Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Extensive and intensive margins of labour supply: working hours in the US, UK and France (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Antoine Bozio & Guy Laroque (2011): Extensive and intensive margins of labour supply. Working hours in the US, UK and France. (IZA discussion paper 6051), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"This paper documents the key stylised facts underlying the evolution of labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins in the last forty years in three countries: United-States, United-Kingdom and France. We develop a statistical decomposition that provides bounds on changes at the extensive and intensive margins. This decomposition is also shown to be coherent with the analysis of labour supply elasticities at these margins. We use detailed representative micro-datasets to examine the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins in explaining the overall changes in total hours worked." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anhaltender Strukturwandel zur Teilzeitbeschäftigung (2011)
Brenke, Karl;Zitatform
Brenke, Karl (2011): Anhaltender Strukturwandel zur Teilzeitbeschäftigung. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 78, H. 42, S. 3-12.
Abstract
"Die Bedeutung der Teilzeitbeschäftigung ist stark gewachsen - in Deutschland wie generell in Europa. In Deutschland hat sie in überdurchschnittlichem Maße zugelegt und ist derzeit stärker verbreitet als im EU-Durchschnitt. Offenbar handelt es sich um einen grundlegenden Strukturwandel, denn die Teilzeitarbeit hat unbeeinflusst von konjunkturellen Entwicklungen zugenommen. Wenngleich nach wie vor insbesondere einfache Tätigkeiten in Teilzeit ausgeübt werden, haben immer mehr Erwerbstätige mit einer mittleren oder hohen Qualifikation verkürzte Arbeitszeiten. Teilzeitarbeit hat sich auf immer mehr Berufsfelder und Tätigkeiten ausgebreitet. Für einen Strukturwandel spricht auch, dass sie besonders kräftig unter den Männern zugelegt hat. Dennoch sind verkürzte Arbeitszeiten nach wie vor eindeutig die Domäne von Frauen - und zwar europaweit. Obwohl sich die Teilzeitquoten von Männern und Frauen in Deutschland einander angenähert haben, ist der Unterschied immer noch deutlich größer als in den meisten anderen europäischen Staaten. Große Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern zeigen sich in Deutschland wie generell in der EU hinsichtlich der Gründe für eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung: Bei Frauen sind es vor allem familiäre Motive, bei Männern dagegen eher die berufliche Qualifizierung und insbesondere der Mangel an Vollzeitstellen. Bei nicht wenigen Frauen ist ebenfalls ein unzureichendes Arbeitsplatzangebot ein Grund, sich mit einer Teilzeitstelle zu bescheiden. Trotz der in den letzten Jahren verbesserten Arbeitsmarktlage in Deutschland hat sich die Zahl derjenigen Erwerbstätigen, für die ein Teilzeitjob nur eine Notlösung darstellt, bei reichlich zwei Millionen eingependelt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Worktime regulations and spousal labor supply (2011)
Goux, Dominique; Maurin, Eric; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Goux, Dominique, Eric Maurin & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Worktime regulations and spousal labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1096), London, 56 S.
Abstract
"We investigate cross-hour effects in spousal labor supply exploiting independent variation in hours worked generated by the introduction of the short workweek in France in the late 1990s. We find that female and male employees treated by the shorter legal workweek reduce their weekly labor supply by about 2 hours, and do not experience any reduction in their monthly earnings. While wives of treated men do not seem to adjust their working time at either the intensive or extensive margins, husbands of treated wives respond by cutting their labor supply by about half an hour to one hour per week, according to specifications and samples. Further tests reveal that husbands' labor supply response did not entail the renegotiation of usual hours with employers or changes in earnings, but involved instead a reduction in (unpaid) work involvement, whether within a given day, or through an increase in the take-up rate of paid vacation and/or sick leave. These margins of adjustment are shown to have no detrimental impact on men's (current) earnings. The estimated cross-hour effects are consistent with the presence of spousal leisure complementarity for husbands, though not for wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Worktime regulations and spousal labour supply (2011)
Goux, Dominique; Petrongolo, Barbara; Maurin, Eric;Zitatform
Goux, Dominique, Eric Maurin & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Worktime regulations and spousal labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 5639), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"We investigate spillovers in spousal labour supply exploiting independent variation in hours worked generated by the introduction of the shorter workweek in France in the late 1990s. We find that female and male employees treated by the shorter legal workweek reduce their weekly labour supply by about 2 hours, and do not experience any reduction in their monthly earnings. While wives of treated men do not seem to adjust their working time at either the intensive or extensive margins, husbands of treated wives respond by cutting their workweek by about half an hour to one hour, according to specifications and samples. In particular, managers and professionals respond much more strongly to the shorter legal workweek in their wives' firms than men in lower occupations. These effects are consistent with the presence of significant cross-hour effects on labour supply for husbands, though not for wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment and hours of work (2011)
Zitatform
Kudoh, Noritaka & Masaru Sasaki (2011): Employment and hours of work. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 176-192. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2010.04.002
Abstract
"This paper develops a dynamic model of the labor market in which the degree of substitution between employment and hours of work is determined as part of a search equilibrium. Each firm chooses its demand for working hours and number of vacancies, and the earnings profile is determined by Nash bargaining. The earnings profile is generally nonlinear in hours of work, and defines the trade-off between employment and hours of work. Concave production technology induces firms to overemploy and, as a result, hours of work are below their optimal level. The Hosios condition is not sufficient for efficiency. When there are two industries, workers employed by firms with higher recruitment costs work longer and earn more. That is, 'good jobs' require longer hours of work. Interestingly, technology differentials cannot account for working hours differentials." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Forces shaping hours worked in the OECD, 1960-2004 (2011)
MacDaniel, Cara;Zitatform
MacDaniel, Cara (2011): Forces shaping hours worked in the OECD, 1960-2004. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 3, H. 4, S. 27-52. DOI:10.1257/mac.3.4.27
Abstract
"The goal of this paper is to examine the role of taxes and productivity growth as forces influencing market hours. To achieve this goal, the paper considers a calibrated growth model extended to include home production and subsistence consumption, both of which are found to be key features influencing market hours. The model is simulated for 15 OECD countries. The primary force driving changes in market hours is found to be changing labor income tax rates. Productivity catch-up relative to the United States is found to be an important secondary force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Taxes, social subsidies, and the allocation of work time (2011)
Zitatform
Ngai, Rachel & Christopher A. Pissarides (2011): Taxes, social subsidies, and the allocation of work time. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 3, H. 4, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1257/mac.3.4.1
Abstract
"We examine the allocation of hours of work across industrial sectors in OECD countries. We find large disparities across three sector groups, one that produces goods without home substitutes, and two others that have home substitutes but are treated differently by welfare policy. We attribute the disparities to the countries' tax and subsidy policies. High taxation substantially reduces hours in sectors that have close home substitutes but less so in other sectors. Subsidies increase hours in the subsidized sectors that have home substitutes. We compute these policy effects for 19 OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor supply responses to the 1990s Japanese tax reforms (2011)
Zitatform
Yamada, Ken (2011): Labor supply responses to the 1990s Japanese tax reforms. In: Labour economics, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 539-546. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.11.011
Abstract
"The consumption-leisure choice model implies that an exogenous change in tax rates will induce a change in labor supply. This implication is expected to be important to labor supplied by secondary earners under a progressive tax system when spousal income alters effective marginal tax rates. This paper examines labor supply responses to the income tax changes associated with Japanese tax reforms during the 1990s. The results indicate that the hours-of-work elasticity with respect to the net-of-tax rate is 0.8 for married women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A shred of credible evidence on the long run elasticity of labor supply (2010)
Ashenfelter, Orley C.; Doran, Kirk B.; Schaller, Bruce;Zitatform
Ashenfelter, Orley C., Kirk B. Doran & Bruce Schaller (2010): A shred of credible evidence on the long run elasticity of labor supply. (NBER working paper 15746), Cambridge, Mass., 29 S. DOI:10.3386/w15746
Abstract
"Virtually all public policies regarding taxation and the redistribution of income rely on explicit or implicit assumptions about the long run effect of wages rates on labor supply. The available estimates of the wage elasticity of male labor supply in the literature have varied between -0.2 and 0.2, implying that permanent wage increases have relatively small, poorly determined effects on labor supplied. The variation in existing estimates calls for a simple, natural experiment in which men can change their hours of work, and in which wages have been exogenously and permanently changed. We introduce a panel data set of taxi drivers who choose their own hours, and who experienced two exogenous permanent fare increases instituted by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, and we use these data to fit a simple structural labor supply function. Our estimates suggest that the elasticity of labor supply is about -0.2, implying that income effects dominate substitution effects in the long run labor supply of males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 4810 -
Literaturhinweis
The intra-household division of labor: an empirical analysis of spousal influences on individual time allocation (2010)
Zitatform
Bredtmann, Julia (2010): The intra-household division of labor. An empirical analysis of spousal influences on individual time allocation. (Ruhr economic papers 200), Essen, 35 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie untersucht die Arbeitsteilung von Paaren innerhalb eines Haushalts. Unter Verwendung von Zeitbudgeterhebungsdaten der Jahre 1991/92 und 2001/02 wird der Einfluss der Zeiteinteilung zwischen bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit des einen Partners auf die Zeitallokation des anderen Partners untersucht. Die Zeitallokationsentscheidungen der Partner werden dabei unter Verwendung eines interdependenten Modells geschätzt, das die Simultanität und Endogenität der Entscheidungen berücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Einflusses der Zeitverwendung des Partners zwischen Männern und Frauen. Während das Arbeitsangebot von Männern unabhängig von der Zeitallokation der Partnerin ist, passen Frauen ihr Arbeitsangebot an das ihres Partners an." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The working hours of immigrants in Germany: temporary versus permanent (2010)
Zitatform
Kahanec, Martin & Michael P. Shields (2010): The working hours of immigrants in Germany. Temporary versus permanent. (IZA discussion paper 4735), Bonn, 32 S.
Abstract
"Migration is often viewed as an investment decision. Temporary migrants can be expected to invest less in accumulating human capital specific to the host country. Instead, they work more hours in order to accumulate savings and invest in financial capital that can be transferred back to their country of origin upon return. In this paper, using German panel data, we explore how temporary migrants differ from permanent migrants in their labor supply decisions and behavior. Upon correcting for endogeneity bias, temporary migrants are found to work more hours than permanent ones. This result supports the human capital theory and a household production model of migration where migrants may be temporary by choice and not because of legal restrictions or even a bad experience in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The policy determinants of hours worked across OECD countries (2009)
Causa, Orsetta;Zitatform
Causa, Orsetta (2009): The policy determinants of hours worked across OECD countries. In: OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Jg. 2009, H. 1, S. 9-47.
Abstract
"This article investigates the policy determinants of hours worked among employed individuals in OECD countries, focussing on the impact of taxation, working-time regulations, and other labour and product market policies. It explores the factors underlying cross-country differences in hours worked - in line with previous aggregate approaches - while at the same time it looks more closely at labour force heterogeneity - in the vein of microeconomic labour supply models. The paper shows that policies and institutions have a different impact on working hours of men and women. Firstly, while high marginal taxes create a disincentive to work longer hours for women, their impact on hours worked by men is almost insignificant. Secondly, working-time regulations have a significant impact on hours worked by men, and this impact differs across education categories. Thirdly, other labour and product market policies, in particular stringent employment protection of workers on regular contracts and competition-restraining product market policies, have a negative impact on hours worked by men, over and beyond their impact on employment levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why a fixed workweek? (2009)
Díaz, Antonia; Echevarria, Cristina;Zitatform
Díaz, Antonia & Cristina Echevarria (2009): Why a fixed workweek? In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 28, H. 5, S. 790-798. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2009.03.017
Abstract
"The main goal of this article is to explain why the fixed workweek appeared. To this purpose we differentiate between 'jobs' and 'hours per job'. We consider an economy where hours and number of workers are substitutes in production but in which hiring a worker entails a fixed cost plus a variable cost per hour worked. As a consequence, firms would like workers to work as many hours as possible. In an unregulated economy, workers work more hours that they would like to at the on-going wage rate. This situation characterizes the economy of today's industrialized countries in the 19th century." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working hours flexibility and older workers' labor supply (2009)
Zitatform
Gielen, Anne C. (2009): Working hours flexibility and older workers' labor supply. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 240-274. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpn035
Abstract
"This paper studies the presence of hours constraints on the UK labor market and its effect on older workers labor supply. Using panel data for the period 1991-2004, the results from a competing risks model show that over-employed male workers can freely reduce working hours with their current employer before retiring completely. However, some over-employed women are observed to leave the labor market early due to hours constraints. This suggests that more flexibility in working hours can increase the labor market participation for some older workers as has often been suggested." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexibilisierung in Zeiten der Krise: Verlierer sind junge und gering qualifizierte Beschäftigte (2009)
Zitatform
Giesecke, Johannes & Philip Wotschack (2009): Flexibilisierung in Zeiten der Krise. Verlierer sind junge und gering qualifizierte Beschäftigte. (WZBrief Arbeit 01), Berlin, 7 S.
Abstract
In der weltweiten Wirtschaftskrise richtet sich der Blick auf die Bewältigungsstrategien der Unternehmen. In dem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie vier unternehmenspolitische Instrumente in der Rezession angewendet werden und wie sich diese auf die verschiedenen Beschäftigtengruppen in den Unternehmen auswirken: 1. die Auflösung von Verträgen mit Zeitarbeitern, 2. die Nicht-Verlängerung befristeter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, 3. der Abbau von Überstunden oder Guthaben auf Arbeitszeitkonten, 4. die Nutzung von Kurzarbeit. Es zeigt sich, dass die untersuchten unternehmenspolitischen Instrumente klare Vorteile für die Unternehmen bieten: Sie helfen, Phasen schwacher Konjunktur zumindest zeitweise zu bewältigen, ohne die Kernbelegschaft zu gefährden. Doch für die Randbelegschaften sind damit gravierende, zum Teil kumulierende Nachteile und Kosten verbunden. Die skizzierten Bewältigungsstrategien sind darüber hinaus mit einer ungleichen Verteilung von Kosten und Risiken auf unterschiedliche Beschäftigtengruppen verbunden - sie treffen vor allem junge und gering qualifizierte Menschen. Eine Ungleichverteilung von Kosten und Risiken zeigt sich auch innerhalb der Kernbelegschaften. Hier lassen sich klare Unterschiede in der Verbreitung und Nutzung von Arbeitszeitkonten nach Branchen bzw. Berufen, Qualifikation, Einkommen und Geschlecht finden. Insgesamt tragen die Beschäftigten einen großen Teil der finanziellen und sozialen Kosten der derzeitigen Rezession. In dieser Krise zeigen sich damit besonders deutlich die Risiken einer Arbeitsmarktflexibilisierung, die nicht mit ausreichendem sozialem Schutz verknüpft ist. Die Autoren leiten daraus die Empfehlung ab, dass für die Zukunft die Flexibilisierung des Arbeitsmarktes mit ausreichender sozialer Absicherung verknüpft werden müsste. Unternehmen sollten in Zeiten guter Konjunktur Reserven aufbauen, die zur Bewältigung von wirtschaftlichen Abschwüngen genutzt werden können. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Can family-support policies help explain differences in working hours across countries? (2009)
Sila, Urban;Zitatform
Sila, Urban (2009): Can family-support policies help explain differences in working hours across countries? (CEP discussion paper 955), London, 67 S.
Abstract
"It has been suggested in the literature that taxes and subsidies play an important role in explaining the differences in working hours across countries. In this paper I test whether public programmes for family support play a role in explaining this variation. I analyse two types of policies: childcare subsidies and family cash benefits. I distinguish between people with children and people without children. Childcare subsidies should increase working hours in the economy and these effects should differ between people with children and people without children. Public support to families is also expected to decrease the amount of time people spend in childcare at home. I test this using household data for a set of European countries and the US. Empirical analysis, however, does not support the family-policy explanation. The effects of the policies on working hours are weak and insignificant. In regressions with time spent caring for children as a dependent variable, the estimates of the effects contradict the predictions of the theory. Furthermore, I don't find evidence for the expected differences in effects between parents and nonparents. I conclude that family policies are not helpful in explaining the variation in working hours across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job changes and hours changes: understanding the path of labor supply adjustment (2008)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Mike Brewer & Marco Francesconi (2008): Job changes and hours changes. Understanding the path of labor supply adjustment. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 421-453. DOI:10.1086/588245
Abstract
"We use British panel data to investigate single women's labor supply changes in response to three reforms that affected individuals' work incentives. We use these reforms to identify changes in labor supply. There is evidence of small hours of work effects for two of such reforms. A third reform in 1999 instead led to a significant increase in single mothers' hours of work. The mechanism by which the labor supply adjustments were made occurred largely through job changes rather than hours changes with the same employer. This is little overall effect of the reforms on wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Here comes the rain again: Weather and the intertemporal substitution of leisure (2008)
Zitatform
Connolly, Marie (2008): Here comes the rain again: Weather and the intertemporal substitution of leisure. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 73-136. DOI:10.1086/522067
Abstract
"I revisit the intertemporal labor supply framework, using exogenous variations in daily weather to see how time at work varies with rain. In my model, a rainy day is associated with a lower enjoyment of leisure, effectively increasing wages and bringing more hours at work. I test the model using data from the American Time Use Survey, supplemented with daily weather. I find that, on rainy days, men shift on average 30 minutes from leisure to work. Computations give a rough estimate of the intertemporal elasticity of labor supply of around 0.01, in line with the rest of the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Leisure and redistribution (2008)
Zitatform
Hodler, Roland (2008): Leisure and redistribution. In: European journal of political economy, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 354-363. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2007.11.001
Abstract
"We study a model with majority voting on redistribution in which agents differ in their skills and their preferences for leisure. Redistribution is generous and average labor supply low if the decisive voter has relatively strong preferences for leisure, while redistribution is limited and average labor supply high if the decisive voter has relatively weak preferences for leisure. Given differences in the preference distributions due to cultural differences or positive complementarities in leisure, our model thus provides an explanation for the substantial differences in redistribution and average working hours between the United States and continental Western Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time work and involuntary part-time work in the private service sector in Finland (2008)
Kauhanen, Merja;Zitatform
Kauhanen, Merja (2008): Part-time work and involuntary part-time work in the private service sector in Finland. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 217-248. DOI:10.1177/0143831X07088542
Abstract
"This article deals with part-time work and involuntary part-time work in four private service sectors in Finland from the employee's perspective and examining the employers' reasons for using part-time work. According to statistical analyses, women, young people and low-skilled workers have a greater probability of working as part-timers. Temporary and on-call workers also have a higher probability of working as part-timers than permanent workers do. The sector and the size of the firm also influence part-time working. As for involuntary part-time working women, the middle-aged and those with low education have a higher probability of working as involuntary part-timers. Not surprisingly, a larger share of involuntary part-timers would like to work more hours and also search for a new job. They have fewer other sources of income than all the part-timers. The involuntariness of part-time work is also related to the subsistence this kind of work can provide. Employers see reasons of cost and profitability and the peaks in the need for labour as important reasons for using part-time work, which may also prevent the workers' wishes concerning working hours and the part-time work that firms can offer from coinciding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug