Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The Long-Term Costs of Family Trajectories: Women's Later-Life Employment and Earnings Across Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Muller, Joanne S., Nicole Hiekel & Aart C. Liefbroer (2020): The Long-Term Costs of Family Trajectories: Women's Later-Life Employment and Earnings Across Europe. In: Demography, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 1007-1034. DOI:10.1007/s13524-020-00874-8
Abstract
"The “motherhood earnings penalty” is a well-established finding in many Western countries. However, a divide between mothers and nonmothers might oversimplify reality given that the family life course has diversified over the last decades. In addition, whether family choices have consequences for women's employment and earnings in later life is not well known, particularly in a comparative perspective. Using data on 50- to 59-year-old women from the Generations and Gender Programme, the British Household Panel Survey, and SHARELIFE for 22 European countries, we derive a typology of women's family trajectories and estimate its association with women's later-life employment and earnings. Whereas family trajectory–related differences with regard to employment were relatively small, our findings reveal a clear, long-lasting family trajectory gradient in earnings. Childless women (with or without a partner) as well as single mothers had higher personal earnings than women whose family trajectories combined parenthood and partnership. Moreover, in societies in which reconciliation of work and family during midlife is less burdensome, labor market outcomes of women following different family trajectories converge. Our findings show that women's fertility and partnership behavior are inevitably interrelated and jointly influence employment and earning patterns until later in life. The results imply that promoting equal employment opportunities could have long-lasting effects on women's economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender equality index 2020: Digitalisation and the future of work (2020)
Zitatform
(2020): Gender equality index 2020. Digitalisation and the future of work. (Gender equality index …), Vilnius, 178 S. DOI:10.2839/79077
Abstract
"The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was a wake-up call for gender equality in Europe. It reminded us about everyday gender inequalities in our society that often go unnoticed – from the shortage of men working in the care sector to the reality of violence facing women in abusive relationships. While it will still take time to fully understand the consequences of COVID-19 for gender equality, it’s clear that it poses a serious threat to the fragile achievements made over the past decade. This year, the Index report focuses on the effects of digitalisation on the world of work and the consequences for gender equality. This topic is extremely relevant in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ways in which the working lives of women and men have been affected by it. New types of jobs and innovative ways of working through online platforms were analysed to gain an understanding of who is doing these jobs and whether they help or hinder gender equality. With a detailed analysis for the EU and each Member State, the Index shows country-level achievements and areas for improvement. More than ever, policymakers need the data that the Index provides. We hope that our findings will help Europe’s leaders to design future solutions that are inclusive and promote gender equality in our post-COVID-19 society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental and paternity leave - Uptake by fathers: Working conditions (2019)
Aumayr-Pintar, Christine;Zitatform
Aumayr-Pintar, Christine (2019): Parental and paternity leave - Uptake by fathers. Working conditions. (Eurofound ad hoc report), Dublin, 41 S. DOI:10.2806/753240
Abstract
"In the context of ongoing negotiations at EU level on adopting a work - life balance package for families and caregivers, Eurofound was requested by the European Commission to provide an update of the available data regarding paternity and parental leave for fathers. This report presents the currently available national statistics on the uptake of family-related leave by fathers over time across the EU28 and Norway, based on information compiled by the Network of Eurofound Correspondents. It gives a comparative overview of the main features of the various leave arrangements available for fathers, including information on duration, compensation, eligibility and the number of beneficiaries captured in the data. Despite the unevenness and lack of coherent statistics, the report concludes that in several Member States progress has been made in increasing the number and share of fathers who are taking parental or paternity leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time work and gender inequality in Europe: a comparative analysis of satisfaction with work-life balance (2019)
Zitatform
Beham, Barbara, Sonja Drobnic, Patrick Präg, Andreas Baierl & Janin Eckner (2019): Part-time work and gender inequality in Europe. A comparative analysis of satisfaction with work-life balance. In: European Societies, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 378-402. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1473627
Abstract
"Part-time work is an increasingly common strategy for handling work and family - but is it an effective strategy everywhere and for everyone? To answer this question, we examine satisfaction with work-life balance (SWLB) of workers in 22 European countries. Our results show that part-time workers have higher SWLB than full-time workers; the more so, the fewer hours they put in. Yet, we find an important gender difference: women in marginal part-time work are more satisfied than men in a similar situation, and conversely men in full-time work have higher SWLB than women working full-time. Further, the societal context plays an important role: substantial part-time work is more conducive to SWLB in more gender-egalitarian countries than in countries with low gender equality. Hence, a supportive gender climate and institutional support may entice workers to reduce working hours moderately, which results in markedly increased levels of SWLB." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s (2019)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2019): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. In: Journal of International Economics, Jg. 118, H. May, S. 44-62. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.01.014
Abstract
"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of non-linear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. An independent and important contribution of the paper is that we make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Improving gender outcomes in social security retirement systems (2019)
Brimblecombe, Simon; McClanahan, Shea;Zitatform
Brimblecombe, Simon & Shea McClanahan (2019): Improving gender outcomes in social security retirement systems. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 327-342. DOI:10.1111/spol.12476
Abstract
"Assessing whether retirement systems meet their varying objectives requires analysing outcomes across different categories of beneficiaries with different working, financial, demographic, and family situations. Policymakers should therefore assess systems on the distribution of outcomes rather than average outcomes.
Much has been written about the gender inequalities inherent in labour markets and how these are reflected and reproduced in pension systems, and there is growing evidence that recent reforms have exacerbated these trends. Recent research has turned to the policy measures available to policymakers to forestall or reverse these trends, but this literature tends to overlook important administrative measures that have the potential to reduce inequalities in access that could improve pension outcomes for women within the current policy framework. This paper examines the main issues surrounding gender inequality in retirement outcomes; explores the implications of recent reform trends in light of the differential outcomes for women, including policy options to mitigate the negative impacts; and concludes with a review of key administrative measures, including streamlining affiliation procedures, improving information, and simplifying payment of contributions and receipt of benefits and better compliance of employers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to quantitatively assess the gender pay gap (2019)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2019): Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to quantitatively assess the gender pay gap. In: D. Wheatley (Hrsg.) (2019): Handbook of research methods on the quality of working lives, Elgar S. 224-234, 2018-12-07.
Abstract
"In this chapter we present the decomposition technique of Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973), which is one of the most commonly used methods for analysing wage differences between men and women. It provides a comprehensive means to quantify the contribution of observed wage-determining characteristics and of unobserved characteristics to the gender pay gap. After an overview of the basic idea behind the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we discuss its validity for empirical research, the major caveats that go along with its use and some subsequent extensions. This is illustrated with personal experience of using the decomposition for two research questions: first, for decomposing the gender pay gap for the countries of the European Union (EU), and, second, for single regions within Germany. We conclude with a discussion of the scope and limits of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is there a gender wage gap in online labor markets? Evidence from over 250,000 projects and 2.5 million wage bill proposals (2019)
Zitatform
Gomez-Herrera, Estrella & Frank Mueller-Langer (2019): Is there a gender wage gap in online labor markets? Evidence from over 250,000 projects and 2.5 million wage bill proposals. (CESifo working paper 7779), München, 34 S.
