Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Predicting the Uptake of Long-Term Care Benefits in Austria (2025)
Zitatform
Famira-Mühlberger, Ulrike & Klaus Nowotny (2025): Predicting the Uptake of Long-Term Care Benefits in Austria. (WIFO working papers 707), Wien, 32 S.
Abstract
"We use administrative microdata and statistical learning methods to analyse how personal characteristics and the consumption of healthcare services help predict the first-time receipt of "long-term care allowance" (LTCA), a needs-tested cash-for-care benefit in Austria. Our findings suggest that short-term information from the health-care sector, particularly in the quarter prior to LTCA enrolment, provides substantial explanatory power. Apart from old age, the most influential predictors include the frequency of doctor visits and hospital stays as well as diagnoses such as dementia, cerebral infarction, and hypertension. Our findings emphasise the importance of data-driven approaches in anticipating the uptake of long-term care benefits and informing policy, especially against the background of the demographic transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paternity leave in Spain (2025)
Zitatform
Farré, Lídia, Libertad González, Claudia Hupkau & Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela (2025): Paternity leave in Spain. In: SERIEs, Jg. 16, H. 3-4, S. 749-784. DOI:10.1007/s13209-025-00320-1
Abstract
"Between 2017 and 2021, Spain progressively extended paternity leave from 2 to 16 weeks, equalizing it with maternity leave and introducing mandatory weeks. A 2018 reform also allowed fathers to split their leave. Using administrative data on all leave permits since 2016, we analyze trends in paternity leave take-up. Following the introduction of mandatory leave, the share of fathers taking leave increased by around 20 percentage points, and most now use nearly the full entitlement. The share opting to split leave has steadily grown, surpassing 50% by 2023. However, this behavior shows marked heterogeneity: While overall uptake is uniform across groups, leave-splitting is far more common among higher-income fathers and more prevalent in certain sectors. Spain’s experience illustrates how policy design can significantly increase paternity leave usage, though workplace flexibility and income-related constraints shape how fathers use that time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A social class analysis of desire and outcome concerning parental leave among first-time parents in Sweden: theoretical perspectives and reflections on policy relevance (2025)
Zitatform
Flisbäck, Marita (2025): A social class analysis of desire and outcome concerning parental leave among first-time parents in Sweden: theoretical perspectives and reflections on policy relevance. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2025.2575769
Abstract
"Parenthood is a practice through which both gender and class are created. Drawing on longitudinal qualitative interviews, this article explores how these processes unfold during the initial phase of parenthood. Analyzing Swedish first-time parents' plans and actual outcomes regarding parental leave, three main motivations emerge: promoting gender equality, bonding with their child, and creating a meaningful life. However, parents in blue-collar occupations seem to distance themselves from the rhetoric of Swedish gender equality policy. For them, parental leave is less about equal opportunities in family and work, and more about solidarity and collective responsibility. A further distinction arises between viewing parental leave as a way to enjoy the present and as a future investment – an idea echoed in recent Swedish family policy. These 'social distinctions' contribute to the formation of different existential mottos that shape parental engagement. Moreover, depending on their cultural and economic capital, and their positions within occupational fields, parents develop varying strategies to align the practice with their wishes. In this context, real freedom diverges from statutory rights. The limits of decommodification within the Swedish parental insurance system appear to affect both the most and least in-demand groups in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unpredictable Work Schedules and Gender Divisions of Domestic Labor (2025)
Fuller, Sylvia ; Cai, Manlin ; Doucet, Andrea ; Petts, Richard ; Reimer, Thordis ; Kurowska, Anna ; Lero, Donna ;Zitatform
Fuller, Sylvia, Manlin Cai, Richard Petts, Andrea Doucet, Anna Kurowska, Donna Lero & Thordis Reimer (2025): Unpredictable Work Schedules and Gender Divisions of Domestic Labor. In: Work and occupations, S. 1-44. DOI:10.1177/07308884251390866
Abstract
"Unpredictable work schedules dictated by employers can be difficult to reconcile with parental obligations. As such, they may motivate different strategies for managing and dividing domestic labor among partnered parents. Drawing on pooled cross-national survey data of dual-earner heterosexual parents of young children in Canada, Germany, Poland, Italy, Sweden, and the United States, we investigate the relationship between the predictability of parental work schedules and divisions of housework and childcare. Analyses reveal stronger adaptations in childcare than housework, with results suggesting that when parental availability is uncertain, families tend to rely more often on the partner with a regular schedule to manage and meet children's needs. When both parents have unpredictable schedules, fathers also take on a greater share of childcare. The implications of fathers’ unpredictable schedules thus differ depending on whether the mother also works an unpredictable schedule, highlighting the importance of analyzing parents’ schedules together. Household economic security and gender egalitarian attitudes around fathers’ caregiving also condition the relationship between unpredictable schedules and divisions of domestic labor. Overall, findings highlight the need to expand understanding of time availability in research on domestic labor beyond total work hours to wider and more relational temporal dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Crowded-out? Changes in informal childcare during the expansion of formal services in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Gambaro, Ludovica, Clara Schäper & C. Katharina Spieß (2025): Crowded-out? Changes in informal childcare during the expansion of formal services in Germany. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 383-398. DOI:10.1111/spol.13067
Abstract
"Informal childcare care by grandparents, other relatives or friends is an important source of support in many Western countries, including Germany. Yet the role of this type of care is often overlooked in accounts of social policies supporting families with children, which tend to focus on formal childcare. This article examines whether the large formal childcare expansion occurring in Germany in the last two decades has been accompanied by similar or opposite trends in informal childcare usage. It argues that accounting for both formal and informal childcare can offer a more accurate assessment of defamilisation effects of family policies. Drawing on representative data from the German Socio-Economic Panel the analysis identifies long-run developments of childcare arrangements for children aged 1–10 between 1997 and 2020, offering for the first time a comprehensive picture of how families with children of different ages mix informal care and service provision. Results show that on average the expansion of formal childcare was not associated with an equal reduction in informal childcare, lending little support to the crowding-out hypothesis. Further analyses distinguishing between population groups with different propensity to use formal childcare reveal, unexpectedly, remarkable similarities in the use of informal care throughout the period examined. The only exception are families with a migrant background, who tend to use informal childcare less than their counterparts. The general trend is, however, one whereby informal and formal care are increasingly combined." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Evolution of the Child Penalty and Gender-Related Inequality in the Netherlands, 1989–2022 (2025)
Zitatform
Gan, Renren, Egbert L. W. Jongen, Simon Rabaté & Bo Terpstra (2025): The Evolution of the Child Penalty and Gender-Related Inequality in the Netherlands, 1989–2022. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 18158), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"We study the evolution of the child penalty and gender-related inequality in the Netherlands. We use administrative panel data from 1989 to 2022 in an extension of the event study approach used in Kleven et al. (2019b). We document a substantial decline in child penalties (in earnings) for first-time mothers from 60% in the early 1990s to 35% in the 2010s. This decline is much larger than in the handful of other countries documented so far. However, looking at subperiods, we also find that the decline in the child penalty in the Netherlands has stalled in the mid 2000s, despite a steep rise in spending on formal childcare. Next, we decompose the gender-related inequality for parents into inequality related to children, education, migration background and a residual. We find that overall gender-related inequality and child-related gender inequality decline in parallel over time. The role of education and migration background is small and becomes less important over time. Hence, a substantial residual remains, and cannot be attributed to the aforementioned factors. We also show that the event-time window used is crucial for the contribution of the child penalty to the evolution of gender inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
300.000 Betreuungsplätze für unter Dreijährige fehlen: Eine Betrachtung der Entwicklung von Bestand und Bedarf an Betreuungsplätzen (2025)
Geis-Thöne, Wido;Zitatform
Geis-Thöne, Wido (2025): 300.000 Betreuungsplätze für unter Dreijährige fehlen. Eine Betrachtung der Entwicklung von Bestand und Bedarf an Betreuungsplätzen. (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2025,63), Köln, 24 S.
Abstract
"Hatte die Zahl der unter Dreijährigen in institutioneller Betreuung im Jahr 2023 mit 857.000 ihren Höchststand erreicht, ist sie bis zum Jahr 2025 wieder um 56.000 oder 6,5 Prozent auf nur noch 801.000 gesunken. Niedriger lag sie letztmals im Jahr 2018. Ursächlich hierfür sind vorwiegend die stark gesunkenen Kinderzahlen. Lebten Ende des Jahres 2022 noch 2,28 Millionen unter Dreijährige in Deutschland, waren es Ende des Jahres 2024 nur noch 2,12 Millionen. Gleichzeitig ist im letzten Jahr allerdings auch die Betreuungsquote leicht von 38,2 Prozent auf 37,8 Prozent gesunken (jeweils bezogen auf Kinderzahlen nach Korrektur der Bevölkerungsbestände mit dem Zensus 2022), was bisher nur einmal - im Umfeld der Corona-Pandemie im Jahr 2021 - der Fall war. Legt man die Angaben von Eltern zu den Betreuungswünschen für ihre unter Dreijährigen aus dem Vorjahr zugrunde, hätte im Jahr 2025 an sich ein Bedarf an 1,10 Millionen Betreuungsplätzen bestanden, womit sich rechnerisch eine Lücke von 300.000 Plätzen ergibt. Allerdings ist die Lage regional sehr unterschiedlich. Im Osten ist die Zahl der unter Dreijährigen zwischen dem 31. Dezember 2018 und dem 31. Dezember 2023 um 19,6 Prozent zurückgegangen und damit regelrecht eingebrochen. Damit einhergehend ist auch der rechnerische Bedarf an Betreuungsplätzen zwischen den Jahren 2019 und 2025 von 261.000 auf nur noch 213.000 gesunken. Diese negative Entwicklung dürfte sich noch weiter fortsetzen, da sich im Osten bei den Geburten bislang noch keine Trendumkehr abzeichnet. Auch ist die Betreuungsinfrastruktur mit einer Betreuungsquote von 54,9 Prozent im Jahr 2025 bereits sehr gut ausgebaut. So dürfte ein Rückbau nahezu unumgänglich sein. Allerdings betrifft dies nur die Einrichtungen und nicht das freiwerdende Personal, das eingesetzt werden sollte, um die Relationen zwischen den Betreuungskräften und Kindern zu verbessern und so die Qualität der Angebote zu stärken. In Westdeutschland lag der errechnete Bedarf an Betreuungsplätzen im Jahr 2025 mit 890.000 ähnlich hoch wie im Jahr 2019 mit 891.000. Dies erklärt sich nicht nur mit weit weniger stark rückläufigen Kinderzahlen als im Osten, sondern auch mit noch steigenden Betreuungswünschen der Eltern. Insbesondere in Baden-Württemberg und Bayern dürfte hier auch bei weitem noch nicht das Ende erreicht sein, wobei unter anderem auch die von staatlicher Seite gesteuerte Entwicklung der Elternbeiträge und weiterer Aspekte des institutionellen Rahmens einen Einfluss haben können. Derzeit fehlen in diesen beiden Ländern zusammen rechnerisch 87.000 Betreuungsplätze und in Nordrhein-Westfalen 85.000. Relativ zur Zahl der Kinder liegen die Lücken in Bremen, Rheinland-Pfalz, im Saarland und in Nordrhein-Westfalen mit Werten zwischen 18 Prozent und 19 Prozent am höchsten. Insgesamt ergibt sich für Westdeutschland eine Lücke von 15,6 Prozent. Besonders hoch ist die Betreuungsquote in Hamburg mit 49,3 Prozent, wohingegen sie beim Schlusslicht Bremen mit 31,3 Prozent um mehr als ein Drittel niedriger liegt. Dort besucht auch im Alter von drei Jahren noch mehr als ein Fünftel der Kinder keine Kita, was bei einer vergleichsweise heterogenen Bevölkerung mit Blick auf die Entwicklungs- und Teilhabechancen der Kinder sehr problematisch sein kann. Grundsätzlich sollte in den nächsten Jahren nicht nur darauf hingearbeitet werden, flächendeckend Betreuungsangebote zu machen, die die Bedarfe der Eltern möglichst vollständig decken. Wichtig ist es auch, Kinder mit besonderem Unterstützungsbedarf - insbesondere im Bereich des Erwerbs der deutschen Sprache - frühzeitig in die Kitas zu holen, auch wenn sich die Eltern an sich noch nicht unbedingt eine institutionelle Betreuung für sie wünschen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination (2025)
Zitatform
Gerich, Joachim & Martina Beham-Rabanser (2025): Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2025.2453175
Abstract
"Parental discrimination has been shown to be related to several risks, including impaired health, increased job stress, and decreased job satisfaction, which calls for increased awareness of parental discrimination. This paper analyzes fairness and legitimacy judgments of unequal treatment based on parental status at work and the antecedents that influence these judgments. Stereotypes of symbolic vilification that suggest lower commitment due to caring responsibilities, and symbolic amplification, which refers to rational economic organizational needs, are expected to rationalize discrimination. Moreover, we expect specific values and ideologies to be related to judgments of fairness and legitimacy, mediated by resonance with symbolic vilification and amplification. Analyses are based on survey data from a sample of employees aged between 20 and 45 years (n = 376). Respondents' evaluations of parental discrimination were measured using two fictional cases. The results suggest that greater acceptance of vilifying and amplifying justifications is triggered by a stronger preference for the ideal worker norm and traditional gender role expectations. Women tend to view discrimination as more unfair and illegitimate than men, while men's judgments are more strongly driven by economic reasoning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI) (2025)
Goldberg, Pinelopi; Gottlieb, Charles ; Lall, Somik V.; Lakshmi Ratan, Aishwarya; Peters, Michael ; Mehta, Meet;Zitatform
Goldberg, Pinelopi, Charles Gottlieb, Somik V. Lall, Meet Mehta, Michael Peters & Aishwarya Lakshmi Ratan (2025): The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI). (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20554), London, 58 S.
Abstract
"The extent to which women participate in the labor market varies greatly across the globe. If such differences reflect distortions that women face in accessing good jobs, they can reduce economic activity through a misallocation of talent. In this paper, we build on Hsieh et al. (2019) to provide a methodology to quantify these productivity consequences. The index we propose, the ”Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI)”, measures the losses in aggregate productivity that gender-based misallocation imposes. Our index allows us to separately identify labor demand distortions (e.g., discrimination in hiring for formal jobs) from labor supply distortions (e.g., frictions that discourage women’s labor force participation) and can be computed using data on labor income and job types. Our methodology also highlights an important distinction between welfare-relevant misallocation and the consequences on aggregate GDP if misallocation arises between market work and non-market activities. To showcase the versatility of our index, we analyze gender misallocation within countries over time, across countries over the development spectrum, and across local labor markets within countries. We find that misallocation is substantial and that demand distortions account for most of the productivity losses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Breadwinners and caregivers: Examining the global relationship between gender norms and economic behavior (2025)
Zitatform
Goldstein, Markus, Paula Gonzalez, Talip Kilic, Sreelakshmi Papineni & Philip Wollburg (2025): Breadwinners and caregivers: Examining the global relationship between gender norms and economic behavior. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. e12406. DOI:10.1111/sjpe.12406
Abstract
"Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market. We examine global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver , and broad support for gender equality in opportunities , and study their relationship with economic behavior. Using data collected via Facebook from 150,000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply, household production, and intra-household decision-making power within a country. We provide descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter-stereotypical are beliefs and norms, the more likely women are to work, the more time men spend on household chores, and the higher the likelihood of joint decision-making among married couples. Our findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is digital housekeeping care? Visions, legitimations and negotiations of care work in the smart home (2025)
Zitatform
Gruhlich, Julia, Nina Andrš Fárová, Sandra Frydrysiak & Petr Kodenko Kubala (2025): Is digital housekeeping care? Visions, legitimations and negotiations of care work in the smart home. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, Jg. 35, H. 3-4, S. 515-531. DOI:10.1007/s11609-025-00575-2
Abstract
"Mit dem Einzug von Smart-Home-Technologien in den Haushalt entsteht ein neuer Typus von Arbeit, für den der Begriff „digital housekeeping“ oder „digi-housekeeping“ geprägt wurde. Im Kontext der Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung wird in jüngster Zeit diskutiert, ob digitale Arbeit im Haushalt als eine Form von unbezahlter Hausarbeit angesehen werden kann. Da „digital housekeeping“ überwiegend von Männern geleistet wird, stellt sich in der Geschlechterforschung zudem die Frage, ob das Smart Home zu einer geschlechtergerechteren Verteilung der unbezahlten häuslichen Sorgearbeit beiträgt. In Abgrenzung zu anderen Studien, die untersucht haben, inwieweit die digitale Haushaltstätigkeit mit vorgegebenen Definitionen von Care übereinstimmt, wendet sich der vorliegende Beitrag dem Wissen und den Deutungen der Haushaltsmitglieder selbst zu. Auf der Basis ethnographischer Daten wird analysiert, wie digitale Hausarbeit im häuslichen Alltagshandeln mit Sorgetätigkeiten verbunden wird und welche Vorstellungen von Care in den Visionen, Legitimationsmustern und Aushandlungen des Smart Home zum Ausdruck kommen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women's labor market opportunities and equality in the household (2025)
Zitatform
Grönqvist, Erik, Yoko Okuyama, Lena Hensvik & Anna Thoresson (2025): Women's labor market opportunities and equality in the household. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2025,11), Uppsala, 57 S.
Abstract
"We study how changes in couples’ relative wages affect the division of childcare.Using a nationwide wage reform that raised pay in the female-dominated teaching profession, we find that closing 25% of the earnings gap between female teachers and their male spouses led to a 12% reduction in the childcare time gap. This result holds when we extend the analysis to major pay raises for women at the population level. Data support the mechanism that women reduce their childcare time when the spouse can step in by working more from home. Policies that address female pay can foster household equality if men have access to flexible work arrangements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rentenansprüche von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von Männern zurück (2025)
Zitatform
Haan, Peter, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Sarah Schmauk & Tatjana Mika (2025): Rentenansprüche von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von Männern zurück. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 92, H. 12, S. 183-189. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1
Abstract
"Der Gender Pension Gap, der den Unterschied bei den Rentenansprüchen zwischen Männern und Frauen misst, liegt laut Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung im Alter von 60 Jahren bei 32 Prozent. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich auch ein deutlicher Unterschied bei den gesetzlichen Rentenansprüchen zwischen Müttern und kinderlosen Frauen (Motherhood Pension Gap). Diesem Gap wirken die im Jahr 1986 eingeführten und seither mehrfach modifizierten Kindererziehungszeiten entgegen. Die Anrechnung von Kindererziehungszeiten reduziert die Unterschiede der Rentenanwartschaften zwischen kinderlosen Frauen und Müttern zwar deutlich, allerdings nur für die Jahre nach der Geburt. Für die Geburtsjahrgänge 1952 bis 1959 liegt der Motherhood Pension Gap im Alter von 60 Jahren in Westdeutschland bei 26 Prozent: Kindererziehungszeiten können den Rentennachteil von Müttern nicht ausgleichen. Weitere sozial- und steuerpolitische Maßnahmen, die eine gleichberechtigte Aufteilung von Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit fördern, sind notwendig. Neben dem Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung sind Reformen des Ehegattensplittings und der Minijobs sowie ein Umbau der Arbeitswelt erforderlich, der die Bedürfnisse von Sorgetragenden stärker berücksichtigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Winning the Bread and Baking it Too: Gendered Frictions in the Allocation of Home Production (2025)
Zitatform
Hancock, Kyle, Jeanne Lafortune & Corinne Low (2025): Winning the Bread and Baking it Too: Gendered Frictions in the Allocation of Home Production. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 33393), Cambridge, Mass, 66 S.
Abstract
"We document that female breadwinners do more home production than their male partners, driven by “housework” like cooking and cleaning. By comparing to same sex couples, we highlight that specialization within heterosexual households does not appear to be “gender neutral ” even after accounting for average earnings differences. One possible explanation would be a large comparative advantage in housework by women, a supposition commonly used to match aggregate labor supply statistics. Using a model, we show that while comparative advantage can match some stylized facts about how couples divide housework, it fails to match others, particularly that men's housework time is inelastic to relative household wages. Matching these facts requires some gendered wedge between the opportunity cost of housework time and its assignment within the household. We then turn to the implications for household formation. Gendered rigidities in the allocation of household tasks result in lower surplus for couples where women out-earn men than vice versa, providing a micro-founded reason for substantial literature showing that lower relative earning by men decreases marriage rates. We show that our mechanism —allocation of housework, rather than norms about earnings—plays a role by relating marriage rates to the ratio of home production time in US immigrants' countries of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries (2025)
Zitatform
Herzberg-Druker, Efrat (2025): Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 99. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101084
Abstract
"Numerous scholars have explored the association between women's changing employment patterns and the changing income inequality in recent decades. While most studies indicate that increased women's employment reduces household inequality, a few suggest the opposite effect. This research investigated whether shifts in the division of paid work (i.e., changes in the working hours) among heterosexual couples, as compared to changes in women's work alone, contribute to changes in income inequality. It also examined whether the selection of couples into the different types of division of paid work based on their level of education is a mechanism underlying the growing inequality. Based on counterfactual analyses of data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), encompassing 21 OECD countries, the findings demonstrate shifts in couples' division of paid work, particularly the increase in fulltime dual-earner households, are associated with rising income inequality in most countries studied. However, changes in educational attainment were not found to be the mechanism underlying the association between changes in couples' division of paid work and changes in income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Strukturwandel am Arbeitsmarkt durch die ökologische Transformation - Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt: Expertise für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung (2025)
Zitatform
Hohendanner, Christian, Markus Janser & Florian Lehmer (2025): Strukturwandel am Arbeitsmarkt durch die ökologische Transformation - Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Expertise für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung. Berlin, 94 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Expertise untersucht erstmals quantitativ die strukturellen Veränderungen des Arbeitsmarktes in Deutschland im Hinblick auf geschlechtsbezogene Aspekte, die im Zuge der ökologischen Transformation entstehen. Wir verwenden hierfür einen Tasks-basierten Ansatz zur Identifikation der betroffenen Akteur*innen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Dazu werden der Greenness-of-Jobs Index (GOJI) (Janser 2019, 2024), das IAB-Berufepanel (Version 2012-2022, inkl. GOJI) sowie deskriptive Statistiken auf Basis des IAB-Betriebspanels herangezogen. Das IAB-Berufepanel wie die Auswertungen des IAB-Betriebspanels sind auf der Homepage des IAB öffentlich zugänglich und können für weitere Analysen genutzt werden. Zusätzlich werden Maßnahmen diskutiert, die helfen könnten, mögliche Ungleichheiten in der ökologischen Transformation abzufedern und zu überwinden. Ziel der Expertise ist es, den Sachverständigen für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht eine fundierte empirische Grundlage zu den Veränderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und deren potenziellen Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse durch die ökologische Transformation zu liefern. Die Expertise zeigt auf, inwiefern Frauen und Männer gleichermaßen oder unterschiedlich von den Entwicklungen des Arbeitsmarktes profitieren bzw. betroffen sind. Es wird dargestellt, in welchen Branchen und Berufen sich Tätigkeitsfelder verändert haben und neue Beschäftigungsverhältnisse entstanden bzw. weggefallen sind – jeweils mit besonderem Fokus auf die Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern. Vor dem Hintergrund aller zusammengetragenen Erkenntnisse wird abschließend diskutiert, inwiefern die bisherigen Ergebnisse darauf hindeuten, dass sich geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede bzw. Ungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in der ökologischen Transformation eher angleichen oder weiter auseinanderentwickeln." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The balancing and conflict between work and family life of sandwiched caregivers: A scoping review (2025)
Zitatform
Honda, Ayumi, Mayo Ono, Takahiro Nishida & Sumihisa Honda (2025): The balancing and conflict between work and family life of sandwiched caregivers: A scoping review. In: Safety and Health at Work, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 156-163. DOI:10.1016/j.shaw.2025.04.004
Abstract
"The aim of this scoping review was to advance our understanding of the balancing and conflict between work and family life experienced by sandwiched caregivers. Five online databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library) were systematically searched between 20 Apr 2024 to 11 July 2024 for articles written in English and published between 1999 and July 2024, focused on the impact factors on work–family life balance and/or conflict of sandwiched caregivers. These database searches identified 58 citations, which results in 46 unique articles following the removal of duplicates. Title and abstract screening were identified for full-text review, twenty of these were excluded at full-text review, and leaving 13 articles for inclusion. We identified and categorized into three key themes: (1) Conflicts between work and family life and (2) Impact of conflicts between work and family life on psychological well-being and (3) Coping for conflicts between work and family life. The literature reviews suggested that the balancing and conflict between work and family life were associated with work hours, flexibilities in work and workplace, and partner support in the sandwiched caregivers. Especially, flexible work arrangements and maintaining social connection were the stress coping strategies for balancing of work and family life. In an aging society, building a truly supportive and flexible workplace culture, along with increasing and utilizing formal care services for child-rearing and aged care, is more effective in promoting the well-being of sandwiched caregivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institute, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's educational advantage and the gendered division of housework: Couples in France, Germany, Italy and the UK (2025)
Zitatform
Hook, Jennifer & Tiziana Nazio (2025): Women's educational advantage and the gendered division of housework: Couples in France, Germany, Italy and the UK. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 37, S. 81-97. DOI:10.20377/jfr-1168
Abstract
"Objective: This study explores how women's increased educational advantage is associated with gender (in)equality in housework across four different European cultural and institutional contexts. Background: The rising gender gap in educational attainment - favoring women - across rich nations increased educationally hypogamous couples (where her attainment is greater than his). Several theories suggest this might equalize the division of housework by women's relative and absolute level of educational attainment. Method: Couple-level time diary data from the harmonized Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS-X and MTUS) and national time use surveys for opposite-sex couples in France 1985 and 2009, Italy 1989 and 2013, Germany 1991 and 2013, and the UK 1983 and 2014 are used to examine the relationship between women's absolute and relative educational attainment and housework. Results: Women's (and men's) own educational attainment, rather than hypogamy, is strongly associated with lower time spent on housework by women and higher by men, primarily in contexts with more traditional gender roles where housework is more unequally distributed, like in Italy and France in the 2010s, and all examined countries in the 1980s. Conclusion: Results are most consistent with a diffusion perspective, but also suggest the limitations of women's rising educational attainment alone in spurring greater equality in housework." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave, Worker Substitutability, and Firms' Employment (2025)
Zitatform
Huebener, Mathias, Jonas Jessen, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2025): Parental Leave, Worker Substitutability, and Firms' Employment. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 135, H. 669, S. 1467-1495., 2024-12-06. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueae114
Abstract
"Motherhood and parental leave are frequent causes of worker absences and employment interruptions, yet little is known about their effects on firms. Based on linked employer-employee data from Germany, we examine how parental leave absences affect small-and medium-sized firms. We show that they anticipate the absence with replacement hirings in the six months before childbirth. A 2007 parental leave reform extending leave absences reduces firm-level employment and total wages up to three years after childbirth, driven by firms with few internal substitutes for the absent mother. However, we do not find longer-term effects on firms’ employment, wage bill, or likelihood to shut down. The reform led to an increase in replacement hirings, but firms did not respond to longer expected absences of mothers by subsequently hiring fewer young women. Overall, our findings show that anticipated, extended parental leave does not have a lasting impact on firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford University Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Veränderungen am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt - Einflüsse und Entwicklungen: Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 9.7.2025 (2025)
Hummel, Markus; Zika, Gerd ; Kunaschk, Max; Weber, Enzo ; Popp, Martin ; Kovalenko, Tim ; Schmidtke, Julia ; Kohaut, Susanne; Schwengler, Barbara;Zitatform
Hummel, Markus, Susanne Kohaut, Tim Kovalenko, Max Kunaschk, Martin Popp, Julia Schmidtke, Barbara Schwengler, Enzo Weber & Gerd Zika (2025): Veränderungen am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt - Einflüsse und Entwicklungen. Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 9.7.2025. (IAB-Stellungnahme 02/2025), Nürnberg, 18 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2502
Abstract
"Zur Vorbereitung des Jahresgutachtens 2025/2026 des Sachverständigenrats zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wurde das IAB um seine Expertise zur Einschätzung der folgenden Themen gebeten: - Entwicklung des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts - Auswirkungen der Handelspolitik, des Sondervermögens Infrastruktur und der erhöhten Verteidigungsausgaben auf den Arbeitsmarkt - Entwicklung der Beschäftigung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe - Auswirkungen der informellen Pflege auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Erkenntnisse, die das IAB bereits Juli 2025 hierzu vorgelegt hat, werden in der vorliegenden Stellungnahme zusammengefasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Hummel, Markus; Zika, Gerd ; Kunaschk, Max; Weber, Enzo ; Popp, Martin ; Kovalenko, Tim ; Schmidtke, Julia ; Kohaut, Susanne; Schwengler, Barbara;
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug