Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Future horizons for work-life balance (2009)
Zitatform
Hogarth, Terence & Derek Bosworth (2009): Future horizons for work-life balance. London, 11 S.
Abstract
Der Begriff 'Work-Life-Balance' steht für einen Zustand, in dem bezahlte Arbeit und Privatleben - von der Kinderbetreuung über Hausarbeit bis zu Freizeitaktivitäten - miteinander in Einklang stehen, wobei die Betonung auf der individuellen Entscheidung und der Selbstorganisation einerseits und dem Abgleich zwischen Arbeitnehmer- und Arbeitgeberinteressen andererseits liegt. Die Autoren geben einen Überblick über die Begriffsgeschichte von Work-Life-Balance ausgehend von dem Kampf um kürzere Arbeitszeiten in der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts und die seitdem ergriffenen Maßnahmen von Politik und Arbeitgebern im Sinne der angezielten Ausgewogenheit. Es folgt eine Darstellung gegenwärtiger Manifestierungen der Work-Life-Balance in Großbritannien und der EU wie zum Beispiel reduzierte Arbeitszeiten, Mutter- und Vaterschaftsregelungen, flexible Anwesenheitszeiten. Dabei kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass die Verwirklichung des Konzepts der Work-Life-Balance alle zu Gewinnern macht; dies gilt sowohl für Arbeitgeber als auch für Arbeitnehmer und den Staat. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung eines effektiven Gleichgewichts von Arbeit und Privatleben in der Zukunft formuliert. (IAB)
-
Literaturhinweis
European vs American hours worked: assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins (2009)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero-Rojas (2009): European vs American hours worked. Assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 531-543.
Abstract
"Europeans have worked less than Americans since the 1970s. In this paper, we quantify the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins of aggregate hours of market work on the observed differences. Our counterfactual exercises show that the two dimensions of the extensive margin, the employment rate and the participation rate, explain the most of the total-hours-gap between regions. Moreover, both ratios have similar weight. Conversely, the intensive margin, measured by the number of hours worked per employee, has the smallest role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns (2009)
Zitatform
Smith, Mark, Stefan Zagelmeyer & Georg Sieglen (2009): Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns. In: L. Delsen, F. Bauer, G. Cette & M. Smith (Hrsg.) (2009): Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union, S. 117-142. DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2185-7_5
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Betriebszeiten und Arbeitszeitformen in Abhängigkeit von der Betriebsgröße untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie, der Daten aus dem Projekt EUCOWE 'Working Times and Operating Hours in Europe' zugrunde liegen, steht die Frage nach spezifischen Mustern der Nutzung unterschiedlicher Arbeitszeitformen zur Entkopplung und Flexibilisierung von Arbeits- und Betriebzeiten von kleinen und mittelgroßen Betrieben im Unterschied zu Großbetrieben. Berücksichtigung finden dabei auch verschiedene weitere betriebliche Charakteristika wie die betriebliche Eigenständigkeit, die Wirtschaftszweigzugehörigkeit und die Wettbewerbsorientierung. Darüber hinaus werden länderspezifische Unterschiede der Betriebszeitorganisation zwischen den untersuchten Ländern (Deutschland, Spanien, Portugal, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande) aufgezeigt. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Sieglen, Georg; -
Literaturhinweis
Job changes and hours changes: understanding the path of labor supply adjustment (2008)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Mike Brewer & Marco Francesconi (2008): Job changes and hours changes. Understanding the path of labor supply adjustment. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 421-453. DOI:10.1086/588245
Abstract
"We use British panel data to investigate single women's labor supply changes in response to three reforms that affected individuals' work incentives. We use these reforms to identify changes in labor supply. There is evidence of small hours of work effects for two of such reforms. A third reform in 1999 instead led to a significant increase in single mothers' hours of work. The mechanism by which the labor supply adjustments were made occurred largely through job changes rather than hours changes with the same employer. This is little overall effect of the reforms on wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Job satisfaction and family happiness: The part-time work puzzle (2008)
Zitatform
Booth, Alison L. & Jan C. van Ours (2008): Job satisfaction and family happiness: The part-time work puzzle. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F77-F99.
Abstract
"We investigate the relationship between part-time work and working hours satisfaction, job satisfaction and life satisfaction. We account for interdependence within the family using data on partnered men and women from the British Household Panel Survey. Men have the highest hours-of-work satisfaction if they work full-time without overtime hours but neither their job satisfaction nor their life satisfaction are affected by how many hours they work. Women present a puzzle. Hours satisfaction and job satisfaction indicate that women prefer part-time jobs irrespective of whether these are small or large but their life satisfaction is virtually unaffected by hours of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working time developments 2008 (2008)
Carley, Mark;Zitatform
Carley, Mark (2008): Working time developments 2008. Dublin, 35 S.
Abstract
"In 2008, average collectively agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.6 hours; agreed normal annual working time averaged about 1,740 hours. Of the three economic sectors examined in this study, agreed weekly working hours are highest in metalworking (38.7), followed by the banking and local government sectors (both 38.3). Average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement was 25.2 days across the EU in 2008, although the total varied significantly between the 'old' and the new Member States. This report also examines statutory working time and leave limits, and actual working hours. This annual update looks at a number of aspects of the duration of working time in the European Union and Norway in 2008, based on contributions from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) national centres. The study examines the following issues: average weekly working hours as set by collective agreements - both at national level and for three specific economic sectors; statutory limits on weekly and daily working time; average actual weekly working hours; annual leave entitlement, as set by collective agreements and law; and estimates of average collectively agreed annual working time. The report provides a general overview of the current situation and developments regarding working time, but the figures provided should be read with caution, and the various notes and explanations borne in mind. This reflects the fact that there are a number of problems in international comparisons of the length of working time. Comparable data are not collected in all countries, while particular difficulties include the following: the existence of different ways of calculating working time, with annual, rather than weekly calculation increasingly common in some countries (TN0308101S); the fact that working time reductions in some countries have been introduced through extra days off or cuts in annual working hours, leaving the normal working week relatively unchanged; the increasing use of schemes whereby weekly working hours may vary considerably, with an average being maintained over a reference period; the treatment of part-time workers; the differing roles of collective bargaining and legislation, with the latter having an impact on actual hours in some countries, but acting only as a maximum 'safety net' in others." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Preference or constraint?: part-time workers' transitions in Denmark, France and the United Kingdom (2008)
Zitatform
Gash, Vanessa (2008): Preference or constraint? Part-time workers' transitions in Denmark, France and the United Kingdom. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 655-674. DOI:10.1177/0950017008096741
Abstract
"This article investigates whether women work part-time through preference or constraint and argues that different countries provide different opportunities for preference attainment. It argues that women with family responsibilities are unlikely to have their working preferences met without national policies supportive of maternal employment. Using event history analysis the article tracks part-time workers' transitions to both full-time employment and to labour market drop-out. The article compares the outcome of workers in the UK, a country with little support for maternal employment, relative to Denmark and France, two countries with a long history of facilitating workers' engagement in both paid employment and family life. It finds evidence of part-time constraint in the UK relative to the other two countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Feature: the price of reconciliation: part-time work, families and women's satisfaction (2008)
Zitatform
Gregory, Mary & Sara Connolly (2008): Feature: the price of reconciliation: part-time work, families and women's satisfaction. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F1-F7. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02113.x
Abstract
"While the gender pay gap has been narrowing for women in full-time jobs the pay penalty for the 40 % of women who work part-time has risen, reflecting the growing polarisation of part-time jobs in low-wage occupations. A further dimension is that women often experience downgrading from higher-skill full-time into lower-skill part-time occupations. As women reorganise their working lives around the presence of children their reported hours and job satisfaction are highest in part-time work, but life-satisfaction is scarcely affected by hours of work. This Feature explores these issues and their challenge for economic efficiency as well as gender equity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Das "weiche" Recht auf familienfreundliche Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung in Großbritannien (2008)
Hegewisch, Ariane;Zitatform
Hegewisch, Ariane (2008): Das "weiche" Recht auf familienfreundliche Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung in Großbritannien. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 100-106. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2008-2-100
Abstract
"Wie mehrere andere europäische Länder verabschiedete auch Großbritannien als Reaktion auf die EU-Teilzeitrichtlinie ein Gesetz, das es Arbeitnehmern leichter machen sollte, ihre Arbeitszeit auf Teilzeit zu verkürzen oder sie anderweitig familienfreundlicher zu gestalten. Der britische Ansatz ist einzigartig, da er Arbeitnehmern einerseits nur ein Anhörungsrecht gibt, sich andererseits nicht auf Teilzeitarbeit beschränkt. Der Beitrag diskutiert die Sonderstellung des 'breiten, aber weichen' britischen Flexibilitätsansatzes. Empirische Daten zu den Wirkungen des Gesetzes werden vorgestellt. Sie zeigen, dass der britische Ansatz den Beschäftigten tatsächlich individuelle Flexibilitätsformen eröffnet hat. Die Frage, ob ein familienpolitisch motiviertes Flexibilitätsgesetz ein effektives Instrument der Gleichstellungspolitik sein kann, oder ob es Gefahr läuft, Geschlechterunterschiede zu verstärken, wird abschließend diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
European vs. American hours worked: assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins (2008)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero Rojas (2008): European vs. American hours worked. Assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins. (IZA discussion paper 3846), Bonn, 21 S.
Abstract
"Europeans have worked less than Americans since the 1970s. In this paper, we quantify the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins of aggregate hours of market work on the observed differences. Our counterfactual exercises show that the two dimensions of the extensive margin, the employment rate and the participation rate, explain the most of the total-hours-gap between regions. Moreover, both ratios have similar weight. Conversely, the intensive margin, measured by the number of hours worked per employee, has the smallest role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries: an equilibrium search approach (2008)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero Rojas (2008): Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries. An equilibrium search approach. (IZA discussion paper 3364), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"Since 1960, the dynamics of the aggregate hours of market work exhibit dramatic differences across industrialized countries. Before 1980, these differences seem to come from the hours worked per employee (the intensive margin). However, since 1980 a notable feature of the data is that the divergence across countries responds to quantitatively important differences along the employment rate (the extensive margin). In this paper we develop an equilibrium matching model where both margins are endogenous. The model is rich enough to account for the behavior of the two margins of the aggregate hours when we include the observed heterogeneity across countries of both the taxes and the labor market institutions such as the unemployment benefits and the bargaining power. Because these findings come from on unified framework, they also give a strong support to the matching models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Children and women's hours of work (2008)
Paull, Gillian;Zitatform
Paull, Gillian (2008): Children and women's hours of work. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F8-F27. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02114.x
Abstract
"The prevalence of women in part-time work continues to be a distinguishing feature of female employment in Britain. Using data from the BHPS, this article analyses the evolution of work hours for women and men during family formation and development. A substantial movement towards part-time work for women occurs with the first birth and continues steadily for ten years. The gender gap in hours subsequently diminishes but persists even after children have grown up. Births have little impact on men's hours, although there is some adjustment in the balance of work hours for couples following births and last school entry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries (2008)
Presser, Harriet B.; Gornick, Janet C.; Parashar, Sangeeta;Zitatform
Presser, Harriet B., Janet C. Gornick & Sangeeta Parashar (2008): Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 2, S. 83-103.
Abstract
"Labor force surveys conducted in several European countries in 2005 indicate high levels of nonstandard work hours, varying by gender; by contrast, nonstandard work hours for both men and women vary little by whether they have or do not have children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Time and work-life balance: the roles of 'temporal customization' and 'life temporality' (2008)
Roberts, Emma;Zitatform
Roberts, Emma (2008): Time and work-life balance. The roles of 'temporal customization' and 'life temporality'. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 15, H. 5, S. 430-453.
Abstract
"This article poses a challenge to the orthodox binary, conceptualization of work-life balance only made possible by relying on the widespread 'clock time' worldview, which understands employment practices in terms of the basic time = money equation. In particular, it is the balance metaphor which relies on a quantification of both work and life in order to make sense and can therefore be seen to be based on an understanding of time as a measurable and value-able unit. This article seeks to begin the exercise of examining the concept of work-life balance through a broader concept of the temporal dimension than simply limited quantitative notions. Two temporal themes are reported from a study which identified employees who had customized their working pattern to suit the various and multi-dimensional facets of their lifestyles and thereby successfully improved their work-life balance. Participants in this study demonstrated that an improved work-life balance is more about a mind-set that refuses to be dominated by a work temporality and is determined to create 'me time' rather than e.g. simply choosing a four day week or a part-time job. It is argued that the notion of work-life balance is more usefully conceptualized within a broader notion of 'livingscapes' which contain both elements of work and life and that as researchers, our challenge must be to reflect the complexity of this weave within our analyses of individuals' work-life balance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working unusual hours and its relatioship to job satisfaction: a study of European maritime pilots (2007)
Zitatform
Andresen, Maike, Michel E. Domsch & Annett H. Carscorbi (2007): Working unusual hours and its relatioship to job satisfaction. A study of European maritime pilots. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 714-734. DOI:10.1007/s12122-007-9010-5
Abstract
"Our study focuses on maritime pilotage in seven European countries and analyzes the level of job satisfaction and its predictors. Like most existing studies in the field of job satisfaction, we show that job satisfaction is an outcome of the work of maritime pilots. Stressful working conditions, such as working unsocial hours and irregular working patterns, create strains that together with intervening factors related to work, family, or the work environment ultimately reduce job satisfaction. However, our results indicate that although negative physical and social consequences are important, they are neither the strongest nor the only variables determining job satisfaction. Another effect seems more important in European maritime pilotage: job satisfaction is instead a predictor of how much pressure and stress pilots can handle. Despite health problems and a reduction in their quality of life due to working unusual hours, most maritime pilots do not regret their choice of profession. Factors to ameliorate the working conditions are also identified. The most important parameters include alterations in working time systems, working conditions which minimize physical strain, fairness regarding payment, flexibility within the compensation system, an intensification of the possibilities for involvement and participation, an extended degree of co-determination, and the distribution of the ownership of the pilot stations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Job changes and hours changes: understanding the path of labour supply adjustment (2007)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Mike Brewer & Marco Francesconi (2007): Job changes and hours changes. Understanding the path of labour supply adjustment. (IZA discussion paper 3044), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"This paper uses British panel data to investigate single women's labour supply changes in response to three tax and benefit policy reforms that occurred in the 1990s. These reforms changed individuals' work incentives and we use them to identify changes in labour supply. We find evidence of small hours of work effects for two of such reforms. A third reform in 1999 instead led to a significant increase in single mothers' hours of work. The mechanism by which the labour supply adjustments were made occurred largely through job changes rather than hours changes with the same employer. These results are confirmed when we look at hours changes by stated labour supply preferences. Finally, we find little overall effect of the reforms on wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Job satisfaction and family happiness: the part-time work puzzle (2007)
Zitatform
Booth, Alison L. & Jan C. van Ours (2007): Job satisfaction and family happiness. The part-time work puzzle. (ISER working paper 2007-20), Colchester, 39 S.
Abstract
"Using fixed effects ordered logit estimation, we investigate the relationship between part-time work and working hours satisfaction; job satisfaction; and life satisfaction. We account for interdependence within the family using data on partnered men and women from the British Household Panel Survey. We find that men have the highest hours-of-work satisfaction if they work full-time without overtime hours but neither their job satisfaction nor their life satisfaction are affected by how many hours they work. Life satisfaction is influenced only by whether or not they have a job. For women we are confronted with a puzzle. Hours satisfaction and job satisfaction indicate that women prefer part-time jobs irrespective of whether these are small or large. In contrast, female life satisfaction is virtually unaffected by hours of work. Women without children do not care about their hours of work at all, while women with children are significantly happier if they have a job regardless of how many hours it entails." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 3020 -
Literaturhinweis
The contribution of hour constraints to working poverty in Britain (2007)
Zitatform
Brown, Sarah, J. G. Sessions & Duncan Watson (2007): The contribution of hour constraints to working poverty in Britain. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 445-463. DOI:10.1007/s00148-006-0086-7
Abstract
"We explore the implications of hours demand constraints on the propensity to experience poverty. Our analysis of British data suggests that whilst the extent of poverty increased over the period 1985-2001, its intensity, under some measures, declined. In terms of hours constraints, we find that even the most generous elimination of underemployment vis allowing workers to supply as many hours as they prefer (but not as few) without encountering any negative employment and/or hourly wage implications, leaves the poverty rate and poverty gap virtually unchanged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Free to choose? Differences in the hours determination of constrained and unconstrained workers (2007)
Zitatform
Bryan, Mark L. (2007): Free to choose? Differences in the hours determination of constrained and unconstrained workers. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 59, H. 2, S. 226-252. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpl033
Abstract
"In surveys, large minorities of individuals typically report that they would like to change their weekly working hours at their current hourly wage. If this evidence reflects genuine constraints on choice of hours, the determinants of hours should differ between constrained and unconstrained groups. Controlling for selection by an extension of the Heckman two-step method to ordered selection and panel data, and using a sample of manual men, I find that unconstrained workers' hours are determined differently from those of constrained workers. I present evidence that local labour market conditions affect the hours of constrained but not of unconstrained workers. I also correct for the potential bias resulting from the use of observed hours to derive the hourly wage, by instrumenting it with its lagged value. The combination of ignoring hours constraints and assuming the derived hourly wage is exogenous imparts a downward bias to wage elasticity estimates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Operating hours and working times: a survey of capacity utilisation and employment in the European Union (2007)
Delsen, Lei ; Groß, Hermann; Cette, Gilbert ; Delsen, Kei; Bosworth, Derek; Sylvain, Arnaud; Munoz de Bustillo y Llorente, Rafael; Kocoglu, Yusuf; Bosworth, Derek; Lehndorff, Steffen; Castro, Alberto; Macias, Enrique Fernandez; Groß, Hermann; Schief, Sebastian; Caroll, Marilyn; Sieglein, Georg; Bauer, Frank; Smith, Mark ; Varejao, Jose M.; Smits, Keroen;Zitatform
Delsen, Lei, Derek Bosworth, Hermann Groß & Rafael Munoz de Bustillo y Llorente (Hrsg.) (2007): Operating hours and working times. A survey of capacity utilisation and employment in the European Union. (Contributions to economics), Heidelberg u.a.: Physica-Verl., 251 S.
Abstract
Das Buch stellt die Ergebnisse des Projekts EUCOWE vor, einer repräsentativen Betriebsbefragung zur international vergleichenden Untersuchung von Betriebszeiten, Arbeitszeiten und Beschäftigung in Frankreich, Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Portugal, Spanien und Großbritannien. Bei dem Projekt handelt es sich um die erste repräsentative und standardisierte Befragung europäischer Unternehmen, die alle Betriebsgrößen und Wirtschaftszweige umfasst. Folgende Aspekte werden analysiert: Welche Betriebszeiten sind für die sechs Untersuchungsländer charakteristisch? Welche Unterschiede gibt es in Hinblick auf Wirtschaftszweige und Betriebsgrößen? Durch welche Formen der Arbeitszeitorganisation werden diese Betriebszeiten umgesetzt? Wie sieht das Verhältnis zwischen Betriebszeit und Beschäftigung aus? Das Buch stellt die umfassendste Studie zu Betriebszeiten, Kapazitätsauslastung, Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigung dar, die in der Europäischen Union verfügbar ist. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bauer, Frank;
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug