Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Working time developments 2008 (2008)
Carley, Mark;Zitatform
Carley, Mark (2008): Working time developments 2008. Dublin, 35 S.
Abstract
"In 2008, average collectively agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.6 hours; agreed normal annual working time averaged about 1,740 hours. Of the three economic sectors examined in this study, agreed weekly working hours are highest in metalworking (38.7), followed by the banking and local government sectors (both 38.3). Average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement was 25.2 days across the EU in 2008, although the total varied significantly between the 'old' and the new Member States. This report also examines statutory working time and leave limits, and actual working hours. This annual update looks at a number of aspects of the duration of working time in the European Union and Norway in 2008, based on contributions from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) national centres. The study examines the following issues: average weekly working hours as set by collective agreements - both at national level and for three specific economic sectors; statutory limits on weekly and daily working time; average actual weekly working hours; annual leave entitlement, as set by collective agreements and law; and estimates of average collectively agreed annual working time. The report provides a general overview of the current situation and developments regarding working time, but the figures provided should be read with caution, and the various notes and explanations borne in mind. This reflects the fact that there are a number of problems in international comparisons of the length of working time. Comparable data are not collected in all countries, while particular difficulties include the following: the existence of different ways of calculating working time, with annual, rather than weekly calculation increasingly common in some countries (TN0308101S); the fact that working time reductions in some countries have been introduced through extra days off or cuts in annual working hours, leaving the normal working week relatively unchanged; the increasing use of schemes whereby weekly working hours may vary considerably, with an average being maintained over a reference period; the treatment of part-time workers; the differing roles of collective bargaining and legislation, with the latter having an impact on actual hours in some countries, but acting only as a maximum 'safety net' in others." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Travailler au-delà de 48 heures par semaine (2008)
Zitatform
Devetter, Francois-Xavier (2008): Travailler au-delà de 48 heures par semaine. In: Travail et emploi H. 114, S. 59-70.
Abstract
"Even if very long working time hours are less important than in English-spoken countries, they still exist in France. In 2005, near 9% of salaried workers work 48 hours and more per week. Far from an homogeneous population, it contains two main and different categories. On one hand we could find managers and professionals who supply long hours in exchange of great monetary and non-monetary compensations. On the other hand we find low skill workers for whom time availability at work is not recognize." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The 35-hour workweek in France: straightjacket or welfare improvement? (2008)
Estevao, Marcello; Sa, Filipa;Zitatform
Estevao, Marcello & Filipa Sa (2008): The 35-hour workweek in France. Straightjacket or welfare improvement? In: Economic policy, Jg. 23, H. 55, S. 417-463.
Abstract
"Workweek reduction laws may be beneficial if market interactions do not fully take into account the preferences reflected in declining secular trends in working hours. The most recent law in France shortened the workweek from 39 to 35 hours in 2000 for large firms, and in 2002 for small firms. Analysing differences between large and small firm employees before and after the law, we find that aggregate employment was unaffected but labour turnover increased, as firms shed workers who became more expensive. Survey responses indicate that the welfare impact of the law was different across groups of workers: women but not men may have benefited from coordination to a shorter workweek, and there is also evidence of negative welfare effects for managers, possibly due to the law's administrative burden." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Preference or constraint?: part-time workers' transitions in Denmark, France and the United Kingdom (2008)
Zitatform
Gash, Vanessa (2008): Preference or constraint? Part-time workers' transitions in Denmark, France and the United Kingdom. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 655-674. DOI:10.1177/0950017008096741
Abstract
"This article investigates whether women work part-time through preference or constraint and argues that different countries provide different opportunities for preference attainment. It argues that women with family responsibilities are unlikely to have their working preferences met without national policies supportive of maternal employment. Using event history analysis the article tracks part-time workers' transitions to both full-time employment and to labour market drop-out. The article compares the outcome of workers in the UK, a country with little support for maternal employment, relative to Denmark and France, two countries with a long history of facilitating workers' engagement in both paid employment and family life. It finds evidence of part-time constraint in the UK relative to the other two countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
European vs. American hours worked: assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins (2008)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero Rojas (2008): European vs. American hours worked. Assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins. (IZA discussion paper 3846), Bonn, 21 S.
Abstract
"Europeans have worked less than Americans since the 1970s. In this paper, we quantify the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins of aggregate hours of market work on the observed differences. Our counterfactual exercises show that the two dimensions of the extensive margin, the employment rate and the participation rate, explain the most of the total-hours-gap between regions. Moreover, both ratios have similar weight. Conversely, the intensive margin, measured by the number of hours worked per employee, has the smallest role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries: an equilibrium search approach (2008)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero Rojas (2008): Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries. An equilibrium search approach. (IZA discussion paper 3364), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"Since 1960, the dynamics of the aggregate hours of market work exhibit dramatic differences across industrialized countries. Before 1980, these differences seem to come from the hours worked per employee (the intensive margin). However, since 1980 a notable feature of the data is that the divergence across countries responds to quantitatively important differences along the employment rate (the extensive margin). In this paper we develop an equilibrium matching model where both margins are endogenous. The model is rich enough to account for the behavior of the two margins of the aggregate hours when we include the observed heterogeneity across countries of both the taxes and the labor market institutions such as the unemployment benefits and the bargaining power. Because these findings come from on unified framework, they also give a strong support to the matching models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries (2008)
Presser, Harriet B.; Gornick, Janet C.; Parashar, Sangeeta;Zitatform
Presser, Harriet B., Janet C. Gornick & Sangeeta Parashar (2008): Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 2, S. 83-103.
Abstract
"Labor force surveys conducted in several European countries in 2005 indicate high levels of nonstandard work hours, varying by gender; by contrast, nonstandard work hours for both men and women vary little by whether they have or do not have children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The effect of hours of work on social interaction (2008)
Zitatform
Saffer, Henry & Karine Lamiraud (2008): The effect of hours of work on social interaction. (NBER working paper 13743), Cambridge, Mass., 25 S. DOI:10.3386/w13743
Abstract
"Over time, increases in hours of work per capita have created the intuitively plausible notion that there is less time available to pursue social interactions. The specific question addressed in this paper is the effect of hours of work on social interaction. This is a difficult empirical question since omitted factors could increase both hours of work and social interaction. The approach taken in this paper utilizes an exogenous decline in hours of work in France due to a new employment law. The results clearly show that the employment law reduced hours of work but there is no evidence that the extra hours went to increased social interactions. Although hours of work are not an important determinant of social interaction, human capital is found to be important. The effect of human capital, as measured by education and age, is positive for membership groups but negative for visiting relatives and friends. Also, contrary to expectations, there are no important differences in the determinants of social interaction by gender, marital status or parent status. Finally, a comparison between France and the US show that the response to human capital and other variables are much the same in both nations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Did work-sharing work in France?: evidence from a structural co-integrated VAR model (2008)
Schreiber, Sven;Zitatform
Schreiber, Sven (2008): Did work-sharing work in France? Evidence from a structural co-integrated VAR model. In: European journal of political economy, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 478-490. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2007.11.004
Abstract
"French employment increased significantly after a labor-market reform in 2000. This paper analyzes whether that development was driven by work-sharing (the mandated reduction of the workweek length) as claimed by the government. We use a structural VAR model in error correction form (SVECM) to assess the impact of shocks to the workweek length. It turns out that downward workweek shocks actually had adverse employment effects. We conclude that other reform components were responsible for the employment success in France, namely reduced non-wage labor costs and possibly higher firm-level flexibility of temporarily adjusting the workweek." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle: a comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States (2007)
Anxo, Dominique; Mencarini, Letizia ; Flood, Lennart; Solaz, Anne ; Tanturri, Maria Letizia ; Pailhe, Ariane;Zitatform
Anxo, Dominique, Lennart Flood, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhe, Anne Solaz & Maria Letizia Tanturri (2007): Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle. A comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States. (IZA discussion paper 3193), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"This article analyses the extent to which changes in household composition over the life course affect the gender division of labour. It identifies and analyses cross-country disparities between France, Italy, Sweden and United States, using most recent data available from the Time Use National Surveys. We focus on gender differences in the allocation of time between market work, domestic work and leisure over the life-cycle. In order to map the life-cycle, we distinguish between nine key cross-country comparable life stages according to age and family structure such as exiting parental home, union formation, parenthood, and retiring from work. By using appropriate regression techniques (Tobit with selection, Tobit and OLS), we show large discrepancies in the gender division of labour at the different life stages. This gender gap exists in all countries at any stage of the life course, but is usually smaller at the two ends of the age distribution, and larger with parenthood. Beyond social norms, the impact of parenthood on time allocation varies across countries, being smaller in those where work-family balance policies are more effective and traditionally well-established." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The effect of working time reduction on short-time compensation: a French empirical analysis (2007)
Zitatform
Calavrezo, Oana, Richard Duhautois & Emmanuelle Walkowiak (2007): The effect of working time reduction on short-time compensation. A French empirical analysis. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 88), Noisy-le-Grand, 20 S.
Abstract
"The short-time compensation (STC) program aims to avoid lay-offs in case of short-term downturns. According to insurance models, STC is an instrument of both job security and flexibility. This paper investigates the impact of workweek reduction to 35 hours on the French STC recourse. We quantify the average decrease in the STC authorized days with kernel matching estimators assessed on a balanced panel of French establishments. We highlight a substitution effect between STC and working time reduction (WTR) due to their internal flexibility role. As a consequence, the WTR policy refocused STC on its initial job security function." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Operating hours and working times: a survey of capacity utilisation and employment in the European Union (2007)
Delsen, Lei ; Groß, Hermann; Cette, Gilbert ; Delsen, Kei; Bosworth, Derek; Sylvain, Arnaud; Munoz de Bustillo y Llorente, Rafael; Kocoglu, Yusuf; Bosworth, Derek; Lehndorff, Steffen; Castro, Alberto; Macias, Enrique Fernandez; Groß, Hermann; Schief, Sebastian; Caroll, Marilyn; Sieglein, Georg; Bauer, Frank; Smith, Mark ; Varejao, Jose M.; Smits, Keroen;Zitatform
Delsen, Lei, Derek Bosworth, Hermann Groß & Rafael Munoz de Bustillo y Llorente (Hrsg.) (2007): Operating hours and working times. A survey of capacity utilisation and employment in the European Union. (Contributions to economics), Heidelberg u.a.: Physica-Verl., 251 S.
Abstract
Das Buch stellt die Ergebnisse des Projekts EUCOWE vor, einer repräsentativen Betriebsbefragung zur international vergleichenden Untersuchung von Betriebszeiten, Arbeitszeiten und Beschäftigung in Frankreich, Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Portugal, Spanien und Großbritannien. Bei dem Projekt handelt es sich um die erste repräsentative und standardisierte Befragung europäischer Unternehmen, die alle Betriebsgrößen und Wirtschaftszweige umfasst. Folgende Aspekte werden analysiert: Welche Betriebszeiten sind für die sechs Untersuchungsländer charakteristisch? Welche Unterschiede gibt es in Hinblick auf Wirtschaftszweige und Betriebsgrößen? Durch welche Formen der Arbeitszeitorganisation werden diese Betriebszeiten umgesetzt? Wie sieht das Verhältnis zwischen Betriebszeit und Beschäftigung aus? Das Buch stellt die umfassendste Studie zu Betriebszeiten, Kapazitätsauslastung, Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigung dar, die in der Europäischen Union verfügbar ist. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bauer, Frank; -
Literaturhinweis
Regulation of working time in SMEs of the information and communication technology sector in France (2007)
Zitatform
Dupre, Michele & Michel Lallement (2007): Regulation of working time in SMEs of the information and communication technology sector in France. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 66-82. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-005X.2007.00184.x
Abstract
"This paper focuses on the impact of the French working-time reduction law on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the information and communication technology sector. After a presentation of the main features of this sector, made up of a wide range of SMEs, the paper aims at describing how the actors have negotiated the application of the new legal framework at sector and company levels. The new working-time regulation outlines the status of high-skilled employees (cadres) as a very important conflict and negotiation subject." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Betriebszeiten in Europa: wo stehen die deutschen Betriebe? (2006)
Bauer, Frank; Groß, Hermann;Zitatform
Bauer, Frank & Hermann Groß (2006): Betriebszeiten in Europa. Wo stehen die deutschen Betriebe? In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 59, H. 6, S. 314-320.
Abstract
"In dem Beitrag werden in sechs europäischen Ländern (Frankreich, Deutschland, Großbritannien, die Niederlande, Portugal und Spanien) Dauer und Flexibilität der Betriebszeiten verglichen. Dieser internationale Vergleich basiert auf repräsentativen Betriebsbefragungen, die in allen Untersuchungsländern mit einem harmonisierten Untersuchungsdesign durchgeführt wurden. Es wird gezeigt, dass die deutschen Betriebe bei Dauer und Flexibilität der Betriebszeiten einen Spitzenplatz einnehmen. Dies gilt ohne Einschränkungen für die Betriebe des produzierenden Gewerbes, allerdings nur mit Abstrichen für die Betriebe des Dienstleistungsbereichs." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bauer, Frank; -
Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance, management practices and productivity (2006)
Zitatform
Bloom, Nick, Tobias Kretschmer & John Van Reenen (2006): Work-life balance, management practices and productivity. London, 53 S.
Abstract
"A debate is raging all over the developed world about quality of work issues. As unemployment has fallen in the US and UK, attention has focused more on the quality rather than quantity of jobs. This has sharpened as women's participation has risen and issues of work-life balance and family-friendly policies have risen up the political agenda. This paper has tried to shed some empirical light on these debates. We characterized two opposing views of globalization entitled the pessimistic (or trade off) and the optimistic (or win-win) view. The pessimists argue that 'savage neoliberalism' encapsulated by tougher product market competition, globalization and 'Anglo-Saxon' managerial policies are undesirable for workers. Although these forces will raise productivity, they come at the expense of misery for workers in the form of poor work-life balance (long hours, job insecurity, intense and unsatisfying work). The more optimistic Human Resource Management literature argues that better work-life balance will, in fact, improve productivity (and even profitability) and employers are mistakenly failing to treat their workers as assets and implement better work-life balance policies. In short, we find evidence for a hybrid view between these two extremes. Using originally collected data, we show that we have a useful firm specific measure of WLB. The pessimists' argument that 'Anglo-Saxon' management practices are negatively associated with worse WLB is rejected - there is a positive association as suggested by the optimists. Similarly, the pessimists' theory that competition is inevitably bad for workers' WLB is also rejected: there is no significantly negative relationship. Larger firms - which are typically more globalized - also have better WLB practices on average. However, the view that WLB will improve productivity is also rejected: there is no relationship between productivity and WLB once we control for good management. Neither is there support for the pessimists' prediction that WLB is negatively associated with productivity. Finally, looking at US multinationals based in Europe we find an intriguing result that these firms appear to bring over their superior US management practices with them to Europe but then adopt more worker-friendly European work-life balance practices. Why US firms internationalize their management practices but localize their work-life balance practices appears to be due to a combination of regulations and social norms, an area of ongoing research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Les modes de flexibilite dans les etablissements francais (2006)
Bunel, Matthieu;Zitatform
Bunel, Matthieu (2006): Les modes de flexibilite dans les etablissements francais. In: Travail et emploi H. 106, S. 7-24.
Abstract
"This paper deals with the French firm's organisational design practices, as well as the factors which determine organisational design by using a 6 000 firms representative sample drawn in 2000 (Acemo survey). The use of overtime and short term contracts are the most useful flexible practices. Econometrics tests analyse successively the probability to use one of this flexible practice, and the intensity of the using. I identify the variables explaining such choices and I point out the existence of complementary and Substitution effects related to the use of such flexible practices regarding the firm's working time reduction process and regarding the firm's modulation/annualisation workplace agreement. Econometrics tests suggest the intern/extern flexible practice choice or the quantitative/qualitative flexible practice choice is not related to demand characteristics as assumed by theoretical studies. For instance, the fluctuation forecast does not affect the flexible practice choice. Finally a working time agreement has a negative impact on overtime but does not affect the use of short time contracts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Are the French happy with the 35-hour workweek? (2006)
Estevao, Marcello; Sa, Filipa;Zitatform
Estevao, Marcello & Filipa Sa (2006): Are the French happy with the 35-hour workweek? (IZA discussion paper 2459), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"Legally mandated reductions in the workweek can be either a constraint on individuals' choice or a tool to coordinate individuals' preferences for lower work hours. We confront these two hypotheses by studying the consequences of the workweek reduction in France from 39 to 35 hours, which was first applied to large firms in 2000. Using the timing difference by firm size to set up a quasi-experiment and data from the French labor force survey, we show that the law constrained the choice of a significant number of individuals: dual-job holdings increased, some workers in large firms went to small firms where hours were not constrained, and others were replaced by cheaper, unemployed individuals as relative hourly wages increased in large firms. Employment of persons directly affected by the law declined, although the net effect on aggregate employment was not significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
La negociation sur les 35 heures dans une municipalite: l'hybridation des formes de dialogue (2006)
Garabige, Alexandra;Zitatform
Garabige, Alexandra (2006): La negociation sur les 35 heures dans une municipalite. L'hybridation des formes de dialogue. In: Travail et emploi H. 105, S. 19-28.
Abstract
"This article analyses the effects on dynamics of industrial relations in French public services of the hybridisation of public and private models of manpower management. The study begins with the case of the negotiation over the reduction of working hours in a local council. In order 'to modernise the public services', the town council organises an original procedure of dialogue with the objective to reconcile participate democracy and representative democracy. From a detailed chronicle, the research shows how adjustments of the volume of working hours are negotiated between employers, trade-union and employees. It also aims at assessing the impact of these procedural innovations over the process of regulation and the service dispensed to the public." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and hours of work: the North Atlantic divide revisited (2006)
Zitatform
Pissarides, Christopher A. (2006): Unemployment and hours of work. The North Atlantic divide revisited. (CEP discussion paper 757), London, 51 S.
Abstract
"The author examines the dynamic evolutions of unemployment, hours of work and the service share since the war in the United States and Europe. The theoretical model brings together all three and emphasizes technological growth. Computations show that the very low unemployment in Europe in the 1960s was due to the high productivity growth associated with technological catch-up. Productivity also played a role in the dynamics of hours but a full explanation for the fast rise of service employment and the big fall in aggregate hours needs further research. Taxation has played a role but results are mixed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
35 heures: vers un nouvel equilibre entre travail et hors travail? (2005)
Alis, David; Joyeau, Anne; Campoy, Eric; Dumas, Mrc;Zitatform
Alis, David, Eric Campoy, Mrc Dumas & Anne Joyeau (2005): 35 heures: vers un nouvel equilibre entre travail et hors travail? In: Travail et emploi H. 101, S. 45-57.
Abstract
"The application of the reduction of working time (ARTT) constitutes a factor of development on a large scale for both individuals and organisations in French firms. This research attempts to improve our understanding of the ARTT agreements and to evaluate their impacts on the development of organisations, on attitudes and on behaviour at work; particularly as regards the implications for working time and non-working time. The methodology is based on a study of a single case using both quantitative and qualitative methods (interviews and questionnaires): The statistics approach enables us to measure and to analyse changes which appeared within individual behaviour undergoing the reduction of working time. The method of those interviews complements and highlights these statistics results. The field studied is a large insurance company in West of France where more than 1,200 employees have been working 35 hours since Spring 1999." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug