers. It focuses not only on employment, but also on aspects such as housing, social inclusion, health and education services. It examines a range of integration measures adopted in five EU Member States (Austria, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden) in an attempt to identify the main challenges and the lessons learnt. The countries selected vary in terms of the scale of the inflow, tradition of receiving refugees, labour market conditions, social assistance systems and presence of other migrant groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chimienti, Milena, Alice Bloch, Laurence Ossipow & Catherine Wihtol de Wenden (2019): Second generation from refugee backgrounds in Europe. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s40878-019-0138-2

Abstract

"This introduction to the special issue provides a critical state-of-the-art of the literature on second-generation migrants which has hitherto subsumed the case of the children of refugees. It highlights the theoretical and methodological orientations taken by the literature and examines the main findings on the second generation's social, educational, economic, cultural and inter-generational lives, before turning to the few findings available on conditions and performances of children of refugees. The editorial concludes by suggesting gaps in our knowledge and areas for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Crul, Maurice, Frans Lelie, Özge Biner, Nihad Bunar, Elif Keskiner, Ifigenia Kokkali, Jens Schneider & Maha Shuayb (2019): How the different policies and school systems affect the inclusion of Syrian refugee children in Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lebanon and Turkey. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0110-6

Abstract

"Since the war in Syria started in 2011, many children left their war-torn country, alone or together with their families, and fled to neighboring countries in the Middle East, to Turkey or to Europe. This article will compare how Syrian refugee children are included - or not - in school systems both in Europe (Sweden, Germany and Greece) and outside Europe (Turkey and Lebanon). These five countries represent very different ways of receiving children in their educational system. We will compare national institutional arrangements like access to compulsory school, access after compulsory school age, welcome or immersion classes, second language education and tracking mechanisms. Including children as soon as possible in regular classes seems to provide the best chances for school success, whereas educating refugee children in a segregated parallel school system for extended periods often results in early school leaving or not attending school at all." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dagnelie, Olivier, Anna Maria Mayda & Jean-François Maystadt (2019): The labor market integration of refugees to the United States. Do entrepreneurs in the network help? In: European Economic Review, Jg. 111, H. January, S. 257-272. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.10.001

Abstract

"We investigate whether entrepreneurs in the network of refugees - from the same country of origin - help refugees enter the labor market by hiring them. We analyze the universe of refugee cases without U.S. ties who were resettled in the United States between 2005 and 2010. We address threats to identification due to refugees sorting into specific labor markets and to strategic placement by resettlement agencies. We find that the probability that refugees are employed 90 days after arrival is positively affected by the number of business owners in their network, but negatively affected by the number of those who are employees. This suggests that network members who are entrepreneurs hire refugees, while network members working as employees compete with them, which is consistent with refugees complementing the former and substituting for the latter." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Djuve, Anne Britt & Hanne Cecilie Kavli (2019): Refugee integration policy the Norwegian way. Why good ideas fail and bad ideas prevail. In: Transfer, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 25-42. DOI:10.1177/1024258918807135

Abstract

"Die Integration von nicht-westlichen Flüchtlingen in die hochspezialisierten skandinavischen Arbeitsmärkte hat sich als schwierig erwiesen. Dieses besonders ideologiebesetzte Politikfeld ist ein interessanter Fall für die Untersuchung von politischem Lernen versus politische Ideen in ihrer jeweiligen Rolle als Triebkräfte für institutionellen Wandel oder Kontinuität. Am Fallbeispiel des norwegischen Einführungsprogramms für Flüchtlinge zeigen wir, dass die Anwendung der Kernmaßnahmen des Programms weitgehend unbeeinflusst bleibt von Evaluierungen, die aufzeigen, dass solche Maßnahmen tendenziell sehr bescheidene Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Flüchtlingen haben. Gleichzeitig haben schrittweise Änderungen der Disziplinierungselemente des Programms zu einem immer stärker kontrollierenden Aktivierungssystem geführt. Unsere Interpretation ist, dass ein wesentlicher Faktor für die Intensivierung der Disziplinierungselemente die Annahme war, dass den Teilnehmern die Motivation zur Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt fehle. Darüber hinaus stellen wir fest, dass diese Annahme ein Hindernis für das politische Lernen in Bezug auf die Programmqualität darstellt. Im Rahmen von Aktivierungsmaßnahmen scheinen politische Ideen gleichzeitig als pfadverstärkende kognitive Blockaden und als Triebkräfte für politischen Wandel zu wirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Düvell, Franck (2019): The 'Great Migration' of summer 2015. Analysing the assemblage of key drivers in Turkey. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2227-2240. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468385

Abstract

"By 2015, approximately 2.8 million refugees had arrived in Turkey: approximately 2.5 million from Syria and about 300,000 from other countries. By the end of the year, an estimated 850,000 had moved on to Greece and from there on to other E.U. countries. This onward flow represents a sudden change from 2014 when only 51,000 people exited Turkey for the E.U. This article investigates events in Turkey in 2015 in order to explain these processes. The theoretical framework analyses the interplay of what I describe as secondary root causes for flight. It examines conditions in Turkey as first country of arrival and considers the migration infrastructure as well as political opportunities and constraints. This paper is based on findings from two research projects conducted in 2014 and 2015 which included qualitative interviews with refugees and stakeholders, as well as field observations. It considers the main patterns emerging during this period of both inward and secondary migration, as well as changes over time from 2014 to 2016." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geisen, Thomas & Lea Widmer (2019): Arbeitsintegration als Herausforderung für Flüchtlinge in der Schweiz. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 122-128. DOI:10.3262/MIG1902122

Abstract

"Bislang ist der Prozess, in dem das betriebliche Passungsverhältnis hergestellt wird und sich Arbeitsintegration nachhaltig konkretisiert, insbesondere im Kontext von Migration noch kaum untersucht. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll im vorliegenden Beitrag ausgehend von einer wissenschaftlichen Bestimmung des Konzepts der Arbeitsintegration im Kontext von Migration aufgezeigt werden, wie die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Flüchtlingen in der Schweiz aussieht. Anschließend wird der Forschungsstand zur Arbeitsintegration von Flüchtlingen aufgezeigt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Jestl, Stefan, Michael Landesmann, Sebastian Leitner & Barbara Wanek-Zajic (2019): Employment Gaps Between Refugees, Migrants and Natives: Evidence from Austrian Register Based Labour Market Data. (WIIW working paper 167), Wien, 56 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses labour market integration in Austria of non-European refugees originating from middle and low income countries for the period 2009-2018. We assess their probability of being employed in comparison to non-humanitarian migrants, European third country immigrants and natives. We draw on a register based panel dataset covering the complete labour market careers of all individuals residing in Austria. We control for macro level explanatory variables (e.g. the labour market situation at the time and the place of settlement) and individual characteristics. The analysis shows that initial refugee employment gaps are large in the first years when labour market access is difficult. After a period of seven years the unconditional gap between refugees and natives declines to 30 percentage points, similar to the one of non-humanitarian migrants, but the gap is still further decreasing. After controlling for a set of additional explanatory variables, the conditional gap amounts to only 10 percentage points at the same time. Moreover, our analysis provides insights into differences between employment gaps across population subgroups of immigrant groups and natives by gender, age and education level. Disclaimer Research for this paper was financed by the Anniversary Fund of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Project No. 17166). Support provided by Oesterreichische Nationalbank for this research is gratefully acknowledged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koehler, Claudia & Jens Schneider (2019): Young refugees in education: The particular challenges of school systems in Europe. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40878-019-0129-3