Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Toward a model of work redesign for better work and better life (2014)
Zitatform
Perlow, Leslie A. & Erin L. Kelly (2014): Toward a model of work redesign for better work and better life. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 111-134. DOI:10.1177/0730888413516473
Abstract
"Flexible work accommodations provided by employers purport to help individuals struggling to manage work and family demands. The underlying model for change is accommodation -- helping individuals accommodate their work demands with no changes in the structure of work or cultural expectations of ideal workers. The purpose of this article is to derive a Work Redesign Model and compare it with the Accommodation Model. This article centers around two change initiatives -- Predictability, Teaming and Open Communication and Results Only Work Environment -- that alter the structure and culture of work in ways that enable better work and better lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Prevailing preferences: actual work hours and work-hour preferences of partners (2014)
Reynold, Jeremy E.;Zitatform
Reynold, Jeremy E. (2014): Prevailing preferences: actual work hours and work-hour preferences of partners. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 1017-1041. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537459
Abstract
"Studies of paid work hours have overlooked preferences partners have with respect to each other's hours. The author uses the National Survey of Families and Households to examine how closely partners agree and the number of hours each should work. He also examines the extent to which actual hours reflect both partners' preferences and factors that moderate the efficacy of each partner's wishes. The analysis offers important new insights into work hours, work-hour constraints, and the negotiation of work hours between partners. The results indicate that partners often disagree about the number of hours each should work, and that although men's hours reflect their own and their partner's preferences equally, women's hours are more closely tied to their own preferences. Still, changes in men's and women's actual hours are heavily influenced by factors that do not reflect their own or their partner's preferences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-family boundary strategies: stability and alignment between preferred and enacted boundaries (2013)
Zitatform
Ammons, Samantha K. (2013): Work-family boundary strategies. Stability and alignment between preferred and enacted boundaries. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 82, H. 1, S. 49-58. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.11.002
Abstract
"Are individuals bounding work and family the way they would like? Much of the work-family boundary literature focuses on whether employees are segmenting or integrating work with family, but does not explore the boundariesworkerswould like to have, nor does it examine the fit between desired and enacted boundaries, or assess boundary stability. In this study, 23 respondents employed at a large Fortune 500 company were interviewed about their work-family boundaries before and after their teams underwent a cultural change initiative that sought to loosen workplace norms and allow employees more autonomy to decide when and where they performed their job tasks. Four distinct boundary strategies emerged from the data, with men and parents of young children having better alignment between preferred and enacted boundaries than women and thosewithout these caregiving duties. Implications for boundary theory and research are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older workers and working time (2013)
Zitatform
Bell, David N. F. & Alasdair C. Rutherford (2013): Older workers and working time. (IZA discussion paper 7546), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"Contrary to much of the established literature, this paper finds that though many older workers would prefer to reduce their working hours (the overemployed), there is a significant group who would like to work longer hours (the underemployed). And contrary to the assumption that the self-employed are more easily able than employees to select a desired combination of hours and the wage rate, this paper finds that older self-employed workers are more likely to wish to adjust their hours, both upward and downward than are employees. A new index of underemployment is used to show that for the UK, since the onset of the Great Recession, underemployment among older workers has been growing more rapidly than unemployment. Using longitudinal data from the UK Labour Force Survey, the paper investigates the effects of overemployment and underemployment on transitions from employment and self-employment into other labour market states. It confirms that overemployment is a significant predictor of retirement among employees while underemployed employees are less likely to retire." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How to measure underemployment? (2013)
Zitatform
Bell, David N. F. & David G. Blanchflower (2013): How to measure underemployment? (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2013-07), Washington, DC, 30 S.
Abstract
"One of the factors that may inhibit reductions in unemployment as the economy recovers is the extent to which existing workers would like to work more hours and employers may prefer to let them work longer hours before making new hires. This phenomenon suggests that the unemployment rate does not capture the full extent of excess capacity in the labor market. But how should it be measured? In this paper we argue that the United States does not have the necessary statistical tools to calibrate this form of underemployment. We describe an index that captures the joint effects of unemployment and underemployment and provides a more complete picture of labor market excess capacity. We show how this index can be implemented using British data and describe its evolution over the Great Recession. Comparisons of our index with unemployment rates suggest that unemployment rates understate differences in labor market excess capacity by age group and overstate differences by gender. We also show that being unable to work the hours that one desires has a negative effect on well-being. Finally, we recommend that the Current Population Survey conducted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics might be extended to enable the construction of an equivalent US index." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does working from home work?: evidence from a Chinese experiment (2013)
Zitatform
Bloom, Nicholas, James Liang, John Roberts & Zhichun Jenny Ying (2013): Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. (CEP discussion paper 1194), London, 46 S.
Abstract
"About 10% of US employees now regularly work from home (WFH), but there are concerns this can lead to 'shirking from home.' We report the results of a WFH experiment at CTrip, a 16,000-employee, NASDAQ-listed Chinese travel agency. Call center employees who volunteered to WFH were randomly assigned to work from home or in the office for 9 months. Home working led to a 13% performance increase, of which about 9% was from working more minutes per shift (fewer breaks and sick-days) and 4% from more calls per minute (attributed to a quieter working environment). Home workers also reported improved work satisfaction and experienced less turnover, but their promotion rate conditional on performance fell. Due to the success of the experiment, CTrip rolled-out the option to WFH to the whole firm and allowed the experimental employees to re-select between the home or office. Interestingly, over half of them switched, which led to the gains from WFH almost doubling to 22%. This highlights the benefits of learning and selection effects when adopting modern management practices like WFH." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working long hours and early career outcomes in the high-end labor market (2013)
Zitatform
Gicheva, Dora (2013): Working long hours and early career outcomes in the high-end labor market. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 785-824. DOI:10.1086/669971
Abstract
"This study establishes empirically a positive but nonlinear relationship between weekly hours and hourly wage growth. For workers who put in over 47 hours per week, 5 extra hours are associated with a 1% increase in annual wage growth. This correlation is not present when hours are lower. The relationship is especially strong for young professionals. Data on promotions provide evidence in support of a job-ladder model that combines higher skill sensitivity of output in higher-level jobs with heterogeneous preferences for leisure. The results can be used to account for part of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The demand for youth: explaining age differences in the volatility of hours (2013)
Jaimovich, Nir; Pruitt, Seth; Siu, Henry E.;Zitatform
Jaimovich, Nir, Seth Pruitt & Henry E. Siu (2013): The demand for youth. Explaining age differences in the volatility of hours. In: The American Economic Review, Jg. 103, H. 7, S. 3022-3044. DOI:10.1257/aer.103.7.3022
Abstract
"Over the business cycle young workers experience much greater volatility of hours worked than prime-aged workers. This can arise from age differences in labor supply or labor demand characteristics. To distinguish between these, we document that, for young workers, both the cyclical volatilities of hours and wages are greater than those of the prime-aged. We argue that a general class of models featuring only age-specific labor supply differences cannot reconcile these facts. We then show that a simple model featuring labor demand differences can." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Comparisons of weekly hours over the past century and the importance of work-sharing policies in the 1930s (2013)
Zitatform
Neumann, Todd C., Jason E. Taylor & Price Fishback (2013): Comparisons of weekly hours over the past century and the importance of work-sharing policies in the 1930s. In: The American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, Jg. 103, H. 3, S. 105-110. DOI:10.1257/aer.103.3.105
Abstract
"Changes in the work week drove a larger portion of changes in total labor input during the Great Depression of the 1930s than during other decades. Work-sharing policies appear to be responsible. Herbert Hoover created various work-sharing committees - led by key industrialists - which pushed for shorter work weeks. And Franklin Roosevelt's President's Reemployment Agreement called for sharp cuts in weekly work hours. Spreading available work amongst more people was the goal. During these periods between 50 and 90 percent of declines in labor input were accommodated by falling hours. In recent decades employers have instead relied on layoffs to achieve the same end." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures (2013)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah (2013): Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 110, H. 1, S. 327-347. DOI:10.1007/s11205-011-9929-z
Abstract
"Welfare states enact a range of policies aimed at reducing work-family conflict. While welfare state policies have been assessed at the macro-level and work-family conflict at the individual-level, few studies have simultaneously addressed these relationships in a cross-national multi-level model. This study addresses this void by assessing the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and family-friendly policies in 10 countries. Applying a unique multi-level data set that couples country-level policy data with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the author analyzes the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and four specific policy measures: family leave, work scheduling, school scheduling, and early childhood education and care. The results demonstrate that mothers and fathers report less family-work and mothers less work-family conflict in countries with more expansive family leave policies. Also, in countries with longer school schedules mothers report less and women without children more work-family conflict." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Telecommuting, household commute and location choice (2013)
Zitatform
Zhu, Pengyu (2013): Telecommuting, household commute and location choice. In: Urban studies, Jg. 50, H. 12, S. 2441-2459. DOI:10.1177/0042098012474520
Abstract
"Previous empirical studies have made contributions to the understanding of the impact of telecommuting on individual travel patterns. There has been much less research that has examined the impact of telecommuting on commute travel at the household level. Using data from the 2001 and 2009 US National Household Travel Surveys, this study focuses on one-worker and two-worker households and investigates how telecommuting affects household one-way commute distance and duration. The results show that telecommuting increases the commute distance and duration for both one-worker households and two-worker households. It is also found that, in two-worker households, the telecommuting status of one worker does not increase the commute distance and duration of the other worker. These findings suggest that telecommuting (two-worker) households tend to choose locations involving a longer total one-way commute than non-telecommuting households, and this difference is largely due to the longer commute of their telecommuting members." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: the importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes (2012)
Zitatform
Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2012): The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective. The importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxs006
Abstract
"Mothers' employment and earnings partly depend on social policies and cultural norms supporting women's paid and unpaid work. Previous research suggests that work-family policies are deeply shaped by their cultural context. We examine country variation in the associations between motherhood and earnings, in cultural attitudes surrounding women's employment, and in childcare and parental leave policies. We model how cultural attitudes moderate the impact of policies on women's earnings across countries. Parental leaves and public childcare are associated with higher earnings for mothers when cultural support for maternal employment is high, but have less positive or even negative relationships with earnings where cultural attitudes support the male breadwinner/female caregiver model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cyclical variation in labor hours and productivity using the ATUS (2012)
Zitatform
Burda, Michael C., Daniel S. Hamermesh & Jay Stewart (2012): Cyclical variation in labor hours and productivity using the ATUS. (IZA discussion paper 7070), Bonn, 15 S.
Abstract
"We examine monthly variation in weekly work hours using data for 2003-10 from the Current Population Survey (CPS) on hours/worker, from the Current Employment Survey (CES) on hours/job, and from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) on both. The ATUS data minimize recall difficulties and constrain hours of work to accord with total available time. The ATUS hours/worker are less cyclical than the CPS series, but the hours/job are more cyclical than the CES series. We present alternative estimates of productivity based on ATUS data and find that it is more pro-cyclical than other productivity measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Persistence and cycles in US hours worked (2012)
Zitatform
Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Luis A. Gil-Alana (2012): Persistence and cycles in US hours worked. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1200), Berlin, 26 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyses monthly hours worked in the US over the sample period 1939m1 - 2011m10 using a cyclical long memory model; this is based on Gegenbauer processes and characterised by autocorrelations decaying to zero cyclically and at a hyperbolic rate along with a spectral density that is unbounded at a non-zero frequency. The reason for choosing this specification is that the periodogram of the hours worked series has a peak at a frequency away from zero. The empirical results confirm that this model works extremely well for hours worked, and it is then employed to analyse their relationship with technology shocks. It is found that hours worked increase on impact in response to a technology shock (though the effect dies away rapidly), consistently with Real Business Cycle (RBC) models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding the roles of subjective and objective aspects of time in the work-family interface (2012)
Zitatform
Dugan, Alicia G., Russell A. Matthews & Janet L. Barnes-Farrell (2012): Understanding the roles of subjective and objective aspects of time in the work-family interface. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 149-172. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2011.609656