Abstract
"We explore whether there is a gender wage gap in one of the largest EU online labor markets, PeoplePerHour. Our unique dataset consists of 257,111 digitally tradeable tasks of 55,824 hiring employers from 188 countries and 65,010 workers from 173 countries that made more than 2.5 million wage bill proposals in the competition for contracts. Our data allows us to track the complete hiring process from the employers' design of proposed contracts to the competition among workers and the final agreement between employers and successful candidates. Using Heckman and OLS estimation methods we provide empirical evidence for a statistically significant 4% gender wage gap among workers, at the project level. We also find that female workers propose lower wage bills and are more likely to win the competition for contracts. Once we include workers' wage bill proposals in the regressions, the gender wage gap virtually disappears, i.e., it is statistically insignificant and very small in magnitude (0.3%). Our results also suggest that female workers' higher winning probabilities associated with lower wage bill proposals lead to higher expected revenues overall. We provide empirical evidence for heterogeneity of the gender wage gap in some of the job categories, all job difficulty levels and some of the worker countries. Finally, for some subsamples we find a statistically significant but very small ' reverse' gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and Diversity Studies: European Perspectives (2019)
Jungwirth, Ingrid; Bauschke-Urban, Carola;Zitatform
Jungwirth, Ingrid & Carola Bauschke-Urban (Hrsg.) (2019): Gender and Diversity Studies. European Perspectives. Opladen: Budrich, 326 S. DOI:10.3224/84740549
Abstract
"What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and pertinent research and practical fields? On the back drop of current European developments – from the deregulation of economy, a shrinking welfare state to the dissolution and reinforcement of borders – the book examines the development of Gender and Diversity Studies in different European regions as well as beyond and focuses on central fields of theoretical reflection, empirical research and practical implementation policies and politics. Anti-discrimination policies of the EU contribute to an institutionalization of Gender and Diversity Studies and interact with legal, political, societal and economic factors which shape the academic and practical fields. Pressure towards the deregulation of economy, the reduction of welfare state institutions, increased requirements of mobility for individuals and, at the same time, stronger regulations of migration have an impact on research and theory development in the field of Gender and Diversity Studies. While certain rights and anti-discrimination policies are being strengthened within the EU, and while inner borders between member states dissolve and – recently at the same time partially also increase – external borders of Europe are simultaneously being enforced. The large flows of refugee migration towards and into Europe has put these questions on top of the agenda. Taking these processes as well as social and political changes in different European and border regions into account, the state of the art as well as future perspectives of Gender and Diversity Studies are debated from multiple European and border perspectives. What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and fields of studies?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
National board quotas and the gender pay gap among European managers (2019)
Zitatform
Maume, David J., Orlaith Heymann & Leah Ruppanner (2019): National board quotas and the gender pay gap among European managers. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 6, S. 1002-1019. DOI:10.1177/0950017019864509
Abstract
"As European countries have mandated quotas for women's representation on boards, and as women have increasingly entered the ranks of management, a persistent gender gap in managerial pay remains. Drawing a sample of managers in the 2010 European Social Survey, the gender gap in pay was decomposed, finding that employer devaluation of women accounted for the majority of the gender gap in pay. This was especially true in countries without mandated quotas, but in countries that had adopted quotas for female representation on boards, results were consistent with the proposition that quotas moderated the labour market for managers (i.e. the gender gap in managerial pay was smaller as was the portion of the gap attributable to discrimination). As board quotas have increasingly been adopted across Europe, more research is needed on their ameliorative effects on gender inequality in the wider labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household composition and well-being: quality of life (2019)
Sándor, Eszter; Clerici, Eleonora;Zitatform
Sándor, Eszter & Eleonora Clerici (2019): Household composition and well-being. Quality of life. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 70 S. DOI:10.2806/009582
Abstract
"Demographic change, social progress and economic cycles have impacted household composition in Europe. This report provides an overview of household types in the European Union, how they have changed over the period 2007–2017 and how household type relates to outcomes in terms of living conditions and well-being – such as life satisfaction, the feeling of social exclusion and mental well-being. Changes in household structure have a potential impact on demand for public services and social benefits. The report also discusses the policy implications of changing household composition and recent policies responding to the increasing diversity of households. The report underlines the importance of recognition of diverse family forms, of the provision of social support, and of family policy measures complementing income support in reducing inequality of well-being among households. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Report on equality between women and men in the EU 2019 (2019)
Zitatform
(2019): Report on equality between women and men in the EU 2019. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 76 S. DOI:10.2838/776419
Abstract
"On the occasion of this year's International Women's Day, the Commission has published its 2019 report on equality between women and men in the EU.
The report shows some progress in gender equality, but women still continue to face inequalities in many areas:
- The EU employment rate for women reached an all-time high of 66.4 % in 2017, but the situation differs across Member States. Last year, eight Member States received recommendations under the European Semester framework to improve female participation in the labour market (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Slovakia).
- Women are more at risk of poverty, with salaries on average 16% lower than for men. This translates in the pension gap, which stood at 35.7 % in 2017. In some countries, more than 10 % of older women cannot afford necessary health care.
- Women remain largely under-represented in Parliaments and government. Only 6 of the 28 national parliaments across the EU are led by a woman and seven out of ten members of national parliaments in the EU are men. While the current level of 30.5 % female senior Ministers is the highest since data were first available for all EU Member States in 2004, there is still evidence suggesting that women tend to be allocated portfolios considered to have lower political priority.
- The glass-ceiling remains a reality in the business world with only 6.3 % of CEO positions in major publicly listed companies in the EU held by women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Working women and labour market inequality: Research project for the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. Final report (2018)
Zitatform
Cim, Merve & Anica Kramer (2018): Working women and labour market inequality. Research project for the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. Final report. (RWI-Projektbericht), Essen, 54 S.
Abstract
"Ziel des Projektes ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifische (Un)gleichheit auf europäischen Arbeitsmärkten zu geben. In einer deskriptiven Analyse wird dabei zunächst die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen für alle EU Mitgliedsstaaten dargestellt. In detaillierten Fallstudien werden Faktoren identifiziert, die mögliche Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern erklären können. Insbesondere wird analysiert, inwieweit Bildungssysteme, der Zugang zu Kinderbetreuung, Steuerpolitiken sowie kulturelle und historische Normen mit der Arbeitsmarktpartizipation und der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern korreliert sind. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Analysen werden mögliche Rückschlusse für die Wirtschaftspolitik gezogen sowie eine Reihe von ausgewählten Strategien abgeleitet, die auf EU- und einzelstaatlicher Ebene durchgeführt werden könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Family ties: Labor supply responses to cope with a household employment shock (2018)
Zitatform
Baldini, Massimo, Constanza Torricelli & Maria Cesira Urzì Brancati (2018): Family ties: Labor supply responses to cope with a household employment shock. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 809-832. DOI:10.1007/s11150-017-9375-z
Abstract
"We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) to explore labor responses of individuals (not only the spouse) to a negative employment shock suffered by another household member. We focus on Italy where family ties other than spousal ones are particularly strong and grown up children live in their parents' household till late, especially when they are students. Two main results emerge. First, we find strong and robust evidence that households hit by an employment shock do respond by increasing labor supply. Second, we document an added worker effect that is affecting not only wives, but also teenage children and students independently of their age, with important policy implications in terms of human capital formation. Results are robust across gender, household financial conditions and the crisis, yet they do not point to differential reactions along these dimensions." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender disparities in European labour markets: a comparison between female and male employees (2018)
Zitatform
Castellano, Rosalia & Antonella Rocca (2018): Gender disparities in European labour markets. A comparison between female and male employees. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 4, S. 589-608. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12052
Abstract
"In recent decades, the dramatic increase in female labour force participation was connected to significant changes in the economic opportunities reserved to women. However, gender disparities in the labour market still persist in many forms.
In this study we want to verify if in the European labour markets higher gender differentials are directly connected with bad economic conditions. Starting from the GGLMI, a composite indicator designed and developed by the authors in a previous study, besides updating the results, we construct other three composite indicators analysing separately female and male conditions in the labour market and the gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Does import competition worsen the gender gap?: evidence from matched employer-employee data (2018)
Zitatform
Chan, Jeff (2018): Does import competition worsen the gender gap? Evidence from matched employer-employee data. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 165, H. April, S. 13-16. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.01.024
Abstract
"Using Italian matched employer-employee-data, I examine how accounting for unobserved worker or firm heterogeneity can impact estimates of import competition's impact on industry-level gender wage gaps, and how this can be driven by changes in the composition of female workers and firms within affected industries. First, in wage regressions, I find that import competition lowers women's wages relative to men, but only in specifications that include worker or firm fixed effects. Accounting for these sources of heterogeneity matters because: (1) women that earn low wages are more likely than men to change industries or leave the sample, and (2) firms that employ women are more likely to exit and shrink due to import competition. My findings illustrate how, using data or methods that do not account for worker and firm heterogeneity, researchers can conclude that import competition can improve gender equality, when in fact gender equality is worsened." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dualization and the access to occupational family-friendly working-time arrangements across Europe (2018)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2018): Dualization and the access to occupational family-friendly working-time arrangements across Europe. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 491-507. DOI:10.1111/spol.12379
Abstract
"This article examines outsiders' relative access to occupational level family-friendly policies. I use data from the European Working Conditions Survey of 2015 across 30 European countries examining workers' access to two types of family-friendly working-time arrangements (WTAs): flexitime, and time off work for personal reasons. The article focuses on women with care responsibilities given that their demands for family-friendly policies, as well as their outcomes, have been shown to be distinct from the rest of the working population. In addition to the outsider definition used in the labor market dualization and occupational segmentation literature, i.e., low-skilled workers and those without a permanent contract, this article also defines outsiders as those perceiving their job as insecure. The results of the analysis show a segmentation between workers in their access to family-friendly policies. Unlike statutory policies, occupational policies seem to be selectively provided mostly to workers where employers have a vested interest, i.e., insiders, resulting in a dualized system for most countries. However, rather than their contract status, the skill-level of the job/workers, and their perceived insecurity were found to be important. The results further show that although Northern European and some continental European countries are those where family-friendly WTAs are more readily available, it is in these countries where the division between insiders and outsiders is the greatest. The results of the article contribute to the literature by showing a need to move beyond the national level when examining family-friendly policies, and to examine a more diverse definition of outsiders when examining dualization of working conditions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production (2018)
Zitatform
Cuberes, David & Marc Teignier (2018): Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2017-0031
Abstract
"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation in an occupational choice model with a household sector and endogenous female labor supply. Gender gaps in workforce participation have a direct negative effect on market, while gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively market output not only by reducing wages and labor force participation but also by reducing the average talent of entrepreneurs and aggregate productivity. We estimate the effects of these gender gaps for 37 European countries, as well as the United States, and find that gender gaps cause an average loss of 17.5% in market output and 13.2% in total output, which also includes household output. Interestingly, the total output loss would be similar (12%) in a model without household sector, since the market output loss is larger when the female labor supply is endogenous. Eastern Europe is the region with the lowest income fall due to gender gaps, while Southern Europe is the region with the largest fall. Northern Europe is the region with the largest productivity fall, which is due to the presence of high gender gaps in entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family policy in high-income countries: Five decades of development (2018)
Zitatform
Daly, Mary & Emanuele Ferragina (2018): Family policy in high-income countries: Five decades of development. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 255-270. DOI:10.1177/0958928717735060
Abstract
"This article empirically traces trends in family policy in 23 high-income countries since the 1960s. A range of data on income supports for families with children, family-related leave and early childhood education and care are brought together and analysed. The results show that family policy has developed by layering, in terms of both content and time period. A 'foundational phase' is characterised by investment in cash and tax allowances for families and employment leave for mothers, while a 'consolidation phase' sees states adding to their family policy portfolio, especially through the diversification of family-related leave and augmentation of child-related care services, increasing their overall family policy expenditure and continuing to support families financially but with a preference to direct this through the tax system. There is no inexorable development path though, either within or across countries. A layering development pattern suggests that analysis of family policy over time needs to be oriented to examining both continuity and change and, as the conclusion makes clear, there are many fruitful lines of further research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How institutions and gender differences in education shape entrepreneurial activity: a cross-national perspective (2018)
Zitatform
Dilli, Selin & Gerarda Westerhuis (2018): How institutions and gender differences in education shape entrepreneurial activity. A cross-national perspective. In: Small business economics, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 371-392. DOI:10.1007/s11187-018-0004-x
Abstract
"Previous studies offer evidence that human capital obtained through education is a crucial explanation for cross-national differences in entrepreneurial activity. Recently, scholar attention has focused on the importance of education in subjects such as science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) for the promotion of entrepreneurial activity. To our knowledge, empirical evidence for this link is scarce, despite the emphasis made in the literature and by policy makers on the choice of study at the tertiary level. Given that differences in STEM education are particularly large between men and women, we utilize data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for 19 European countries and the USA. We study the role of these differences in STEM education at the national level for three stages of the entrepreneurial process: entrepreneurial awareness, the choice of sector for entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial growth aspirations. We also test whether the effects of gender differences in education is moderated by the nature of the institutional environment in which entrepreneurs operate. Our findings show that individual-level explanations including education account for the gender differences during all three stages of early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Moreover, countries with greater gender equality in science education are characterized by higher entrepreneurial activity in knowledge-intensive sectors and high-growth aspirations. Thus, next to individual-level education, closing the gender gap in science at the national level can benefit a country as a whole by stimulating innovative entrepreneurial activity." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug