Übergänge in Ausbildung und Beschäftigung
Wer einen Ausbildungsplatz sucht, braucht einen möglichst guten Schulabschluss. Eine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung ist wiederum ein entscheidender Faktor für die dauerhafte Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt und in die Gesellschaft. Viele Jugendliche scheitern jedoch an den beiden Hürden Schulabschluss und Ausbildungsplatzsuche. Neben leistungsschwächeren Jugendlichen sind vor allem sozial Benachteiligte betroffen. Dieses Themendossier präsentiert mit Hinweisen auf Forschungsprojekte sowie weiteren relevanten Internetquellen wissenschaftliche Befunde und Diskussionen zur Übergangsproblematik an der 1. und 2. Schwelle sowie politischen Förderstrategien zur Verbesserung der Einmündung in Ausbildung und Beschäftigung.
Das könnte Sie auch interessieren:
Themendossier Schul- und Ausbildungsabbruch.
Themendossier Ausbildungsstellenmarkt.
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Labor Market Conditions at Entry on Workers’ Long-Term Skills (2022)
Arellano-Bover, Jaime;Zitatform
Arellano-Bover, Jaime (2022): The Effect of Labor Market Conditions at Entry on Workers’ Long-Term Skills. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 104, H. 5, S. 1028-1045. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01008
Abstract
"Using data on adults' cognitive skills from nineteen countries, this paper shows that labor market conditions during the education-to-work transition affected workers' long-term skill development. Workers who faced higher unemployment rates at ages 18 to 25 have lower skills at ages 36 to 59. Unemployment rates at ages 26 to 35 do not have such an effect. Skill inequality is affected: those with less educated parents experience most of the negative effects. Using German panel data on skills, I document a mechanism related to heterogeneous skill development across firms: young workers at large firms experience higher skill growth than those at small firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vorbild Österreich: Ausbildungsgarantie als Brücke zu qualifizierter Beschäftigung? (2022)
Zitatform
Bellmann, Lutz (2022): Vorbild Österreich: Ausbildungsgarantie als Brücke zu qualifizierter Beschäftigung? In: IAB-Forum H. 02.02.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-01-31. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220202.01
Abstract
"Die neue Bundesregierung plant, eine sogenannte Ausbildungsgarantie einzuführen. Eine solche existiert bereits seit einigen Jahren in Österreich. Dort werden rund 8 Prozent aller Auszubildenden auf Staatskosten rein schulisch oder in Zusammenarbeit mit den Betrieben ausgebildet. Auf einer gemeinsamen Videokonferenz des IAB und der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) diskutierten Expertinnen und Experten aus Wissenschaft und Praxis, ob und inwieweit sich das österreichische Modell auch als Blaupause für Deutschland eignet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The role of family social capital in school-to-work transitions of young adults in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Broschinski, Sven, Michael Feldhaus, Marie-Luise Assmann & Martin Heidenreich (2022): The role of family social capital in school-to-work transitions of young adults in Germany. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 139. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103790
Abstract
"The school-to-work transition (STWT) represents a challenge for many young people in Germany today. Previous studies have particularly focused on the influence of adolescents' socio-demographic background as well as national institutions and transition regimes. However, qualitative studies have shown that in addition to these factors, adolescents' and young adults' social environment, especially their parental relationships, may also contribute to a more or less promising STWT. Despite these findings, such factors have so far only played a minor role in quantitative research on young people's STWT trajectories. Our aim is to explain STWTs through young people's social embeddedness, assuming that the difficult transition into working life is also shaped by the young people's family context. To achieve this objective, data on the first cohort (birth cohorts 1991–1993) of the German Family Panel (pairfam) are analysed. A sequence and cluster analysis were conducted on these data, which yielded seven transition patterns. In accordance with the structure of the German labour market, these patterns can be described as more linear transitions or non-standard transitions. Multinomial logistic regressions reveal that in addition to parental financial and human capital, indicators of the family's social capital (family structure, parent-child communication as well as emotional security) are decisive for a successful STWT." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment Status and Well-Being Among Young Individuals. Why Do We Observe Cross-Country Differences? (2022)
Zitatform
Buttler, Dominik (2022): Employment Status and Well-Being Among Young Individuals. Why Do We Observe Cross-Country Differences? In: Social indicators research, Jg. 164, H. 1, S. 409-437. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-02953-2
Abstract
"In this paper we analyse why in some countries the difference in subjective well-being between employed and unemployed young individuals is substantial, whereas in others it remains small. The strength of this relationship has important consequences, hence it affects the intensity of the job search by the unemployed as well as the retention and productivity of employees. In the analysis we are focused on youth and young adults who constitute a group particularly exposed to the risks of joblessness, precarious or insecure employment. We expect that in economies where young people are able to find jobs of good quality, the employment–well-being relationship tends to be stronger. However, this relationship also depends on the relative well-being of the young unemployed. Based on the literature on school-to-work transition we have identified macro-level factors shaping the conditions of labour market entry of young people (aged 15–35), which consequently affect their well-being. The estimation of multilevel regression models with the use of the combined dataset from the European Social Survey and macro-level databases has indicated that these are mainly education system characteristics (in particular vocational orientation and autonomy of schools) and labour market policy spending that moderate the employment–well-being relationship of young individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
School-to-work transition and subjective well-being in Australia (2022)
Zitatform
Dietrich, Hans, Alexander Patzina, Jenny Chesters & Volker Reissner (2022): School-to-work transition and subjective well-being in Australia. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 73, H. 1, S. 78-111., 2021-08-18. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12895
Abstract
"The school-to-work transition is a demanding period during an individual's life course in all societies particularly because the educational decisions made during this period have long-lasting consequences in multiple life domains. Moreover, adverse starting points after secondary school are likely to lead to adverse outcomes that might cumulate over the life course. This study analyses subjective well-being during this sensitive period and examines the following two questions. First, how do different school-to-work transitions relate to subjective well-being changes? Second, how does subjective well-being develop during and after secondary schooling? As the school-to-work transition period is structured by gender, each analytical step aims to identify gender differences. Furthermore, based on life course theories, this study investigates whether adverse starting points after secondary school lead to cumulative effects in the development of subjective well-being. Based on data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey and fixed effects regressions, our results reveal that transitions to employment increase subjective well-being, while transitions to unemployment decrease subjective well-being. Furthermore, transitions to study increase subjective well-being only among men, while such transitions appear to decrease subjective well-being among women. The results related to the development of subjective well-being indicate that subjective well-being decreases during secondary schooling and continues to decrease after individuals leave school. This decrease is stronger among men. Finally, our results reveal the negative cumulative effects of adverse starting points on the development of subjective well-being. Overall, the results reveal great intra-individual variation in subjective well-being during the school-to-work transition period in Australia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The labour market effects of the polish educational reform of 1999 (2022)
Zitatform
Drucker, Luca Flóra, Daniel Horn & Maciej Jakubowski (2022): The labour market effects of the polish educational reform of 1999. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 56. DOI:10.1186/s12651-022-00317-4
Abstract
"We estimate the effect of the 1999 education reform in Poland on employment and earnings. The 1999 education reform in Poland replaced the previous 8 years of general and 3/4/5 years of tracked secondary education with 9 years of general and 3/3/4 years of tracked upper-secondary education. The reform also introduced new curricula, national examinations, teacher standards, and a transparent financing scheme. Our identification strategy relies on a difference-in-differences approach using a quasi-panel of pooled year-of-survey and age-of-respondent observations from the Polish sample of the EU-SILC database. The results indicate that the reform has increased employment probability (by around 3 percentage points) and earnings (by around 4%)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does relative age affect speed and quality of transition from school to work? (2022)
Zitatform
Fumarco, Luca, Alessandro Vandromme, Levi Halewyck, Eline Moens & Stijn Baert (2022): Does relative age affect speed and quality of transition from school to work? (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1010), Essen, 36 S.
Abstract
"We are the first to estimate the impact of relative age (i.e., the difference in classmates' ages) on both speed and quality of individuals' transition from education to the labour market. Moreover, we are the first to explore whether and how this impact passes through characteristics of students' educational career. We use rich data pertaining to schooling and to labour market outcomes one year after graduation to conduct instrumental variables analyses. We find that a one-year increase in relative age increases the likelihood of (i) being employed then by 3.5 percentage points, (ii) having a permanent contract by 5.1 percentage points, and (iii) having full-time employment by 6.5 percentage points. These relative age effects are partly mediated by intermediate outcomes such as having had a schooling delay at the age of sixteen or taking on student jobs. The final mediator is particularly notable as no earlier studies examined relative age effects on student employment. We are the first to estimate the impact of relative age (i.e., the difference in classmates' ages) on both speed and quality of individuals' transition from education to the labour market. Moreover, we are the first to explore whether and how this impact passes through characteristics of students' educational career. We use rich data pertaining to schooling and to labour market outcomes one year after graduation to conduct instrumental variables analyses. We find that a one-year increase in relative age increases the likelihood of (i) being employed then by 3.5 percentage points, (ii) having a permanent contract by 5.1 percentage points, and (iii) having full-time employment by 6.5 percentage points. These relative age effects are partly mediated by intermediate outcomes such as having had a schooling delay at the age of sixteen or taking on student jobs. The final mediator is particularly notable as no earlier studies examined relative age effects on student employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Role of Autonomy in the Transition to the World of Work (2022)
Zitatform
Gellermann, Jan F. C. & Philipp Fuchs (2022): The Role of Autonomy in the Transition to the World of Work. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 324-334., 2022-03-22. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5104
Abstract
"The article is based on a qualitative study covering 32 youths from the age of 18 to 25 who did not manage a stable transition from school to the German labor market. All of them, albeit to different degrees and for different reasons, are running the risk of long‐term exclusion from the sphere of work and vocational training measures as well as public support structures. Based on multiple narrative interviews with the young persons participating in the study, qualitative case reconstructions were conducted concerning their social background, socialization, and how their biographies developed. This contribution specifically sheds light on the relevance of the genesis of autonomy for the individual transition into the world of work and further education. The findings are presented as risk factors hampering the genesis of autonomy in the process of socialization, namely, (a) dysfunctional parent–child relationship and (b) persistence of traditionalism. The findings point not only to the high relevance of autonomy for managing a stable transition but also imply that there are further factors leading to more disconnectedness in addition to a broad range of factors known from the existing literature. From our perspective, longer processes of socialization, i.e., subject formation processes, significantly contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this phenomenon." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Gellermann, Jan F. C.; -
Literaturhinweis
Are first jobs in the German public sector more stable?: An examination under consideration of the institutional structure (2022)
Zitatform
Löwe, Paul Severin (2022): Are first jobs in the German public sector more stable? An examination under consideration of the institutional structure. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 73, H. 2, S. 377-415. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2022-2-377
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat es in Deutschland eine Abkehr vom Normalarbeitsverhältnis gegeben. Insbesondere die nicht etablierten Gruppen des Arbeitsmarktes sind betroffen. Der Arbeitsmarkteinstieg wurde zur unsichersten Phase der Erwerbskarriere. Der öffentliche Dienst mit seinem spezifischen institutionellen Rahmen galt als "Modellarbeitgeber" für benachteiligte Gruppen. Reformen und Umstrukturierungen stellen diese Sonderstellung gegenüber dem Privatsektor allerdings in Frage. In diesem Artikel wird untersucht, ob der öffentliche Dienst eine stabilere Beschäftigung für Arbeitsmarkteinsteiger*innen bietet als der private Sektor. Es wird untersucht, ob die institutionelle Struktur des öffentlichen Dienstes die Beschäftigungsstabilität positiv beeinflusst. In einer Dekompositions-Analyse werden potenziell stabilisierende (arbeiten in einer Dienstbeziehung, mit hoher beruflicher Schließung, Teilnahme an Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen) und destabilisierende institutionelle Faktoren (befristete Beschäftigung, Teilzeit) getestet, um die Stabilität von Erstanstellungen im öffentlichen Dienst zu erklären. Die Arbeitsmarkteinstiegskohorten 1995-2012 werden auf Basis der retrospektiven Lebensverlaufsdaten der Startkohorte sechs des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der öffentliche Dienst stabilere erste Arbeitsplätze bietet. Stabilisierende Faktoren, wie die Teilnahme an Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen, sind dafür entscheidend. Allerdings reduzieren destabilisierende Faktoren, wie die intensive Nutzung von befristeten Verträgen, die Stabilität erheblich. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die stabilisierende institutionelle Struktur des öffentlichen Sektors zwar einen Vorteil begründet, aber unter Druck steht und somit Potenzial für Polarisierungen bietet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Bad Times, Bad Jobs? How Recessions Affect Early Career Trajectories (2022)
Zitatform
Mahajan, Parag, Dhiren Patki & Heiko Stüber (2022): Bad Times, Bad Jobs? How Recessions Affect Early Career Trajectories. (Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Research Department 22-12), Boston, 21 S. DOI:10.29412/res.wp.2022.12
Abstract
"Studies find that if a worker enters the labor market during an economic downturn versus a period of expansion, they likely will have more difficulty finding a high-paying job, because the availability of such jobs is strongly procyclical. The earnings penalty for starting a career during bad times is both substantial and persistent. Indeed, this paper finds that a typical recession causes entrants to experience a 6 percent loss in earnings cumulated over the first 15 years of their careers. But, the authors ask, to what extent do non-pecuniary characteristics of jobs offset some of those earnings losses? They address this question by relying on population-scale linked employer-employee administrative data from Germany to estimate both the pecuniary and non-pecuniary impact of entering the workforce during a recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Schwieriger Übergang in Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt: IAB-Kurzbericht zu Jugendlichen aus Förderschulen (2022)
Zitatform
Menze, Laura, Malte Sandner, Silke Anger, Reinhard Pollak & Heike Solga (2022): Schwieriger Übergang in Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt. IAB-Kurzbericht zu Jugendlichen aus Förderschulen. In: Sozialrecht + Praxis, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 71-87., 2022-02-01.
Abstract
"In Deutschland wird ein vergleichsweise hoher Anteil der Schülerinnen und Schüler mit sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf an separaten Förderschulen unterrichtet. Dort erreichen die jungen Menschen häufig keinen Schulabschluss und gehören damit zu einer am Arbeitsmarkt vulnerablen Gruppe. Deshalb untersuchen wir im Folgenden, ob und wie diesen Jugendlichen der Zugang in Ausbildung und zum Arbeitsmarkt gelingt. Im Vergleich zu Jugendlichen von Regelschulen finden sie seltener Zugang zu einer Ausbildung und erwerben bis zum Alter von 20 Jahren weniger häufig einen Ausbildungsabschluss." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
siehe ausführliche Version: IAB-Kurzbericht 22/2021 -
Literaturhinweis
Health, Personality Disorders, Work Commitment, and Training-to-Employment Transitions (2022)
Zitatform
Patzina, Alexander, Hans Dietrich & Anton Barabasch (2022): Health, Personality Disorders, Work Commitment, and Training-to-Employment Transitions. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 369-382., 2022-04-05. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5103
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen mentaler und physischer Gesundheit, Coping-Fähigkeiten, Kooperationsfähigkeit und Work Commitment und dem Übergang von der Ausbildung in den Arbeitsmarkt. Dafür analysieren wir zunächst den Übergang in sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung innerhalb der ersten sechs Monate nach Ausbildungsabschluss. Zudem betrachten wir den lückenlosen Übergang von Ausbildung in Beschäftigung sowie die Qualität der ersten Beschäftigung. Dafür greifen wir auf einen Datensatz zurück, der Survey- und Registerdaten kombiniert, und Informationen über 1,061 Auszubildende in Deutschland enthält. Die erstmalige Befragung fand im letzten Jahr der Ausbildung statt und umfasst Angaben zur Bildung, Gesundheit, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Arbeitseinstellungen. Die Registerdaten liefern Informationen über die Ausbildungsumgebung und Beschäftigungsmerkmale. Die Ergebnisse linearer Wahrscheinlichkeitsmodelle zeigen, dass einzig die physische Gesundheit mit Übergängen in eine erste Beschäftigung innerhalb von sechs Monaten nach Beendigung der Ausbildung korreliert. Hinsichtlich lückenloser Übergänge ist ebenfalls die mentale Gesundheit von Bedeutung. Für den Übergang in eine qualitativ hochwertige erste Tätigkeit werden der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand, Coping-Fähigkeiten sowie Work Commitment als signifikante Faktoren identifiziert. Unter Kontrolle individueller und arbeitgeberspezifischer Eigenschaften werden diese Zusammenhänge jedoch schwächer und statistisch insignifikant. Dieser Befund verweist auf die vermittelnde Rolle von Individual- sowie Betriebsmerkmalen. Somit scheinen die betrachteten Konstrukte insbesondere den Zugang zu hochwertigen Ausbildungsfirmen und -berufen zu beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus finden wir, dass der Effekt des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustands für Individuen mit höherer Bildung (d.h. mit Realschul- oder Gymnasialabschluss) beim lückenlosen Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt am ausgeprägtesten ist. Für Personen mit Hauptschulabschluss beträgt dieser hingegen fast null. Insgesamt verweisen die empirischen Befunde auf einen kumulativen Nachteil für Personen mit Hauptschulabschluss im Übergang von der Ausbildung in den Arbeitsmarkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Health, Personality Disorders, Work Commitment and Training to Employment Transitions (2022)
Zitatform
Patzina, Alexander, Hans Dietrich & Anton Barabasch (2022): Health, Personality Disorders, Work Commitment and Training to Employment Transitions. (IAB-Discussion Paper 02/2022), Nürnberg, 37 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2202
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen mentaler und physischer Gesundheit, Coping-Fähigkeiten, Kooperationsfähigkeit und Work Commitment und dem Übergang von der Ausbildung in den Arbeitsmarkt. Dafür analysieren wir zunächst den Übergang in sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung innerhalb der ersten sechs Monate nach Ausbildungsabschluss. Zudem betrachten wir den lückenlosen Übergang von Ausbildung in Beschäftigung sowie die Qualität der ersten Beschäftigung. Dafür greifen wir auf einen Datensatz zurück, der Survey- und Registerdaten kombiniert, und Informationen über 1,061 Auszubildende in Deutschland enthält. Die erstmalige Befragung fand im letzten Jahr der Ausbildung statt und umfasst Angaben zur Bildung, Gesundheit, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Arbeitseinstellungen. Die Registerdaten liefern Informationen über die Ausbildungsumgebung und Beschäftigungsmerkmale. Die Ergebnisse linearer Wahrscheinlichkeitsmodelle zeigen, dass einzig die physische Gesundheit mit Übergängen in eine erste Beschäftigung innerhalb von sechs Monaten nach Beendigung der Ausbildung korreliert. Hinsichtlich lückenloser Übergänge ist ebenfalls die mentale Gesundheit von Bedeutung. Für den Übergang in eine qualitativ hochwertige erste Tätigkeit werden der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand, Coping-Fähigkeiten sowie Work Commitment als signifikante Faktoren identifiziert. Unter Kontrolle individueller und arbeitgeberspezifischer Eigenschaften werden diese Zusammenhänge jedoch schwächer und statistisch insignifikant. Dieser Befund verweist auf die vermittelnde Rolle von Individual- sowie Betriebsmerkmalen. Somit scheinen die betrachteten Konstrukte insbesondere den Zugang zu hochwertigen Ausbildungsfirmen und -berufen zu beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus finden wir, dass der Effekt des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustands für Individuen mit höherer Bildung (d.h. mit Realschul- oder Gymnasialabschluss) beim lückenlosen Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt am ausgeprägtesten ist. Für Personen mit Hauptschulabschluss beträgt dieser hingegen fast null. Insgesamt verweisen die empirischen Befunde auf einen kumulativen Nachteil für Personen mit Hauptschulabschluss im Übergang von der Ausbildung in den Arbeitsmarkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Typical school-to-work transitions of young adults with disabilities in Germany - a cohort study of recipients of vocational rehabilitation services after leaving school in 2008 (2022)
Zitatform
Reims, Nancy & Brigitte Schels (2022): Typical school-to-work transitions of young adults with disabilities in Germany - a cohort study of recipients of vocational rehabilitation services after leaving school in 2008. In: Disability and Rehabilitation, Jg. 44, H. 20, S. 5834-5846., 2021-06-20. DOI:10.1080/09638288.2021.1948115
Abstract
"Purpose: In Germany, vocational rehabilitation (VR) for young people with disabilities (YPWD) aims to counteract disadvantages on the training and labour markets. However, the school-to-work transitions (STWT) among YPWD are underexplored. This study investigates to what extent and for whom VR provides an institutional bridge into employment.
Materials and methods: Based on representative administrative data of the German Federal Employment Agency, young people in VR are observed for 6.5 years after completing lower or intermediate secondary education in 2008. Using optimal matching and cluster analysis, six typical STWT trajectories are identified.
Results: Most of the YPWD completed company-external vocational training, some undertook regular in-firm training. These forms of training often lead to regular employment, albeit with a delay for some. Other young people are guided from training in sheltered workshops into sheltered employment. Another group exhibits problematic STWTs in which recurring unemployment and (non-training) programmes fail to lead to training or employment.
Conclusions: VR combined with in-firm or company-external vocational training can facilitate the STWTs of people with disabilities. However, individuals from poor families are less likely to benefit from VR. Similarly, restricted capabilities and problematic STWTs are observed when young people drop out of VR due to poor cooperation. Implications for rehabilitation:
• Vocational training often is a prerequisite for labour market entry; however, if the structural conditions on the local labour market are unfavourable, young people with disabilities do not take up employment.
• Training within sheltered workshops often leads to highly institutionalised trajectories that should be reconsidered to permit greater permeability into the regular labour market.
• As young people with problematic STWT more often come from poor households, they should be targeted to a greater extent in the context of VR counselling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Challenges in School-To-Work Transition in Germany and Austria: Perspectives on Individual, Institutional, and Structural Inequalities: Editorial (2022)
Zitatform
Schels, Brigitte & Veronika Wöhrer (2022): Challenges in School-To-Work Transition in Germany and Austria: Perspectives on Individual, Institutional, and Structural Inequalities. Editorial. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 221-225., 2022-05-09. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5770
Abstract
Editorial for the Issue "Challenges in School-To-Work Transition: Perspectives on Individual, Institutional, and Structural Inequalities", edited by Brigitte Schels and Veronika Wöhrer. "Transitions between schools, vocational education and training (VET), and work pose important challenges for young people that influence their well‐being and social positioning now and in the future. The young people themselves experience the transition phase as the formation stage of their aspirations and goals. In this process, young people are confronted with the expectations and assessments of relevant others - such as parents, teachers, employers, and career counsellors - and by the requirements that are defined in sociopolitical and institutional contexts. In these contexts, criteria of successful transitions and risky transitions worthy of special support are made relevant. German and Austrian employment‐ centred transition regimes are characterised by relatively high standardisation and segregation as well as a strong VET system linked to the labour market. This thematic issue brings together contributions that examine challenges in these transitions from different perspectives and related facets of social inequality. The articles address different transitions (mostly school-to-VET, but also school-to-school or unemployment to work) and their different phases: aspiration formation, changing aspirations, challenges in transitions, and concrete problems in transition processes like disconnectedness or unemployment. The articles on social inequalities are related to class, ethnicity, gender, and (dis)ability. We also place importance on balancing different methods to bring together findings from quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and participatory research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © COGITATIO Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Return to apprenticeships: a comparison between existing apprentices and newly recruited apprentices (2022)
Zitatform
Speckesser, Stefan & Lei Xu (2022): Return to apprenticeships: a comparison between existing apprentices and newly recruited apprentices. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 74, H. 1, S. 14-39. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpab003
Abstract
"In England, half of all apprentices are now of adult age. Most of them—and many of younger age, too—worked with their training firm for some time before starting their apprenticeship. In this article, we estimate the benefit of apprenticeship completion making the distinction between groups of newly recruited and existing staff. To deal with sources of endogeneity resulting from apprenticeship completion, we exploit an exogenous change in minimum duration of training affecting apprenticeship completion. Our findings show much higher benefits for new compared with existing staff. Also, increasing apprenticeship training only creates positive effects for new entrants, but not for existing workers. Therefore, policy should aim to refocus apprenticeships to be a mechanism of labour market entry combined with education to provide access to and acquire competences required for actual occupational roles, but not as a generic mechanism to train existing staff." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Young Europeans: employment and social challenges ahead (2022)
Zitatform
(2022): Young Europeans: employment and social challenges ahead. (Employment and social developments in Europe : annual review 2022), Brüssel, 133 S. DOI:10.2767/229768
Abstract
"The exceptional response of solidarity to the COVID-19 pandemic has helped to mitigate some of the socio-economic impact of the crisis, keeping income inequality and poverty in the EU at bay. This year’s edition of the Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) confirms the tentative findings of the previous one in this respect and provides further insights on the recovery. Nevertheless, during the last two years, some groups - such as young people - were more affected than others. These inequalities risk to be reinforced by the consequences of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, particularly given the recent price spikes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who Benefits from General Knowledge? (2021)
Zitatform
Bellés-Obrero, Cristina & Emma Duchini (2021): Who Benefits from General Knowledge? In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102122
Abstract
"While vocational education is meant to provide occupational-specific skills that are directly employable, their returns may be limited in fast-changing economies. Conversely, general education should provide learning skills, but these may have little value at low levels of education. This paper contributes to this debate by exploiting a reform introduced in Spain in 1990 that postponed students' choice between these two educational pathways from age 14 to 16. To identify exogenous changes in this policy, we instrument its staggered implementation with pre-reform province shares of students in general education interacted with cohort fixed effects. Results indicate that, by shifting educational investment from vocational to general education after age 16, the reform improves occupational outcomes and wages. However, these positive effects are concentrated among middle to high-skilled individuals. In contrast, those who acquire only basic general education have worse long-term employment prospects than vocationally-trained individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring Youth Living Conditions in Europe: A Multidimensional Cross-Country Approach (2021)
Zitatform
Corrales-Herrero, Helena & Beatriz Rodriguez-Prado (2021): Measuring Youth Living Conditions in Europe: A Multidimensional Cross-Country Approach. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 155, H. 3, S. 1077-1117. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02608-8
Abstract
"Since the onset of the Great Recession, it could be argued that it is the young who have been hardest hit in their living conditions. This paper offers a comprehensive description of youth living conditions and how they evolved during the recession period. To do so, we develop a synthetic index combining the indicators proposed by experts in the dimensions of Education and Training, Employment and Entrepreneurship, and Social Inclusion, through a multi-criteria approach based on the double reference point method. This technique enriches the debate by shifting the focus to acceptable and desirable thresholds for each indicator and by overcoming limitations inherent in previous youth indexes that allow for total compensation between the indicators, whilst ignoring potential imbalances. Results show that, in a context of convergence in policy instruments across countries during the Great Recession, there was an improvement in education performance, whereas cross-country divergences in terms of youth labour market prospects and social inclusion increased. This evolution has led to a more complex picture which is characterized by greater polarization in the spatial distribution of youth living conditions, with two noticeable poles: north-central Europe as opposed to the south and east of Europe. Differences in institutional configurations in the fields of education and training, active labour market policies, employment protection legislation and welfare provision together with macroeconomic trends, particularly levels of demand for youth labour and fiscal resources, have played an important role in shaping European youth living conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trade, Human Capital, and Income Risk (2021)
Zitatform
Deng, Liuchun, Pravin Krishna, Mine Zeynep Senses & Jens Stegmaier (2021): Trade, Human Capital, and Income Risk. (IZA discussion paper 14953), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we empirically assess the causal links between trade and individual income risk and study the role that human capital plays in this relationship using a rich, worker-level, longitudinal data set from Germany spanning 1976 to 2012. Our estimates suggest substantial heterogeneity in labor income risk across workers in different entry cohorts and across workers with different levels of industry- and occupation-specific human capital. Our findings suggest that within-industry changes in imports and exports are causally related to income risk: Imports increase risk and exports decrease risk, and they do so in an economically significant manner. Importantly, we find there to be a complex interplay between human capital and the linkage between trade and risk: While, on average, individuals with higher levels of industry- or occupation-specific human capital experience lower income risk, a given increase in net-imports exposure in an industry increases risk for workers with higher levels of industry tenure more than it does for workers with lower levels of industry tenure. High levels of industry-specific human capital can be costly for workers in highly trade-exposed industries. By contrast, we find no evidence of any interaction between risk, industry trade exposure, and occupation-specific human capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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auch erschienen (möglw. abweichend) als: NBER working paper