Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Not profiting from precarity: the work of nonprofit service delivery and the creation of precariousness (2014)
Zitatform
Baines, Donna, John Campey, Ian Cunningham & John Shields (2014): Not profiting from precarity. The work of nonprofit service delivery and the creation of precariousness. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 74-93.
Abstract
"This paper examines the impact of precarity on the nonprofit service providing sector (NPSS). Using in depth qualitative interviews, recent empirically-based surveys of the Ontario nonprofit sector and key academic and grey literature, we explore the deeper meaning of precarity in this sector. We contend that the NPSS is a unique, and in many respects, an ideal location in which to explore the workings and impact of precarity. Looking at the nonprofit sector reveals that precarity operates at various levels, the: 1) nonprofit labour force; 2) organization structure and operation of nonprofit agencies; and, 3) clients and communities serviced by these nonprofit organizations. By observing the workings of precarity in this sector, precarity is revealed to be far more than an employment based phenomenon but also a force that negatively impacts organizational structures as well as vulnerable communities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zwischen Migration und Arbeit: Worker Centers und die Organisierung prekär und informell Beschäftigter in den USA (2014)
Benz, Martina;Zitatform
Benz, Martina (2014): Zwischen Migration und Arbeit. Worker Centers und die Organisierung prekär und informell Beschäftigter in den USA. Münster: Verl. Westfälisches Dampfboot, 272 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie untersucht Worker Centers anhand von Organisierungen in Gastronomie und Einzelhandel, des Kampfes von Hausarbeiterinnen für Anerkennung und Arbeitsrechte sowie der Strategie der Tagelöhnerzentren in Los Angeles. In diesen Auseinandersetzungen zentral ist die Dynamik der Prekarisierung und Informalisierung, des Ausschlusses und Vorenthaltens von Rechten. Eine besondere Rolle spielt deshalb die Frage nach juristischen Strategien und Rechte-basiertem Aktivismus im Verhältnis zu einer Verschiebung gesellschaftlicher Kräfteverhältnisse. In ihrer Analyse verdeutlicht Martina Benz nicht nur Stärken und Schwächen von Worker Centers, sondern kontextualisiert auch deren Entstehen und weitere Entwicklung im Hinblick auf politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Rahmenbedingungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Consequences of flexibility stigma among academic scientists and engineers (2014)
Zitatform
Cech, Erin A. & Mary Blair-Loy (2014): Consequences of flexibility stigma among academic scientists and engineers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 86-110. DOI:10.1177/0730888413515497
Abstract
"Flexibility stigma, the devaluation of workers who seek or are presumed to need flexible work arrangements, fosters a mismatch between workplace demands and the needs of professionals. The authors survey 'ideal workers' -- science, technology, engineering, and math faculty at a top research university -- to determine the consequences of working in an environment with flexibility stigma. Those who report this stigma have lower intentions to persist, worse work - life balance, and lower job satisfaction. These consequences are net of gender and parenthood, suggesting that flexibility stigma fosters a problematic environment for many faculty, even those not personally at risk of stigmatization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration, citizenship and racialization at work: unpacking employment precarity in Southwestern Ontario (2014)
Zitatform
Goldring, Luin & Marie-Pier Joly (2014): Immigration, citizenship and racialization at work. Unpacking employment precarity in Southwestern Ontario. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 94- 121.
Abstract
"This paper examines the relationship between precarious employment, legal status, and racialization. We conceptualize legal status to include the intersections of immigration and citizenship. Using the PEPSO survey data we operationalize three categories of legal status: Canadian born, foreign-born citizens, and foreign-born non-citizens. First we examine whether the character of precarious work varies depending on legal status, and find that it does: Citizenship by birth or naturalization reduces employment precarity across most dimensions and indicators. Next, we ask how legal status intersects with racialization to shape precarious employment. We find that employment precarity is disproportionately high for racialized non-citizens. Becoming a citizen mitigates employment precarity. Time in Canada also reduces precarity, but not for non-citizens. Foreign birth and citizenship acquisition intersect with racialization unevenly: Canadian born racialized groups exhibit higher employment precarity than racialized foreign-born citizens. Our analysis underscores the importance of including legal status in intersectional analyses of social inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary help work: earnings, wages, and multiple job holding (2014)
Hamersma, Sarah; Heinrich, Carolyn; Mueser, Peter;Zitatform
Hamersma, Sarah, Carolyn Heinrich & Peter Mueser (2014): Temporary help work. Earnings, wages, and multiple job holding. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 72-100. DOI:10.1111/irel.12047
Abstract
"Temporary help services (THS) employment has been growing in size, particularly among disadvantaged workers. An extended policy debate focuses on the low earnings, limited benefits, and insecurity that such jobs appear to provide. We investigate the earnings and wage differentials observed between THS and other jobs in a sample of disadvantaged workers. We find lower quarterly earnings at THS jobs but a $1 per hour wage premium. We reconcile these findings in terms of the shorter duration and lower hours worked at THS jobs. We interpret the premium as a compensating wage differential." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Not ideal: the association between working anything but full time and perceived unfair treatment (2014)
Zitatform
Kmec, Julie A., Lindsey Trimble O¿Connor & Scott Schieman (2014): Not ideal. The association between working anything but full time and perceived unfair treatment. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 63-85. DOI:10.1177/0730888413515691
Abstract
"Ideal-worker norms permeate workplaces, guiding employers' evaluation of workers and perceptions of workers' worth. The authors investigate how an ideal-worker norm violation -- working anything but full time -- affects workers' perception of unfair treatment. The authors assess gender and parental status differences in the relationship. Analyses using Midlife Development in the United States II data reveal that women who violate the norm when they have children perceive greater unfair treatment than women who violate the norm but do not have children in the study period. Men who work anything but full time do not perceive unfair treatment. The authors' findings inform efforts to challenge ideal-worker norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Precarious employment and social outcomes (2014)
Zitatform
Lewchuk, Wayne & Michelynn Laflèche (2014): Precarious employment and social outcomes. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 45-50.
Abstract
Der Beitrag führt in das Schwerpunktthema der Ausgabe der Zeitschrift ein, in dem neuere Arbeiten aus dem Umfeld des PEPSO-Projekts (POVERTY & EMPLOYMENT PRECARITY IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO PROJECT) vorgestellt werden. Diese stützen sich zum Teil auf den Bericht "It's More than Poverty: Employment Precarity and Household Well-being", den das PEPSO-Projekt im Jahr 2013 veröffentlicht hat und der Ergebnisse einer Befragung von 4000 Personen aus dem Arbeitsmarktbezirk Toronto-Hamilton präsentiert. Zum anderen Teil stützen sie sich auf vertiefende und begleitende Untersuchungen prekär Beschäftigter. Die Beiträge fragen u.a. ob prekäre Beschäftigung gleichbedeutend ist mit Niedrigeinkommen, untersuchen Prekarität im Non-Profit-Sektor, in dem prekär Beschäftigte Dienstleistungen für andere prekär Beschäftigte erbringen, fragen nach dem Einfluss ethnischer Faktoren, speziell bei Einwanderinnen, oder nach der Besonderheit einer Beschäftigung von Saisonarbeitern in der Landwirtschaft im Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). Außerdem wird der Erfolg städtischer Reinigungskräfte in Toronto dokumentiert, die verhindert haben, dass ihre Arbeitsplätze outgesourct und sie in die gewerbliche Wirtschaft überführt werden. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Is precarious employment low income employment?: the changing labour market in Southern Ontario (2014)
Lewchuk, Wayne ; Viducis, Peter; Rosen, Dan; Laflèche, Michelynn; Shields, John ; Meisner, Alan; Vrankulj, Sam; Dyson, Diane; Goldring, Luin; Procyk, Stephanie;Zitatform
Lewchuk, Wayne, Michelynn Laflèche, Diane Dyson, Luin Goldring, Alan Meisner, Stephanie Procyk, Dan Rosen, John Shields, Peter Viducis & Sam Vrankulj (2014): Is precarious employment low income employment? The changing labour market in Southern Ontario. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 51-73.
Abstract
"This paper examines the association between income and precarious employment, how this association is changing and how it is shaped by gender and race. It explores how precarious employment has spread to even middle income occupations and what this implies for our understanding of contemporary labour markets and employment relationship norms. The findings indicate a need to refine our views of who is in precarious employment and a need to re-evaluate the nature of the Standard Employment Relationship, which we would argue is not only becoming less prevalent, but also transitioning into something that is less secure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A study of the extent and potential causes of alternative employment arrangements (2013)
Cappelli, Peter H.; Keller, J. R.;Zitatform
Cappelli, Peter H. & J. R. Keller (2013): A study of the extent and potential causes of alternative employment arrangements. In: ILR review, Jg. 66, H. 4, S. 874-901. DOI:10.1177/001979391306600406
Abstract
"The notion of regular, full-time employment as one of the defining features of the U.S. economy has been called into question in recent years by the apparent growth of alternative or 'nonstandard' work arrangements - part-time hours, temporary help, independent contracting, and other configurations. Identifying the extent of these arrangements, whether they are increasing and where they occur, is the first step to understanding their implications for the economy and the society. But such steps have been difficult to take because of the lack of appropriate data. Based on a national probability sample of U.S. establishments, the authors present estimates of the extent of these practices, evidence on changes in their use over time, and analyses that contribute to understanding why alternatives have come into play." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Volltext-Zugang über den Verlag bzw. Anbieter (möglicherweise kostenpflichtig) -
Literaturhinweis
Does it pay to volunteer?: the relationship between volunteer work and paid work (2013)
Jorgensen, Helene;Zitatform
Jorgensen, Helene (2013): Does it pay to volunteer? The relationship between volunteer work and paid work. Washington, DC, 12 S.
Abstract
"It is widely believed that volunteering will improve workers' job prospects. The logic is that volunteering offers opportunities to expand work-related experience, develop new skills, and build a network of professional contacts. For young people with little history of paid employment it can also signal that a person would be a reliable and motivated employee. In spite of these widespread views about volunteering, surprisingly little research has been done on the effect of volunteering on employment and pay in the United States. This analysis examines volunteering as a pathway to employment during a period of high unemployment, when it is reasonable to expect the beneficial effects of volunteering to be especially pronounced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Manufacturing plants' use of temporary workers: an analysis using census microdata (2013)
Ono, Yukako; Sullivan, Daniel;Zitatform
Ono, Yukako & Daniel Sullivan (2013): Manufacturing plants' use of temporary workers. An analysis using census microdata. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 419-443. DOI:10.1111/irel.12018
Abstract
"Using plant-level data from the plant capacity utilization survey, we explore how manufacturing plants' use of temporary workers is associated with the nature of their output fluctuations and other plant characteristics. We find that plants tend to use temporary workers when their output is expected to fall; this may indicate that firms use temporary workers to reduce costs associated with dismissing permanent employees. In addition, we find that plants whose future output levels are subject to greater uncertainty tend to use more temporary workers. We also examine the effects of wage and benefit levels for permanent workers, unionization rates, turnover rates, seasonal factors, and plant size and age on the use of temporary workers; based on our results, we discuss various views of why firms use temporary workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The ins and outs of unemployment in a two-tier labor market (2013)
Zitatform
Silva, Jose I. & Javier Vázquez-Grenno (2013): The ins and outs of unemployment in a two-tier labor market. In: Labour economics, Jg. 24, H. October, S. 161-169. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.08.009
Abstract
"This paper aims to shed some light on the dynamics of the Spanish labor market, using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey for the period 1987 to 2010. We examine transition rates in a three-state model and compare our results with those reported for the UK and the US. Explicitly, introducing the employment duality present in the Spanish labor market, we study labor market dynamics in a four-state model set-up and we compute the contribution of the different transitions rates to unemployment fluctuations. Our main findings are as follows: i) around 85% the employment - unemployment gross flows involve temporary contracts; ii) the transition rates involving temporary employment account for around 60% of the fluctuations in the unemployment rate; iii) almost 80% of the unemployment rate volatility - explained by movements between unemployment and employment - involves the transition rates to/from temporary jobs. Our overall conclusion points out that the employment duality is the key to understanding the unemployment volatility and the functioning of the Spanish labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older workers and short-term jobs: patterns and determinants (2012)
Zitatform
Cahill, Kevin E., Michael D. Giandrea & Joseph F. Quinn (2012): Older workers and short-term jobs. Patterns and determinants. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 135, H. 5, S. 19-32.
Abstract
"Data from the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study indicate that, among older Americans with work experience since age 50, approximately 12 percent of men and 32 percent of women never held a full-time career job; the retirement patterns of these non-full-time career older workers are diverse, just as they are for individuals with career jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A study of the extent and potential causes of alternative employment arrangements (2012)
Cappelli, Peter H.; Keller, J. R.;Zitatform
Cappelli, Peter H. & J. R. Keller (2012): A study of the extent and potential causes of alternative employment arrangements. (NBER working paper 18376), Cambridge, Mass., 44 S. DOI:10.3386/w18376
Abstract
"The notion of regular, full-time employment as one of the defining features of the U.S. economy has been called into question in recent years by the apparent growth of alternative or 'nonstandard' arrangements - part-time work, temporary help, independent contracting, and other arrangements. Identifying the extent of these arrangements, whether they are increasing, and where they occur is the first step for understanding their implications for the economy and the society. But this has been difficult to do because of the lack of appropriate data. We present estimates of the extent of these practices based on a national probability sample of U.S. establishments, evidence on changes in their use over time, and analyses that help us begin to understand why they are used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The representation of non-standard workers: theory and culture of collective bargaining (2012)
Cella, Gian Primo;Zitatform
Cella, Gian Primo (2012): The representation of non-standard workers. Theory and culture of collective bargaining. In: Transfer, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 171-184. DOI:10.1177/1024258912439144
Abstract
"Zu Beginn dieses Beitrags wird festgestellt, dass die Beziehungen zwischen Arbeit und Produktionssystemen bzw. -strukturen am Ende des 19. und des 20. Jahrhunderts verblüffende Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen. Aus der Vergangenheit lassen sich verschiedene Möglichkeiten für die Vertretung von Arbeitnehmern in atypischen Arbeitsverhältnissen ableiten. Als 'atypisch' wird Arbeit bezeichnet, die sich von den institutionalisierten, im Zeitalter der tayloristisch-fordistischen Produktion vorherrschenden Arbeitsformen unterscheidet. Bedeutende Vorläufer atypischer Beschäftigungsformen hat es aber bereits im 19. Jahrhundert gegeben. In Bezug auf gewerkschaftliche Kulturen und Strategien wird die These vertreten, dass es einer Änderung der Verhandlungspraxis und -logik im Sinne der Theorie von Sydney und Beatrice Webb bedarf, um diejenigen Gruppen atypischer Arbeitnehmer, die sich stärker vom klar definierten, stilisierten Arbeitnehmer des Industriezeitalters unterscheiden, in geeigneter Weise vertreten zu können. Aus dieser Perspektive ist es möglich, Arbeitnehmergruppen an beiden Enden des Arbeitsmarkts zu repräsentieren - sowohl hochqualifizierte, halbselbständig tätige Fachkräfte als auch Arbeitnehmer in atypischen Arbeitsverhältnissen mit allgemeineren Fähigkeiten, die potentiell der Gruppe der erwerbstätigen Armen angehören. Dieser Ansatz könnte den Weg ebnen für eine Gewerkschaftsbewegung, bei der nur wenige Arbeitskräfte von kollektiver Interessenvertretung ausgeschlossen sind, wenn auch der Begriff 'kollektiv' anders zu verstehen ist als in der Vergangenheit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Manufacturers' outsourcing to staffing services (2012)
Dey, Matthew; Polivka, Anne; Houseman, Susan;Zitatform
Dey, Matthew, Susan Houseman & Anne Polivka (2012): Manufacturers' outsourcing to staffing services. In: ILR review, Jg. 65, H. 3, S. 533-559. DOI:10.1177/001979391206500303
Abstract
"The authors estimate the effects of U.S. manufacturers' use of staffing services on measured employment and labor productivity between 1989 and 2009. Using time series data constructed from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, they document the dramatic increase in manufacturers' use of staffing services to fill core production occupations and to adjust employment levels during recessions. In 2006, just before the current recession, staffing services added an estimated 9.2% to manufacturing employment, a noteworthy increase from the 2.3% they added in 1989. Outsourcing to staffing services significantly dampened measured employment volatility and inflated the growth and volatility of measured labor productivity in manufacturing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Volltext-Zugang über den Verlag bzw. Anbieter (möglicherweise kostenpflichtig) -
Literaturhinweis
Temporary help work: compensating differentials and multiple job-holding (2012)
Hamersma, Sarah; Heinrich, Carolyn; Mueser, Peter;Zitatform
Hamersma, Sarah, Carolyn Heinrich & Peter Mueser (2012): Temporary help work: compensating differentials and multiple job-holding. (IZA discussion paper 6759), Bonn, 54 S.
Abstract
"Temporary Help Services (THS) employment has been growing in size, particularly among disadvantaged workers, and in importance in balancing cyclical fluctuations in labor demand. Does THS employment provide some benefits to disadvantaged workers, or divert them from better jobs? We investigate whether THS jobs pay a compensating differential, as would be expected for relatively undesirable jobs. We also address multiple job-holding, exploring whether workers get 'stuck' in THS jobs. We find lower quarterly earnings at THS jobs relative to others, but a $1 per hour wage premium. We reconcile these findings by examining hours worked at THS and traditional jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job quality and precarious work: clarifications, controversies, and challenges (2012)
Kalleberg, Arne L.;Zitatform
Kalleberg, Arne L. (2012): Job quality and precarious work. Clarifications, controversies, and challenges. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 427-448. DOI:10.1177/0730888412460533
Abstract
"In this article, the author engages with the authors of the articles in this Special Issue by clarifying some aspects of the arguments in 'Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States, 1970s to 2000s'; addressing selected matters of controversy; and highlighting central policy challenges raised by the rise of polarized and precarious employment systems. The author organizes his comments around several key themes raised by these authors: The causes of changes in job quality; the polarization model; cross-national differences in precarious work; and policy recommendations and the politics of job quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Counting and understanding the contingent workforce: using Georgia as an example (2012)
Zitatform
Liu, Cathy Yang & Ric Kolenda (2012): Counting and understanding the contingent workforce. Using Georgia as an example. In: Urban studies, Jg. 49, H. 5, S. 1003-1025. DOI:10.1177/0042098011408139
Abstract
"Contingent workers are a large and increasingly important segment of the US labour force. This paper uses the Contingent Work Supplement of the Current Population Survey to gain some understanding of this workforce and to link that information to larger on-going annual and decennial surveys for sub-national-level estimation and analysis. A typology is developed of the non-standard workforce based on their work arrangement and the industries in which they concentrate; with four types of worker: contingent core, standard workers in contingent industries, non-standard workers in traditional industries, and traditional workers. The state of Georgia is used as an example of a regional economy that has experienced much economic growth in recent years and possibly a surge in contingent workforce as well. Characterising these workers by demographic and economic characteristics demonstrates much diversity across these four groups. Possible policy implications on employment quality and economic development are also discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Public plans and short-term employees (2012)
Zitatform
Munnell, Alicia, Jean-Pierre Aubry, Joshua Hurwitz & Laura Quinby (2012): Public plans and short-term employees. (NBER working paper 18448), Cambridge, Mass., 64 S. DOI:10.3386/w18448
Abstract
"Public sector defined benefit pension plans are based on final earnings. As such, these plans are back-loaded; those with long careers receive substantial benefits and those who leave early receive little. The analysis consists of three parts. The first section discusses the design of state and local defined benefit plans, documents the extent to which traditional public sector final earnings plans are back-loaded, and explores the extent to which the incentives may reflect the preferences of employers. The second section shows how participation in final earnings plans affects the lifetime resources of state and local workers of various tenures compared to private sector workers. The third section presents plan-level data on the flows of participants out of the plan by age and tenure and explores the extent to which plan design - specifically, vesting periods, mandatory participation in a defined contribution plan, and Social Security coverage - affects the probability of vesting and the probability of remaining to the earliest full retirement age once vested. The findings suggest that complete reliance on delayed vesting and final earnings plans results in minimal benefits for most short-service public employees. Hence, the recent trend towards hybrid arrangements is a positive development not only for risk sharing between taxpayers and participants but also for a more equitable distribution of benefits between short-term and career employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
-
Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht