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Miettinen, Anneli & Marika Jalovaara (2020): Unemployment delays first birth but not for all. Life stage and educational differences in the effects of employment uncertainty on first births. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 43. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100320

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense & Wim Van Lancker (Hrsg.) (2020): The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy. Cham: Springer Palgrave Macmillan, 721 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2

Abstract

"This open access handbook provides a multilevel view on family policies, combining insights on family policy outcomes at different levels of policymaking: supra-national organizations, national states, sub-national or regional levels, and finally smaller organizations and employers. At each of these levels, a multidisciplinary group of expert scholars assess policies and their implementation, such as child income support, childcare services, parental leave, and leave to provide care to frail and elderly family members. The chapters evaluate their impact in improving children’s development and equal opportunities, promoting gender equality, regulating fertility, productivity and economic inequality, and take an intersectional perspective related to gender, class, and family diversity. The editors conclude by presenting a new research agenda based on five major challenges pertaining to the levels of policy implementation (in particular globalization and decentralization), austerity and marketization, inequality, changing family relations, and welfare states adapting to women’s empowered roles." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Springer) ((en))

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Schnurr, Stephanie, Olga Zayts, Andreas Schroeder & Catherine Le Coyte-Hopkins (2020): 'It's not acceptable for the husband to stay at home': Taking a discourse analytical approach to capture the gendering of work. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 414-434. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12408

Abstract

"This article illustrates some of the ways in which the notion of (paid) work is actively being gendered, and how these gendering processes take place not only through organizational practices but also in discourses that circulate outside an organization in the private domain. Drawing on 15 in-depth interviews with women who opted out of their own professional career in order to accompany their husbands on their overseas work assignment to Hong Kong, we demonstrate some of the benefits of using a discourse analytical approach to capturing and identifying the processes through which these women actively (although not necessarily consciously) gender the notion of work, thereby reinforcing the gender order and its male bias. We argue that identifying and making visible these gendered and gendering practices is an important component of, and a potential trigger for, change both in organizations as well as private contexts." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Wimbauer, Christine & Mona Motakef (2020): Prekäre Arbeit, prekäre Liebe. Über Anerkennung und unsichere Lebensverhältnisse. Frankfurt am Main ; New York: Campus Verlag, 420 S.

Abstract

"Erwerbsarbeit und Paarbeziehungen sind wichtige Quellen für Anerkennung. Doch was geschieht, wenn Arbeit prekär wird? Wie wirken sich unsichere Arbeitsverhältnisse und Anerkennungsdefizite auf die Liebe aus, auf Beziehungen und auf die Lebenszusammenhänge der Menschen überhaupt? Welche Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern werden sichtbar? Das Buch zeichnet anhand von Interviews eindrücklich nach, welch destruktives Potenzial prekäre Erwerbsarbeit entfalten kann und was das für die Einzelnen, für Paare und für die Gesellschaft bedeutet. Außerdem entwickeln die Autorinnen Vorschläge, wie sich auf prekäre Beschäftigung, Geschlechterungleichheiten sowie auf Anerkennungsbedürftigkeit und Verletzbarkeit reagieren lässt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2020): Care-Arrangements and Parental Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. (LIfBi working paper 91), Bamberg, 39 S. DOI:10.5157/LIfBi:WP91:2.0

Abstract

"This study examines the short-term consequences for care-arrangements and resulting changes in well-being among parents, who were affected by the closure of schools and institutional childcare during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. By applying multinomial logistic regression models to novel panel data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS-Corona_CAWI_C2), the study finds that mothers play a key role in the ad-hoc care-arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic confirming the traditional division of family work in German couples. Moreover, the results illustrate the importance of working conditions, especially the possibility of remote work, in the bargaining processes of parents. However, contrary to our assumptions, parents’ well-being was not influenced by the chosen care-arrangement during the first months of the crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Das Dossier zur Verteilung unbezahlter Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern geht der Frage nach, warum Frauen mehr Zeit für Haushaltsführung, Pflege und Betreuung von Kindern und Erwachsenen sowie ehrenamtliches Engagement und informelle Hilfen aufbringen als Männer. Die Broschüre bildet die Grundlage für eine breite gesellschaftliche Diskussion darüber, wie Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gerechter zwischen den Geschlechtern aufgeteilt werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2020): 4. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 04), Berlin, 98 S.

Abstract

"Der nun vorliegende 4. Atlas ist eine aktualisierte Version des erstmals 2009 herausgegebenen Atlas. Ziel des Atlas ist es, die Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen.1 Mit jeder Aktualisierung waren auch eine Weiterentwicklung des Atlas verbunden sowie die Aufnahme neuer Indikatoren. Im 4. Atlas hat sich dadurch die Struktur des Atlas noch einmal verändert. Indikatoren mit Bezug zum Spannungsfeld „Erwerbsarbeit und Sorgearbeit“ sind jetzt zu einem eigenständigen Kapitel zusammengefasst." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bloome, Deirdre, Derek Burk & Leslie McCall (2019): Economic Self-Reliance and Gender Inequality between U.S. Men and Women. 1970-2010. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 124, H. 5, S. 1413-1467. DOI:10.1086/702278

Abstract

"Women have become increasingly economically self-reliant, depending more on paid employment for their positions in the income distribution than in the past. We know little about what happened to men, however, because most prior research restricts changes in self-reliance to be 'zero-sum,' with women's changes necessitating opposite and proportionate changes among men. This article introduces a measure that allows asymmetric changes and also incorporates multiple population subgroups and income sources beyond couples' labor earnings. Using Current Population Survey data, the authors find that women's self-reliance increased dramatically, as expected, but men's declined only slightly. The authors decompose these trends into changes in family structure and redistribution, which increased and decreased self-reliance, respectively, for men and women, though more for women. Labor market shifts, by contrast, were asymmetric and opposing, reducing men's self-reliance much less than they increased women's. The authors' approach opens opportunities for new insight into both gender inequality and the income attainment process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bosquet, Clément, Pierre-Philippe Combes & Cecilia García-Peñalosa (2019): Gender and promotions: Evidence from academic economists in France. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 121, H. 3, S. 1020-1053. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12300

Abstract

"The promotion system for French academic economists provides an interesting environment to examine the promotion gap between men and women. Promotions occur through national competitions for which we have information both on candidates and on those eligible to be candidates. We can then examine the two stages of the process: application and success. Women are less likely to seek promotion, and this accounts for up to 76% of the promotion gap. Being a woman also reduces the probability of promotion conditional on applying, although the gender difference is not statistically significant. Our results highlight the importance of the decision to apply." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brimblecombe, Simon & Shea McClanahan (2019): Improving gender outcomes in social security retirement systems. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 327-342. DOI:10.1111/spol.12476

Abstract

"Assessing whether retirement systems meet their varying objectives requires analysing outcomes across different categories of beneficiaries with different working, financial, demographic, and family situations. Policymakers should therefore assess systems on the distribution of outcomes rather than average outcomes.
Much has been written about the gender inequalities inherent in labour markets and how these are reflected and reproduced in pension systems, and there is growing evidence that recent reforms have exacerbated these trends. Recent research has turned to the policy measures available to policymakers to forestall or reverse these trends, but this literature tends to overlook important administrative measures that have the potential to reduce inequalities in access that could improve pension outcomes for women within the current policy framework. This paper examines the main issues surrounding gender inequality in retirement outcomes; explores the implications of recent reform trends in light of the differential outcomes for women, including policy options to mitigate the negative impacts; and concludes with a review of key administrative measures, including streamlining affiliation procedures, improving information, and simplifying payment of contributions and receipt of benefits and better compliance of employers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Chiappori, Pierre André, José Alberto Molina, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2019): Intertemporal labor supply and intra-household commitment. (IZA discussion paper 12353), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper adopts an intertemporal labor supply perspective to propose a test that allows us to distinguish between intra-household non-commitment, limited commitment, and full commitment. It investigates whether, after controling for current and future (expected) wages, past wage shocks have a lasting and significant impact on present labor supply and public consumption. Using a semi-log parametrization of labor supply and data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the US, the paper shows positive evidence in favor of the limited commitment model. Specifically, unexpected past wage shocks affect labor supply in exactly the way predicted by theory, as spouses' past wage deviations have a negative impact on their labor supply and a positive impact on their spouses'. In addition, wives' past wage shocks also impact negatively household public expenditure on housing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Collischon, Matthias (2019): Is there a glass ceiling over Germany? In: German economic review, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. e329-e359., 2018-03-20. DOI:10.1111/geer.12168

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the gender wage gap across the wage distribution using 2010 data from the German Statistical Agency. I investigate East and West Germany and the public sector separately to account for potential heterogeneities in wage gaps. I apply unconditional and conditional quantile regression methods to investigate the differences between highly paid men and women in distributions conditional and unconditional on covariates. The results indicate increasing gender wage gaps in all estimations, suggesting that there is indeed a glass ceiling over Germany even after controlling for a large set of observable characteristics (including occupation and industry). This finding is even more pronounced when also taking bonus payments into account." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Cools, Angela & Eleonora Patacchini (2019): The brother earnings penalty. In: Labour economics, Jg. 58, H. June, S. 37-51. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.009

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of sibling gender on adolescent experiences and adult labor market outcomes for a recent cohort of U.S. women. We document an earnings penalty from the presence of a younger brother (relative to a younger sister), finding that a next-youngest brother reduces adult earnings by about 7%. Using rich data on parent-child interactions, parents' expectations, disruptive behaviors, and adult outcomes, we provide a first step at examining the mechanisms behind this result. We find that brothers reduce parents' expectations and school monitoring of female children while also increasing females' propensity to engage in more traditionally feminine tasks. These factors help explain a portion of the labor market penalty from brothers." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Del Boca, Daniela, Christopher Flinn, Ewout Verriest & Matthew Wiswall (2019): Actors in the child development process. (IZA discussion paper 12103), Bonn, 105 S.

Abstract

"We construct and estimate a model of child development in which both the parents and children make investments in the child's skill development. In each period of the development process, partially altruistic parents act as the Stackelberg leader and the child the follower when setting her own study time. We then extend this non-cooperative form of interaction by allowing parents to offer incentives to the child to increase her study time, at some monitoring cost. We show that this incentive scheme, a kind of internal conditional cash transfer, produces efficient outcomes and, in general, increases the child's cognitive ability. In addition to heterogeneity in resources (wage offers and non-labor income), the model allows for heterogeneity in preferences both for parents and children, and in monitoring costs. Like their parents, children are forward looking, but we allow children and parents to have different preferences and for children to have age-varying discount rates, becoming more 'patient' as they age. Using detailed time diary information on the allocation of parent and child time linked to measures of child cognitive ability, we estimate several versions of the model. Using model estimates, we explore the impact of various government income transfer policies on child development. As in Del Boca et al. (2016), we find that the most effective set of policies are (external) conditional cash transfers, in which the household receives an income transfer given that the child's cognitive ability exceeds a prespecified threshold. We find that the possibility of households using internal cash transfers greatly increases the cost effectiveness of external cash transfer policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Feng, Jun, Paul Gerrans, Carly Moulang, Noel Whiteside & Maria Strydom (2019): Why women have lower retirement savings. The Australian case. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 145-173. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1533250

Abstract

"This study provides empirical evidence of the gender gap in retirement savings trajectories using a large longitudinal Australian database. The persistent trend of retirement income policy over recent decades has been to place responsibility for retirement savings accumulation with the individual employee. These plans are fundamentally linked to employment conditions and individual choices, which shape retirement savings trajectories and outcomes. Australia has a mature compulsory system and thus provides insight for countries embarking on similar paths. This study shows that the gender gap in retirement savings is observable from early on in an individual's paid working life and persists over time, providing evidence that women are disadvantaged early in their careers, with few signs of improvement. Men, in contrast, are overrepresented in the upper quartile of growth in retirement savings. This study provides important empirical evidence for policymakers concerned with gender differences in retirement outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jungwirth, Ingrid & Carola Bauschke-Urban (Hrsg.) (2019): Gender and Diversity Studies. European Perspectives. Opladen: Budrich, 326 S. DOI:10.3224/84740549

Abstract

"What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and pertinent research and practical fields? On the back drop of current European developments – from the deregulation of economy, a shrinking welfare state to the dissolution and reinforcement of borders – the book examines the development of Gender and Diversity Studies in different European regions as well as beyond and focuses on central fields of theoretical reflection, empirical research and practical implementation policies and politics. Anti-discrimination policies of the EU contribute to an institutionalization of Gender and Diversity Studies and interact with legal, political, societal and economic factors which shape the academic and practical fields. Pressure towards the deregulation of economy, the reduction of welfare state institutions, increased requirements of mobility for individuals and, at the same time, stronger regulations of migration have an impact on research and theory development in the field of Gender and Diversity Studies. While certain rights and anti-discrimination policies are being strengthened within the EU, and while inner borders between member states dissolve and – recently at the same time partially also increase – external borders of Europe are simultaneously being enforced. The large flows of refugee migration towards and into Europe has put these questions on top of the agenda. Taking these processes as well as social and political changes in different European and border regions into account, the state of the art as well as future perspectives of Gender and Diversity Studies are debated from multiple European and border perspectives. What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and fields of studies?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaufman, Gayle & Hiromi Taniguchi (2019): Gender equality and work-family conflict from a cross-national perspective. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 6, S. 385-408. DOI:10.1177/0020715219893750

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between gender ideology at the individual level, gender equality at the country level, and women and men’s experiences of work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW). We use data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme as well as the 2011 to 2015 Human Development Reports. Our sample consists of 24,547 respondents from 37 countries. Based on multilevel mixed-effects logistic models, we find that women are more likely than men to experience WIF and FIW. At the individual level, traditional gender ideology positively predicts WIF and FIW. Women and men who reside in more gender-unequal countries have a higher likelihood of FIW while men in these contexts also are more likely to experience WIF. Societal gender inequality is more consequential for those who hold less traditional gender ideology. In conclusion, gender egalitarianism at the individual level and gender equality at the country level are both associated with less WIF and FIW. Policies that seek to address work–family balance should incorporate measures to promote gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lengfeld, Holger (2019): Abstiegsangst in Deutschland auf historischem Tiefstand. Ergebnisse der Auswertung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels 1991 - 2016. In: C. Lübke & J. Delhey (Hrsg.) (2019): Diagnose Angstgesellschaft? : Was wir wirklich über die Gefühlslage der Menschen wissen, S. 59-76. DOI:10.14361/9783839446140-004

Abstract

"Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich das Niveau der Abstiegsangst in Gesamtdeutschland im Jahr 2016 auf dem niedrigsten Stand seit 1991 befand. Seit 2006 ist es, nach langjährigem Anstieg, nahezu stetig rückläufig gewesen. Der Gruppenvergleich zeigt, dass dies für beide Geschlechter, für alle Altersgruppen und alle Schichten gilt. Zugleich finden sich einige Gruppenunterschiede, die ich unter Rückgriff auf arbeitsmarkttheoretische Argumente zumindest im Ansatz zu erläutern versuche. Im letzten Abschnitt fasse ich die Befunde zusammen und gebe einen Ausblick auf ein Forschungsprojekt, in dem wir uns mit weiterführenden Fragen der Abstiegsangst beschäftigen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Manchester, Colleen Flaherty, Lisa M. Leslie & Patricia C. Dahm (2019): Bringing home the bacon: The relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 46-85. DOI:10.1111/irel.12225

Abstract

"We evaluate the relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. Differences in pay are present despite limited differences in performance. We find a pay premium for primary-breadwinner employees across gender, yet a pay penalty for secondary-breadwinners employees only for women, suggesting an asymmetric relationship among breadwinner role, gender, and pay." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Martone, Michel (2019): From machismo to co-parenting: Changing Italy's mindset. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 158, H. 3, S. 447-461. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12087

Abstract

"This article analyses the complex legislative and judicial processes that would be required to establish the right to co-parenting in the Italian labour regulation system. Identifying a trend in the Italian legal system that has so far limited family protection to the support of women and maternity, the author then elaborates on the legislative evolution that has led to the acknowledgment of fathers as key partners in their children's upbringing. Lastly, an analysis of case law shows how this has been used to give a modern interpretation of legislated principles, providing a crucial contribution to overcoming the ongoing resistance to these processes from a male-oriented culture." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))