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Todd, Petra E. & Weilong Zhang (2020): A dynamic model of personality, schooling, and occupational choice. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 231-275. DOI:10.3982/QE890

Abstract

"This paper develops a dynamic model of schooling and occupational choices that incorporates personality traits, as measured by the "big Five" traits. The model is estimated using the HILDA dataset from Australia. Personality traits are found to play an important role in explaining education and occupation choices over the lifecycle. Results show that individuals with a comparative advantage in schooling and white-collar work have, on average, higher cognitive skills and higher personality trait scores. Allowing personality traits to evolve with age and with schooling proves to be important to capturing the heterogeneity in how people respond to educational policies. The estimated model is used to evaluate two education policies: compulsory senior secondary school and a 50% college tuition subsidy. Both policies increase educational attainment and also affect personality traits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blair, Peter Q. & Bobby W. Chung (2019): How much of barrier to entry is occupational licensing? In: BJIR, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 919-943. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12470

Abstract

"We exploit state variation in licensing laws to study the effect of licensing on occupational choice using a boundary discontinuity design. We find that licensing reduces equilibrium labour supply by an average of 17-27 per cent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bol, Thijs, Christina Ciocca Eller, Herman G. van de Werfhorst & Thomas A. DiPrete (2019): School-to-work linkages, educational mismatches, and labor market outcomes. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 84, H. 2, S. 275-307. DOI:10.1177/0003122419836081

Abstract

"A recurring question in public and scientific debates is whether occupation-specific skills enhance labor market outcomes. Is it beneficial to have an educational degree that is linked to only one or a small set of occupations? To answer this question, we generalize existing models of the effects of (mis)match between education and occupation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, we incorporate the structural effects of linkage strength between school and work, which vary considerably across industrialized countries. In an analysis of France, Germany, and the United States, we find that workers have higher earnings when they are in occupations that match their educational level and field of study, but the size of this earnings boost depends on the clarity and strength of the pathway between their educational credential and the labor market. The earnings premium associated with a good occupational match is larger in countries where the credential has a stronger link to the labor market, but the penalty for a mismatch is also greater in such countries. Moreover, strong linkage reduces unemployment risk. These findings add nuance to often-made arguments that countries with loosely structured educational systems have more flexible labor markets and produce better labor market outcomes for workers. An institutional environment that promotes strong school-to-work pathways appears to be an effective strategy for providing workers with secure, well-paying jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chen, Liwen, John Gordanier & Orgul Ozturk (2019): Task followers and labor market outcomes. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 181-201. DOI:10.1007/s12122-019-9282-6

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Dreisiebner, Gernot (2019): Berufsfindungsprozesse von Jugendlichen. Eine qualitativ-rekonstruktive Studie. (Economics Education und Human Resource Management), Wiesbaden: Springer, 459 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-27283-8

Abstract

"Im Mittelpunkt des in diesem Band dargestellten Forschungsvorhabens steht die leitende Fragestellung, welche Orientierungsmuster den Berufsfindungsprozessen von angehenden Lehrlingen mit geschlechts(un)typischen Berufswünschen zugrunde liegen. Unter Rückgriff auf ein qualitativ-rekonstruktives Forschungsdesign werden vier Typen von Berufsfindungsprozessen abgeleitet, welche sich hinsichtlich der Berufswerte, des Ausmaßes an Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung sowie der handlungsleitenden Intention der Jugendlichen unterscheiden. Lediglich Jugendliche vom Typ I (u.a. durch ein hohes Maß an Selbstbestimmung charakterisiert) waren in der Lage, einen geschlechtsuntypischen Berufswunsch zu verwirklichen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Harris, Matthew C. (2019): The impact of body weight on occupational mobility and career development. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 631-660. DOI:10.1111/iere.12364

Abstract

"This article examines the relationship between individuals' weight and employment decisions over the life cycle. I estimate a dynamic stochastic model of individuals' annual choices of occupation, hours worked, and schooling. Evidence suggests that heavier individuals face higher switching costs when transitioning into white-collar occupations, earn lower returns to experience in white-collar occupations, and earn lower wages in socially intensive jobs. I simulate a hypothetical antidiscrimination policy treating obese workers as a protected class. Although such a policy would reduce gaps in occupational attainment, it would have little effect on the observed divergence in wages between obese and nonobese workers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Keller, Elisa (2019): Labor supply and gender differences in occupational choice. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 115, H. June, S. 221-241. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.03.002

Abstract

"This paper uses data on the task content of occupations to study the role of labor supply in occupational choice. In 1970, married women were less likely to choose occupations characterized by analytically intensive tasks than were men. By 2010, gender differences in occupational choice had narrowed significantly. I use the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to measure the value of skill in an occupation and find an increase in this value with the analytical intensity of occupational tasks. I argue that, as a significant part of skill is accumulated on the job, sources that encourage women to commit to market work contributed to the gender convergence in occupational choice. A quantitative exercise measures that labor-saving technical change in the household sector, occupation-biased technical change in final good production, declining gender gaps in wages and schooling account for 58% of the gender convergence in occupational choice, via the labor supply channel." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Marciniak, Julian, Rebekka Steiner & Andreas Hirschi (2019): Berufswahlbereitschaft bei Jugendlichen - Welche Faktoren sind für eine erfolgreiche Berufswahl wichtig? In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 6-9.

Abstract

"Zur Frage, welche Faktoren für eine gelingende Berufswahl wichtig sind, sind zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Konstrukte entwickelt worden. Der Beitrag gibt aus Sicht der Laufbahnforschung eine Übersicht über diese Konstrukte sowie das integrative Konstrukt 'Berufswahlbereitschaft', das die Kernelemente der bisherigen Konstrukte verbindet. Zur Messung wird der Karriere-Ressourcen-Fragebogen für Jugendliche präsentiert, der es ermöglicht, alle Kernbereiche der Berufswahlbereitschaft effizient zu erfassen. Weiterhin wird erläutert, wie das vorgestellte Messinstrument in der Praxis verwendet werden kann. Abschließend werden erste Befunde aus einem größeren Forschungsprojekt in der Schweiz zur Entwicklung der Berufswahlbereitschaft vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat)

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Baker, Rachel, Eric Bettinger, Brian Jacob & Ioana Marinescu (2018): The effect of labor market information on community college students' major choice. In: Economics of education review, Jg. 65, H. August, S. 18-30. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.05.005

Abstract

"An important goal of community colleges is to prepare students for the labor market. But are students aware of the labor market outcomes in different majors? And how much do students weigh labor market outcomes when choosing a major? In this study we find that less than 15% of a sample of community college students in California rank broad categories of majors accurately in terms of labor market outcomes. Students believe that salaries are 13% higher than they actually are, on average, and students underestimate the probability of being employed by almost 25%. We find that the main determinants of major choice are beliefs about course enjoyment and grades, but expected labor market outcomes also matter. Experimental estimates of the impact of expected labor market outcomes are larger than OLS estimates and show that a 10% increase in salary is associated with a 14 to 18% increase in the probability of choosing a specific category of majors." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Belzil, Christian & François Poinas (2018): Estimating a model of qualitative and quantitative education choices in France. (IZA discussion paper 11433), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"We estimate a structural model of education choices in which individuals choose between a professional (or technical) and a general track at both high school and university levels using French panel data (Génération 98). The average per-period utility of attending general high school (about 10,000 euros per year) is 20% higher than that of professional high school (about 8000 euros per year). About 64% of total higher education enrollments are explained by this differential. At the same time, professional high school graduates would earn 5% to 6% more than general high school graduates if they both entered the labor market around age 18. The return to post-high school general education is highly convex (as in the US) and is reaped mostly toward the end of the higher education curriculum. Public policies targeting an increase in professional high school enrollments of 10 percentage points would require a subsidy of 300 euros per year of professional high school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blair, Peter Q. & Bobby W. Chung (2018): How much of barrier to entry is occupational licensing? (NBER working paper 25262), Cambrige, Mass., 35 S. DOI:10.3386/w25262

Abstract

"We exploit state variation in licensing laws to study the effect of licensing on occupational choice using a boundary discontinuity design. We find that licensing reduces equilibrium labor supply by an average of 17%-27%. The negative labor supply effects of licensing appear to be strongest for white workers and comparatively weaker for black workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brenøe, Anne Ardila (2018): Origins of gender norms. Sibling gender composition and women's choice of occupation and partner. (IZA discussion paper 11692), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"I examine how one central aspect of the childhood family environment - sibling gender composition - affects women's gender conformity, measured through their choice of occupation and partner. Using Danish administrative data, I causally estimate the effect of having a second-born brother relative to a sister for first-born women. The results show that women with a brother acquire more traditional gender norms with negative consequences for their labor earnings. I provide evidence of increased gender-specialized parenting in families with mixed-sex children, suggesting a stronger transmission of traditional gender norms. Finally, I find indications of persistent effects to the next generation of girls." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cook, Julia Anne (2018): Gendered expectations of the biographical and social future. Young adults' approaches to short and long-term thinking. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1376-1391. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468875

Abstract

"Numerous studies have found that although young adults are arguably less constrained by gendered norms and expectations than previous generations, they have nevertheless continued to imagine their biographical futures in highly gendered ways. In this paper I draw on an analysis of 28 in-depth interviews in which 16 women and 12 men (aged 18-34) were asked to discuss their expectations for both the biographical and social future. The results of this study largely confirm the findings of previous scholarship, with young women often viewing childbearing and caring responsibilities as compulsory, while young men largely viewed these commitments as complementary to their chosen careers. This paper extends existing findings in this area by examining, firstly, whether these perceptions of the biographical future are mirrored in the participants' views of the long-term, social future, and secondly, what implications such views may have when they are extended into this register. In so doing it ultimately finds that the gender norms that shape young adults' expectations for their own futures are echoed in their outlooks upon the social future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dell'Era, Michele, Luca David Opromolla & Luís Santos-Pinto (2018): A general equilibrium theory of occupational choice under optimistic beliefs about entrepreneurial ability. (CESifo working paper 7300), München, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the impact of optimism on occupational choice using a general equilibrium framework. The model shows that optimism has four main qualitative effects: it leads to a misallocation of talent, drives up input prices, raises the number of entrepreneurs, and makes entrepreneurs worse off. We calibrate the model to match U.S. manufacturing data. This allows us to make quantitative predictions regarding the impact of optimism on occupational choice, input prices, the returns to entrepreneurship, and output. The calibration shows that optimism can explain the empirical puzzle of the low mean returns to entrepreneurship compared to average wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gaspani, Fabio (2018): Young-adults NEET in Italy. Orientations and strategies toward the future. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 38, H. 1/2, S. 150-164. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-04-2017-0038

Abstract

"Purpose
The article examines the relation with the future of young-adults NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) in Italy. The study of temporal experiences allows to understand how subjects represent their own condition and construct their biographies in an age of uncertainty.
Design/methodology/approach
The study follows a qualitative approach to allow participants to express their own experiences and representations through narratives. The twelve cases considered are illustrative of the different orientations detected in the group of thirty-six young people involved in the research.
Findings
Young-adults NEET have problems in acquiring a recognised social status and in designing future orientations. The difficulties to project themselves in time hinder the attainment of a sense of biographical continuity as well as the process of identity construction, which tends to be increasingly detached from the planning sphere.
Originality/value
The study adds to the literature on the issue of young people NEET, contributing to differentiate the social conditions of this group by referring to their experiences, social belongings and resources. The analysis sheds new light on the agency of young people, that conceive biographical strategies in relation to the scenarios they envisage." (Author's abstract, 䗏 Emerald Group) ((en))

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Lang, Kevin & Maria Dolores Palacios (2018): The determinants of teachers' occupational choice. (NBER working paper 24883), Cambrige, Mass., 36 S. DOI:10.3386/w24883

Abstract

"Among college graduates, teachers have both low average AFQT and high average risk aversion, perhaps because the compression of earnings within teaching attracts relatively risk-averse individuals. Using a dynamic optimization model with unobserved heterogeneity, we show that were it possible to make teacher compensation mimic the return to skills and riskiness of the non-teaching sector, overall compensation in teaching would increase. Moreover, this would make many current teachers substantially worse off, making reform challenging. Importantly, our conclusions are sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity for which we allow. Since even a model with no unobserved heterogeneity fits well within sample, one could easily conclude that allowing for two or three types fits the data adequately. Formal methods reject this conclusion. The BIC favors seven types. Ranking models using cross-validation, nine types is better although the improvements of going from six to seven, from seven to eight and from eight to nine types are noticeably smaller than those from adding an additional type to a lower base." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lawson, Katie M. (2018): Mechanisms underlying parent-child occupational consistency. A critical review. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 272-291. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1284761

Abstract

"Parents' and children's occupations are often similar on a variety of dimensions, including income, gender typicality, and Holland's job types [Whiston, S. C., & Keller, B. K. (2004). The influences of the family of origin on career development: A review and analysis. The Counseling Psychologist, 32, 493 - 568]. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood, limiting both research and application to real-world contexts such as career counseling settings. The present article has three main goals: (1) To critically examine individual mechanisms underlying parent - child occupational consistency; (2) To propose a multiple mechanisms model that accounts for the limitations and assumptions of individual mechanisms; and (3) To propose future research directions while critically examining implicit assumptions of past research and research methodology. By addressing these goals, this paper has the potential to inform future research on parent - child occupational consistency and vocational intervention efforts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Jing Young (2018): The upward trend in women's college-going. The role of teenagers' anticipated future labour force attachment. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 50, H. 30, S. 3271-3284. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1420888

Abstract

"This article focuses on the role of teenagers' anticipated labour force participation in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. A simple conceptual model implies that individuals with more anticipated lifetime hours of work are more likely to invest in college education. My analysis using data from three National Longitudinal Surveys supports the theoretical implication. This finding, combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Magnusson, Charlotta & Magnus Nermo (2018): From childhood to young adulthood. The importance of self-esteem during childhood for occupational achievements among young men and women. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1392-1410. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468876

Abstract

"This study investigates the impact of self-esteem during childhood on men's and women's occupational prestige in young adulthood. By combining first-hand information from parents in the Swedish Level-of-Living surveys (LNU) 2000 and their children in the Child-LNU in 2000 and the follow-up study in LNU-2010, we are able to assess how self-esteem during adolescence is related to occupational prestige in adulthood. Multivariate analyses were used to determine whether associations between self-esteem (global and domain-specific) in childhood (aged 10 - 18 years) and occupational prestige in young adulthood (aged 20 - 28) exist and, if so, what the magnitudes of these associations are for each respective gender.
For women, there is a positive association between confidence in mathematics and prestige, even when accounting for actual math grades. Global self-esteem is positively related to later occupational prestige as well. For men, self-esteem is unrelated to occupational prestige. Only actual performance in mathematics is important for men's occupational achievements.
These results indicate the importance of taking gender differences into account when investigating how self-esteem is related to outcomes in young adulthood. A possible implication is the importance of focusing on the development of self-esteem among children, particularly girls, in school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oinonen, Eriikka (2018): Under pressure to become: from a student to entrepreneurial self. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1344-1360. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468022

Abstract

"This paper discusses how entrepreneurial discourse and the idea of the entrepreneurial self are internalised by university students, and how this affects thoughts about the education-work transition, as well as students' ideas and feelings about their future. The data was gathered through visual and narrative methods, composed of reflection texts attached to pictures and empathy-based-stories written by students about to graduate from BA and MA programmes in the social sciences, humanities, business, and administration at the University of Tampere (Finland) and University of Barcelona (Spain). The data-driven analysis reveals that university students have internalised the entrepreneurial ethos but not uncritically. They question the economy-based, work-oriented entrepreneurial self -discourse. Work and income are no longer trusted as grounds for a good life. Although students wish for steady income from a permanent job, they are very aware of the erratic reality. Consequently, they aspire for a balance between work and life. They emphasise rootedness to a place and physically close social relationships as the resources to cope with the uncertainties in working life and society, and as the most important components for a good life. Perhaps the students are in the process of updating the components for a good life to better match with the current reality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))