Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage lessons (2012)
Schmitt, John;Zitatform
Schmitt, John (2012): Low-wage lessons. Washington, DC, 13 S.
Abstract
"Over the last two decades, high - and, in some countries, rising - rates of low-wage work have emerged as a major political concern. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in 2009, about one-fourth of U.S. workers were in low-wage jobs, defined as earning less than two-thirds of the national median hourly wage. About one-fifth of workers in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and Germany were receiving low wages by the same definition. In all but a handful of the rich OECD countries, more than 10 percent of the workforce was in a low-wage job.
If low-wage jobs act as a stepping stone to higher-paying work, then even a relatively high share of low-wage work may not be a serious social problem. If, however, as appears to be the case in much of the wealthy world, low-wage work is a persistent and recurring state for many workers, then low-wages may contribute to broader income and wealth inequality and constitute a threat to social cohesion. This report draws five lessons on low-wage work from the recent experiences of the United States and other rich economies in the OECD." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Bad jobs on the rise (2012)
Schmitt, John; Jones, Janelle;Zitatform
Schmitt, John & Janelle Jones (2012): Bad jobs on the rise. Washington, DC, 18 S.
Abstract
"The decline in the economy's ability to create good jobs is related to deterioration in the bargaining power of workers, especially those at the middle and the bottom of the pay scale. The restructuring of the U.S. labor market - including the decline in the inflation-adjusted value of the minimum wage, the fall in unionization, privatization, deregulation, pro-corporate trade agreements, a dysfunctional immigration system, and macroeconomic policy that has with few exceptions kept unemployment well above the full employment level - has substantially reduced the bargaining power of U.S. workers, effectively pulling the bottom out of the labor market and increasing the share of bad jobs in the economy.
In this paper, we define a bad job as one that pays less than $37,000 per year (in inflation-adjusted 2010 dollars); lacks employer-provided health insurance; and has no employer-sponsored retirement plan. By our calculations, about 24 percent of U.S. workers were in a bad job in 2010 (the most recently available data). The share of bad jobs in the economy is substantially higher than it was in 1979, when 18 percent of workers were in a bad job by the same definition. The problems we identify here are long-term and largely unrelated to the Great Recession. Most of the increase in bad jobs - to 22 percent in 2007 - occurred before the recession and subsequent weak recovery." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2012: schwache Mindestlohnentwicklung unter staatlicher Austeritätspolitik (2012)
Schulten, Thorsten;Zitatform
Schulten, Thorsten (2012): WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2012. Schwache Mindestlohnentwicklung unter staatlicher Austeritätspolitik. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 65, H. 2, S. 124-130. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2012-2-124
Abstract
"Der WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2012 gibt einen aktuellen Überblick über die gegenwärtige Mindestlohnpolitik in Europa und ausgewählten außereuropäischen Staaten. Unter Auswertung der WSI-Mindestlohndatenbank werden neueste Daten zur Höhe und Entwicklung gesetzlicher Mindestlöhne präsentiert. Im Jahr 2011 wurden die Mindestlöhne in der Regel nur geringfügig angehoben oder sogar gänzlich eingefroren. In den meisten europäischen Ländern erlitten die Mindestlohnbezieher zum Teil deutliche Reallohnverluste. Im Rahmen des aktuellen Krisenmanagements in der Europäischen Union wurde die Mindestlohnpolitik zum Bestandteil einer allgemeinen Austeritätspolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The future of work: Trends and challenges for low-wage workers (2012)
Thiess, Rebecca;Zitatform
Thiess, Rebecca (2012): The future of work: Trends and challenges for low-wage workers. (EPI briefing paper 341), Washington, DC, 15 S.
Abstract
"This paper focuses on low-wage workers - who they are, where they work, where they live, and what their future challenges may be in regards to education/skill requirements, job quality, and wages. Analysis of employment projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reveals that the future of work will be shaped by much more than labor market skill demands. And in the future, rising wages will depend more on the wage growth within occupations than on any change in the mix of occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage increases under straightened circumstances (2011)
Zitatform
Addison, John T., McKinley L. Blackburn & Chad D. Cotti (2011): Minimum wage increases under straightened circumstances. (IZA discussion paper 6036), Bonn, 42 S.
Abstract
"Do apparently large minimum wage increases in an environment of recession produce clearer evidence of disemployment effects than is typically observed in the new minimum wage literature? This paper augments the sparse literature on the most recent increases in the U.S. minimum wage, using three different data sets and the two main estimation strategies for handling geographically-disparate trends. The evidence is generally unsupportive of negative employment effects, still less of a 'recessionary multiplier.' Minimum wage workers seem to be concentrated in sectors of the economy for which the labor demand response to wage mandates is minimal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time binds: US antipoverty policies, poverty, and the well-being of single mothers (2011)
Zitatform
Albelda, Randy (2011): Time binds: US antipoverty policies, poverty, and the well-being of single mothers. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 189-214. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.602355
Abstract
"Many US antipoverty programs and measures assume mothers have little, intermittent, or no employment and therefore have sufficient time to care for children, perform household tasks, and apply for and maintain eligibility for these programs. Employment-promotion policies directed toward low-income mothers since the late 1980s have successfully increased their time in the labor force. However, low wages and insufficient employer-based benefits often leave employed single mothers with inadequate material resources to support families and less time to care for their children. The lack of consideration given to the value of poor women's time in both the administration and benefit levels of antipoverty government support, as well as the measures used to calculate poverty, place more binds on poor and low-income mothers' time. Ignoring these binds causes researchers and policymakers to overestimate single mothers' well-being and reduces the effectiveness of the policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working for peanuts: Nonstandard work and food insecurity across household structure (2011)
Coleman-Jensen, Alisha J.;Zitatform
Coleman-Jensen, Alisha J. (2011): Working for peanuts: Nonstandard work and food insecurity across household structure. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 84-97. DOI:10.1007/s10834-010-9190-7
Abstract
"This study investigates the relationship between household head's work form (by considering number of hours worked and multiple job holding) and household food insecurity utilizing the Food Security Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Households where the head is employed in multiple jobs, in work with varied hours, or part-time work are more likely to be food insecure than households with a head in a regular full-time job, even when controlling for income and other social demographic characteristics. Models are estimated separately for married couple, cohabiting, male-headed, female-headed and single-person households to show the interaction between work form and household structure. The relationship between food insecurity and nonstandard work arrangements may be due to unstable incomes and complex schedules." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective (2011)
Zitatform
Gesthuizen, Maurice, Heike Solga & Ralf Künster (2011): Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 264-280. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq006
Abstract
"This article explains the different extent of economic marginalization of low-educated persons in different countries. Research on economic marginalization mainly studies the so-called displacement mechanism: the higher the high-skill supply is in relation to the high-skill demand, the higher is the risk of being unemployed for low-educated workers. In this article, we examine their economic marginalization in terms of status position. This research expands the explanation of economic marginalization of low-educated workers by scrutinizing additional causes, such as negative social selection, negative cognitive competence selection, and the increasing negative signal of being low educated (discredit). The results of the country comparison, using multilevel estimation techniques with inclusion of cross-level interactions, depict that, indeed, educational differences in socio-economic status attainment are larger in countries where the average competence of the group is low, the social composition is unfavourable, and the size of the low-educated group is relatively small. By considering these additional explanations, we are now better able to understand the economic vulnerability of low-educated people in educationally expanded countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Offshoring jobs?: multinationals and U.S. manufacturing employment (2011)
Zitatform
Harrison, Ann & Margaret McMillan (2011): Offshoring jobs? Multinationals and U.S. manufacturing employment. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 93, H. 3, S. 857-875. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00085
Abstract
"Using firm-level data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, we estimate the impact on U.S. manufacturing employment of changes in foreign affiliate wages. We show that the motive for offshoring and, consequently, the location of offshore activity, significantly affects the impact of offshoring on parent employment. In general, offshoring to low-wage countries substitutes for domestic employment. However, for firms that do significantly different tasks at home and abroad, foreign and domestic employment are complements. These offsetting effects may be combined to show that offshoring by U.S.-based multinationals is associated with a quantitatively small decline in manufacturing employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage channels of adjustment (2011)
Zitatform
Hirsch, Barry T., Bruce E. Kaufman & Tetyana Zelenska (2011): Minimum wage channels of adjustment. (IZA discussion paper 6132), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"The economic impact of the 2007-2009 increases in the federal minimum wage (MW) is analyzed using a sample of quick-service restaurants in Georgia and Alabama. Store-level biweekly payroll records for individual employees are used, allowing us to precisely measure the MW compliance cost for each restaurant. We examine a broad range of adjustment channels in addition to employment, including hours, prices, turnover, training, performance standards, and non-labor costs. Exploiting variation in the cost impact of the MW across restaurants, we find no significant effect of the MW increases on employment or hours over the three years. Cost increases were instead absorbed through other channels of adjustment, including higher prices, lower profit margins, wage compression, reduced turnover, and higher performance standards. These findings are compared with MW predictions from competitive, monopsony, and institutional/behavioral models; the latter appears to fit best in the short run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Good jobs, bad jobs: the rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s to 2000s (2011)
Kalleberg, Arne L.;Zitatform
Kalleberg, Arne L. (2011): Good jobs, bad jobs. The rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s to 2000s. (American Sociological Association's Rose Series in Sociology), New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 292 S.
Abstract
"The economic boom of the 1990s veiled a grim reality: in addition to the growing gap between rich and poor, the gap between good and bad quality jobs was also expanding. The postwar prosperity of the mid-twentieth century had enabled millions of American workers to join the middle class, but as the author shows, by the 1970s this upward movement had slowed, in part due to the steady disappearance of secure, well-paying industrial jobs. Ever since, precarious employment has been on the rise - paying low wages, offering few benefits, and with virtually no long-term security. Today, the polarization between workers with higher skill levels and those with low skills and low wages is more entrenched than ever. The book traces this trend to large-scale transformations in the American labor market and the changing demographics of low-wage workers. The author draws on nearly four decades of survey data, as well as his own research, to evaluate trends in U.S. job quality and suggest ways to improve American labor market practices and social policies. The book provides an insightful analysis of how and why precarious employment is gaining ground in the labor market and the role these developments have played in the decline of the middle class. The author shows that by the 1970s, government deregulation, global competition, and the rise of the service sector gained traction, while institutional protections for workers - such as unions and minimum-wage legislation - weakened. Together, these forces marked the end of postwar security for American workers. The composition of the labor force also changed significantly; the number of dual-earner families increased, as did the share of the workforce comprised of women, non-white, and immigrant workers. Of these groups, blacks, Latinos, and immigrants remain concentrated in the most precarious and low-quality jobs, with educational attainment being the leading indicator of who will earn the highest wages and experience the most job security and highest levels of autonomy and control over their jobs and schedules." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-skilled immigrant entrepreneurship (2011)
Lofstrom, Magnus;Zitatform
Lofstrom, Magnus (2011): Low-skilled immigrant entrepreneurship. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 25-44. DOI:10.1007/s11150-010-9106-1
Abstract
"More than 1/2 of the foreign born workforce in the US have no schooling beyond high school and about 20% of the low-skilled workforce are immigrants. More than 10% of these low-skilled immigrants are self-employed. Utilizing longitudinal data from the 1996, 2001 and 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation panels, this paper analyzes the returns to self-employment among low-skilled immigrants. We find that the returns to low-skilled self-employment among immigrants is higher than it is among natives but also that wage/salary employment is a more financially rewarding option for most low-skilled immigrants. In analyses of earnings differences, we find that most of the 20% male native-immigrant earnings gap among low-skilled business owners can be explained primarily by differences in the ethnic composition. Low-skilled female foreign born entrepreneurs are found to have earnings roughly equal to otherwise observationally similar self-employed native born women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income support policies for low-income men and noncustodial fathers: tax and transfer programs (2011)
Mincy, Ronald B.; Klempin, Serena; Schmidt, Heather;Zitatform
Mincy, Ronald B., Serena Klempin & Heather Schmidt (2011): Income support policies for low-income men and noncustodial fathers. Tax and transfer programs. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 635, H. 1, S. 240-261. DOI:10.1177/0002716210393869
Abstract
"Both wages and labor force participation have been declining for young, less-educated men since the mid-1970s. The purpose of this article is to examine how key income-security policy areas - including unemployment insurance, payroll taxes and the Earned Income Tax Credit, and child support enforcement - affect these men. The article concludes with policy recommendations to improve the impact of work-based subsidies on poverty among low-income men. Subsidized jobs in transitional job programs could play a critical role in helping these men to access these subsidies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Policies to encourage job creation: hiring credits vs. worker subsidies (2011)
Zitatform
Neumark, David (2011): Policies to encourage job creation. Hiring credits vs. worker subsidies. (NBER working paper 16866), Cambridge, Mass., 60 S. DOI:10.3386/w16866
Abstract
"The Great Recession has spurred interest in policy efforts to spur job creation. This article surveys existing research on two 'direct' job creation policies: subsidies to employers to hire workers ('hiring credits'); and subsidies to individuals to enter the labor market ('worker subsidies'). The research suggests that in the short-term, when recovery from the recession is a priority, hiring credits are likely a more effective policy response. First, hiring credits are likely more cost effective, as long as they focus on the recently unemployed and create incentives for new job creation. Second, in general, worker subsidies better target benefits to low-income families and especially single mothers. At this juncture, however, because the recession fell so heavily on men, a hiring credit focused on the unemployed may target low-income families well, and the usual distributional concern with low-income female-headed households may be less paramount. And third, employment subsidies may not be as effective when there is high cyclical unemployment. In the longer-term, however, when the labor market has recovered more from the recession and the focus can shift to longer-standing employment problems and distributional concerns, greater reliance on worker subsidies may do more to increase employment while shifting the distribution of benefits more toward lower-income households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does a higher minimum wage enhance the effectiveness of the Earned Income Tax Credit? (2011)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & William Wascher (2011): Does a higher minimum wage enhance the effectiveness of the Earned Income Tax Credit? In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 64, H. 4, S. 712-746.
Abstract
"The authors estimate the effects of the interactions between the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and minimum wages on labor market outcomes. They use information on policy variation from the Department of Labor's Monthly Labor Review, reports published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, and data on individuals and families from the Current Population Survey to assess the economic impact of minimum wages and the EITC on families. Their results indicate that for single women with children, the EITC boosts employment and earnings, and coupling the EITC with a higher minimum wage enhances this positive effect. Conversely, for less-skilled minority men and for women without children, employment and earnings are more adversely affected by the EITC when the minimum wage is higher. Turning from individuals to families, for very poor families with children a higher minimum wage increases the positive impact of the EITC on incomes, so that a higher minimum wage appears to enhance the effects of the EITC. Whether the policy combination of a high EITC and a high minimum wage is viewed as favorable or unfavorable depends in Part on whom policymakers are trying to help." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of minimum wages on unemployment duration: estimating the effects using the Displaced Worker Survey (2011)
Pedace, Roberto; Rohn, Stephanie;Zitatform
Pedace, Roberto & Stephanie Rohn (2011): The impact of minimum wages on unemployment duration. Estimating the effects using the Displaced Worker Survey. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 57-75. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2010.00625.x
Abstract
"This paper examines the impact of minimum wages on unemployment duration. Our estimates suggest that higher minimum wages are associated with shorter unemployment duration for older males and those with at least a high school diploma, but longer unemployment spells for male high school dropouts and females who are older and in lower-skilled occupations. The results are consistent with other studies in generating concerns about the distributional impact of minimum wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
No country for young men: Deteriorating labor market prospects for low-skilled men in the United States (2011)
Sum, Andrew; Khatiwada, Ishwar; Palma, Sheila; McLaughlin, Joseph;Zitatform
Sum, Andrew, Ishwar Khatiwada, Joseph McLaughlin & Sheila Palma (2011): No country for young men: Deteriorating labor market prospects for low-skilled men in the United States. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 635, H. 1, S. 24-55. DOI:10.1177/0002716210393694
Abstract
"The labor market fate of the nation's male teens and young adults (ages 20-29) has deteriorated along most employment, weekly wages, and annual earnings dimensions in recent decades. The employment rates reached new post-World War II lows in 2009, with the less well educated faring the worst. The deterioration in the labor market well-being of these young men has had a number of adverse consequences on their social behavior. Less-educated young men, especially high school dropouts, are far more likely to be incarcerated than their peers in earlier decades. They are considerably less likely to be married and more likely to be absent fathers, with gaps in marriage rates across educational groups widening substantially since the 1970s. The decline in marriage among less-educated young adults, high assortative mating among younger married couples, and growing gaps in earnings across educational groups have contributed to a substantial widening in income and wealth disparities among the nation's young families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work benefits and unemployment (2011)
Zitatform
Tonin, Mirco & Ann-Sofie Kolm (2011): In-work benefits and unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 5472), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"In-work benefits are becoming an increasingly relevant labour market policy, gradually expanding in scope and geographical coverage. This paper investigates the equilibrium impact of in-work benefits and contrasts it with the traditional partial equilibrium analysis. We find under which conditions accounting for equilibrium wage adjustments amplifies the impact of in-work benefits on search intensity, participation, employment, and unemployment, compared to a framework in which wages are fixed. We also account for the financing of these benefits and determine the level of benefits necessary to achieve efficiency in a labour market characterized by search externalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Field perspectives on the causes of low employment among less skilled black men (2011)
Wozniak, Abigail;Zitatform
Wozniak, Abigail (2011): Field perspectives on the causes of low employment among less skilled black men. In: The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Jg. 70, H. 3, S. 811-844. DOI:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2011.00791.x
Abstract
"This article presents findings from a unique survey that assessed explanations for low black male employment by questioning participants in a low skill labor market. Black men identified barriers to hiring - including felony convictions, drug testing, low skill levels, and bias - as major reasons for their non-employment. Employers believed black male applicants were less likely to have the desired interpersonal skills and work ethic, and that they were less likely to pass pre-employment drug tests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earned Income Tax Credit recipients: income, marginal tax rates, wealth, and credit constraints (2010)
Zitatform
Athreya, Kartik B., Devin Reilly & Nicole B. Simpson (2010): Earned Income Tax Credit recipients: income, marginal tax rates, wealth, and credit constraints. In: Economic Quarterly, Jg. 96, H. 3, S. 229-258.
Abstract
"The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has evolved into the largest anti-poverty program in the United States by providing tax credits for low and moderate income working families. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of EITC recipients at various ages using Current Population Survey data. In addition, we discuss the relevance of the EITC in affecting marginal income tax rates in the United States and discuss the effects of the EITC on household labor supply decisions. Lastly, using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances, we estimate wealth distributions for EITC recipients and analyze the extent to which EITC recipients are credit constrained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter