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Olsen, Karen M. (2021): Employment Trade-Offs under Different Family Policy Constellations. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 37-56. DOI:10.1177/0950017019892827

Abstract

"This article examines how employees consolidate the spheres of work and family in three countries with different family policy constellations: Sweden, Germany and Great Britain. The analyses are based on data from the International Social Survey Programme, 2015. Building on family policy typologies, the study demonstrates how gender and family and employment demands interact with the institutional setting regarding how people make employment trade-offs. The results show that (1) employees in Sweden make the fewest employment trade-offs, (2) family demands exert a gendered effect on employment trade-offs in Germany and (3) employment demands have both similar and distinct gender effects across countries. The article contributes to the literature by showing how individual characteristics interact with family policy constellations. The findings provide little support for a welfare-state paradox regarding family demands but some support with regard to employment demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rueda, Valeria & Guillaume Wilemme (2021): Career Paths with a Two-Body Problem: Occupational Specialization and Geographic Mobility. (Upjohn Institute working paper 346), Kalamazoo, Mich., 25 S. DOI:10.17848/wp21-346

Abstract

"We develop a model of joint job search and occupational choice in which job opportunities can be incompatible inside the couple. Typically, incompatibilities may arise because jobs are not in the same location. We show that the existence of incompatible jobs pushes some couples to sacrifice the career of one partner. The model predicts occupational switches throughout the career and at the time of couple formation. Gendered equilibria, whereby all women (or men) choose the accommodating occupation, may arise. Any element of ex-ante unfavorable gender gaps - for instance, due to discrimination or norms - is amplified and can generate large systemic differences in gender composition between occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stenpaß, Anna (2021): Pendelmobilität und partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung. Eine Studie über Geschlechterungleichheiten in heterosexuellen Paarbeziehungen. (Research), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 298 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-31746-1

Abstract

"Anna Stenpaß verbindet in dieser Studie quantitative und qualitative Daten, um ein umfassendes Bild von einem bisher wenig erforschten Untersuchungsfeld zu erhalten. Anhand eines Mixed-Methods Ansatzes untersucht sie den Einfluss beruflicher Pendelmobilität auf die innerpartnerschaftliche Verteilung der Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung. Sie verdeutlicht, dass eine ungleiche Verteilung dieser Arbeiten auch im Zusammenhang mit der Pendelmobilität besteht. Insbesondere weibliche Pendler tragen oftmals weiterhin die Hauptverantwortung für die Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung, auch wenn sie neben der Erwerbstätigkeit berufsbedingt pendeln – und stehen damit einer Dreifachbelastung gegenüber. Wohlgleich verdeutlichen die Analysen, dass sich auch Möglichkeiten 'harmonischer' Arrangements etablieren lassen. Wie die Pendler*innen mit den unbezahlten Arbeiten umgehen und welche Arrangements sie im Umgang mit diesen herstellen, hängt von einem Zusammenspiel handlungstheoretischer Aspekte, normativer Einstellungen sowie der subjektiven Wahrnehmung der Pendelmobilität und deren Nutzen und Kosten ab." (Autorenreferat, © 2020 Springer)

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Zucco, Aline & Yvonne Lott (2021): Stand der Gleichstellung: Ein Jahr mit Corona. (WSI-Report 64), Düsseldorf, 27 S.

Abstract

"Die Corona-Krise schränkt das soziale und wirtschaftliche Leben in Deutschland stark ein. Neben dem Anstieg von Kurzarbeit waren und sind viele Beschäftigte aufgrund der eingeschränkten institutionellen Kinderbetreuung gezwungen, ihre Arbeitszeit zu verkürzen oder Kinderbetreuung im Homeoffice zu leisten. Da vor allem Frauen bereits vor der Krise den Löwenanteil an Sorgearbeit übernahmen, geht der vorliegende Report der folgenden Frage nach: Wie hat sich die Krise auf die Geschlechterungleichheit ausgewirkt? Dabei wird die Entwicklung des Gender Pay Gap, Gender Time Gap und Gender Care Gap in den Blick genommen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buchanan, Tom, Anupam Das & Adian McFarlane (2020): Gender differences in within-couple influences on work-family balance satisfaction. When benefits become threats. In: Journal of family studies, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 106-125. DOI:10.1080/13229400.2017.1335225

Abstract

"Using the 2010 General Social Survey in Time Use (Canadian time diary data, N?=?1785), we explore the impact of spouses' time spent on childcare and other work-family factors on parents' work-family balance satisfaction. We examine how benefits compare to threats to parenting time and the relative impact on satisfaction with work-family balance. Our findings indicate that benefits to parenting time (working regular shift, fewer hours, and flextime) increase work-family balance. Threats to parenting (hiring of childcare, spouse's household labour), which should benefit work-family balance, decrease satisfaction. We find mothers' satisfaction with work-family balance is unaffected by increased childcare time spent by fathers. In contrast, mothers' increased childcare time is associated with lower satisfaction with work-family balance for fathers. We argue Canadian fathers may be feeling increased cultural pressure to participate more fully in parenting. Fathers potentially perceive mothers' predominant parenting as a threat to new expectations while mothers perceive fathers' new expectations as a benefit. Alternatively, fathers may feel neglected as a result of mothers' focus on parenting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cabrita, Jorge, Julie Vanderleyden, Isabella Biletta & Barbara Gerstenberger (2020): Gender equality at work. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Genf, 93 S. DOI:10.2806/934654

Abstract

"Gender inequality at work persists across Europe, despite the long standing attention paid and efforts made to tackle it. This Eurofound report presents a closer look at women’s and men’s working conditions, using data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and complementing previous Eurofound research on, among other things, working time patterns, work–life balance and workers’ health. Beyond the general differences in the labour market, it highlights many important gaps in men’s and women’s working conditions and job quality which require specific attention. According to the EWCS data, the reduction of gender gaps in those areas showing improvement over the last 5 to 10 years remains limited. European and national strategies aimed at achieving job quality for all, that seek to mainstream gender equality, could help address persistent inequalities between men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash, Antje Mertens & Laura Romeu Gordo (2020): Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants. In: Social science research, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102348

Abstract

"This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants."(Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)

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Florean, Daniele & Henriette Engelhardt (2020): His and her working hours and well-Being in Germany: A longitudinal crossover-spillover analysis. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 249-273. DOI:10.20377/jfr-372

Abstract

"Diese Arbeit untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsstunden und Wohlbefinden bei verheirateten und unverheirateten Personen auf Paarebene. Auf Grundlage von Daten aus dem German Socio-Economic Panel Survey (SOEP) untersuchen wir, wie das individuelle Wohlbefinden der Befragten und ihrer Partner von der geleisteten Anzahl an Arbeitsstunden beeinflusst wird. Wir untersuchen auch mögliche Übertragungsmechanismen zwischen den beiden Variablen, nämlich das Einkommen, die Stunden, die mit Hausarbeit und Betreuungsarbeit verbracht werden, und eine mögliche Diskrepanz zwischen gewünschten und tatsächlichen Stunden. Mit Hilfe eines hybriden Panelmodells finden wir Ansatzpunkte für geschlechtsabhängige Zusammenhänge: Frauen berichten keine andere oder eine geringere Zufriedenheit, wenn sich die Arbeitszeit ihres Partners erhöht, und dasselbe gilt für Männer. Die eigene Arbeitszeit hat jedoch einen kleinen, nicht signifikanten positiven Effekt auf die Lebenszufriedenheit von Männern, wohingegen sie für Frauen den gegenteiligen Effekt hat. Das Vorhandensein von kleinen Kindern im Haushalt unter Kontrolle des Einkommens untermauern diese Ergebnisse. Wir schließen daraus, dass die Befragten zufriedener sind, wenn ihr Verhalten und das Verhalten ihres Partners den traditionellen Rollen, wo die Frau den Haushalt führt und der Mann der Haupternährer der Familie ist, entspricht. Das Fehlen eines starken Zusammenhangs bzgl. aktueller und gewünschter Zeit weist zusätzlich daraufhin, dass die Ergebnisse mit traditionellen Einstellungen hinsichtlich der Geschlechterrollen und der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zusammenhängen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Giménez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2020): The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 13461), 42 S.

Abstract

"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Miettinen, Anneli & Marika Jalovaara (2020): Unemployment delays first birth but not for all. Life stage and educational differences in the effects of employment uncertainty on first births. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 43. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100320

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense & Wim Van Lancker (Hrsg.) (2020): The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy. Cham: Springer Palgrave Macmillan, 721 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2

Abstract

"This open access handbook provides a multilevel view on family policies, combining insights on family policy outcomes at different levels of policymaking: supra-national organizations, national states, sub-national or regional levels, and finally smaller organizations and employers. At each of these levels, a multidisciplinary group of expert scholars assess policies and their implementation, such as child income support, childcare services, parental leave, and leave to provide care to frail and elderly family members. The chapters evaluate their impact in improving children’s development and equal opportunities, promoting gender equality, regulating fertility, productivity and economic inequality, and take an intersectional perspective related to gender, class, and family diversity. The editors conclude by presenting a new research agenda based on five major challenges pertaining to the levels of policy implementation (in particular globalization and decentralization), austerity and marketization, inequality, changing family relations, and welfare states adapting to women’s empowered roles." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Springer) ((en))

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Schnurr, Stephanie, Olga Zayts, Andreas Schroeder & Catherine Le Coyte-Hopkins (2020): 'It's not acceptable for the husband to stay at home': Taking a discourse analytical approach to capture the gendering of work. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 414-434. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12408

Abstract

"This article illustrates some of the ways in which the notion of (paid) work is actively being gendered, and how these gendering processes take place not only through organizational practices but also in discourses that circulate outside an organization in the private domain. Drawing on 15 in-depth interviews with women who opted out of their own professional career in order to accompany their husbands on their overseas work assignment to Hong Kong, we demonstrate some of the benefits of using a discourse analytical approach to capturing and identifying the processes through which these women actively (although not necessarily consciously) gender the notion of work, thereby reinforcing the gender order and its male bias. We argue that identifying and making visible these gendered and gendering practices is an important component of, and a potential trigger for, change both in organizations as well as private contexts." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Wimbauer, Christine & Mona Motakef (2020): Prekäre Arbeit, prekäre Liebe. Über Anerkennung und unsichere Lebensverhältnisse. Frankfurt am Main ; New York: Campus Verlag, 420 S.

Abstract

"Erwerbsarbeit und Paarbeziehungen sind wichtige Quellen für Anerkennung. Doch was geschieht, wenn Arbeit prekär wird? Wie wirken sich unsichere Arbeitsverhältnisse und Anerkennungsdefizite auf die Liebe aus, auf Beziehungen und auf die Lebenszusammenhänge der Menschen überhaupt? Welche Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern werden sichtbar? Das Buch zeichnet anhand von Interviews eindrücklich nach, welch destruktives Potenzial prekäre Erwerbsarbeit entfalten kann und was das für die Einzelnen, für Paare und für die Gesellschaft bedeutet. Außerdem entwickeln die Autorinnen Vorschläge, wie sich auf prekäre Beschäftigung, Geschlechterungleichheiten sowie auf Anerkennungsbedürftigkeit und Verletzbarkeit reagieren lässt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2020): Care-Arrangements and Parental Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. (LIfBi working paper 91), Bamberg, 39 S. DOI:10.5157/LIfBi:WP91:2.0

Abstract

"This study examines the short-term consequences for care-arrangements and resulting changes in well-being among parents, who were affected by the closure of schools and institutional childcare during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. By applying multinomial logistic regression models to novel panel data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS-Corona_CAWI_C2), the study finds that mothers play a key role in the ad-hoc care-arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic confirming the traditional division of family work in German couples. Moreover, the results illustrate the importance of working conditions, especially the possibility of remote work, in the bargaining processes of parents. However, contrary to our assumptions, parents’ well-being was not influenced by the chosen care-arrangement during the first months of the crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): 4. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 04), Berlin, 98 S.

Abstract

"Der nun vorliegende 4. Atlas ist eine aktualisierte Version des erstmals 2009 herausgegebenen Atlas. Ziel des Atlas ist es, die Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen.1 Mit jeder Aktualisierung waren auch eine Weiterentwicklung des Atlas verbunden sowie die Aufnahme neuer Indikatoren. Im 4. Atlas hat sich dadurch die Struktur des Atlas noch einmal verändert. Indikatoren mit Bezug zum Spannungsfeld „Erwerbsarbeit und Sorgearbeit“ sind jetzt zu einem eigenständigen Kapitel zusammengefasst." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Das Dossier zur Verteilung unbezahlter Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern geht der Frage nach, warum Frauen mehr Zeit für Haushaltsführung, Pflege und Betreuung von Kindern und Erwachsenen sowie ehrenamtliches Engagement und informelle Hilfen aufbringen als Männer. Die Broschüre bildet die Grundlage für eine breite gesellschaftliche Diskussion darüber, wie Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gerechter zwischen den Geschlechtern aufgeteilt werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bloome, Deirdre, Derek Burk & Leslie McCall (2019): Economic Self-Reliance and Gender Inequality between U.S. Men and Women. 1970-2010. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 124, H. 5, S. 1413-1467. DOI:10.1086/702278

Abstract

"Women have become increasingly economically self-reliant, depending more on paid employment for their positions in the income distribution than in the past. We know little about what happened to men, however, because most prior research restricts changes in self-reliance to be 'zero-sum,' with women's changes necessitating opposite and proportionate changes among men. This article introduces a measure that allows asymmetric changes and also incorporates multiple population subgroups and income sources beyond couples' labor earnings. Using Current Population Survey data, the authors find that women's self-reliance increased dramatically, as expected, but men's declined only slightly. The authors decompose these trends into changes in family structure and redistribution, which increased and decreased self-reliance, respectively, for men and women, though more for women. Labor market shifts, by contrast, were asymmetric and opposing, reducing men's self-reliance much less than they increased women's. The authors' approach opens opportunities for new insight into both gender inequality and the income attainment process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bosquet, Clément, Pierre-Philippe Combes & Cecilia García-Peñalosa (2019): Gender and promotions: Evidence from academic economists in France. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 121, H. 3, S. 1020-1053. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12300

Abstract

"The promotion system for French academic economists provides an interesting environment to examine the promotion gap between men and women. Promotions occur through national competitions for which we have information both on candidates and on those eligible to be candidates. We can then examine the two stages of the process: application and success. Women are less likely to seek promotion, and this accounts for up to 76% of the promotion gap. Being a woman also reduces the probability of promotion conditional on applying, although the gender difference is not statistically significant. Our results highlight the importance of the decision to apply." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brimblecombe, Simon & Shea McClanahan (2019): Improving gender outcomes in social security retirement systems. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 327-342. DOI:10.1111/spol.12476

Abstract

"Assessing whether retirement systems meet their varying objectives requires analysing outcomes across different categories of beneficiaries with different working, financial, demographic, and family situations. Policymakers should therefore assess systems on the distribution of outcomes rather than average outcomes.
Much has been written about the gender inequalities inherent in labour markets and how these are reflected and reproduced in pension systems, and there is growing evidence that recent reforms have exacerbated these trends. Recent research has turned to the policy measures available to policymakers to forestall or reverse these trends, but this literature tends to overlook important administrative measures that have the potential to reduce inequalities in access that could improve pension outcomes for women within the current policy framework. This paper examines the main issues surrounding gender inequality in retirement outcomes; explores the implications of recent reform trends in light of the differential outcomes for women, including policy options to mitigate the negative impacts; and concludes with a review of key administrative measures, including streamlining affiliation procedures, improving information, and simplifying payment of contributions and receipt of benefits and better compliance of employers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Chiappori, Pierre André, José Alberto Molina, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2019): Intertemporal labor supply and intra-household commitment. (IZA discussion paper 12353), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper adopts an intertemporal labor supply perspective to propose a test that allows us to distinguish between intra-household non-commitment, limited commitment, and full commitment. It investigates whether, after controling for current and future (expected) wages, past wage shocks have a lasting and significant impact on present labor supply and public consumption. Using a semi-log parametrization of labor supply and data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the US, the paper shows positive evidence in favor of the limited commitment model. Specifically, unexpected past wage shocks affect labor supply in exactly the way predicted by theory, as spouses' past wage deviations have a negative impact on their labor supply and a positive impact on their spouses'. In addition, wives' past wage shocks also impact negatively household public expenditure on housing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))