Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary employment in Italy (2012)
Zitatform
Cappellari, Lorenzo, Carlo Dell'Aringa & Marco Leonardi (2012): Temporary employment in Italy. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 55-62.
Abstract
"This paper offers an overview of the features of temporary employment in Italy. We start by briefly describing the institutional framework for temporary employment in Italy, and report some stylised facts on the diffusion of temporary workers over the last 15 years, with a special focus on the youth labour market. Next we look at transitions from temporary to permanent employment (i.e. the so-called stepping stone hypothesis), discuss the evidence on wage gaps between different types of employment contracts, and report some recent findings regarding the impact of temporary employment on firm productivity. We conclude by reviewing the current debate and policy proposals on temporary contracts and employment protection." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The representation of non-standard workers: theory and culture of collective bargaining (2012)
Cella, Gian Primo;Zitatform
Cella, Gian Primo (2012): The representation of non-standard workers. Theory and culture of collective bargaining. In: Transfer, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 171-184. DOI:10.1177/1024258912439144
Abstract
"Zu Beginn dieses Beitrags wird festgestellt, dass die Beziehungen zwischen Arbeit und Produktionssystemen bzw. -strukturen am Ende des 19. und des 20. Jahrhunderts verblüffende Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen. Aus der Vergangenheit lassen sich verschiedene Möglichkeiten für die Vertretung von Arbeitnehmern in atypischen Arbeitsverhältnissen ableiten. Als 'atypisch' wird Arbeit bezeichnet, die sich von den institutionalisierten, im Zeitalter der tayloristisch-fordistischen Produktion vorherrschenden Arbeitsformen unterscheidet. Bedeutende Vorläufer atypischer Beschäftigungsformen hat es aber bereits im 19. Jahrhundert gegeben. In Bezug auf gewerkschaftliche Kulturen und Strategien wird die These vertreten, dass es einer Änderung der Verhandlungspraxis und -logik im Sinne der Theorie von Sydney und Beatrice Webb bedarf, um diejenigen Gruppen atypischer Arbeitnehmer, die sich stärker vom klar definierten, stilisierten Arbeitnehmer des Industriezeitalters unterscheiden, in geeigneter Weise vertreten zu können. Aus dieser Perspektive ist es möglich, Arbeitnehmergruppen an beiden Enden des Arbeitsmarkts zu repräsentieren - sowohl hochqualifizierte, halbselbständig tätige Fachkräfte als auch Arbeitnehmer in atypischen Arbeitsverhältnissen mit allgemeineren Fähigkeiten, die potentiell der Gruppe der erwerbstätigen Armen angehören. Dieser Ansatz könnte den Weg ebnen für eine Gewerkschaftsbewegung, bei der nur wenige Arbeitskräfte von kollektiver Interessenvertretung ausgeschlossen sind, wenn auch der Begriff 'kollektiv' anders zu verstehen ist als in der Vergangenheit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Are temporary workers discriminated against?: evidence from Europe (2012)
Zitatform
Comi, Simona & Mara Grasseni (2012): Are temporary workers discriminated against? Evidence from Europe. In: The Manchester School, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 28-50. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02231.x
Abstract
"We analyse the wage gap between temporary and permanent jobs in nine European countries using a semiparametric approach and evaluate the wage gap across the entire wage distribution. We show that in some countries the fixed-term wage gap decreases as higher quantiles are considered, and that having a fixed-term contract penalizes more workers located at the bottom of the earnings distribution. We find also that workers with the same characteristics as temporary workers would receive higher wages if they worked on permanent contracts in almost all the countries considered, and that this finding is stable across the entire wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work: the perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project (2012)
Hohnen, Pernille;Zitatform
Hohnen, Pernille (2012): Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work. The perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project. Wien, 174 S.
Abstract
"The report discusses work and life quality in new and growing jobs from an individual perspective. The empirical data on which the analysis is based consists of 22 country reports investigating elderly care, cleaning, catering, waste collection and construction in 11 different countries (4-5 countries per sector, see the matrix table below). Each country report is based on 20-25 individual semi-structured interviews with employees working in the selected sector and business functions.
The report consists of this introduction, five chapters, each focusing on one sector, and a conclusion. The chapters follow the same structure by starting with a brief introduction of the main characteristics of work in the sector. The remaining part of each chapter is organized into four sections. The first concentrates on workers' perceptions of the main quality of work and life issues. Then follows a section on agency, career trajectories and career options. The next section examines vulnerability in work and processes of vulnerabilization in the sector. Finally, the last section discusses workers' aspirations and capacities to aspire, followed by a summary and conclusion. The last concluding chapter discusses cross-sector findings in terms of the impact of new and growing jobs on individual lives, and highlights some trends in the present labour market and their possible implications for vulnerability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe (2012)
Zitatform
Kahn, Lawrence M. (2012): Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 113-128. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.09.001
Abstract
"Using longitudinal data on individuals from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for eleven countries during 1995 - 2001, I investigate temporary job contract duration and job search effort. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. I construct a search model for workers in temporary jobs which predicts that shorter duration raises search intensity. Calibration of the model to the ECHP data implies that at least 75% of the increase in search intensity over the life of a 2+ year temporary contract occurs in the last six months of the contract. I then estimate regression models for search effort that control for human capital, pay, local unemployment, and individual and time fixed effects. I find that workers on temporary jobs indeed search harder than those on permanent jobs. Moreover, search intensity increases as temporary job duration falls, and roughly 84% of this increase occurs on average in the shortest duration jobs. These results are robust to disaggregation by gender and by country. These empirical results are noteworthy, since it is not necessary to assume myopia or hyperbolic discounting in order to explain them, although the data clearly also do not rule out such explanations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The European world of temporary employment (2012)
Zitatform
Lancker, Wim Van (2012): The European world of temporary employment. In: European Societies, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 83-111. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2011.638082
Abstract
"Departing from growing concerns about in-work poverty and the proliferation of flexible employment, we investigate the association between temporary employment and poverty in a European comparative perspective. In doing so, we focus specifically on possible gender dimensions, because some are concerned that the impact of flexible employment on income security will be different for men and women and that gender inequality will increase. By means of a logistic multilevel model, we analyse recent EU-SILC data for 24 European countries. The results show that the temporarily employed have a higher poverty risk vis-à-vis permanent workers, mainly caused by lower wages. However, the risk factors to become working poor are similar. The poorly educated, young workers and those living in a single earner household with dependent children have an increased probability to live in poverty, whether they are employed on temporary or permanent basis. Differences between European welfare regimes demonstrate that policy constellations influence the magnitude of these risk factors. Counter-intuitively, temporary working women have a lower poverty risk than their male counterparts. They are better protected because they are more often secondary earners in a dual earning household, while men are more often primary earners. This article advances knowledge on the linkages between temporary employment, economic insecurity and gender differences in European welfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Domestic work in France and Italy: comparative case studies on the contemporary diffusion of informal employment (2012)
Pernigotti, Elisabetta;Zitatform
Pernigotti, Elisabetta (2012): Domestic work in France and Italy. Comparative case studies on the contemporary diffusion of informal employment. In: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, Jg. 6, H. 1, S. 49-61.
Abstract
"The persistence of informal employment and its recent development in Western countries is often disregarded. This article argues that a gendered renewal of informal employment is taking place following global economic restructuring. Furthermore, it shows how informality might be recreated through the very policy initiatives that aimed at combating informality and structuring the highly feminised sector of care and domestic services. In spite of the differences in policy initiatives, qualitative analysis illustrates how the formalisation of these jobs remains partial, in France as in Italy, regardless of the absence or the presence of specific politics of regularisation. Industrial unemployment due to rural deindustrialisation is imposing an working-class women - formerly largely employed in factories - a new form of domesticity through a certain recognition of domestic and care work, between formality, 'grey work' and informality, which confines these same women to a universe that is family-based and precarious." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are temporary jobs a port of entry into permanent employment?: evidence from matched employer-employee (2011)
Zitatform
Berton, Fabio, Francesco Devicienti & Lia Pacelli (2011): Are temporary jobs a port of entry into permanent employment? Evidence from matched employer-employee. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 32, H. 8, S. 879-899. DOI:10.1108/01437721111181651
Abstract
"This paper seeks to explore whether temporary jobs are a port of entry into permanent employment and to argue that the answer crucially depends on the type of temporary contracts being considered.
The paper bases its empirical evidence on a longitudinal sample of labour market entrants in Italy and estimates dynamic multinomial logit models with fixed effects to allow for the non-random sorting of workers into the different types of contracts.
The authors show that the transition to permanent employment is more likely for individuals who hold any type of temporary contract than for the unemployed, thus broadly confirming the existence of port-of-entry effects. Yet, not all temporary contracts are the same. An order among non-standard contracts with respect to the probability of taking an open-ended job emerges, with training contracts at the top, freelance work at the bottom, and fixed-term contracts outperforming apprenticeships. Strong SSC rebates, lack of training requirements, and low legal constraints concerning renewals result in poor port-of-entry performance, as in the case of freelance contracts. Instead, mandatory training and more binding legal constraints on the use, extension, and renewals of training contracts tend to enhance the probability of getting a standard job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups: an empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe (2011)
Zitatform
Marx, Paul (2011): The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups. An empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe. (IZA discussion paper 5521), Bonn, 23 S.
Abstract
"The paper addresses an often neglected question in labour market research: to which extent do outcomes aggregated on the national level disguise occupational diversity in employment conditions? In particular, how and why do occupational groups differ with regard to the incidence of non-standard employment? To explore these questions, the paper derives a detailed occupational scheme from the literature, capturing the variety of labour market outcomes within countries. In a second step, the scheme is theoretically linked to the topic of non-standard work. It is argued that different degrees of skill specificity across occupational groups produce diverging incentives for flexible and long-term employment, respectively. This leads to the expectation of (some) service-sector occupations showing stronger tendencies towards non-standard employment than those in the industrial sector. Based on European and German micro data, the categorisation is used to decompose various labour market indicators. The results clearly demonstrate the unequal incidence of non-standard employment along the lines of the suggested categorisation. Moreover, the longitudinal perspective suggests that traditionally functioning occupational groups will be crowded out by more destandardised ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary/permanent workers' wage gap: a brand-new form of wage inequality? (2010)
Zitatform
Elia, Leandro (2010): Temporary/permanent workers' wage gap. A brand-new form of wage inequality? In: Labour, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 178-200. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2010.00478.x
Abstract
"By easing restrictions on the use of short-term contracts, the 30/2003 act represents contemporaneously the more extensive and the more radical policy aimed at introducing flexibility in the Italian labour market. By virtue of a difference-in-differences estimator, the paper provides an estimate of the impact of the 30/2003 reform on the wage gap across fixed-term and long-term employees. It will be given evidence that the policy has widened the wage differentials and the effect is particularly stronger to skilled workers compared with unskilled workers. These findings would suggest the existence of a possible brand-new form of wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Not the right job, but a secure one: over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain (2010)
Ortiz, Luis;Zitatform
Ortiz, Luis (2010): Not the right job, but a secure one: over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 47-64. DOI:10.1177/0950017009353657
Abstract
"Recent educational expansion in many OECD countries has renewed interest in over-education. The educational system has often been highlighted as the main source of over-education, whereas the role of the labour market has been neglected. Using European Community Household Panel data on three countries with similar systems of education but different levels of temporary employment, the association between job security and over-education is explored here. The results show that in quite segmented labour markets, where a permanent contract is an especially valuable asset, human capital might be traded off for job security. Over-education thus becomes paradoxically likelier among permanent workers than among temporary ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market flexibilization and its consequences in Italy (2009)
Zitatform
Barbieri, Paolo & Stefani Scherer (2009): Labour market flexibilization and its consequences in Italy. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 25, H. 6, S. 677-692. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcp009
Abstract
"Labor market 'flexibilization' or 'deregulation' is seen by many as a requirement for economic and occupational growth. As one route towards more flexibility, many European countries increased the so-called atypical or non-standard forms of employment while leaving the regulation of existing employment relations largely unchanged. In Italy, this led to a strong segmentation of the labour market. As employment is the only connection to a series of welfare entitlements, this praxis might lead to strong cleavages in the society. In this paper, we investigate the ongoing process of labour market 'flexibilization' and its consequences for individual labour market careers and social inequalities and ask whether the deregulation has fulfilled the expectations attached to it. In detail, we study the entries into the marginal labour market and the consequences for employment careers of these forms of 'new' flexible employment. Empirical findings based on Indagine Longitudinale sulle Famiglie Italiane data cast doubts on the effectiveness of the specific form of market deregulation in Italy and confirm strong long-term implications of atypical employment episodes for career chances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary workers in Italy: who are they and where they end up (2008)
Barbieri, Gianna; Sestito, Paolo;Zitatform
Barbieri, Gianna & Paolo Sestito (2008): Temporary workers in Italy. Who are they and where they end up. In: Labour, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 127-166.
Abstract
"Temporary work has been an important component of employment growth in Italy since the early 1990s. This paper focus upon labour market transitions of temporary workers in order to test whether temporary work enhances the subsequent labour market chances. We use propensity score matching to compare subsequent employment outcomes of people who have recently acquired a temporary job with those of people who remained unemployed. Individuals' hetero geneity explains a good amount of the raw differences in the subsequent labour market status of temporary workers and the comparison group. Yet there appears to be a sizable net gain from experiencing a temporary work. Our benchmark average estimate is a 30 percentage points rise in the 'satisfactory employment' chances 1 year after the start of the temporary work experience. The net gains are the largest for females and adult people and the areas with low unemployment; moreover, gains are the largest for the most recent years in our sample and for those people who were (according to the propensity score estimates) either least or most likely to exit from unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalities across countries (2008)
Bardasi, Elena; Gornick, Janet C.;Zitatform
Bardasi, Elena & Janet C. Gornick (2008): Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalities across countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 37-72. DOI:10.1080/13545700701716649
Abstract
"This paper investigates wage gaps between part- and full-time women workers in six OECD countries in die mid-1990s. Using comparable micro-data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), for Canada, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the UK, and the US, die paper first assesses cross-national variation in the direction, magnitude, and composition of the part-time/full-time wage differential. Then it analyzes variations across these countries in occupational segregation between part- and full-time workers. The paper finds a part-time wage penalty among women workers in all countries, except Sweden. Other than in Sweden, occupational differences between part- and full-time workers dominate the portion of the wage gap that is explained by observed differences between die two groups of workers. Across countries, the degree of occupational segregation between female part- and full-time workers is negatively correlated with die Position of part-time workers' wages in the full-time wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The organizational governance of work relationships between employment and self-employment (2008)
Zitatform
Muehlberger, Ulrike & Sonia Bertolini (2008): The organizational governance of work relationships between employment and self-employment. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 6, H. 3, S. 449-472. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwm026
Abstract
"This paper analyses work relationships on the border between employment and self-employment and the consequences of making use of these new forms of work, especially on the side of firms. We study the complexity and variety of dependent forms of outsourcing by comparing the firm-internal solutions adopted to solve the arising control-flexibility dilemma in two industries (insurance, business services) embedded in two different institutional contexts (Italy, Austria). This paper shows that employers have established informal relational contracts that, in combination with formal contracts, reduce the threat of opportunism while simultaneously allowing a certain amount of control over the worker. We highlight the fact that a hierarchal structure returns to the relationship between worker and employer through the mechanisms of control and dependency. Finally, we stress that social relationships complement the market mechanism through the creation of assurance and trust as well as the development of specific configurations of social networks (i.e. network and temporal embeddedness)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary contracts and transitions to stable jobs in Italy (2008)
Zitatform
Picchio, Matteo (2008): Temporary contracts and transitions to stable jobs in Italy. In: Labour, Jg. 22, H. s1, S. 147-174. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00415.x
Abstract
"This paper evaluates whether and to what extent temporary jobs have been springboards to stable jobs in Italy. Using the 2000, 2002, and 2004 waves of the Survey of Italian Households' Income and Wealth, several dynamic unobserved effects probit models for the probability of having a permanent job are estimated. The main result is that a temporary job, rather than unemployment, significantly increases the probability of having a permanent job 2 years later by about 13.5-16 percentage points. The robustness of this stepping-stone effect is then assessed relaxing parametric assumptions on the unobserved individual heterogeneity distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bringing Gramsci back in: labor control in Italy's new temporary help industry (2007)
Zitatform
Degiuli, Francesca & Christopher Kollmeyer (2007): Bringing Gramsci back in: labor control in Italy's new temporary help industry. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 497-515.
Abstract
"This article examines the labor control processes being implemented in Italy's recently developed temporary help industry. The social science literature generally predicts that voluntary forms of labor control require genuine compromises between management and its workforce. Based on interviews, observational field-work, and analysis of industry documents, the authors compare this expectation against the details of the Italian case. Overall, they find that management is attempting to build consensus not by granting temporary workers meaningful concessions, as the literature would generally suggest, but rather by reframing temporary work as a viable opportunity for upward social mobility, and reinforcing these ideological messages with coercion when needed.These findings suggest that ideological power may play a larger role in the labor control process than previously recognized, and that Gramsci's theory of ideological hegemony deserves greater attention from scholars studying such matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of employment protection mandates on demographic temporary employment patterns: international microeconomic evidence (2007)
Zitatform
Kahn, Lawrence M. (2007): The impact of employment protection mandates on demographic temporary employment patterns. International microeconomic evidence. In: The economic journal, Jg. 117, H. 521, S. F333-F356. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02059.x
Abstract
"This article uses 1994-8 International Adult Literacy Survey microdata for Canada, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the UK and the US to study the impact of employment protection laws (EPL) on joblessness and temporary employment by demographic group. More stringent EPL raises relative non-employment rates for youth, immigrants, and, possibly, women, controlling for demographic variables and country dummies. For wage and salary workers, EPL raises the relative incidence of temporary employment for the low skilled, youth, native women, and especially immigrant women. These effects are often stronger in countries with higher levels of collective bargaining coverage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dependent self-employment: workers on the border between employment and self-employment (2007)
Muehlberger, Ulrike;Zitatform
Muehlberger, Ulrike (2007): Dependent self-employment. Workers on the border between employment and self-employment. Houndmills u.a.: Palgrave Macmillan, 217 S.
Abstract
Arbeitsbeziehungen an der Grenze zwischen abhängiger Beschäftigung und Selbständigkeit werden in dem Buch aus ökonomischer, soziologischer und rechtlicher Sicht betrachtet. Durch zunehmende Auslagerung von Arbeitsplätzen werden betriebliche Hierarchien durch marktliche Steuerungsformen ersetzt, wobei beim größten Teil des Outsourcings die ökonomische und hierarchische Abhängigkeit der ausgelagerten Arbeitskräfte vertraglich festgelegt ist. Die abhängige Beschäftigung Selbständiger wird in dem Buch aus der Sicht der Unternehmen und der Beschäftigten untersucht. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, warum Unternehmen abhängige Selbständige beschäftigen, warum Beschäftigte diese Beschäftigungsform wählen und mit welchen formellen und informellen Mechanismen die Abhängigkeit hergestellt wird. Es wird untersucht, wer diese abhängige Selbständigen sind, und wie Unternehmen die Gratwanderung zwischen Kontrolle und Flexibilität in diesen Arbeitsbeziehungen bewältigen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The part-time wage penalty in European countries: how large is it for men? (2007)
Zitatform
O'Dorchai, Sile, Robert Plasman & François Rycx (2007): The part-time wage penalty in European countries. How large is it for men? (IZA discussion paper 2591), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"Economic theory advances a number of reasons for the existence of a wage gap between part-time and full-time workers. Empirical work has concentrated on the wage effects of part-time work for women. For men, much less empirical evidence exists, mainly because of lacking data. In this paper, we take advantage of access to unique harmonised matched employer-employee data (i.e. the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey) to investigate the magnitude and sources of the part-time wage penalty for male workers in six European countries (i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the UK). Findings show that the raw gap in hourly gross pay amounts to 16 per cent of male part-timer's wage in Spain, to 24 per cent in Belgium, to 28 per cent in Denmark and Italy, to 67 per cent in the UK and to 149 per cent in Ireland. Human capital differences explain between 31 per cent of the observed wage gap in the UK and 71 per cent in Denmark. When a larger set of control variables is taken into account (including occupation, industry, firm size, and level of wage bargaining), a much smaller part of the gap remains unexplained by differences in observed characteristics (except in Italy). Overall, results suggest that policy initiatives to promote lifelong learning and training are of great importance to help part-timers catch up. Moreover, except for Italy, they point to a persisting problem of occupational and sectoral segregation between men working part-time and full-time which requires renewed policy attention." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
-
Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht