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(2023): Auswirkungen von künstlicher Intelligenz auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt und Sozialstaat. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Fraktion der CDU/CSU (Drucksache 20/6008). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/63736 (12.04.2023)), 13 S.

Abstract

Die Fragen und Antworten betreffen die Herausforderungen, Chancen und Risiken beim Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) auf dem Arbeitsmarkt - Auswirkungen auf Lohnentwicklung, Produktivität und Erwerbsbeteiligung -, auf die soziale und wirtschaftliche Ungleichheit, auf den Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangel in Deutschland und im Bildungsbereich. Weitere Fragen gelten den Maßnahmen der Bundesregierung, einem möglichen Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit durch künstliche Intelligenz entgegenzuwirken, den Auswirkungen auf die Rolle der Betriebsratsarbeit und die betriebliche Mitbestimmung, die Chancen für behinderte Menschen auf soziale und ökonomische Teilhabe, Hilfe bei Erkrankungen und die Beteiligung der Betroffenen bei Entscheidungen über Fördermaßnahmen. Gefragt wird nach dem Einsatz von KI in der öffentlichen Verwaltung, nach dem Projekt 'Observatorium Künstliche Intelligenz in Arbeit und Gesellschaft', der Bewertung der Bundesregierung des Gesetzgebungsverfahrens der EU zur KI-Verordnung, nach dem Datenschutz als möglichen Standortnachteil, nach dem Netzwerk 'Künstliche Intelligenz in der Arbeits- und Sozialverwaltung' und der Nutzung der KI im Bereich der Träger der sozialen Sicherungssysteme, bei der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, und einem möglichen Einsatz von KI zur Bekämpfung von Sozialleistungs- und Steuerbetrug. (IAB)

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(2023): Future of Jobs Report 2023. Insight Report. (The future of jobs report), Cologny/Geneva, 295 S.

Abstract

"The Future of Jobs Report 2023 explores how jobs and skills will evolve over the next five years. This fourth edition of the series continues the analysis of employer expectations to provide new insights on how socio-economic and technology trends will shape the workplace of the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This study is made of two parts: part A and part B. Part A of the study analyses - through 27 country fiches - the extent to which each EU Member State is prepared for ensuring a socially fair digital transformation in the coming years, based on both its current situation and future prospects. In this analysis, key areas of focus include the labor market, digital skills of the population, social protection as well as cross-cutting dimensions, such as the digitalization level of businesses and the quality of digital infrastructures. Part B of the study reviews - through 30 case studies - some of the main actual and potential uses of digital technologies (including AI) by a country’s public sector for improving the design and the delivery of social benefits and active labor market policies, as well as for complementing the monitoring of poverty and income inequality (the case studies analysed are mainly in Member States but also in a few third countries)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Acemoglu, Daron, David Autor, Jonathon Hazell & Pascual Restrepo (2022): Artificial Intelligence and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. S1, S. S293-S340. DOI:10.1086/718327

Abstract

"We study the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on labor markets using establishment-level data on the near universe of online vacancies in the United States from 2010 onward. There is rapid growth in AI-related vacancies over 2010–18 that is driven by establishments whose workers engage in tasks compatible with AI’s current capabilities. As these AI-exposed establishments adopt AI, they simultaneously reduce hiring in non-AI positions and change the skill requirements of remaining postings. While visible at the establishment level, the aggregate impacts of AI-labor substitution on employment and wage growth in more exposed occupations and industries is currently too small to be detectable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albinowski, Maciej & Piotr Lewandowski (2022): The Impact of ICT and Robots on Labour Market Outcomes of Demographic Groups in Europe. (IBS working paper / Instytut Badań Strukturalnych 2022,04), Warszawa, 52 S.

Abstract

"We study the age- and gender-specific labour market effects of two key modern technologies, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and robots, in 14 European countries between 2010 and 2018. To identify the causal effects of technology adoption, we utilise the variation in technology adoption between industries and apply the instrumental variables strategy proposed by Acemoglu and Restrepo (2020). We find that the adoption of ICT and robots increased the shares of young and prime-aged women in employment and the wage bills of particular sectors, but reduced the shares of older women and primeaged men. The negative effects were particularly pronounced for older women in cognitive occupations, who had relatively low ICT-related skills; and for young men in routine manual occupations, who experienced substitution by robots. Between 2010 and 2018, the growth in ICT capital played a much larger role than robot adoption in the changes in the labour market outcomes of demographic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Antón, José-Ignacio, David Klenert, Enrique Fernández-Macías, Maria Cesira Urzì Brancati & Georgios Alaveras (2022): The labour market impact of robotisation in Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 317-339. DOI:10.1177/09596801211070801

Abstract

"This paper explores the impact of robot adoption on European regional labour markets between 1995 and 2015. Specifically, we look at the effect of the usage of industrial robots on jobs and employment structures across European regions. Our estimates suggest that the effect of robots on employment tends to be mostly small and negative during the period 1995–2005 and positive during the period 2005–2015 for the majority of model specifications. Regarding the effects on employment structures, we find some evidence of a mildly polarising effect in the first period, but this finding depends to some extent on the model specifications. In sum, this paper shows that the impact of robots on European labour markets in the last couple of decades has been ambiguous and is not robust. The strength and even the sign of this effect are sensitive to the specifications, as well as to the countries and periods analysed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arntz, Melanie, Boris Ivanov & Laura Pohlan (2022): Regional Structural Change and the Effects of Job Loss. (ZEW discussion paper 22-019), Mannheim, 55 S.

Abstract

"In vielen Ländern sind routine-intensive Berufe rückläufig, aber wie wirkt sich dies auf die individuelle Karriere aus, wenn der Rückgang dieser Berufe im lokalen Arbeitsmarkt besonders stark ausfällt? Diese Studie zeigt basierend auf administrativen Daten aus Deutschland und einem mit Matching kombinierten Differenz-von-Differenzen-Ansatz, dass die individuellen Kosten eines Arbeitsplatzverlustes stark von der Tätigkeitsorientierung des regionalen Strukturwandels abhängen. Personen aus manuellen routine-intensiven Berufen haben nach einer Entlassung wesentlich höhere und lang anhaltende Beschäftigungs- und Lohnverluste in Regionen, in denen der Rückgang dieser Berufe am stärksten ausgeprägt ist. Regionale und berufliche Mobilität dienen teilweise als Anpassungsmechanismen, sie sind jedoch mit hohen Kosten verbunden, da diese Wechsel auch Verluste bei unternehmensspezifischen Lohnaufschlägen mit sich bringen. Beschäftigte, die nicht entlassen werden, bleiben hingegen weitgehend vom Strukturwandel verschont." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bachmann, Ronald, Myrielle Gonschor, Piotr Lewandowski & Karol Madoń (2022): The impact of robots on labour market transitions in Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 933), Essen, 53 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Papier untersucht die Auswirkungen von Robotern auf Arbeitsmarkttransitionen in 16 europäischen Ländern. Generell reduzieren Roboter Übergänge von der Beschäftigung in die Arbeitslosigkeit und erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, einen neuen Job zu finden. Arbeitskosten sind eine wichtige Erklärung für die beobachteten Unterschiede zwischen Ländern: In Ländern mit niedrigeren Arbeitskosten zeigt sich ein stärkerer Effekt auf Einstellungen und Trennungen. Diese Auswirkungen sind bei Arbeitskräften in Berufen mit manuellen oder kognitiven Routineaufgaben besonders ausgeprägt, bei Berufen mit nicht-routine kognitiven Aufgaben hingegen vernachlässigbar. Für junge und ältere Arbeitskräfte in Ländern mit niedrigeren Arbeitskosten wirken sich Roboter positiv auf Übergänge aus. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Einführung von Robotern in den meisten europäischen Ländern zu einem Anstieg der Beschäftigung und einem Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit geführt hat, vor allem durch einen Rückgang der Übergänge in die Arbeitslosigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Benmelech, Efraim & Michal Zator (2022): Robots and Firm Investment. (NBER working paper 29676), Cambridge, Mass, 51 S. DOI:10.3386/w29676

Abstract

"Automation technologies, and robots in particular, are thought to be massively displacing workers and transforming the future of work. We study firm investment in automation using cross-country data on robotization as well as administrative data from Germany with information on firm-level automation decisions. Our findings suggest that the impact of robots on firms has been limited. First, investment in robots is small and highly concentrated in a few industries, accounting for less than 0.30% of aggregate expenditures on equipment. Second, recent increases in robotization do not resemble the explosive growth observed for IT technologies in the past, and are driven mostly by catching-up of developing countries. Third, robot adoption by firms endogenously responds to labor scarcity, alleviating potential displacement of existing workers. Fourth, firms that invest in robots increase employment, while total employment effect in exposed industries and regions is negative, but modest in magnitude. We contrast robots with other digital technologies that are more widespread. Their importance in firms' investment is significantly higher, and their link with labor markets, while sharing some similarities with robots, appears markedly different." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carl, Birgit & Georg Sieglen (2022): Digitalisierung in der Arbeitswelt in Nordrhein-Westfalen - Aktualisierte Substituierbarkeitspotenziale. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Nordrhein-Westfalen 01/2022), Nürnberg, 38 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.RENRW.2201

Abstract

"Um die Auswirkungen des unter dem Schlagwort „Digitalisierung“ diskutierten technologischen Wandels auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Nordrhein-Westfalen einschätzen zu können, wird mit diesem Bericht eine weitere Aktualisierung der in den Jahren 2017 und 2018 (Sieglen/Buch/Dengler 2017; Sieglen 2018) vorgenommenen Analysen vorgelegt, da zwischenzeitlich wieder eine Reihe neuer Technologien marktreif geworden sind. Im Mittelpunkt standen und stehen dabei eine nach Berufsfeldern, Anforderungsniveaus und Regionen vergleichende Analyse von Anteilen von Beschäftigten in Berufen mit einem hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzial. Diese Substituierbarkeitspotenziale zeigen auf, inwieweit Tätigkeiten, die bislang von Menschen ausgeführt werden, durch Computer und computergesteuerte Maschinen ersetzt werden können. Auf Basis dieser Neubewertung werden in diesem Bericht die Substituierbarkeitspotenziale für Nordrhein-Westfalen analysiert und mit den vorherigen Ergebnissen verglichen. Über fast alle Berufssegmente und Anforderungsniveaus hinweg ist das Substituierbarkeitspotenzial sowohl in Deutschland insgesamt, als auch in Nordrhein-Westfalen deutlich gestiegen. Das Wachstum fiel aber geringer aus als in den Vorjahren. Wie schon in den Jahren zuvor zeigen sich in den Berufssegmenten der Fertigungsberufe und fertigungstechnischen Berufe die höchsten Substituierbarkeitspotenziale. Stärkere Anstiege der Substituierbarkeitspotenziale zeigen sich vor allem in einzelnen Berufssegmenten der Dienstleistungsbranche und bezogen auf die Anforderungsniveaus bei den Fachkraftberufen. Frauen sind durchschnittlich in Berufen mit deutlich niedrigerem Substituierbarkeitspotenzial beschäftigt als Männer. Auch im Hinblick auf die Anteile von Beschäftigten in Berufen mit einem hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzial von über 70 Prozent an allen Beschäftigten lässt sich insbesondere bei den Fachkräften ein deutlicher Anstieg beobachten. Mit 35,1 Prozent hat sich der Abstand dieses Anteilswertes in Nordrhein-Westfalen zum bundesdeutschen Durchschnitt (33,9 %) erhöht. Innerhalb von Nordrhein-Westfalen zeigen sich bei diesen Anteilen der Betroffenheit mit einem hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzial deutliche regionale Disparitäten. Vor allem in der Region Südwestfalen gibt es überdurchschnittlich hohe Werte, während sie im Rheinland eher niedrig sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ciarli, Tommaso, Florencia Jaccoud & Fabien Petit (2022): Heterogeneous Adjustments of Employment to Automation Technologies: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in European Regions. In: EconPol Forum, Jg. 23, H. 5, S. 24-28.

Abstract

"Employment adjustments to automation vary across industries, regions, technologies, and time. Technological penetration of robots is related to higher employment within the industry in low-tech regions in the short run. Robots are negatively correlated to employment in knowledge-intensive regions. Regional heterogeneity in employment adjustment to robots is not driven by industry composition. High-tech industries adjust employment to ICT penetration faster than low-tech industries" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cords, Dario & Klaus Prettner (2022): Technological unemployment revisited: automation in a search and matching framework. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 74, H. 1, S. 115-135. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpab022

Abstract

"Will automation raise unemployment and what is the role of education in this context? To answer these questions, we propose a search and matching model of the labour market with two skill types and with industrial robots. In line with evidence to date, robots are better substitutes for low-skilled workers than for high-skilled workers. We show that robot adoption leads to rising unemployment and falling wages of low-skilled workers and falling unemployment and rising wages of high-skilled workers. In a calibration to Austrian and German data, we find that robot adoption destroys fewer low-skilled jobs than the number of high-skilled jobs it creates. For Australia and the USA, the reverse holds true. Allowing for endogenous skill acquisition of workers implies positive employment effects of automation in all four countries. Thus, the firm creation mechanism in the search and matching model and skill acquisition are alleviating the adverse effects of automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cresti, Lorenzo, Giovanni Dosi & Giorgio Fagiolo (2022): Technological interdependencies and employment changes in European industries. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2022,5), Pisa, 36 S.

Abstract

"This work addresses the role of inter-sectoral innovation flows, which we frame as technological interdependencies, in determining sectoral employment dynamics. This purpose is achieved through the construction of an indicator capturing the amount of R&D expenditures embodied in the backward linkages of industries. We aim to find out whether having a more integrated production in terms of requiring more technological inputs is related to a lower demand for workers within the sector. We refer to the literature on innovation-employment nexus, inter-sectoral knowledge spillovers and Global Value Chains, building upon structuralist and evolutionary theoretical considerations. We track the flows of embodied technological change between industries taking advantage of the notion of vertically integrated sectors. The relevance of this vertical technological dimension for determining employment dynamics is then tested on a panel data of European industries over the 2008-2014 period. Results show a statistically significant and negative employment impact of the degree of vertical integration in terms of acquisitions of R&D embodied inputs. Combining the role of demand, the double nature of innovation - as product and as process -, together with intersectoral linkages, this work shows that the dependence of a sector from innovation performed by other ones - a proxy for input embodied process innovations - exert a negative effect upon employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Del Giudice, Manlio, Veronica Scuotto, Luca Vincenzo Ballestra & Marco Pironti (2022): Humanoid robot adoption and labour productivity: a perspective on ambidextrous product innovation routines. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 33, H. 6, S. 1098-1124. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2021.1897643

Abstract

"The increasing presence of humanoid robot adoption has generated a change in explorative and exploitative routines. If the explorative routines provoke creativity and critical thinking which are delivered by humans, exploitative routines induce repetitive actions and mimic activities which are executed by humanoids. This has raised the need for a better balance between both routines involving an ambidextrous dynamic process. Here, product innovations play a relevant role in enhancing such balance and labour productivity. If, from the conceptual standpoint, this phenomenon has already been explored, there is still the need to empirically analyse it. We thus offer a meso-analysis of twenty-four countries located in Europe through the lens of the Service Robot Deployment (SRD) Model and the conceptual lens of organizational ambidexterity. By a regression methodology, the results show that humanoid robot adoption is still not affecting labour productivity which, by contrast, is positively and significantly connected with both radically new and marginally modified/unchanged production of innovative routines. Our original contribution, which falls in the field of Human Resources Management and Artificial Intelligence, is that humanoids are not directly impacting labour productivity but indirectly through the generation of both new and marginally modified (or unchanged) routines. This situation persuades senior leaders to achieve a balance between exploitative and explorative product innovation routines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dolado, Juan J., Etienne Lalé & Helene Turone (2022): Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labour Market. (Discussion Paper / University of Bristol, Department of Economics 22/763), Bristol, 50 S.

Abstract

"We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.'s zero-hours contract (ZHC)- a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows workers to decline any workload. We find quantitatively mixed welfare effects of ZHCs. On one hand they unlock job creation among firms that face highly volatile business conditions and increase labor force participation of individuals who prefer flexible work schedules. On the other hand, the use of ZHCs by less volatile firms, where jobs are otherwise viable under regular contracts, reduces welfare and likely explains negative employee reactions to this contract." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ernst, Ekkehard (2022): The AI trilemma: Saving the planet without ruining our jobs. In: Frontiers in artificial intelligence, Jg. 5. DOI:10.3389/frai.2022.886561

Abstract

"Digitalization and artificial intelligence increasingly affect the world of work. Rising risk of massive job losses have sparked technological fears. Limited income and productivity gains concentrated among a few tech companies are fueling inequalities. In addition, the increasing ecological footprint of digital technologies has become the focus of much discussion. This creates a trilemma of rising inequality, low productivity growth and high ecological costs brought by technological progress. How can this trilemma be resolved? Which digital applications should be promoted specifically? And what should policymakers do to address this trilemma? This contribution shows that policymakers should create suitable conditions to fully exploit the potential in the area of network applications (transport, information exchange, supply, provisioning) in order to reap maximum societal benefits that can be widely shared. This requires shifting incentives away from current uses toward those that can, at least partially, address the trilemma. The contribution analyses the scope and limits of current policy instruments in this regard and discusses alternative approaches that are more aligned with the properties of the emerging technological paradigm underlying the digital economy. In particular, it discusses the possibility of institutional innovations required to address the socio-economic challenges resulting from the technological innovations brought about by artificial intelligence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fierro, Luca Eduardo, Alessandro Caiani & Alberto Russo (2022): Automation, Job Polarisation, and Structural Change. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 200, S. 499-535. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.05.025

Abstract

"The increasing automation of tasks traditionally performed by labour is reshaping the relationship between skills and tasks of workers, unevenly affecting labour demand for low, middle, and high-skill occupations. To investigate the economy-wide response to automation, we designed a multisector Agent-Based Macroeconomic model accounting for workers' heterogeneity in skills and tasks. The model features endogenous skill-biased technical change, and heterogeneous consumption preferences for goods and personal services across workers of different skill types. Following available empirical evidence, we model automation as a manufacturing-specific, productivity-enhancing, and skill-biased technological process. We show how automation can trigger a structural change process from manufactory to personal services, which eventually increases the share of high and low-skilled occupations, while reducing the share of middle-skilled ones. Following the literature, we label this dynamics as job polarisation throughout the paper. Finally, we study how labour market policies can feedback in the model dynamics. In our framework, a minimum wage policy (i) slows down the structural change process, (ii) boosts aggregate productivity, and (iii) accelerates the automation process, strengthening productivity growth within the manufacturing sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Gries, Thomas & Wim Naudé (2022): Modelling artificial intelligence in economics. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 56. DOI:10.1186/s12651-022-00319-2

Abstract

"We provide a partial equilibrium model wherein AI provides abilities combined with human skills to provide an aggregate intermediate service good. We use the model to find that the extent of automation through AI will be greater if (a) the economy is relatively abundant in sophisticated programs and machine abilities compared to human skills; (b) the economy hosts a relatively large number of AI-providing firms and experts; and (c) the task-specific productivity of AI services is relatively high compared to the task-specific productivity of general labor and labor skills. We also illustrate that the contribution of AI to aggregate productive labor service depends not only on the amount of AI services available but on the endogenous number of automated tasks, the relative productivity of standard and IT-related labor, and the substitutability of tasks. These determinants also affect the income distribution between the two kinds of labor. We derive several empirical implications and identify possible future extensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

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Haapanala, Henri, Ive Marx & Zachary Parolin (2022): Robots and Unions: The Moderating Effect of Organised Labour on Technological Unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 15080), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"We analyse the moderating effect of trade unions on industrial employment and unemployment in countries facing exposure to industrial robots. Applying random effects within-between regression to a pseudo-panel of observations from 28 advanced democracies over 1998-2019, we find that stronger trade unions in a country are associated with a greater decline in the industry sector employment of young and low-educated workers. We also show that the unemployment rates for low-educated workers remain constant in strongly unionised countries with increasing exposure to robots, whereas in weakly unionised countries, low-educated unemployment declines with robot exposure but from a higher starting point. Our results point to unions exacerbating the insider-outsider effects of technological change within the industrial sector, which however is not fully passed on to unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Handel, Michael J. (2022): Growth trends for selected occupations considered at risk from automation. In: Monthly labor review H. July. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2022.21

Abstract

"Breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics have led to substantial concern that large-scale job losses are imminent. Selected occupations are often cited as illustrations of technological displacement that is or will become a more general problem, but these discussions are often impressionistic. This article compiles a list of specific occupations cited in the automation literature and examines the occupations’ employment trends since 1999 and projected employment to 2029. There is little support in U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data or projections for the idea of a general acceleration of job loss or a structural break with trends pre-dating the AI revolution with respect to the occupations cited as examples. Offsetting factors and other limitations of the automation thesis are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))