Abstract
"The experience of time has been posited as an important predictor of work-family conflict; however, few studies have considered subjective and objective aspects of time conjointly. This study examined the reported number of hours dedicated to work and family as indices of objective aspects of time, and perceived time pressure (in the work and family domains respectively) as an important feature of the subjective nature of temporal experiences within the work-family interface. Results indicate that the stress of having insufficient time to fulfill commitments in one domain (i.e., perceived time pressure) predicts work-family conflict, and that perceived time pressures predict the amount of time allocated to a domain. Additionally, findings suggest that domain boundaries are not symmetrical, with work boundaries being more rigidly constructed than family boundaries. Work-to-family and family-to-work conflict were generally related to overall health, turnover intentions, and work performance, as expected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Taxation and household labour supply (2012)
Zitatform
Guner, Nezih, Remzi Kaygusuz & Gustavo Ventura (2012): Taxation and household labour supply. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 79, H. 3, S. 1113-1149. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdr049
Abstract
"We evaluate reforms to the U.S. tax system in a life cycle set-up with heterogeneous married and single households and with an operative extensive margin in labour supply. We restrict our model with observations on gender and skill premia, labour-force participation of married females across skill groups, children, and the structure of marital sorting. We concentrate on two revenue-neutral tax reforms: a proportional income tax and a reform in which married individuals file taxes separately (separate filing). Our findings indicate that tax reforms are accompanied by large increases in labour supply that differ across demographic groups, with the bulk of the increase coming from married females. Under a proportional income tax reform, married females account for more than 50% of the changes in hours across steady states, while under separate filing reform, married females account for all the change in hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Schedule flexibility in hourly jobs: unanticipated consequences and promising directions (2012)
Zitatform
Lambert, Susan J., Anna Haley-Lock & Julia R. Henly (2012): Schedule flexibility in hourly jobs. Unanticipated consequences and promising directions. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 15, H. 3, S. 293-315. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2012.662803
Abstract
"This article considers the challenge of extending conventional models of flexibility to hourly jobs that are often structured quite differently than the salaried, professional positions for which flexibility options were originally designed. We argue that the assumptions of job rigidity and overwork motivating existing flexibility options may not be broadly applicable across jobs in the US labor market. We focus specifically on two types of flexibility: (1) working reduced hours and (2) varying work timing. We first review central aspects of the US business and policy contexts that inspire our concerns, and then draw on original analyses from US census data and several examples from our comparative case-study research to explain how conventional flexibility options do not always map well onto hourly jobs, and in certain instances may disadvantage workers by undermining their ability to earn an adequate living. We conclude with a discussion of alternative approaches to implementing flexibility in hourly jobs when hours are scarce and fluctuating rather than long and rigid." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, nonstandard work schedules, and marital quality (2012)
Zitatform
Maume, David J. & Rachel A. Sebastian (2012): Gender, nonstandard work schedules, and marital quality. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 477-490. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9308-1
Abstract
"Relatively few studies have focused on the effects of working late and rotating shifts on marital dynamics. This study addressed the limitations of prior studies by sampling from a sector of the economy (i.e., grocery and drug store workers) where shift work and rotating schedules were common, and by controlling for numerous accompanying disruptive effects of shift work on marital quality. Results show that working late shifts reduces marital quality among men, whereas among women, job-family spillover explained away marital quality effects of working rotating schedules. These results suggest that more than men, women remain largely responsible for family life irrespective of work schedules, yet further research on how family lives are affected by work schedules is needed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Access to and utilization of flexible work options (2012)
Zitatform
McNamara, Tay K., Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes, Melissa Brown & Christina Matz-Costa (2012): Access to and utilization of flexible work options. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 936-965. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2012.00703.x
Abstract
"Many workers do not utilize the flexible work options to which they have access nor do they necessarily have access to all options officially provided by their organizations. This study sheds light on these gaps using probit models with sample selection to predict access to and utilization of fourteen flexible options. The findings highlight the roles of supervisor support, occupation, and work-life culture. The influence of each of these factors on access and utilization differs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug